Signal

Conditioning
mohammad iqbal
iqbal.umk@gmail.com

Teknik Elektro
Universitas Muria Kudus

Signal Conditioning
1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction to signal conditioning

Bridge circuits
Amplifiers
Filters

Amplifiers

Op amp
characteristic

Summing amplifier

Vout

R2
R2
= V1 + V2
R3
R1
5

Noninverting amplifier

I1 + I 2 = 0
Vin Vin Vout
+
=0
R1
R2
Vout

R2
= 1 +
Vin
R1

Exercise 7

Design a high impedance

amplifier with a voltage
gain of 42 if R1 = 1 k is
chosen.

Differential amplifier

The transfer function;

Vout = A(Va Vb )

Vout

R2
(V2 V1 )
=
R1

Common mode rejection;

Va + Vb
2
A
CMRR =
Acm

Vcm =

CMR = 20 log10 (CMRR )

8

Voltage-to-Current converter
I =

R2
Vin
R1 R3

R1 (R3 + R5 ) = R2 R4
Vsat

(R4 + R5 ) R3
Im

Rml =
R3 + R4 + R5

Current-to-Voltage converter

Vout = IR

10

Integrator

Vin
dVout
+C
=0
R
dt
1
Vout =
Vin dt

RC
K
Vout =
t
RC

11

Exercise 8
Use an integrator to
produce a linear ramp
voltage rising at 10 V per
ms. Determine the R and C.

12

Differentiator

dVin Vout
C
+
=0
dt
R
dVin
Vout = RC
dt

13

Linearization

Vin
+ I (Vout ) = 0
R
Vin
Vout = G
R

14

Linearization

I (Vout ) = I 0 exp(Vout )
Vout =

1
(
)
log c Vin log e (I 0 R )

15

Filters

16

Filters
Filter : a circuit that is designed to pass signals with
desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others
4 types of filters:
1. Low-pass filter: passes low frequencies and stops
high frequencies
2. High-pass filter: passes high frequencies and rejects
low frequencies
3. Band-pass filter: passes frequencies within a
frequency band and blocks or attenuates
frequencies outside the band
4. Band-reject filter: passes frequencies outside a
frequency band and blocks or attenuates
frequencies within the band

17

Low-pass RC filter

18

Low-pass RC filter
Critical frequency:

1
fc =
2 RC
Output-to-input voltage ratio:

Vout
1
=
2
Vin
1 + ( f / fc )
19

Exercise 9
A measurement signal has a frequency less than
1 kHz, but there is unwanted noise at about 1
MHz. Design a lowpass filter that attenuates the
noise to 1% if a capacitor 0.01 F has been
used. What is the effect on the measurement
signal at its maximum of 1 kHz?

20

High-pass RC filter

21

High-pass RC filter
Critical frequency:

1
fc =
2 RC
Output-to-input voltage ratio:

(
Vout
f / fc )
=
2
Vin
1 + ( f / fc )
22

Exercise 10
Pulses for a stepping motor are
being transmitted at 2000 Hz.
Design a highpass filter to reduce
60 Hz noise and reduce the pulses
by no more than 3 dB.

23

Design Methods
1. Determine critical frequency, fc
2. Select standard capacitor (F pF)
3. Calculate required resistance (1 k - 1 M)
4. Use nearest resistance standard value to
calculated value
5. Consider tolerance in resistors and capacitors

24

Practical considerations
1. Very small resistance -> lead to large currents and
loading effects -> avoid large capacitance
(R= k -M, C= F pF)
2. The exact fc is not important, choose R and C of
approximately to the fc
3. Isolation filter input/output with voltage follower
4. Cascade RC filters to improved fc sharpness

->

consider loading

25

Band-pass
RC filter

26

Band-pass RC filter
Critical frequency:
1
fH =
2 RL C L

1
fL =
2 RH C H

Output-to-input voltage ratio:

Vout
=
Vin

(f

fH f

f H f L + [ f L + (1 + r ) f H ] f 2
2

RH
r=
RL
27

Exercise 11
A signal conditioning system uses a frequency
variation from 6 kHz to 60 kHz to carry
measurement information. There is considerable
noise at 120 Hz and at 1 MHz. Design a
bandpass filter to reduce the noise by 90%.
What is the effect on the desired passband
frequencies if r = 0.01? Determine all the
resistors and capacitors.

28

Band-pass RC filter

29

Band-reject RC filter

30

Twin-T notch
filter

31

Twin-T notch filter

Critical frequency:

f n = 0.785 f c

1
fC =
2 RC

f L = 0.187 f c

f H = 4.57 f c

Grounding resistor and capacitor:

R1 =

R
10

C1 =

10 C

32