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In
Advanced
Algebra
Diomyka C. Damgo
IV-A
Mr. Reynaldo F.
Sumil
Polynomial Functions
1. f (x) = x 3 -2x 2 - 5x + 6 has roots at x = { -2, 1, 3} . Sketch the function by predicting its end
behavior and testing the value of the function at x-values between the roots.
x 2 - 4x - 2 .
Answer: x = { -2, -
, 2} .
of cars and t is the number of months since the factory started car production. During which
months did the factory produce 100 thousand cars?
Solution: Solve the equation 100 = 0.001(-t4+15t3-166t2+1380t+96000) to get 100000 =
-t4+15t3-166t2+1380t+96000 and 0 = -t4+15t3-166t2+1380t-4000. Graphing this with a
calculator, we can see that the real zeros of this function are at 5 and 8.
8. Tom has started to collected game cards for 12 months. His monthly collection can be
mapped by the function G = -t4+13t3-43t2+13t+48, where G is the number of game cards and
t is the number of months since he started the collection. During which months did Tom
collect 90 game cards?
Solution: Solve the equation 90 = -t4+13t3-43t2+13t+48 to get 0 = -t4+13t3-43t2+13t-42.
Graphing this with a calculator, we can see that the real zeros of this function are at 6
and 7.
9. Show that all real roots of the equation
lie between - 4
and 4.
Solution: In other words, we need to show that - 4 is a lower bound and 4 is an upper
bound for real roots of the given equation.
Checking the Lower Bound: Lets apply synthetic division with - 4 and see if we get
alternating signs:
Note how c = -4 < 0 AND the successive signs in the bottom row of our synthetic division
alternate. - 4 is a lower bound for the real roots of this equation.
Checking the Upper Bound: Lets apply synthetic division with 4 and see if we get all
positive:
Note how c = 4 > 0 AND the all of the signs in the bottom row of our synthetic division
are positive. 4 is an upper bound for the real roots of this equation. Since - 4 is a lower
bound and 4 is an upper bound for the real roots of the equation, then that means all real
roots of the equation lie between - 4 and 4.
10. Consider P(x) = x2 + 5x + 6. Find the zeros.
Solution: The zero of the polynomial can be obtained by equating P(x) to 0
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x + 5)=0
x + 3 = 0 (or) x + 5 = 0
x = -3 , -5
11.
14. Write an equation of the polynomial function of degree 3 which has zeros of 1, 2 and 3.
Solution: Now, for finding the original form of polynomial, multiplying all these above terms,
we get
(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) = 0
x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0
Consider the polynomial, P(x) = x3 - 23 x2 + 142 x - 120. As we cannot factorise this by grouping,
let us list the possible factors of 120.
Factors of 120 are , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120,
Let us plug in the above values one by one,
P(1) =13 - 23 (12) + 142 (1) - 120 = 1 - 23 + 142 - 120 = 143 - 143 = 0
(x - 1) is one of the factor of the above polynomial.
Applying synthetic division,
16.
17.
= (x -
18.
Shannon, a cabinetmaker, started out with a block of wood, and then she hollowed out
the center of the block. The dimensions of the block and the cutout is shown below.
19.
Identity Equations
20.
21.
22.
24.
Determine
algebraically
whether f(x)
=
3x2
+4
is even, odd, or neither.
ANSWER:
If I graph this, I will see that this is "symmetric about the y-axis"; in other words,
whatever the graph is doing on one side of the y-axis is mirrored on the other
side:
This mirroring about the axis is a hallmark of even functions.
Note also that all the exponents are even (the exponent on the constant term
being zero: 4x0 = 4 1 = 4).
So I'll plug x in for x, and simplify:
f(x) = 3(x)2 + 4 = 3(x2) + 4 = 3x2 + 4
My final expression is the same thing I'd started with, which means that f(x) is even.
26. Determine algebraically whether f(x) = 2x3 3x2 4x + 4 is even, odd, or neither.
ANSWER:
This function is the sum of the previous two functions.
Note that its graph does not have the symmetry of either of the previous ones, nor are all its exponents
either even or odd.
I would expect this function to be neither even nor odd.
I"ll plug x in for x, and simplify:
f(x) = 2(x)3 3(x)2 4(x) + 4 = 2(x3) 3(x2) + 4x + 4 = 2x3 3x2 + 4x + 4
This is neither the same thing I started with (namely, 2x3 3x2 4x + 4) nor the exact opposite of what I
started with (namely, 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x 4).
This means that f(x) is neither even nor odd.
27. A cosmetics company needs a storage box that has twice the volume of its largest box. Its largest
box measures 5 inches by 4 inches by 3 inches. The larger box needs to be made larger by adding
the same amount (an integer) to each to each dimension. Find the increase to each dimension.
Remainder Theorem
28.
The expression 4x2 px + 7 leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by x 3. Find the
value of p.
Solution: Let f(x) = 4x2 px + 7
By the Remainder Theorem,
f(3) = 2
4(3)2 3p + 7 = 2
p = 15
29.
Find the remainder when 4x3 5x + 1 is divided by x 2.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4x3 5x + 1
When f(x) is divided by x 2, remainder,
R = f(2) = 4(2)3 5(2) + 1 = 23
30.
Find the remainder when 4x3 5x + 1 is divided by x + 3.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4x3 5x + 1
When f(x) is divided by x + 3, remainder,
R = f(3) = 4(3)3 5(3) + 1 = 92
31.
Find the remainder when 4x3 5x + 1 is divided by 2x 1.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4x3 5x + 1
32.
Let's look at the polynomial p(x) = x3 7x 6, and let's divide by the linear factor x 4
Solution:
p(4) = (4 4)((4)2 + 4(4) + 9) + 30
= (0)(16 + 16 + 9) + 30
= 0 + 30
= 30
33.
Find the remainder if f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 11x - 12 is divided by x - 2.
Solution:
The remainder theorem tells us that h = 2, so evaluate f(2). We replace x with 2 in the
polynomial as follows:
f(2) = 23 + 2(2)2 - 11(2) 12
We then simplify: f(2) = 8 + 8 - 22 - 12 = -18. This tells us that if we divide the polynomial by (x 2), we will obtain a remainder of -18.
34.
Find the remainder R of the equation (x4 5x3 + x2 2x + 6) (x + 4)
Solution:
(x4 5x3 + x2 2x + 6) (x + 4)
f(x) = x4 5x3 + x2 2x + 6
f(4) = (-4)4 5(4)3 + (4)2 2(4) + 6 = 606
So the remainder is 606.
35. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder of f(x) = 3x2 + 5x 8 divided by (x 2).
Solution:
Since we are dividing f(x) = 3x2 + 5x 8 by (x 2), we let x=2.
Hence, the remainder, R is given by:
R = f(2) = 3(2)2 + 5(2) 8 = 14
36.
By using the remainder theorem, determine the remainder when 3x3 x2 20x + 5 is
divided by (x + 4).
Solution:
Since we are dividing by (x+4), we let x=4. Therefore the remainder,
R=f(4)
=3(4)3(4)220(4)+5
=19216+80+5
=123
37.
What is the remainder when 2x2-5x-1 divided by x-3
Solution:
f(3) = 2(3)2-5(3)-1 = 18-15-1 = 2
38. Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder
ANSWER:
when
is divided by
when
is divided by
when
is divided by
when
is divided by
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
44. If
if
is divided by
if
divided by
is divided by
is divided by
and gives a
and gives a
46. If
ANSWER:
is divided by
48. If
ANSWER:
if
is divided by
is divided by
is divided by
or
and gives a
in terms of .
, the remainder is 5.
Factor Theorem
50.
Is (x + 1) a factor of f(x) = x3 + 2x2 5x 6?
Solution: In this case we need to test the remainder r=1.
R = f(r) = f(1)
=(1)3+2(1)25(1)6
=1+2+56
=0
Therefore, since f(1)=0, we conclude that (x+1) is a factor of f(x).
51. Use the Factor Theorem to decide if (x 2) is a factor of f(x) = x5 2x4 + 3x3 6x2 4x + 8.
Solution:
f(2) = (2)5 2(2)4 + 3(2)3 6(2)2 4(2) + 8 = 0
Since f(2)=0, we can conclude that (x2) is a factor.
52.
Using the factor theorem, show that x + 4 is a factor of f(x) = 5x4 + 16 x3 15x2 + 8x + 16
Solution:
For x+4 to be a factor, f(-4) must be equal to 0.
Calculate f(-4)
f(x) = 5x4 + 16 x3 15x2 + 8x + 16
f(-4) = 5(-4)4 + 16 (-4)3 15(-4)2 + 8(-4) + 16
f(-4) = 5(256) + 16(-64) 15(16) + 8(-4) + 16
f(-4) = 1280 1024 32 + 16 = 0
Since f(-4) = 0, x + 4 is a factor of f(x).
53.
Use the factor theorem to determine if x 1 is a factor of f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 5x + 7
Solution:
For x 1 to be a factor, f(1) must be equal to 0.
f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 5x + 7
f(1) = 2(1)4 + 3(1)2 5(1) + 7
f(1) = 2 + 3 5 + 7
f(1) = 7
Since f(1) 0, x 1 is not factor of f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 5x + 7
54.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 3x4 + x3 x2 + 3x + 2
f(1) = 3(1)4 + (1)3 (1)2 +3(1) + 2
f(1) = 3(1) + (1) 1 3 + 2 = 0
Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of f(x)
55.
Determine whether x + 1 is a factor of x6 + 2x(x 1) 4
Solution:
Let g(x) = x6 + 2x(x 1) 4
g(1) = (1)6 + 2(1)( 2) 4 = 1
Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of g(x)
56.
Use the factor theorem to factorise x3 3x2 + 4 completely.
Solution:
Let a(x) = x3 3x2 + 4
a(-1) = (-1) 3 3(-1) 2 + 4
a(-1) = -1 3 + 4
a(-1) = 0
Therefore (x + 1) is one factor
a(x) = (x + 1)(x2 4x + 4)
a(x) = (x + 1)(x -2)(x 2)
a(x) = (x + 1)(x 2)2
57.
Determine if x - 3 is a factor of x3 + 5x2 - 17x - 21
Solution:
3|
1
5
-17
-21
3
24
21
1
8
7
0
Since the remainder is 0, the divisor is a factor!
Show that x + 2 is a factor of 2x3 + 3x2 - 8x - 12 and then factor completely.
Solution:
-2|
2
3
-8
-12
-4
2
12
2
-1
-6
0
2
(2x - x - 6)(x + 2) = (2x + 3)(x - 2)(x + 2)
58. Show that x + 3 and x - 4 are factors of x4 - 2x3 - 13x2 + 14x + 24 and then factor
completely.
Solution:
-3|
1
-2
-13
14
24
-3
15
-6
-24
1
-5
2
8
0
4|
1
-5
2
8
4
-4
-8
60. You
1
-1 decide
-2 to buy
0 a used car that costs $10,000. Youve heard that the car may
2
depreciate
a rate
per+year.
that
(x
- x - 2)(x at
+ 3)(x
- 4)of=10%
(x -2)(x
1)(x + At
3)(x
- 4)rate, what will the car be worth in 5 years?
Solution:
Exponential Functions
61. The initial value of your car is $20,000. After 1 year, the value is $15,000.
(a) What is the percent decrease?
(b) Find the value of the car at this same rate after 5 years from the initial value.
Solution:
62. Megan has $20,000 to invest for 5 years and she found an interest rate of 5%. How much money will
she have at the end of 5 years if
(a) the interest rate compounds monthly (b) the interest rate compounds semi-annually?
Solution:
63. The initial value of your car is $20,000. After 1 year, the value is $15,000.
(a) What is the percent decrease?
(b) Find the value of the car at this same rate after 5 years from the initial value.
Solution:
64. Madison really wants to buy a car in 4 years and she wants to start saving for a down
payment. If she deposits $3500 now with interest compounding continuously at 3%, what
down payment will she have for her car?
Solution: