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SORAN UNIVERSTY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Linear Heat
conduction
Transport Phenomena Lab

Prepared by: Reband Azad Raza

Dyar Abdullah
Mohammed muhsin
Supervised by: Dr.Rebwar koyi
Date 12/06/2015
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Contents
Aim of this report:................................................................................................... 3
Introduction............................................................................................................. 3
Theory :................................................................................................................... 4
Readings to be taken :............................................................................................. 4
Procedure:............................................................................................................... 6
Equipment and components used:..........................................................................7
Table of Reading:..................................................................................................... 8
Calculation:............................................................................................................. 9
Discussion:............................................................................................................ 12
Conclusion:............................................................................................................ 14
References :.......................................................................................................... 15

Aim of this report:

The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and
to investigate and verify Fouriers Law for linear heat conduction along z direction.
(William,1985)

Introduction
The heat conduction unit consist of electrically heated module mounted on a bench support
frame. The module contains a cylindrical metal bar arrangement for a variety of linear
conduction experiments. Test section is equipped with an array of temperature sensors. Cooling
water, to be supplied from a standart laboratory tap, is fed to one side of the test pieces in order
to maintain a steady gradient. The instrumentation permits accurate measurement of temperature
and power supply. Fast response temperature probes, with a resolution of 0.1C, give direct
digital readout in C. The power control circuit provides continuously variable electrical output
of 0-100 Watts with direct readout, Conduction is defined as the transfer of energy from more
energetic particles to adjacent less energetic particles as a result of interactions between the
particles. In solids, conduction is the combined result of molecular vibrations and free electron
mobility. Metals typically have high free electron mobility, which explains why they are good
heat conductors. Conduction can be easily understood if we imagine two blocks, one very hot
and the other cold. If we put these blocks in contact with one another but insulate them from the
surroundings, thermal energy will be transferred from the hot to the cold block, as evidenced by
the increase in temperature of the cold block. This mode of heat transfer between the two solid
blocks is termed conduction.

Theory :
If a plane wall of thickness (x) and area (A) supports a temperature difference (T) then the
heat transfer rate per unit time (Q) by conduction through the wall is found to be :

QA(T/x)
If the material of the wall is homogenous and has a thermal conductivity (k) then:
Q = k.A(T/x).

T+T

Area A
T
Q

T
k

Figure 1: shows plot of heat conduct (William,1980)

Readings to be taken :
Select a low position for the heater power control and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature (T) at all nine sensor points and the
input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure should be repeated for the other input
powers up to maximum permitted. After each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve
steady state conditions.
Heat flow is positive in the direction of temperature fall. What is the effect of average
temperature on the values of thermal conductivity for brass?
The heat flow through a material cannot always be evaluated at steady state e.g. through the wall
of a furnace that is being heated or cooled. To calculate the heat flow under these conditions
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it is necessary to find the temperature distribution through the solid and how the distribution
varies with time. Using the equipment set-up described above, it is a simple matter of monitoring
the temperature profile variation during either a heating or cooling cycle thus
Facilitating the study of unsteady state conduction. {2}

Fig. 2.3: Layout for Linear Heat Conduction Test Specimen (tafan,2010)

Fig. 2.4: Module for Linear Heat Conduction Test Specimen (M. Thirumaleshwar)

The rate of linear conduction heat transfer for this system (Fig. 3.1):
Where,

qx kt A

dT k t A

T A TB
dx
L

k - Thermal conductivity

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A - Cylindrical area of specimen
L - Heat traveling distance
TA - Temperature near heater
TB - Temperature further heater

Procedure:

Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free
end of the water pipet o drain. This should be checked at intervals.

Rotate the heater power control on the electrical console to the fully
anti-clockwise position.

Set the mains ON/OFF switch ON position when the digital readouts will
be illuminated.

The temperature will be indicated on the temperature readout

Set the heater power on the wattmeter

Select temperature 1 on selector switch

The temperature will now increase as the end of the linear module is
heated

Select temperature 2 on selector switch and note that the indicated

temperature decreases towards the water-cooled end. Repeat until
nine temperatures have been selected.

Temperatures should be checked at regular intervals until reaching

steady state.

Comissioning is new complete.

Equipment and components used:

15
14
13
1

12

11

No.

Ite
m
1. Linear heat conduction module

No.

2. Cold water inlet & outlet port

10.

220VAC fuse

3. Thermocouple ports

11.

Linear/Radial module selector switch

4. Temperature selector switch

12.

Module clip

13.

Radial heat conduction module

14.

Thermocouples
8

15.

Thermocouple ports

5. Temperature meter
6. Heater supply
7. Power meter

4 5

9.

Item
ON / OFF switch

100
9

8. Power controller

{3}

Figure 1. :linear heat equipments

tools,2011)

Table of Reading:

(engineering

Temperature of barrel is 23.

T1

T2

T3

30

100.
6
97.9 X

89.2 88.9 X

73.2

60

91.2 89.6 X

86.1 85.7 X

74.8

T1

T2

T5

T8

30

100.
6
97.9 93.6 89.2 88.9 81.1 73.2

60

91.2 89.6 87.9 86.1 85.7 80.3 74.8

T3

T4

T4

T5

T6

T6

T7

T7

T8

Calculation:

No.

X
(m)

T
( )

( )
(

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

------0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070

------373.6
370.9
366.6
362.2
361.9
354.1
346.2

-----2.7
4.3
4.4
0.3
7.8
7.9
------

------226.75
142.38
139.14
2040.8
78.49
77.49
-------

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10

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Discussion:
1-

Here are the factors that affect the rate of conduction

A)

Temperature difference

B)

Cross-sectional area

C)

Length (distance heat must travel)

D)

Time

2-

The thermal conductivity of an object is dependent on its

composition and dimensions (cross-sectional area and
length).
For two connected objects of the same dimension
connected to hot and cold reservoirs, the higher the
temperature drop, the lower the thermal conductivity
3-

In contact point will make error because when we

join the peace of material will make a space that
cause to heat losses.
4-

To measure the temperature distribution for steady-state

conduction of energy through a composite plane wall and
determine the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for the
flow of heat through a combination of different materials
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in series

5-

By increasing area and T thermal conductivity decrease:

But by increasing X, thermal conductivity increase

6-

Why we neglect the first rate of temp. ?

Because of the distance is zero and read temp.as minus.
7-

What is the advantage of cooling

water? To make the difference
between the temp.

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Conclusion:

From this lab session, we have demonstrate how the equation can be used to
relate the temperature difference, heat flow and distance in solid material of
constant cross sectional area and thermal conductivity. Increased of heat flow
produces an increased temperature gradient. We also can see for one-dimensional,
steady-state conduction in a plane wall with no heat generation, the heat flux is a
constant, independent of x. we have learnt how to investigate the thermal
conductivity and thermal contact resistance of different types of material by using
formula. At the same time, we have study on the different method of insulation of
the system with that we knew materials that have low thermal conductivity, such as
brick, cork, glass, granite, limestone, wool, paper, rubber and sand stone. Any of
these material is applied as insulator put in between a high thermal conductivity
materials, the rate of heat transfer will be less down . Then, for the application of
this experiment this concept can be apply in a design of a heat sink. A heat sink is
designed to increase the surface area in contact with the cooling medium
surrounding it, such as the air. Approach air velocity, choice of material, fin or other
protrusion design and surface treatment are some of the factors which affect the
thermal performance of a heat sink. Heat sink attachment methods and thermal
interface materials also affect the eventual die temperature of the integrated
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circuit. So, this experiment is a good exposure to student to learn and know the
concept of heat transfer in conductivity mechanism more better. As conclusion, we
can see that the objectives of the experiment have achieved and been completed .
(younis.A,2001)

References :

Website

[1]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer

[2]

http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/FOURIER.HTM

[3]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink#Heat_transfer_principle

[4]

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/conductive-heat-transfer-d_428.html

Books

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[1]

Heat and Mass Transfer-Fundamental and Applications.

By Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar, Mc Graw Hill (2011).

[2]

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer

By M. Thirumaleshwar, Pearson Education India (2006)

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