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SEGi University
EXPERIMENT 10: HEAT CONDUCTION
ABSTRACT:
In the experiment carried out, the conduction of heat along a composite bar and the
overall heat transfer coefficient. The experiment was successfully carried out with the
conductive compounds of steel and brass as sample. The experiment was prone to
some systematic and random errors which contributed to some deflected readings.
The experiment showed that different material have different value of thermal
conductivity and also that the overall heat transfer coefficient is dependent to the input
power.
OBJECTIVE:
To:
-
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURES:
1. An intermediate position for the heater power control was selected.
2. Sufficient time was allowed for a steady state condition to be achieved before
recoding the temperature (T) at all nine sensor points and the input reading on the
wattmeter (W).
3. This procedure was repeated for other input powers.
4. After each increment of power, sufficient time was allowed to achieve steady state
conditions.
5. The results were tabulated in table 1
6. Step 1 was repeated with a second test sample.
7. The steps from 2-5 were then repeated and the results tabulated in table 2.
RESULTS:
Table 1: Temperature distribution along test sample 1
Test
Wattmeter Q
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
No.
(watts)
(0C)
(0C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
41.7
39.9
38.6
33.5
30.3
31.5
28.5
28.2
27.9
42.6
40.8
39.5
34.1
30.7
31.9
28.6
28.3
28.0
12
45.2
43.2
41.8
34.9
31.1
32.4
28.6
28.3
28.0
16
57.3
53.4
51.0
38.4
33.0
34.8
28.7
28.3
28.0
Distance (m)
0.005
0.015
0.025
0.035
0.045
0.055
0.065
0.075
0.085
@4 =
(T 1+T 2+T 3)
3
(41.7+ 39,9+38.6)
3
@8 =
(T 1+T 2+T 3)
3
( 42.6+ 40.8+39.5 )
= 40.97 0C
3
(T 1+T 2+T 3)
=
3
@12 =
@16 =
(T 1+T 2+T 3)
=
3
= 40.07 0C
(57.3+53.4+51)
= 53.9 0C
3
T8
T9
@4 =
(T 7+T 8+T 9)
3
(28.5+28.2+27.9)
3
@8 =
(T 7+T 8+T 9)
3
( 28.6+ 28.3+28.0 )
= 28.3 0C
3
(T 7+T 8+T 9)
=
3
( 28.6+ 28.3+28.0 )
= 28.3 0C
3
@12 =
@16 =
(T 7+T 8+T 9)
=
3
Watt (W)
= 28.2 0C
( 28.7 +28.3+28.0 )
= 28.33 0C
3
313.07
TCS - Average
(K)
301.2
313.97
301.3
12.67
12
316.4
301.3
15.1
16
326.9
301.33
25.57
Q
A (THSTCS )
Where;
Q = heat transfer rate (W)
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/(mK))
A = Heat transfer surface area (m2)
T = Temperature (K)
-
@4 =
4
0.00049(11.87)
= 687.722 W/(mK)
11.87
Temperature vs length
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature oC
Length
4 watt
Linear (4 watt)
12 watt
16 watt
8 watt
dT
dx
= -1.875 Km-1
Q
dT
A( )
dx
4
0.00049(1.875)
= - 4353.74 W m1 K 1
Wattmeter
T1
T2
T3
T7
T8
T9
No.
Q (watts)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
54.
51.8
50.2
28.5
28.2
28.0
3
2
12
16
53.
7
54.
0
55.
7
51.3
49.6
28.5
28.2
28.0
51.4
49.8
28.5
28.2
28.0
52.8
50.9
28.5
28.2
28.0
Temperature vs length
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature oC
Length
4 watt
Linear (4 watt)
12 watt
16 watt
8 watt
dT
dx
= -6.4 Km-1
4
0.00049(6.4 )
Q
dT
A( )
dx
= - 1275.5 W m1 K 1
DISCUSSION:
For different materials, the thermal conductivity varies. It is because for each and
every material the atomic configuring varies and thus the heat transfer. For example
Heat moves very quickly through a metal spoon, leaving one end of a spoon in boiling
water will make the entire spoon hot very quickly. The entire spoon becomes hot, not
just the spot in the boiling water. On the other hand, heat moves very slowly through
the insulation in your house. This fact can also be seen from the above calculations
since the brass and steel have different thermal conductivities.
The experiment carried out was prone to both systematic and random errors. In the
experiment carried out, the percentage errors for the overall heat transfer coefficient
U lies beyond acceptable limit. However, the heat conductivity k for brass and steel
were quite accurate. The reason for deflected reason may have been;
The shallow shoulder in the nylon housing were not perfectly matched.
The surface of the conductive compounds in contact were not very smooth thus
contact resistance.
The wattmeter scale was very sensitive and was thus difficult to set it at the
Use a conductive compound that is smooth and less adhesive to reduce the
contact resistance.
The instrument should have a selector to set the sensitivity of the device as
desired.
Perform the experiment thrice and take the average of the temperatures.
REFERENCES:
i)
ii)
HeatTransfer.
Baumeister, Theodore; Marks, Lionel S., eds. (1967), Standard Handbook for
iii)