Chiller COP Conversions

Chiller COP
CHW energy
Electric energy

4.50
4.50 kWTH
1.00 kWE

Chiller Efficiency

0.78 kWe / TR

Chiller Efficiency

0.52 kWe / TR

CHW energy
Electric energy
Chiller COP

1.00 TR
0.52 kWE
6.76

1.28 TR

3.52 kWTH

Water - Heat Conversions

Specific Heat
Starting Temp
Final Temp

T
Petroleum Boiler Efficiency

1.0 BTU / lbF

65 F
127 F
62 F
100%

Petroleum Energy (e.g. NG) Offset for Heating Water

Water Quantity Heated
1,386 Gallons
Water Quantity Heated
11,573 Pounds
Required Energy
722,161 BTUs
7 Therms

QBTU = (CBTU/LbF MLb TF)/BoilerEffic

QBTU = (CBTU/LbF MLb TC)/BoilerEffic
Water Heated with Given Energy Quantity
Consumed Energy
924.0
92,400
Consumed Energy
92,400,000
Water Quantity Heated
1,480,769
Water Quantity Heated
177,338

Therms
MBU (kBTUs)
BTUs
Pounds
Gallons

MLb = (QBTU BoilerEff)CBTU/LbF TF)

Therms to kWh Conversions

Propane G
mmBTUs
Therms
kBTUs
BTUs
RTs
kWhs
Whs

0.2389
2.3891
238.9078
238,907.8498
19.909
70.000
70,000.000

Whs
kWhs
mmBTUs
Therms
kBTUs
BTUs
RTs

12,000.000
12.000
0.0410
0.4096
40.9556
40,955.6314
3

Elec Cost
Gas Cost
Elec is

Old Chiller Elec

New Ab-Chiller Gas

Chillin' Done
(kWh)
155,667

COP
4.50

155,667

1.35

$
$

0.15
0.70
6.28

kWh
Therms
Energy Used Energy used
34,593
1,181
115,309

3,935

/ kWh
/ therm
X more expensive than NG

Elec Cost
5,189

Gas Cost

2,755

79.07

49,847

Heat Quantity
Mass
T
Specific Heat

450
26.5
4.18

J
g
C
J/g/C
kWh/g/C
1.161000 (Wh C ) / L
0.001161 (kWh C ) / L
1.161E-03 (kWh C ) / Kg
(MWh C ) / Kg

47.2
0.99
79.7
1.00
1.00
Err:501

Problem: How much heat to turn 50g of ice at -20C into steam at 120C?
Q
(J)

Stage

% of Heat

Heat Ice
Melt Ice
Heat Water
Boil Water
Heat Steam

2,000
16,650
20,900
113,000
2,010

Total Heat

154,560
0.04 kWh
146.52 BTUs

or
or

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)

Mass (g)

1%
11%
14%
73%
1%

50
50
50
50
50

2.00
4.18
2.01

Problem: What % of total heat value can Cogenra Solar add if it provides pre-heated boiler m

Stage

Q
(J)

% of Heat

Heat Water (solar)

Heat Water (NG)
Boil Water
Heat Steam

11,611
6,038
111,500
2,122

Total Heat

131,271

8%
4%
72%
1%

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)

Mass (g)

50
50
50
50

4.18
4.18
2.01

Problem: Warm Zinc placed in room temp water; What is the Specific Heat capacity of Zinc?

Stage

Q
(J)

Heat Lost by Zinc

Heat Gained by Water

% of Heat

Mass (g)

229.9
229.9

11.98
50

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)
(0.382)
4.18

Problem: How much heat lost by soda in melting ice?

Stage

Q
(J)

Heat gained by Ice-melt

Heat Lost by Sode

% of Heat

Mass (g)

20,612.7
20,612.7

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)

61.90

Problem: How much heat needed to sublimate dry ice?

Stage

Q
(J)

Heat gained by Ice-sublim

Mass (g)
1,295,455

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)

2,272.73

Problem: How much heat needed to heat up and melt mothballs?

Stage
Heating mothball solids
Melting mothballs
Heating mothball liquid

Q
(J)

Mass (g)
115.75
473.68
95.46
684.89

3.82
3.82
3.82

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)
1.01
1.19

Problem: What is the heat of solution of NaOH dissolving in H2O?

Strategy: QNaOH(dissolving) = -Qcalorimeter
Stage

Q
(J)

Calorimeter heat gain

NaOH dissolving heat loss

Mass (g)
5,099.60
(5,099.60)

100.00
4.51

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)
4.18

Problem: What is the heat cumbustion of Paraffin?

Strategy: -Qparaffin-burn = +Qcalorimeter
Stage
Calorimeter heat gain
Paraffin burn heat loss

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)
Mass (g)
100.00
4.18
0.69

Q
(J)
8,151.00
(8,151.00)

Problem: What is the Caloric content of a cashew nut?

Strategy: -Qnut-burn = +Qcalorimeter
Stage
Calorimeter heat gain
Nut burn heat loss

Q
(J)
5,559.40
5,559.40

14,378.38

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)
Mass (g)
100.00
4.18
0.37

Problem: How much heat does a ton of ice give up to melt?

Stage

Melt Ice

Q
(J)

% of Heat

Mass (lb)

288,000

Melting one ton of ice in 24 hours = 1 ton of refridgeration (12,000 BTU/h)

2,000

Specific Heat
(J/g/C)

Water Density
1000 kg / M3
BTU
lbs
F
BTU/lb/F
BTUF / lb

1000 kg / (1000L)

Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

T
(C)

-20

20

fusion
J/g

vaporization
J/g

333
0

100

100
2,260

100

120

or

20

pre-heated boiler makeup water for a food processor who uses 235F steam?
Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

T
(C)

16
71
100
100

71
100

56
29

fusion
J/g

vaporization
J/g

2,230
121

21

0.0006283

capacity of Zinc?
Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

78.4
27.0

28.1
28.1

Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

T
(C)

fusion
J/g

vaporization
J/g

T
(C)

fusion
J/g

vaporization
J/g

333

Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

T
(C)

fusion
J/g

vaporization
J/g
570

Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

24.0
54.0
54.0

54.0
54.0
75.0

T
(C)

fusion
J/g

124

vaporization
J/g

Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

T
(C)

19.5

31.7

12.2

solution
J/g

vaporization
J/g

(1,130.7)

Tinitial
(C)
16.2

Tfinal
(C)
35.7

T
(C)

combustion
J/g

vaporization
J/g

(11,813.0)

Tinitial
(C)
18.2

Tfinal
(C)
31.5

T
(C)

combustion
kJ/g
15.0

Tinitial
(C)

Tfinal
(C)

T
(C)

fusion
BTU/lb

144

combustion
C/g
3.59

fusion
BTU/lb

kWh/g

or

2.14 BTUs/g

Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT
P (pressure)

Pa

V (volume)

m3

n (# of moles of gas)
R (universal gas constant)
T (temperature)

8.31
K

Problem: What is the tire pressure of a certain tire?

Stage

Pressure Volume

T
(K)

Getting FlowRate from Velocity

US

Ft/Sec x ID"2 x K(2.4479942755211805) = GPM

Metric

Velocity[cm/s] x ID2[cm] x Pi / 4 = Cm3/min