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Chapter 1
How to Read Symbols in a Hydraulic Schematic
8-94372NH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC ........................................................................................... 35-3
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 35-3
Circuit Diagrams .................................................................................................................................................. 35-3
Symbol Systems .................................................................................................................................................. 35-3
Using Schematic Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 35-3
Reservoirs ........................................................................................................................................................ 35-3
Lines, Tubes and Hoses ...................................................................................................................................... 35-4
Crossing or Joining Lines .................................................................................................................................... 35-5
Pump Symbols .................................................................................................................................................. 35-5
Hydraulic Motor Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 35-6
Cylinder Symbols ............................................................................................................................................... 35-6
Pressure Control Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Normally Closed ................................................................................................................................................ 35-7
Normally Open ................................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Relief Valve ....................................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Pressure Reducing Valve .................................................................................................................................... 35-7
Sequence Valve ................................................................................................................................................. 35-8
Directional Control Symbols ................................................................................................................................... 35-8
Simplified Symbols ............................................................................................................................................. 35-8
One Way Valve .................................................................................................................................................. 35-8
By Pass Valve ................................................................................................................................................... 35-8
Composite Symbols ............................................................................................................................................. 35-8
One Way Valves ................................................................................................................................................ 35-8
Two Position Valves ........................................................................................................................................... 35-8
Three Position Valves ......................................................................................................................................... 35-9
Actuating Controls .............................................................................................................................................. 35-9
Flow Control Symbols ........................................................................................................................................... 35-9
Restrictors ........................................................................................................................................................ 35-9
Accessories ...................................................................................................................................................... 35-10
SIMPLE SCHEMATIC ............................................................................................................................................ 35-12
COMMON SYMBOLS .............................................................................................................................................
Lines and Line Functions ....................................................................................................................................
Mechanical Devices ...........................................................................................................................................
Pumps and Motors .............................................................................................................................................
Reservoirs ........................................................................................................................................................
Cylinders ..........................................................................................................................................................
Valves ..............................................................................................................................................................
Valve Actuators .................................................................................................................................................
Accessories ......................................................................................................................................................
35-2
35-14
35-14
35-14
35-14
35-15
35-15
35-15
35-17
35-17
Reservoirs
VENTED RESERVOIR
PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR
710L8B
710L8D
Circuit Diagrams
There are two types of circuit diagrams.
1. Cutaway Circuit Diagrams show the internal construction
of the components as well as the flow paths. By using
colors, shades or various patter ns in the lines and
pa s sa g es, t hey a r e abl e t o s how m any d if fe r e nt
conditions of flow and pressure. Cutaway diagrams take
cons iderably longer t o produc e beca use of their
complexity.
PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR
PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR
710L8C
710L8A
Symbol Systems
There are several systems of symbols used when making
schematic diagrams. They are as follows:
710L8E
710L8F
35-3
PUMP
OIL FLOWS ONE WAY ONLY
710L8J
710L8K
OIL CAN FLOW EITHER WAY
710L8K
710L8B
Drain lines for leakage oil are broken into short dashes.
710L8C
710L8D
35-4
710L8L
710L8M
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
710L8s
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
710L8T
TEE CONNECTION
710L8P
711L8H
Lines that are connected are shown with a dot that represents
the connection or shown as a tee connection. The dot
connection is the most commonly used when drawing
schematic diagrams.
LEVER CONTROLLED
710L8V
PEDAL OR TREADLE
CONTROLLED
710L8U
Pump Symbols
OUTLET
INLET
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
711L8J
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
REVERSIBLE
710L8W
711L8K
35-5
PORT
711L8N
Cylinder Symbols
RECTANGLE
712L8A
A double rod end cylinder has a rod extending from each end
of the rectangle.
TEE
711L8Q
749L8E
730L8E
Relief Valve
PRESSURE LINE
Normally Closed
ARROW ALIGNED
WITH PORTS
ARROW OFFSET
FROM PORTS
PUMP
712L8F
INLET
PILOT
LINE
SPRING
OUTLET
NORMALLY CLOSED
712L8B
712L8C
PILOT
LINE
Normally Open
DRAIN LINE TO
RESERVOIR
INLET
PILOT
LINE
SPRING
RELIEF VALVE
OUTLET
NORMALLY OPEN
712L8D
712L8H
35-7
Composite Symbols
Sequence Valve
SUPPLY LINE
RELIEF
VALVE
TO PRIMARY
CYLINDER
PUMP
FREE
FLOW
NO
FLOW
SEQUENCE
VALVE
TO SECONDARY
CYLINDER
712L8G
714L8A
Simplified Symbols
One Way Valve
CYLINDER
ROD END
PUMP
NO FLOW
RELIEF
VALVE
FREE FLOW
CYLINDER
PISTON END
712L8J
714L8B
By Pass Valve
SPRING
712L8K
SPRING
SPRING
THREE POSITION, SPRING CENTERED
713L8C
716L8A
716L8B
Actuating Controls
LEVER
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
PEDAL
713L8G
713L8F
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
716L8C
TWO POSITION, CONTROLLED BY
EXTERNAL PILOT PRESSURE
713L8D
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
PRESSURE AND
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED
716L8D
T h e r e a r e a d j u s t a bl e r e s t r i c t o r s t h a t a r e p r e s s u r e
compensated. That means that the size of the opening in the
restrictor will change with increases and decreases in
pressure. A per pendicular arrow indicates press ure
compensation. If the restrictor has both pressure and
temperature compensation, the symbol for a thermometer will
also be shown.
713L8D
Accessories
FILTER OR STRAINER
GAS CHARGED
716L8E
716L8G
COOLER
716L8F
HEATER
SPRING LOADED
716L8H
731L8G
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL UNIT
731L8H
As you can see, the black triangles point in the direction that
the heat is dissipated. Or in the case of the control unit, they
show that the heat can be regulated.
35-10
NOTES
35-11
SIMPLE SCHEMATIC
Now that you have completed hydraulic symbols, we have put some of the symbols together to form a simple hydraulic schematic.
See if you can find your way around the schematic without reading the text for each valve. The text explains the function of each valve
in the hydraulic system.
DETENT
D
FLOAT
715L8
35-12
Valve A
Valve C
Valve B
Valve B is similar to valve A but it is a four position valve. The
fourth position is a float position and is held into that position
with a detent. With this valve the cylinder B can be extend,
retracted, or placed in the float position. Visualizes the envelope
for the float position in the inlet passageway.
You will see that oil can continue to flow to the next valve
downstream and that the rod in cylinder B could be pushed back
and forth. The oil could move from one end of the cylinder to the
other via the valve. Both ends of the cylinder are also connected
to the return line to the reservoir.
Valve D
Valve D is a lever operated, spring centered valve and is
designed to control a hydraulic motor. If a hydraulic motor was
turning a flywheel and the oil supply and return were shut off
abruptly, this would cause damage to the hydraulic lines, the
motor, or whatever it was powering. Therefore when the valve
supplying the motor is shut off, the motor should be able to slow
down gradually. The center (neutral) position of valve D will
allow that to happen by letting oil from the outlet of the motor
return to the inlet side.
As you have seen, this brief information is all you need to read
hydraulic schematics. The more you use it, the more you will be
comfortable using hydraulic schematics as a troubleshooting
guide.
35-13
COMMON SYMBOLS
Mechanical Devices
SOLID LINE
MAIN LINE
710L8H
730L8G
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
TWO PARALLEL LINES
(SHAFTS, LEVERS, ECT)
DASHED LINE
PILOT LINE
711L8A
VARIABLE COMPONENT (RUN ARROW
THROUGH SYMBOL AT 45 DEGREES
DOTTED LINE
EXHAUST OR DRAIN
711L8B
730L8H
SPRING
ENCLOSURE OUTLINE
730L8J
729L8M
711L8E
LINES CROSSING
HYDRAULIC PUMP
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
729L8D
710L8M
HYDRAULIC PUMP
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
LINES JOINING
729L8E
710L8P
729L8N
LIQUID DIRECTION
OF FLOW
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
GASEOUS DIRECTION
OF FLOW
729L8F
729L8P
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
HYDRAULIC PUMP
(TWO DIRECTIONAL FLOW)
FLEXIBLE LINE
711L8C
711L8K
35-14
Cylinders
HYDRAULIC MOTOR
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
SINGLE ACTING
711L8P
711L8M
DOUBLE ACTING
SINGLE ROD END
711L8P
HYDRAULIC MOTOR
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
DOUBLE ACTING
DOUBLE ROD END
730L8B
712L8A
HYDRAULIC OSCILLATOR
730L8C
749L8EP
Reservoirs
SINGLE ROD END
ADJUSTABLE CUSHION
ROD END ONLY
RESERVOIR
OPEN TO ATMOSPERER
710L8B
730L8E
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER
PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR
710L8A
730L8F
Valves
LINE TO RESERVOIR
BELOW FLUID LEVEL
CHECK VALVE
710L8F
712L8J
LINE TO RESERVOIR
ABOVE FLUID LEVEL
710L8E
731L8A
ON - OFF
MANUAL SHUT OFF
731L8B
35-15
REGULATING OR
SELECTOR VALVES
749L8A
749L8F
712L8H
2 POSITION - 2 WAY VALVE
731L8C
NON - ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
716L8H
2 POSITION - 3 WAY VALVE
731L8D
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
716L8B
731L8E
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
3 POSITION - 4 WAY VALVE
716L8C
729L8K
ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR
(TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE COMPENSATED)
2 POSITION - 4 WAY
OPEN CENTER CROSS OVER
716L8D
729L8L
712L8B
35-16
Valve Actuators
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
SOLENOID
729L8H
G731L8L
PILOT PRESSURE
REMOTE SUPPLY
DETENT
731L8F
729L8
LIQUID SUPPLY
SPRING
730L8J
731L8M
Accessories
MANUAL
FILTER
729L8A
716L8E
PUSH BUTTON
COOLER
716L8F
729L8B
HEATER
PUSH PULL LEVER
731L8G
729L8C
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLER
731L8H
PEDAL
713L8F
ACCUMULATOR
HYDRO - PNEUMATIC
716L8G
MECHANICAL
729L8G
35-17
PRESSURE SWITCH
REVERSING MOTOR
730L8P
730L8K
QUICK DISCONNECTS
(DISCONNECTED)
730L8L
731L8J
PRESSURE INDICATOR
QUICK DISCONNECTS
(CONNECTED)
730L8M
731L8K
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
730L8N
35-18