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Schiller
Inst. of Computer Science
Freie Universitt Berlin
Germany
Mobile Communications
Chapter 7: Wireless LANs
Characteristics
IEEE 802.11 (PHY, MAC, Roaming, .11a, b, g, h, i, n z, ac, ad, , ay)
Bluetooth / IEEE 802.15.x
IEEE 802.16/.18/.19/.21/.22
RFID
Comparison
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.1
WiFi
802.11a
802.11h
802.11i/e//n//z/ay
802.11b
802.11g
ZigBee
Personal wireless nw
WPAN 802.15
802.15.4
802.15.4a/b/c/d/e/f/gq/r/s
802.15.5, .6 (WBAN),
802.15.2
802.15.1
802.15.3
802.15.3b/ce
Bluetooth
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MC - 2015
7.2
Disadvantages
- typically low bandwidth compared to wired networks (1-10 Mbit/s) due to shared medium
- many different/proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates or low-power, standards take their time (e.g.
IEEE 802.11n, ac)
- products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it takes a very long time to establish
global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000
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MC - 2015
7.3
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MC - 2015
7.4
mesh network
AP
AP
wired network
ad-hoc network
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MC - 2015
7.5
802.x LAN
Station (STA)
- terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless
medium and radio contact to the access point
STA1
BSS1
Portal
Access
Point
Access Point
Distribution System
Access
Point
ESS
Portal
BSS2
Distribution System
- interconnection network to form one logical network
(EES: Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
STA2
802.11 LAN
STA3
7.6
STA1
STA3
IBSS1
STA2
IBSS2
STA5
STA4
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MC - 2015
802.11 LAN
7.7
802.11 LAN
802.x LAN
STA1
BSS
Portal
Access
Point Distribution
System
802.11 LAN
Mesh
Gate
Mesh BSS
STA2
BSS
Access
Point
Distribution Mesh
System
Gate
Mesh STA1
Mesh STA2
Mesh STA3
Mesh STA5
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MC - 2015
Mesh STA4
7.8
infrastructure
network
access point
application
application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11 MAC
802.11 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.3 PHY
802.3 PHY
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MC - 2015
7.9
MAC
MAC Management
- modulation, coding
PHY Management
LLC
MAC
MAC Management
PLCP
PHY Management
PMD
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MC - 2015
Station Management
PHY
DLC
Station Management
- coordination of all management functions
7.10
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MC - 2015
7.11
16
SFD
PLCP preamble
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
16
16
variable
bits
payload
PLCP header
7.12
16
SFD
16
16
PLCP preamble
short synch.
16
SFD
MC - 2015
16
16
variable
bits
payload
PLCP header
(2 Mbit/s, DQPSK)
96 s
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1, 2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s
PLCP preamble
(1 Mbit/s, DBPSK)
payload
PLCP header
bits
variable
2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s
7.13
2400
2412
channel 7
channel 13
2442
2472
22 MHz
2483.5
[MHz]
US (FCC)/Canada (IC)
channel 1
2400
2412
channel 6
channel 11
2437
2462
22 MHz
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
2483.5
[MHz]
7.14
12
16
tail service
variable
variable
payload
tail
pad
bits
Data rates
- E.g. 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
Mbit/s, depending on SNR and
channel width
- User throughput (1500 byte packets):
5.3 (6), 18 (24), 24 (36), 32 (54)
- 6, 12, 24 Mbit/s mandatory
PLCP header
PLCP preamble
Transmission range
12
signal
1
6 Mbit/s
data
variable
symbols
Frequency
- Free 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35, 5.7255.825 GHz ISM-band
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
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MC - 2015
7.15
36
5150
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
channel
5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
140
channel
5500 5520 5540 5560 5580 5600 5620 5640 5660 5680 5700
5725
[MHz]
100
5470
104
16.6 MHz
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MC - 2015
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
7.16
5150
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
channel
5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
149
153
157
161
channel
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
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MC - 2015
7.17
pilot
-26 -21
-7 -1 1
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MC - 2015
21 26
subcarrier
number
7.18
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MC - 2015
7.19
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MC - 2015
7.20
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MC - 2015
7.21
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MC - 2015
7.22
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MC - 2015
7.23
EIFS
AIFS
AIFS
RIFS
DIFS
DIFS
medium busy
PIFS
SIFS
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
contention
next frame
t
7.24
DIFS
DIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
next frame
t
slot time (20s)
7.25
DIFS
station1
station2
DIFS
boe
bor
boe
busy
DIFS
boe bor
boe
busy
boe busy
boe bor
boe
boe
busy
station3
station4
boe bor
station5
bor
t
busy
busy
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MC - 2015
7.26
DIFS
sender
data
SIFS
receiver
ACK
DIFS
other
stations
waiting time
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MC - 2015
data
t
contention
7.27
DIFS
sender
RTS
data
SIFS
receiver
CTS SIFS
SIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
other
stations
defer access
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
ACK
DIFS
data
t
contention
7.28
Fragmentation
DIFS
sender
RTS
frag1
SIFS
receiver
CTS SIFS
frag2
SIFS
ACK1 SIFS
SIFS
ACK2
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
NAV (frag1)
NAV (ACK1)
other
stations
DIFS
contention
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MC - 2015
data
t
7.29
bytes
2
2
6
6
6
2
6
Frame Duration/ Address Address Address Sequence Address
Control
ID
1
2
3
Control
4
bits
Protocol
To From More
Power More
Type Subtype
Retry
version
DS DS Frag
Mgmt Data
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MC - 2015
1
Protected
Frame
2
QoS
Control
4
HT
Control
0-7951
Frame
Body
4
FCS
1
Order
7.30
to DS from
DS
0
0
0
1
address 1
RA=DA
RA=DA
TA=SA
TA=BSSID
BSSID
SA
RA=BSSID
TA=SA
DA
RA
TA
DA
SA
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MC - 2015
7.31
Acknowledgement
ACK
Request To Send
2
2
6
Frame
Receiver
Duration
Control
Address
4
FCS
bytes
RTS
2
2
6
6
Frame
Receiver Transmitter
Duration
Control
Address Address
4
FCS
Clear To Send
bytes
CTS
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MC - 2015
2
2
6
Frame
Receiver
Duration
Control
Address
4
FCS
7.32
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MC - 2015
7.33
beacon interval
(20ms 1s)
access
point
B
busy
medium
busy
B
busy
B
busy
t
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MC - 2015
beacon frame
7.34
beacon interval
station1
B1
B1
B2
station2
medium
busy
busy
B2
busy
busy
t
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MC - 2015
beacon frame
random delay
7.35
Power management
Idea: switch the transceiver off if not needed
States of a station: sleep and awake
Timing Synchronization Function (TSF)
- stations wake up at the same time
Infrastructure
- Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
- list of unicast receivers transmitted by AP
- Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM)
- list of broadcast/multicast receivers transmitted by AP
Ad-hoc
- Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM)
- announcement of receivers by stations buffering frames
- more complicated - no central AP
- collision of ATIMs possible (scalability?)
APSD (Automatic Power Save Delivery)
- new method in 802.11e replacing above schemes
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.36
access
point
DTIM interval
D B
T
busy
medium
busy
D B
busy
busy
p
station
d
t
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MC - 2015
TIM
broadcast/multicast
DTIM
awake
p PS poll
d data transmission
to/from the station
7.37
ATIM
window
beacon interval
B1
station1
B2
station2
B2
B1
t
B
beacon frame
awake
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MC - 2015
random delay
a acknowledge ATIM
A transmit ATIM
D transmit data
d acknowledge data
7.38
802.11 - Roaming
No or bad connection? Then perform:
Scanning
- scan the environment, i.e., listen into the medium for beacon signals or send probes into the medium and wait
for an answer
Reassociation Request
- station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
Reassociation Response
- success: AP has answered, station can now participate
- failure: continue scanning
AP accepts Reassociation Request
- signal the new station to the distribution system
- the distribution system updates its data base (i.e., location information)
- typically, the distribution system now informs the old AP so it can release resources
Fast roaming 802.11r
- e.g. for vehicle-to-roadside networks
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MC - 2015
7.39
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MC - 2015
7.40
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MC - 2015
7.41
Note: Not all standards will end in products, many ideas get stuck at working group level
Info: www.ieee802.org/11/, standards.ieee.org/getieee802/; dig into Task Group Meetings, e.g.,
http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgax_update.htm
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MC - 2015
7.42
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MC - 2015
7.43
Bluetooth
Basic idea
- Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity
- Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld devices, PDAs, cell phones replacement of IrDA
- Embedded in other devices, goal: 5/device (already < 1)
- Short range (10 m), low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz ISM
- Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate
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MC - 2015
7.44
Bluetooth
(was:
History
- 1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), MC-link project
- Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald Bltand Gormsen [son of Gorm], King of Denmark in
the 10th century
- 1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG, www.bluetooth.org
- 1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund ;-)
- 2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released
- 2005: 5 million chips/week
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MC - 2015
7.45
1999:
Ericsson mobile
communications AB
reste denna sten till
minne av Harald
Bltand, som fick ge
sitt namn t en ny
teknologi fr trdls,
mobil kommunikation.
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MC - 2015
7.46
Inscription:
"Harald king executes these sepulchral
monuments after Gorm, his father and
Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the
whole of Denmark and Norway and turned
the Danes to Christianity."
Btw: Bltand has nothing to do
with a blue tooth
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.48
Piconet
Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion
P
One unit acts as master and the others as slaves for the
lifetime of the piconet
Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have to
synchronize
S
M
SB
S
P
SB
M=Master
S=Slave
P=Parked
SB=Standby
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MC - 2015
7.49
Forming a piconet
All devices in a piconet hop together
- Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
- Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide)
- Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock
Addressing
- Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
- Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit)
SB
SB
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SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
MC - 2015
P
S
M
P
S
P
SB
7.50
Scatternet
Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common master or slave devices
- Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another
Communication between piconets
- Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets
Piconets
(each with a
capacity of
720 kbit/s)
M
SB
M=Master
S=Slave
P=Parked
SB=Standby
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
S
P
SB
SB
S
MC - 2015
7.51
NW apps.
vCal/vCard
TCP/UDP
OBEX
telephony apps.
AT modem
commands
IP
mgmnt. apps.
TCS BIN
SDP
BNEP PPP
Control
Host
Controller
Interface
Baseband
Radio
AT: attention sequence
OBEX: object exchange
TCS BIN: telephony control protocol specification binary
BNEP: Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.52
fk+1
fk+2
fk+3
fk+4
fk+5
fk+6
M
t
fk
fk+3
fk+4
fk+5
fk+6
M
t
fk
fk+1
fk+6
M
t
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MC - 2015
7.53
Baseband
Piconet/channel definition
Low-level packet definition
- Access code
- Channel, device access, e.g., derived from master
- Packet header
- 1/3-FEC, active member address (broadcast + 7 slaves), link type, alternating bit ARQ/SEQ, checksum
68(72)
54
0-2745
4
preamble
64
sync.
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(4)
(trailer) AM address
MC - 2015
bits
payload
type
flow
ARQN
SEQN
HEC
bits
7.54
payload (30)
HV1
audio (10)
HV2
audio (20)
HV3
DV
FEC (20)
FEC (10)
audio (30)
audio (10)
header (1)
payload (0-9)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
(bytes)
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MC - 2015
7.55
header (2)
DH3
header (2)
DM5
header (2)
DH5
header (2)
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MC - 2015
payload (0-339)
payload (0-17)
2/3 FEC
payload (0-27)
payload (0-121)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
(bytes)
CRC (2)
2/3 FEC
payload (0-183)
payload (0-224)
payload (0-339)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
payload (0-29)
7.56
3 slot
5 slot
SCO
Type
Payload User
Header Payload
[byte]
[byte]
FEC
CRC
Symmetric Asymmetric
max. Rate max. Rate [kbit/s]
[kbit/s]
Forward
Reverse
DM1
0-17
2/3
yes
108.8
108.8
108.8
DH1
0-27
no
yes
172.8
172.8
172.8
DM3
0-121
2/3
yes
258.1
387.2
54.4
DH3
0-183
no
yes
390.4
585.6
86.4
DM5
0-224
2/3
yes
286.7
477.8
36.3
DH5
0-339
no
yes
433.9
723.2
57.6
AUX1
0-29
no
no
185.6
185.6
185.6
HV1
na
10
1/3
no
64.0
HV2
na
20
2/3
no
64.0
HV3
na
30
no
no
64.0
DV
1D
64.0+57.6 D
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MC - 2015
7.57
MASTER
SCO
f0
SLAVE 1
ACL
f4
f1
SLAVE 2
www.jochenschiller.de
SCO
f6
f7
f5
MC - 2015
ACL
f8
SCO
f12
f9
ACL
f14
SCO
f18
f13
ACL
f20
f19
f17
f21
7.58
Robustness
Slow frequency hopping with hopping patterns determined by a master
- Protection from interference on certain frequencies
- Separation from other piconets (FH-CDMA)
Retransmission
Error in payload
(not header!)
NAK
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
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MC - 2015
ACK
7.59
standby
detach
inquiry
transmit
AMA
park
PMA
connected
AMA
hold
AMA
Standby: do nothing
Inquire: search for other devices
Page: connect to a specific device
Connected: participate in a piconet
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MC - 2015
page
sniff
AMA
connecting
active
low power
7.60
26.0 mA
26.0 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
15.5 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
4.0 mA
0.5 mA
0.6 mA
47.0 A
20.0 A
Notes:
- 1 Current consumption is the sum of both BC212015A and the flash.
- 2 Current consumption is for the BC212015A device only.
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MC - 2015
7.61
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MC - 2015
7.62
Group abstraction
- Create/close group, add/remove member
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.63
Master
Slave
L2CAP
L2CAP
2
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L2CAP
1 d d d d 1
baseband
baseband
signalling
MC - 2015
Slave
ACL
connectionless
baseband
connection-oriented
7.64
0-65533
length
CID=2
PSM
payload
bytes
Connection-oriented PDU
2
0-65535
length
CID
payload
bytes
length
CID=1
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MC - 2015
bytes
One or more commands
1
code
ID
length
data
7.65
Security
Pairing
E2
E2
Authentication
E3
E3
Encryption
Keystream generator
payload key
Ciphering
payload key
Cipher data
Data
Data
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MC - 2015
7.66
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MC - 2015
7.67
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.68
Profiles
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MC - 2015
Applications
Protocols
Profiles
Additional Profiles
Advanced Audio Distribution
PAN
Audio Video Remote Control
Basic Printing
Basic Imaging
Extended Service Discovery
Generic Audio Video Distribution
Hands Free
Hardcopy Cable Replacement
7.69
Bluetooth versions
Bluetooth 1.1
- also IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002
- initial stable commercial standard
Bluetooth 1.2
- also IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005
- eSCO (extended SCO): higher, variable bitrates, retransmission for SCO
- AFH (adaptive frequency hopping) to avoid interference
Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR (2004, no more IEEE)
- EDR (enhanced date rate) of 3.0 Mbit/s for ACL and eSCO
- lower power consumption due to shorter duty cycle
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (2007)
- better pairing support, e.g. using NFC
- improved security
Bluetooth 3.0 + HS (2009)
- Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR + IEEE 802.11a/g = 54 Mbit/s
Bluetooth 4.0 (2010)
- Low Energy, much faster connection setup
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MC - 2015
7.70
Data rate
Transmission range
Quality of Service
- Guarantees, ARQ/FEC
Manageability
Frequency
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Security
- Challenge/response (SAFER+), hopping sequence
Availability
- Integrated into many products, several vendors
- Depends on power-mode
- Max. 2.56s, avg. 0.64s
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MC - 2015
7.71
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MC - 2015
7.72
802.15.3b:
- Enhanced interoperability of MAC
- Correction of errors and ambiguities in the standard
802.15.3c:
- Alternative PHY at 57-64 GHz
- Goal: data rates above 2 Gbit/s
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be found in products later
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.73
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.74
ZigBee
Relation to 802.15.4 similar to Bluetooth / 802.15.1
Pushed by Chipcon (now TI), ember, freescale (Motorola), Honeywell, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Philips, Samsung
More than 260 members see www.zigbee.org
- about 11 promoters, 160 participants, 240 adopters
- must be member to commercially use ZigBee spec
ZigBee platforms comprise
- IEEE 802.15.4 for layers 1 and 2
- ZigBee protocol stack up to the applications
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.75
802.15.4b, c, d, e, f, g, r, s:
- Extensions, corrections, and clarifications regarding 802.15.4
- Usage of new bands, more flexible security mechanisms
- RFID, smart utility neighborhood (high scalability)
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.76
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.77
Data rate
Transmission range
- N/A
Quality of Service
Frequency
- none
Manageability
- Typ. 27 (EU, US), 315 (US), 418 (EU), 426 (Japan), 433
(EU), 868 (EU), 915 (US) MHz (depending on regulations)
Security
- Some products with added processors
Cost
- Cheap: 10-50
Availability
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
- Advantage: very low cost, large experience, high volume
available
- Disadvantage: no QoS, crowded ISM bands (particularly 27
and 433 MHz), typ. no Medium Access Control, 418 MHz
experiences interference with TETRA
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.78
Data rate
Quality of Service
Transmission range
- Passive: up to 3 m
- Active: up to 30-100 m
- Simultaneous detection of up to, e.g., 256 tags, scanning
of, e.g., 40 tags/s
Frequency
- 125 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and
many others
Security
- Application dependent, typ. no crypt. on RFID device
Cost
- none
Manageability
- Very simple, same as serial interface
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
- Advantage: extremely low cost, large experience, high
volume available, no power for passive RFIDs needed,
large variety of products, relative speeds up to 300 km/h,
broad temp. range
- Disadvantage: no QoS, simple denial of service, crowded
ISM bands, typ. one-way (activation/ transmission of ID)
Availability
- Many products, many vendors
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.79
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.80
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.81
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.82
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.83
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.84
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
OLD
NEW
7.85
(separated by
installation)
100
byte
802.15.1
79 channels
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
802.11b
3 channels
DIFS
DIFS
SIFS
ACK
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
100
byte
DIFS
DIFS
100
byte
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
DIFS
SIFS
ACK
1000 byte
500 byte
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
f [MHz]
2480
SIFS
ACK
(separated by
hopping pattern)
2402
www.jochenschiller.de
MC - 2015
7.86