Aerospace Engineering

Problems: Calculus I

Year 20132014

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID

Escuela Politecnica Superior
Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniera de Materiales e Ingeniera Qumica
Grupo MSMI

Contents
1 Sessions: 1-7
1.1 Real numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Intervals and inequalities. Absolute value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
3
3
4

2 Sessions: 8-15
2.1 Limits of functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Continuity and differentiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Numerical approximation of roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
7
9
14

3 Sessions: 16-19
3.1 Taylor Series. Local approximation of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Graphs of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15
15
17

4 Sessions: 20-25
4.1 The Riemann Integral . . . . . . . . .
4.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4.3 Evaluation of Antiderivatives . . . . .
4.4 Lengths, areas and volumes . . . . . .

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19
19
19
21
22

5 Session 27
5.1 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
23

6 Sessions: 28-29
6.1 Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
25

DE EXAMENES

7 COLECCION

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Sessions: 1-7

1.1

Real numbers

Problem 1.1
1. If a and b are real numbers such that 0 < a < b, show that
i) a <

ab <

a+b
<b
2

ii)

a
a+k
<
,
b
b+k

k > 0.

2. Show that |a + b| = |a| + |b| ab 0.


x if x > 0
3. Write function f (x) =
with a single expression.
0 if x 0

1.2

Intervals and inequalities. Absolute value

Problem 1.2 Find the x R satisfying:

i)
iii)
v)
vii)

A = { |x 3| 8 }

ii)

B = { 0 < |x 2| < 1/2 }

C = { x2 5x + 6 0 }

iv)

D = { x3 (x + 3)(x 5) < 0 }

2x + 8
> 0}
+ 8x + 7

vi)

F = { |x 1| + |x 2| > 1 }

E={

x2

G = { |x 1||x + 2| = 3 }

viii)

H = { |x2 2x| < 1 }.

Problem 1.3 Find, if any, the supremum, infimum, maximum and minimum of the following sets of real numbers:
i)
iii)
v)
vii)

{1/n : 0 6= n
N} ;


x : 0 x 2, x Q ;
{x : x2 + x 1 < 0} ;
{1/n + (1)n : n N} .

ii) {1/n : 0 6= n Z} ;
iv) {x : x2 + x + 1 0} ;
vi) {x : x < 0 , x2 + x 1 < 0} ;

Problem 1.4 Find the supremum and infimum of the following sets of real numbers:
1. A = { x R : 3x2 10x + 3 < 0 };
2. B = { x R : (x a)(x b)(x c)(x d) < 0 },
3. C = { x = 2p + 5q : p, q N };
4. D = { x = (1)n + 1/m : n, m N }.

a < b < c < d;

Problem 1.5 Represent graphically on R2 the following sets:

i)
iii)
v)
vii)

A = { |x y| < 1 }

ii)

B = { x2 < y < x }

C = {x+ y Z}

iv)

D = { |2x| + |y| = 1 }

E = { (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 < 4 }

vi)

F = { |1 x| = |y 1| }

G = { 4x2 + y 2 4, xy 0 }

viii)

H = { 1 x2 + y 2 < 9, y 0 }.

Problem 1.6 Represent graphically on R2 the following sets which are described in polar
coordinates:
i)
iii)
v)

1.3

A = { r > 0}
C = { 0 /3 }
E = { r > 1 , /2 < 3/2 }

ii)
iv)
vi)

B = {r > 3}
D = {1 r 2}
F = { r 1 , > 7/6 }.

Functions

Problem 1.7 Given f (x) = (1 + x)1 , describe:

i)
iii)

f (f (x)) (for which values od x this expression makes sense?);

ii) f (x1 );

f (cx) (consider the three different cases c > 0, c = 0, c < 0).

Problem 1.8 Find the domain of the following functions:

i)
iii)
v)

vii)

f (x) =

1
2
x 5x + 6

ii)

f (x) =
x 1 x2
1
1 log x

5x
f (x) =
log x

f (x) =

f (x) =

1 x2 +

4 x2

iv)

f (x) =

vi)

f (x) = log(x x2 )

viii)

x2 1

f (x) = arcsin(log x).

Solution: i)D(f ) = R {2, 3}; ii) D(f ) = {|x| = 1}; iii) D(f ) = {|x| 1, |x| =
6 1/ 2};
iv) D(f ) = { 3 |x| 2}; v) D(f ) = {x > 0, x 6= e}; vi) D(f ) = (0, 1); vii) D(f ) = {0 <
x 5, x 6= 1}; viii) D(f ) = [1/e, e].
Problem 1.9
1. If f and g are odd functions, what would be the symmetry of f + g, f g and f g?
2. What would be their symmetry if f is even and g odd? what if f odd and g even?
4

Problem 1.10 Find the symmetries of the following functions:

i)
iii)
v)

ii)

x2 x
f (x) = 2
x +1

iv)

f (x) = (cos x3 )(sin x2 )ex

vi)

f (x) = log( x2 + 1 x).

x
f (x) = 2
x 1
f (x) =

sin x
x

f (x) =

1
x2 + 1 x

Solution: vi) odd.

Problem 1.11
1. Which of the following are injective functions? For those which are injective find their
inverses, and for those which are not injective, give two points with the same image.
a)

f (x) = 7x 4

b)

f (x) = sin(7x 4)

c)

f (x) = (x + 1)3 + 2

d)

f (x) =

e)

f (x) = x2 3x + 2

f)

f (x) =

x+2
x+1
x2

x
.
+1

2. Show that the function f (x) = x2 3x + 2 is injective on the interval (3/2, ).

x
is injective on (1, ). Also find f 1 ( 2/3).
3. Show that the function f (x) = 2
x +1

Solution: i) inyective a), c), and d); iii) 2.

Problem 1.12 Find the domains of the inverse trigonometric functions.

Problem 1.13 Given f (x) = x2 x 2 , g(x) = x + 2 , h(x) = 2/x. Find the domains
of (h f )g, h f g, g f + g h and g (f + h). Find the images of f , g and h. Verify that
g is injective on its domain. Then, determine the function g 1 and indicate its domain.
p
Problem 1.14 Find the domain and range of the function cos1 (x 1)
Problem 1.15 Given S(x) = x2 , P (x) = 2x and s(x) = sin(x). Find:
i)(S P )(y);

ii)(S s)(y);

iii)(S P s)(t) + (s P )(t);

iv)s(t3 ).

Problem 1.16 Write the following functions as sums, products, and/or compositions of
the functions S, P and s defined in the previous exercise.
i) f (x) = 2sin(x) ;
iii) f (x) = sin2 x;
2
2
v) f (x) = 2sin x + sin(x2 ) + 2sin(x +sin x) .
5

ii) f (x) = sin(2x );

x
iv) f (x) = 22 ;

Problem 1.17 Using the formulae for the sin and cos of the sum of two angles, derive the
following relationships:
sin2 x =

i)
iii)

1 cos 2x
2

tan(arctan x + arctan y) =

x+y
1 xy

ii)

cos2 x =

1 + cos 2x
2

iv)

tan 2x =

2 tan x
.
1 tan2 x

Problem 1.18 Simplify the following expressions.

i)

f (x) = sin(arccos x)

ii)

f (x) = sin(2 arcsin x)

iii)

f (x) = tan(arccos x)

iv)

f (x) = sin(2 arctan x)

f (x) = cos(2 arctan x)

vi)

f (x) = e4 log x .

v)
Solution: i)

1 x2 ; ii) 2x 1 x2 ; iii)

1x2
;
x

iv)

2x
;
1+x2

v)

1x2
;
1+x2

vi) x4 .

Problem 1.19 Describe the function g in terms of the function f for the following cases
(c R is a constant). Draw g(x) when f (x) = x2 and when f (x) = sin x.
i)

g(x) = f (x) + c

ii)

g(x) = f (x + c)

iii)

g(x) = f (cx)

iv)

g(x) = f (1/x)

v)

g(x) = f (|x|)

vi)

g(x) = |f (x)|

vii)

g(x) = 1/f (x)

viii)

g(x) = max{f (x), 0}.

Problem 1.20 The hyperbolic functions sinh and cosh are defined by
sinh x =

ex ex
,
2

cosh x =

ex + ex
.
2

1. Find their symmetries.

2. Show that
a) cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1,

b) sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x.

3. Simplify the function f (x) = sinh1 x.

4. Sketch the graphs of sinh x and cosh x.

Solution: iii) f (x) = log(x + x2 + 1).

Sessions: 8-15

2.1

Limits of functions.

Problem 2.1
i)
iv)

vii)

x)

Find the following limits:

x2 x + 12
x3
x+3

ii)

lim

t3 t
t1 t2 1

iii)

x+2
x6

v)

lim

9t

t9 3
t

vi)

ix)

lim

lim

x2 x2

lim+ ( x 5 + 5x)

x5

x2 8x + 16
x4
x2 5x4
lim

viii)

lim

x2

x2 + x 2

x2 9
lim+
x3
x3

xi)

xii)

(h 5)2 25
h0
h
lim

x
x0
1 + 3x 1


1
1

lim
x0+
x |x|
lim

lim

x3

5
.
x3

Problem 2.2 Find the following limits:

i)

iv)

(x + h)2 x2
lim
h0
h
lim

x2

ii)

x2 7x + 10

2x + 2 4x 2

v)

lim

h0

x+h
h

iii)

1 e1/x
x0 1 + e1/x
lim

vi)

lim (

2x + 7 4x2 +x3
)
2x 6

1/ cos x
.
x0
x2
lim

Problem 2.3 Find, when they exist, the following limits:

x2 1
x1 x + 1

x3 8
x3 x 2

i) lim

ii) lim

x3 8
x2 x 2

1 1 x2
vi) lim
x0
x

iii) lim

xn y n
xn y n
v) lim
yx x y
xy x y

1 1 x2
x + sin3 x
vii) lim
viii)
lim
x0
x 5x + 6
x2 
1
2
.
x) lim x sin
x
x
iv) lim

ix)

lim ( x2 + x x)

Problem 2.4 Find, if they exist, the limits of the following functions when x and
when x .

x2 + 1
(x + 1)100
i)
;
ii)
;
iv) x sin x;
2x2 2x2 6x;
iii)
x+5
(2x + 5)100
1
v) x tan ;
x

vi)

arctan x
;
x

vii)
7

1
.
3 + 21/x

Problem 2.5 Analyze the behavior at the origin of the following functions:
i)

f (x) = e1/x ;

iv)

f (x) = e1/x sin .

x

iv)
vii)

1 + e1/x
;
1 e1/x

iii) f (x) = sin ;

x

sin x
ex 1
= lim
= 1, to find the following limits:
x0 x
x0
x

Problem 2.6
i)

ii) f (x) =

Use the limits lim

lim

(sin 2x3 )2
x0
x6

ii)

lim

1 cos x
x0
x2

iii)

sin(x + a) sin a
x0
x

v)

lim

log(1 + x)
x0
x

vi)

lim (1 + sin x)2/x

ix)

ex esin x
x0 x sin x

xii)

lim (cos x)1/x

lim

log(1 2x)
x0
sin x
lim

viii)

x)

tan x sin x
lim
x0
x3

xi)

xiii)

1 sin(x/2)
x
(x )2

xiv)

lim

x0

 x  sin x
sin x x
lim
x0 sin x

tan x2 + 2x
x0
x + x2
lim

lim (1 + x)1/x

x0

lim

x0

ax bx
.
x0
x
lim

1
1
1
Solution: i) 4; ii) ; iii) 2; iv) cos a; v) 1; vi) e; vii) 2; viii) e2 ; ix) 1; x) ; xi) ;
2
2
e
1
1
xii) ; xiii) ; xiv) log(a/b).
8
e
Problem 2.7
i)

iv)
vii)

Find the following limits:

x3 + 4x 7

lim
x 7x2
2x6 + x5
lim

x2

lim

+ 4x x

x2
4x2 + 1

ii)

x + sin x3
lim
x 5x + 6

v)

ex
lim
x ex 1

viii)

lim

iii)

vi)

x2
.
4x2 + 1

1
1
1
1
Solution: i) ; ii) ; iii) 1; iv) 2; v) 1; vi) 0; vii) ; viii) .
5
2
2
2

lim q

x
p

x+ x+ x

ex
lim
x ex 1

Problem 2.8
1. Show that if lim f (x) = 0 then lim f (x) sin 1/x = 0.
x0

2. Find lim

x0

1
2 + sin
x

x0

Solution: ii) 0.

2.2

Continuity and differentiability

Problem 2.9 Analyze the continuity of the following functions:

i)
iii)
v)

e5x + cos x
f (x) = 2
x 8x + 12

ii)

g(x) = e3/x + x3 9

h(x) = x3 tan(3x + 2)

iv)

F (x) =

G(x) = (arcsin x)3

vi)

H(x) = (x 5) log(8x 3).

Problem 2.10 Find l R such that the function f (x) =

i) R; ii) [0, 1].

x2 5x + 6

lx2

1
is continuous in
2lx + 1

Solution: i) l [0, 1); ii) l < 1.

Problem 2.11 Analyze the continuity of the following functions:
1. f (x) = x [x];
 2
x sin(1/x)
si x 6= 0
2. f (x) =
0
si x = 0;

tan x

si x > 0

x
3. f (x) =
0
si x = 0

e1/x
si x < 0;

Problem 2.12 Let f, g be two differentiable functions in R. Write down the derivatives of
the following functions and find their domains:


p
f
(x)
ii) h(x) = arctan
i) h(x) = f 2 (x) + g 2 (x)
g(x)
iii)
v)

h(x) = f (g(x))ef (x)

iv)

h(x) = log(g(x) sin(f (x)))

h(x) = (f (x))g(x)

vi)

h(x) =

1
.
log(f (x) + g 2(x))

Problem 2.13
1. Determine a continuous function in R such that is null for |x| 2, and takes the value
1 for |x| 1.
2. Determine another function which in addition is differentiable.

Problem 2.14 Verify that if c, c1 and c2 are constants, then the following functions satisfy
the differential equations shown next.
i)

f (x) =

c
,
x

xf + f = 0

f (x) = x tan x,

xf f f 2 = x2

iii)

f (x) = c1 sin 3x + c2 cos 3x,

f + 9f = 0

iv)

f (x) = c1 e3x + c2 e3x ,

f 9f = 0

v)

f (x) = c1 e2x + c2 e5x ,

f 7f + 10f = 0

f (x) = log(c1 ex + ex ) + c2 ,

f + (f )2 = 1.

ii)

vi)

Problem 2.15 Show that

i)

arctan x + arctan

1
= ,
x
2

1+x

arctan x = ,
1x
4

ii)

arctan

ii)

2 arctan x + arcsin

2x
=
1 + x2

x > 0;
x < 1;
x 1.

Hint: First, take derivatives. Then, evaluate the functions somewhere into the specified
intervals (the results are false outside them).

Problem 2.16 Assuming that h is a twice-differentiable function, and that the function

h(x)/x2
si x 6= 0
f (x) =
1
si x = 0.
is continuous, obtain the values of h(0), h (0) and h (0).
Solution: h(0) = h (0) = 0, h (0) = 2.

10

Problem 2.17 Find the angle between the right and left side tangents to the graph of
function f at the origin, where
(
x
si x =
6 0.
f (x) =
1 + e1/x
0
si x = 0
Solution:

.
4

Problem 2.18 Consider the function


(3 x2 )/2
f (x) =
1/x

si x < 1
si x 1,

1. Analyze its continuity and differentiability.

2. Is it correct to apply the Mean-Value Theorem on the interval [0, 2]? If so, find the
point (or points) where the thesis of the Theorem holds.

Solution: ii) yes, x1 = 1/2, x2 = 2.

Problem 2.19 Anlyze the continuity and differentiability of the function

f (x) = x + 2 arccos(x + 2).

Problem 2.20 Find the minimum value of for which the function f (x) = |x2 x + 3|
is differentiable in all R.
Solution:

1
.
12

Problem 2.21 The function f (x) = 1 x2/3 is null at 1 and at 1. Nonetheless, f (x) 6= 0
in (1, 1). Explain this apparent contradiction with the thesis of Rolles Theorem.

Problem 2.22

1. Find the derivatives of the following functions at x 6= 0:

a) f (x) = |x|k ,

b) f (x) = |x|k1 x.

2. Show that if k > 1, then both functions are differentiable at the origin. Find also f (0).
3. Show that if f satisfies |f (x)| |x|k , k > 1, for all x in some neighborhood of the
origin, then f is differentiable at the origin. Find also f (0).
 2
x (1 x)2 si x
/Q
4. Show that the function f (x) =
is differentiable only at two
0
si x Q
points in R.
11

Solution: i.a) f (x) = k|x|k2 x; i.b) f (x) = k|x|k1 ; ii) y iii) f (0) = 0.
a + bx2 si |x| c (> 0)
. Find a y b so
|x|1 si |x| > c
that f (x) is continuous and differentiable for all R.
Problem 2.23 Consider the function f (x) =

Solution: a = 3/2c, b = 1/2c3 .

Problem 2.24
log(3/2).

Using the Mean-Value Theorem, compute approximate values of 262/3 y

Problem 2.25 Find the following limits.:

i)
iii)

lim

ex sin x 1
x0
x2

ii)

lim log x log(x 1)

iv)

x1

(1 + x)1+x 1 x x2
lim
x0
x3

v)

vi)

1
1
e
Solution: i) ; ii) 1; iii) 0; iv) 1 v) ; vi) .
2
2
2
Problem 2.26 Find the value of a such that lim
x0
a compute the limit.

log sin 7x
x0 log sin x
lim

lim x1/x



x
lim x (1 + 1/x) e .

eax ex x
is finite. For that value of
x2

Solution: a = 2, l = 3/2.
Problem 2.27 For each of the following functions, find the values of the constants a and
b for which the function is continuous, but not differentiable.


ax + b, x > 0
ax + b, x > 0
a) f (x) =
.
b) f (x) =
.
sin 2x, x 0
cos 2x, x 0
Find the values of the constants a and b for which the previous functions are differentiable,
but not continuous.
Problem 2.28
i)

Find the following limits:


1
1
lim x tan tan
x
x
2x

ii)

1
Solution: i) ; ii) 6; .
2

12

lim

 21/x + 181/x x
2

f (2x3 )
= 1.
x0 5x3

Problem 2.29 Let f be a differentiable function such that lim

1. Explain why f (0) = 0.
2. Show that f (0) = 5/2.
(f f )(2x)
.
x0 3f 1 (x)

3. Compute lim
Solution: iii)

125
12

Problem 2.30

Find the following limit using the Mean-Value Theorem



lim (1 + x)1+1/(1+x) x1+1/x .
x

Solution: 1.
Problem 2.31

1. Let f : [a, b] R be a differentiable function. Show that if f has k 2 real roots in

[a, b], then f has at least k 1 real roots in [a, b].
2. If f is n times differentiable in [a, b] and is zero in n + 1 different points in [a, b], then
show that f (n) is zero at least once in [a, b].

Problem 2.32 How many solutions have the following equations in the specified intervals?
i)
iii)
v)

x7 + 4x = 3

en R

ii)

x5 = 5x 6

en R

x4 4x3 = 1

en R

iv)

sin x = 2x 1

en R

xx = 2

en [1, )

vi)

x2 = log(1/x)

en (1, ).

Solution: i) 1; ii) 1; iii) 2; iv) 1; v) 1; vi) 0.

Problem 2.33 Evaluate the derivatives. Assume all letters represent constants, except for
the independent and dependent variables occurring in the derivative.
a) F =

mg
,
(1 + r 2 )3/2

dF
=?
dr

b) Q =

at
,
(1 + bt2 )3

dQ
=?
dt

gW
, the weight of
(1 + h/R)2
a body at altitude h above the earths surface, where W is the surface weight and R is the
radius of the earth.
Problem 2.34 Find the linear approximation for h 0 for w =

13

Problem 2.35 Consider a supersonic airplane wing with a cross-section in the shape of a
thin diamond (rhombus) in which the half-angle of the opening is and the attack angle
(the attack angle is the angle that the long diagonal of the rhombus makes with the
horizontal direction of motion of the plane). The ratio of the lift to the drag is given by the
formula:
lift

= 2
drag
+ 2
1. For a given fixed , find the best attack angle , that is, the one the maximizes the
ratio of lift to drag.
2. Find the minimum (largest negative) ratio. (This attack angle could be used in the
design of a winged car attempting to break the sound barrier, to prevent it from flying.)
Problem 2.36 Two boats are travelling at 30 Km/hr, the first going north and the second
going east. The second crosses the path of the first 10 minutes after the first one was there.
At what rate is their distance increasing when the second has gone 10 kilometers beyond the
crossing point?

2.3

Numerical approximation of roots

Problem 2.37 Use the Bisection method to compute an approximate solution of the equation x = tan x in [4, 4.5], with an error smaller than 103 .
Problem 2.38 Let f (x) = (x + 2)(x + 1)x(x 1)3 (x 2). Towards which zero of f does
the Bisection method converge in the following intervals? a.[-1.5,2.5], b.[-0.5,2.4], c.[-0.5,3],
d.[-3,-0.5], e.[-3,2.5], f.[-2.5,3], g.[-1.75,1.5], h.[-1.5,1.75].

Problem 2.39 Without using a calculator, how would you compute 3 10?. Estimate the
number of sums and products necessary in order to get an accuracy of 103.
Problem 2.40 Let f (x) = x2 6, and p0 = 1. Use Newtons method to find p1 , p2 and p3 .
Problem 2.41 Let f (x) = x3 cos x and p0 = 1. Use Newtons method to compute p1
and p2 . Would it be possible to start from p0 = 0?

14

Sessions: 16-19

3.1

Taylor Series. Local approximation of functions

Problem 3.1 Write down the Taylor polynomials of order n at the given point for the
following functions:
1. f (x) = 1/x at a = 1;
2. f (x) = xex at a = 0;
3. f (x) = (1 + ex )2 at a = 0.
Problem 3.2 Write down the Taylor polynomial of order 5 at the origin (Maclaurin polynomial) for the function f (x) = ex sin x.
Problem 3.3 Use Taylors Theorem to,
1. write down the polynomial x4 5x3 + x2 3x + 4 as a Taylor expansion in powers of
x 4;
2. show that sin(a + h) differs from sin a + h cos a by an amount smaller than h2 /2.
Problem 3.4 Find the coefficient of x4 in a Taylors approximation of the function f (x) =
log(cos x) in a neighborhood of the origin.
Problem 3.5 Find the Taylors polynomials of degree n = 3 in a neighborhood of the
origin for the following functions:
i)
iv)
vii)

ex cos x

ii)

sin(2x)

ex log(1 x)

iii)

e3x

xex

vi)

sin2 x

1 + x2 sin x
1 + log(1 + x)

ix)

v)

cos x3

viii)

R sin x
.
x

Problem 3.6 Find the Taylors polynomials of degree n in a neighborhood of the origin
for the following functions (a R):
i)

eax

ii)

cos(ax)

iii)

x+1
x1

eax eax
.
2

Problem 3.7 Compute an approximate value of 3 1.1 using a Taylors polynomial of degree
3 of some appropriate function. Estimate the approximation error.
iv)

xex

v)

15

Problem 3.8 Let f (x) = 1 + x3 sin x.

1. Find Taylors polynomial of degree 4 that approximates f (x) in a neighborhood of the
origin.
2. Does f at 0 have a local maximum, local minimum or inflection point?
Problem 3.9 Approximate function f (x) = log(1 + cos x) near the origin using a degree 2
polynomial. Also find a formula for the remainder of the approximation.
Problem 3.10 Taylors polynomial of degree 4 in a neighborhood of x = 1 for a certain
function f (x) is P (x) = 2(x 1)3 3(x 1)4 .
1. Find the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at x = 1.
f (x)
x1 (x 1)3

2. Find lim

3. Find the fourth derivative of f at x = 1.

Problem 3.11 Show that
sin x = o(x ) < 1,

as x 0;

log(1 + x2 ) = o(x),

as x 0;

iii)

log x = o(x),

as x ;

iv)

tan x sin x = o(x2 ),

as x 0.

i)
ii)

Problem 3.12 Use Taylors Theorem to compute the following limits:

i)
iii)
v)

vii)

ix)

ex sin x 1
x0
x2

cos x 1 x
lim
x0
sin x
lim

x sin x
x0 x(1 cos 3x)


1
1

lim
x0 x
sin x
lim

iii) 21 ; iv) 12 ; v)

iv)

tan x sin x
x0
x3

viii)
x)

1
;
120

sin x x + x3 /6
x0
x5

vi)

lim x3/2 ( x + 1 + x 1 2 x)

Solution: i) 21 ; ii)

ii)

1
;
27

vi)

Problem 3.13
16

1
6

lim

lim

cos x + ex x 2
x0
x3


1 1
lim
cot x
x0 x
x
lim

lim [x x2 log(1 + 1/x)] .

vii) 0; viii) 31 ; ix) 14 ; x) 21 .


1. Find an approximate value of 1/ 1.1 using a Taylors polynomial of degree 3. What
is the error made?

2. Find an approximate value of 3 28 using a Taylors polynomial of degree 2 in powers

of x 27. What is the error made?
Problem 3.14
1. Approximate the function f (x) = cos x + ex near the origin using a third degree polynomial.
2. Estimate the error made when this approximation is used in x [1/4, 1/4].
Problem 3.15 Consider the function f (x) = ex . How many terms are needed from its
Maclaurin polynomial to approximate f (x) on [-1,1] with three exact decimal figures?
Problem 3.16 How many terms are needed from the MacLaurins approximation to compute sin(1/2) with an error smaller than 1012 ?
Problem 3.17 Use Taylor expansions to compute the value of cos 1, sin 3, e, e2 , log(3/2),
log(4/3), log 2 y log(1/2) with an error smaller than 103 .
Problem 3.18 Find a polynomial P (x) such that

1 x4 P (x)
=0 .
lim
x0
x7
Is this polynomial unique?
Problem 3.19 Find a bound for the error in approximating the function f (x) = tan1 (x)
by a Taylor polynomial of degree 1 (tangent line approximation) based at x0 = 1 on the
interval I = [.9, 1.1].

3.2

Graphs of functions

Problem 3.20
1. Sketch the graph of f (x) = x + log |x2 1|.
2. Use this sketch to draw the graphs of the functions:
a) g(x) = |x| + log |x2 1|,

17



b) h(x) = x + log |x2 1|.

Problem 3.21 Draw the graphs of the following functions:

i) y = ex sin x
ii) y = x2 1 1
iv)

vii)
x)

y = x2 ex
y = (x2 1) log

v)
1+x
1x

y = log[(x 1)(x 2)]

xiii)

y=

xvi)

y=

x2
4x2 + 1

e2x
ex 1

iii)

y = xe1/x

y = (x 2)x2/3

vi)

y=

x
log x

ix)

y=

e1/x
1x

viii)

y=

x2 1
x2 + 1

xi)

y=

ex
x(x 1)

xiv)

y=

xvii)

|x 4|

y = ex sin x

18

xii)

y = 2 sin x + cos 2x

xv)

y=

xviii)

1
1 + ex

y = x2 sin(1/x).

4
4.1

Sessions: 20-25
The Riemann Integral

Problem 4.1 Find

of the interval [a, b].

x dx using lower and upper sums corresponding to regular partitions

Problem 4.2 Find the value of the following integrals without carrying out any computations:
Z 1
Z 1

3
2
i)
x 1 x dx;
ii)
(x5 + 3) 1 x2 dx;
1

Problem 4.3 Demonstrate and then interpret the following statements:

Z b
Z b+c
i)
f (x) dx =
f (x c) dx
a

ii)

a+c

f (x) dx =

b
a

f (a + b x) dx

Z b
 Z b



f (x) dx
|f (x)| dx


iii)

iv)

dx
+
x

dx
=
x

ab

dx
.
x

Problem 4.4 Compute the antiderivatives of the following functions for x [1, 1]:

1
1 x < 0
i) f (x) = |x 1/2|,
ii) g(x) =
.
x+1 0x1

4.2

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Problem 4.5 Differentiate the following functions:

i)

F (x) =

x3

x2

iii)

F (x) =

et
dt,
t

ii) F (x) =

R x2
1 tan t dt

x2 f (t) dt,

ds
log s

with f continuous.

Problem 4.6 Differentiate the following functions:

i)
iii)

F (x) =

R x3
a

F (x) = sin

sin t dt;
Rx
0

sin

ii) F (x) =

Ry
0

sin3 t dt dy ;
19

R (R1x sin3 t dt)

3

1
1+sin6 t+t2

iv) F (x) =

Rx
0

dt;
xf (t) dt.

Problem 4.7 Demonstrate, or give a counterexample for, each one of the following propositions:
a) If f is differentiable in c, then F is differentiable in c.
b) If f is differentiable in c, then F is continuous in c.
c) If f is continuous in c, then F is continuous in c.
Problem 4.8 Find the point where the following function reaches its maximum.
Z x1 

2
f (x) =
et e2t dt.
0

Problem 4.9
1. Formulate the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Apply this theorem to find the
derivative of the function
Z x2
sin t1/4 dt .
F (x) =
0

2. Find lim x3/2 F (x).

x0

Problem 4.10 Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y =

x = 4 3.
Problem 4.11 Find the limit:
lim

x0

Rx
0

R 3
x2

tan(t2 ) dt at

et dt x
.
x3

Problem 4.12 Evaluate the following definite integrals:

Z 2 2
Z log 2

x 1
x
ii)
i)
dx.
e 1 dx,
x
1
0
Problem 4.13 For each of the following cases, explain why the suggested change of variable
leads to wrong results:
Z 1
Z 1
dx
1
2/3
i)
dx, t = x ;
ii)
, t= .
2
x
1
1 1 + x
Problem 4.14
Z
a) Evaluate

Z /4
x
dx. Hint: first compute
tan x dx.
cos2 x
0
0
Z 1
Z 1
dt
dt
b) Find a general formula for
. Hint: first compute
.
2
n
2
0 (1 + t )
0 1+t
/4

20

Problem 4.15 Find (f 1 ) (0) if:

Rx
Rx
i) f (x) = 0 (1 + sin(sin t)) dt; ii) f (x) = 1 sin(sin t) dt.

Problem 4.16 Consider the function

F (x) =

t2 cos(t2 ) dt.

1. Find its Maclaurin polynomial of third degree.

2. Find
lim

x0

4.3

F (x)
.
x3

Evaluation of Antiderivatives

Problem 4.17 Find the following integrals:

Z
dx

i)
(2 + x) 1 + x
Z
iii)
cos(log x) dx
v)

vii)

cos x dx

ix)

dx
a sin x + b cos x

xi)

xiii)

cos (log x) dx

xv)

dx
1 + x2

xvii)

dx

x 1 + x2

xix)

e4x
dx
e2x + 2ex + 2

xxi)

3x 4
dx .
(x2 + 2x + 4)2

ii)

dx

1+ 31+x

iv)

ex sin 2x dx

vi)

sin3 x cos2 x dx

viii)

sin3 x

x)

tan4 x dx

xii)

dx
1 sin x

xiv)

dx

x2 1 x2

xvi)

dx
(1 + x2 )3/2

xviii)

xx)

x5 2x3
dx
x4 2x2 + 1

x log x dx
4

sec x dx
2

21

cos x dx
+ 2 cos2 x sinx

dx
e2x 1

Problem 4.18 Write In =

/2

sinn x dx in terms of In2 . Then evaluate I2n and I2n+1 .

Problem 4.19 Find the following integrals for m, n N:

Z
Z
i)
sin mx sin nx dx;
ii)
cos mx cos nx dx;
0

4.4

iii)

sin mx cos nx dx.

0

Lengths, areas and volumes

Problem 4.20 Find the areas enclosed between the given curves:

i)
y = x2 , y = x;
ii)
iii)

y=

1x
,
1+x

y=

x2 + y 2 = 1,

2x
,
1+x

y = 0,

y = 1;

(x 1)2 + y 2 = 1.

Problem 4.21 Find the volumes generated when the following sets are rotated around the
x-axis:
i)
0 y x + sin x, 0 x 2;
ii)

x2 + (y 2a)2 a2 ;

iii)

r 2 x2 + y 2 4r 2 ,

y 0.

Problem 4.22
1. Find

cos x
dx.
3 + cos2 x

2. Find the volume generated when the ellipse y = 1 4x2 is rotated around the x-axis.
Z

Problem 4.23 Find the length of the following arcs:

i)

y = log sec x,

0 x /3;

ii)

y = ex/2 + ex/2 ,

iii)

y = (4 x2/3 )3/2 ,

0 x 2;
8 x 8.

Problem 4.24 Find the length of the following arcs:

i)
iii)

y = 13 (x2 + 2)3/2 ,

0 x 1;

r = a cos ;

22

ii)

y = log(cos x),

iv)

r = 3 sec ,

0 x /6;

0 /3.

Problem 4.25 Which of the different straight lines that pass through the point (1, 2), is
the one that yields the minimum area with the parabola y = x2 ?

Problem 4.26 Find the volumes of: (i) an ellipsoid of revolution;(ii) a torus(or anchor
ring); and (iii) the intersection of two equal cylinders whose axis of symmetry are the x-axis
and y-axis, respectively.
Problem 4.27 Consider the function f (x) = x ex .
1. Draw its graph analyzing its increasing or decreasing behavior, concavity, and asymptotes, if any.
2. Find the volume of the solid of revolution generated by rotation around the x-axis of
the region in the first quadrant enclosed between the x-axis, the y-axis, and the graph
of the function f (x) = x ex .
Problem 4.28
1. Compute the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the curve y = 1/x (1 x a)
around the x axis.
2. Write a definite integral whose value gives the surface area of the solid.
Ra
3. Proof that the surface area is greater than 2 1 x1 dx = 2 log a.

4. What happens to the volume and to the surface when a ?

Session 27

5.1

Complex Numbers

Problem 5.1 Calc

ulese:
a) [(5 + 5i)/(3 4i)] + [20/(4 + 3i)] b) (3i30 i19 )/(2i 1)
1/5
c) [(1 i)/(1 + i)]5
d) i
25
e) (2 3 2i)1/4
f)
Problem 5.2 Encuentrense los valores de n que verifican la identidad (1 + i)n = (1 i)n
Problem 5.3 Expresar los siguientes n
umeros complejos en la forma binomica (a + ib):
a)

(1 + i)2

b)

e)

i5 + i16

f)

ei/2
ei/6 ei/6

j)

i)
m)

1
i
1+i
1 2i
ei

d)

(2 + 3i)(3 i4)

g)

1
1+i
1 + i + i2 + i3

h)

ei/2

k)

i + e2i

l)

ei/4

c)

23

Problem 5.4 Calcular los modulos de los siguientes n

umeros complejos:
a)

1+i

b)

d)

1 + i + i2

e)

1+i
1i
2(1 i) + 3(2 + i)

c)

3 + 4i

f)

i7 + i10

Problem 5.5 Calcular el modulo y argumento principal de:

a)

2i

e)

3 +

b)
3i

3i
1
(1 + i)
2

f)

c)

31

(1 + i)3

g)

d)

h)

1
1+i

Problem 5.6 Determinar todos los n

umeros reales x, y que satisfacen:
a)

x + iy = x iy

b)

|x + iy| = |x iy|

c)

x + iy = |x + iy|

d)

(x + iy)2 = (x iy)2

e)

x + iy
= x iy
x iy

Problem 5.7 Encontrar los z del plano complejo que satisfacen:

a)

|z| < 1

b)

z+z =1

c)

|z 1| = 1

d)

|z 1| > 3

Problem 5.8 Determinar todas las soluciones de las siguientes ecuaciones:

a)

z3 = i

b)

z4 = 1

z4 = i

c)

z n = 1 (n entero)

d)

Problem 5.9 Demostrar las siguientes igualdades:

a)

log(1) = i

b)

log(i) = i

c)

log 1 = 0

Problem 5.10 Calcular

a)

1i

b)

(1)i

Problem 5.11 Comprobar si es cierto: ii = e/2 R

Problem 5.12 Aplicar el teorema de De Moivre en las siguientes potencias:

a)
(1 + i)20
b)
(2 3 + 2i)5
Problem 5.13 Demostrar la existencia de (x)
propiedades (x + 1) = x(x) y (n + 1) = n!.

24

et tx1 dt para x > 0. Probar las

Sessions: 28-29

6.1

Differential Equations

Problem 6.1 Solve the following differential equations by separation of variables,

1 + x2 dy
= x
1.
1 + y dx
2. (2 + 2y 2)y = ex y
Problem 6.2 Solve the following initial value problems by separation of variables,
1. y =

3x2
,
2y + cos y

2. y xey = 2ey ,

y(0) =
y(0) = 0

Problem 6.3
1. Use separation of variables to derive the solution to the logistic equation

y
dy
y,
=k 1
dt
L

y(0) = y0

2. Show that lim y(t) = L.

t

Problem 6.4 Use the solution to the logistic equation (previous problem) to derive a
solution to the model for the spread of a disease
dy
= k y (L y) ,
dt

y(0) = y0

Problem 6.5 A University residence hall houses 1000 students. Following the semester
break, 20 students in the hall return with the flu, and 5 days later 35 students have the flu.
1. Find the number of students who will have the flu t days after returning to school.
2. How many students will have the flu after 10, 15, 20, 30, 60 days?
Problem 6.6 Derive the solution to Newtons law of cooling
dT
= k(T Te ) ,
dt

T (0) = T0

where T0 is the initial temperature and Te the temperature of the environment.

Problem 6.7 A cup of tea at temperature 95o C is placed in a room with constant temperature 21o C. Assuming that Newtons law of cooling applies, find out how many minutes will
it take for the tea to reach a temperature of 51o C if it cools to 85o C in 1 minute?
25

Problem 6.8 Solve the following differential equations by the method of integrating factors,
1.

dy
+ 3y = e2x
dx

2.

dy
xy = x
dx

Problem 6.9
1. Use the method of integrating factors to derive the solution to the equation describing
free-fall motion with air resistance,
dv
c
+ v = g ,
dt m

v(0) = v0

2. Write the solution v(t) in terms of the terminal speed v =

mg
.
c

3. Find the position function s(t) in terms of the initial position s0 (s(0) = s0 ), v0 , v
and g.
Problem 6.10 The equation of motion for a vibrating spring, with spring constant k, is
d2 x
m 2 = k x
dx
1. Find the general solution of the equation.
2. Solve the initial value problem defined by x(0) = x0 , x (0) = 0.
3. Find the amplitude, period and frequency.

26

DE EXAMENES

COLECCION

Aerospace Engineering

ESCUELA POLITECNICA
SUPERIOR

January 2011

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID

Name

GROUP

1. Find the following limits:



1
2
2
(a) lim x arctan log(1 + x )
x
x

 4x2 + x 3

2x + 7
(b) lim
x 2x 6
2. How many real roots does equation x3 + x2 + x + 5 = 0 have? Give an approximate
value to each one of them.
3. Consider the function
F (x) =

et cos t dt ,

(a) Write its Taylor polynomial of degree 5 in the vicinity of x = 0; (P5 (F (x); x; 5)).
(b) Find an upper bound to the error if F (0.1) is approximated by 0.1.
4. Let f (x) be a continuous and periodic function in
F (x) =

R (with period T ). Show that

x+T

f (t) dt

is constant.
5. Find the length of the arc,
y = ex/2 + ex/2 ,
6. Find the following indefinite integrals:
Z
cos x
(a)
dx
(3 + cos2 x)
Z
(b)
sin3 x cos4 x dx

27

0x2

Aerospace Engineering

ESCUELA POLITECNICA
SUPERIOR

June 2011

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID

Name

GROUP

1. (a) Compute log (1 i)

(b) Describe the region of the complex plane defined by

(
1 < |z i| 2

3
arg z
4
4

2. Find the value of a such that

eax ex x
x0
x2
exists and is finite. For that value of a compute the limit.
lim

3. Compute the limit




sin x
1
lim
2
x0
x3
x
p
4. Compute an approximate value of log (sin(( 2 + 0.1)2 )) using the second order Taylor
polynomial of a certain function.
5. Compute

dx
e + e3 x
x

6. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve

Z 2
sin t
dt
y =
t
0
at x = /2.
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the functions f (x) = x2 4 and
g(x) = 4 x2 .

28

Aerospace Engineering

ESCUELA POLITECNICA
SUPERIOR

January 2013

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID

Name

GROUP

1. (1.5 points) Find the following limits:



p
(ey ey ) y 3 y 3 y 4
(a) lim
y0
y sin y
x
x
a b
(b) lim
x0
x
2. (1.5 points) Find f (0) for the following functions:

4x2 sin2 (x) + tan3 (x2 ) 
2
3
3 e2x x if x 6= 0 and f (0) = 0.
arctan (x)
Z (x+4)3/2
1/3
et dt sin2 (x)
(b) f (x) =
(a) f (x) =

3. (2.5 points) Consider the function f (x) = (1 + e2x )2 .

(a) Prove by induction that f (n) (x) = 2n+1 e2x + 22n e4x for n 1.

(b) Write the Taylor polynomial for f (x) near x0 = 0.

(c) Compute an approximate value of f (1) using a Taylor polynomial of degree 4.

(d) Find an upper bound for the error in the preceding approximation.
Z /2
4. (1.5 points) Let In =
sinn (x) dx.
0

(a) Find the reduction formula that relates In to In2 .

(b) Use this reduction formula to find the value of I4 , I2n and I2n+1 .
5. (1.5 points) Find the following indefinite integrals:
Z
2 + x cos x
(a)
dx
x (sin (x) + 2 log (x) + 6)
Z


(b)
sin (3x) sin (4x) 2 sin2 (x) dx

29

6. (1.0 points) The disk bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 is revolved about the y-axis
to make a sphere. Then a hole of diameter a is bored through the sphere along the
y-axis (from north to south pole, like a cored apple). Find the volume of the resulting
`
sphere.
Ocored
O

7. (1.5 points) The graph of y = y(x) has this property: at each point (x, y) on the
graph, the normal line at that point passes through the fixed point (1, 0). (The normal
is the line perpendicular to the tangent line.)
1x
.
y
(b) Using separation of variables, find all solutions to the differential equation. You
can leave the solutions in implicit form, i.e., as equations connecting x and y.
(a) Show that y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation y (x) =

(c) Describe the curves which are their graphs.

30

Aerospace Engineering

ESCUELA POLITECNICA
SUPERIOR

June 2013

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID

Name

GROUP

1. (a) (0.5 points) Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number (1 i)12

(b) (0.5 points) Solve the equation z 5 = 32 i, where z is a complex number (give all
possible solutions).

2. (1 point) A highway patrol plane is flying 1 Km above a long, straight road, with
constant ground speed of 200 Km/h. Using radar, the pilot detects a car whose distance
from the plane is (5/3) kilometers and decreasing at a rate of 240 Km/h. How fast is
the car traveling along the highway?
3. Evaluate the following limits:
(a) (1 point)
lim

n
X
i=1

"r

2i
1+
n

2
n

Hint: evaluate it as a definite integral using Riemann sums with x = 1/n.

(b) (0.75 points)
1
lim
h0 h

2+h
2

sin x2 dx

4. (1.5 points) Calculate the following indefinite integral:

Z
x2 dx

9 x2
5. Consider the set

0 y x ex ,

a x 2a

(a) (0.75 points) Write a definite integral whose value is the volume of the solid
obtained by revolving this set around the x-axis.
(b) (0.75 points) Find the value of a for which the volume is maximum.
6. Let f (x) = sin (x) ex .
(a) (1 point) Find the Maclaurins polynomial of degree 4 for the function f (x).
(b) (0.75 points) Find an upper bound to the error if f (0.1) is approximated by
0.11.

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7. (a) (0.75 points) Derive the solution to Newtons law of cooling

dT
= k(T Te ) ,
dt

T (0) = T0

where T0 is the initial temperature and Te the temperature of the environment.

(b) (0.75 points) An object at temperature 100o C is placed in a room with constant
law of cooling applies, find out how
temperature 20oC. Assuming that NewtonOs
many minutes will it take for the object to reach 40oC if it cools to 60o C in 1
minute?

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