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Heat Transfer
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Heat Transfer
ONE MARK
Q. 3
Q. 4
Two large diffuse gray parallel plates, separated by a small distance, have surface
temperatures of 400 K and 300 K. If the emissivities of the surface are 0.8 and
the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 # 10-8 W/m2 K 4 , the net radiation heat
exchanges rate in kW/m2 between the two plates is
(A) 0.66
(B) 0.79
(C) 0.99
(D) 3.96
Common
Data For
Q 5 and 6
Water (specific heat, c p = 4.18 kJ/kgK ) enters a pipe at a rate of 0.01 kg/s and
a temperature of 20cC . The pipe of diameter 50 mm and length 3 m, is subjected
to a wall heat flux qwll in W/m2
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Heat Transfer
Q. 5
If qwll= 5000 and the convection heat transfer coefficient at the pipe outlet is
1000 W/m2 K , the temperature in cC at the inner surface of the pipe at the outlet is
(A) 71
(B) 76
(C) 79
(D) 81
Q. 6
ONE MARK
Q. 7
For an opaque surface, the absorptivity (a), transmissivity (t) and reflectivity (r)
are related by the equation :
(A) + = (B) + + = 0
(C) + = 1 (D) + = 0
Q. 8
Which one of the following configurations has the highest fin effectiveness ?
(A) Thin, closely spaced fins
(B) Thin, widely spaced fins
(C) Thick, widely spaced fins
(D) Thick, closely spaced fins
YEAR 2012
Q. 9
TWO MARKS
Consider two infinitely long thin concentric tubes of circular cross section as
shown in the figure. If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the inner and outer tubes
respectively, then the view factor F22 is give by
(A) b D2 l - 1
(B) zero
D1
(C) b D1 l (D) 1 - b D1 l
D2
D2
Q. 10
Water (c p = 4.18 kJ/kgK) at 80cC enters a counter flow heat exchanger with a
mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. Air (c p = 1 kJ/kgK) enters at 30cC with a mass flow
rate of 2.09 kg/s. If the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is 0.8, the LMTD
(in cC) is
(A) 40
(B) 20
(C) 10
(D) 5
YEAR 2011
Q. 11
ONE MARK
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Heat Transfer
TWO MARKS
Q. 13
Q. 14
Q. 15
A fin has 5 mm diameter and 100 mm length. The thermal conductivity of fin
material is 400 Wm-1 K-1 . One end of the fin is maintained at 130c C and its
remaining surface is exposed to ambient air at 30c C. If the convective heat
transfer coefficient is 40 Wm-2 K-1 , the heat loss (in W) from the fin is
(A) 0.08
(B) 5.0
(C) 7.0
(D) 7.8
YEAR 2009
Q. 16
TWO MARKS
ONE MARK
A coolant fluid at 30cC flows over a heated flat plate maintained at constant
temperature of 100cC . The boundary layer temperature distribution at a given
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Heat Transfer
TWO MARKS
Q. 17
In a parallel flow heat exchanger operating under steady state, the heat capacity
rates (product of specific heat at constant pressure and mass flow rate) of the
hot and cold fluid are equal. The hot fluid, flowing at 1 kg/s with c p = 4 kJ/kg K ,
enters the heat exchanger at 102c C while the cold fluid has an inlet temperature
of 15c C . The overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger is estimated
to be 1 kW/m2 K and the corresponding heat transfer surface area is 5 m2 . Neglect
heat transfer between the heat exchanger and the ambient. The heat exchanger
is characterized by the following relations:
2e = exp ( 2 NTU)
The exit temperature (in c C ) for the cold fluid is
(A) 45
(B) 55
(C) 65
(D) 75
Q. 18
Common
Data For
Q 19 and 20
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Heat Transfer
Radiative heat transfer is intended between the inner surfaces of two very large
isothermal parallel metal plates. While the upper plate (designated as plate 1)
is a black surface and is the warmer one being maintained at 727cC , the lower
plate (plate 2) is a diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity of 0.7 and is kept
at 227cC . Assume that the surfaces are sufficiently large to form a two-surface
enclosure and steady-state conditions to exits. Stefan-Boltzmann constant is
given as 5.67 # 10-8 W/m2 K 4
Q. 19
Q. 20
If plate 1 is also diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity value of 0.8, the net
radiation heat exchange (in kW/m2 ) between plate 1 and plate 2 is
(A) 17.0
(B) 19.5
(C) 23.0
(D) 31.7
YEAR 2008
Q. 21
ONE MARK
For flow of fluid over a heated plate, the following fluid properties are known
Viscosity
= 0.001Pa-s;
Specific heat at constant pressure = 1 kJ/kg.K ;
Thermal conductivity = 1W/m K
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a specified location on the plate
is 1 mm. The thermal boundary layer thickness at the same location is
(A) 0.001 mm
(B) 0.01 mm
(C) 1 mm
(D) 1000 mm
YEAR 2008
TWO MARKS
Q. 22
Q. 23
For the three-dimensional object shown in the figure below, five faces are insulated.
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Heat Transfer
The sixth face (PQRS), which is not insulated, interacts thermally with the
ambient, with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2 K . The ambient
temperature is 30c C . Heat is uniformly generated inside the object at the rate
of 100 W/m3 . Assuming the face PQRS to be at uniform temperature, its steady
state temperature is
(A) 10c C
(B) 20c C
(C) 30c C
(D) 40c C
Q. 24
(A) 0.25
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.75
(D) 1
Q. 25
Steady two-dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in the
figure below. The normal temperature gradients over surfaces P and Q can be
considered to be uniform. The temperature gradient 2T/2x at surface Q is equal
to 10 K/m. Surfaces P and Q are maintained at constant temperature as shown
in the figure, while the remaining part of the boundary is insulated. The body
has a constant thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/mK. The values of 2T and 2T at
2x
2y
surface P are
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Heat Transfer
The temperature distribution within the thermal boundary layer over a heated
isothermal flat plate is given by
T Tw = 3 y 1 y 3 ,
T3 Tw 2 b dt l 2 b dt l
where Tw and T3 are the temperature of plate and free stream respectively, and y
is the normal distance measured from the plate. The local Nusselt number based
on the thermal boundary layer thickness dt is given by
(A) 1.33
(B) 1.50
(C) 2.0
(D) 4.64
Q. 27
In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 60c C and cold fluid leaves
at 30c C . Mass flow rate of the fluid is 1 kg/s and that of the cold fluid is 2 kg/s.
Specific heat of the hot fluid is 10 kJ/kgK and that of the cold fluid is 5 kJ/kgK.
The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) for the heat exchanger in cC is
(A) 15
(B) 30
(C) 35
(D) 45
Q. 28
The average heat transfer co-efficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended in still
air can be determined from observations of the change in plate temperature with
time as it cools. Assume the plate temperature to be uniform at any instant of
time and radiation heat exchange with the surroundings negligible. The ambient
temperature is 25c C , the plat has a total surface area of 0.1 m2 and a mass of
4 kg. The specific heat of the plate material is 2.5 kJ/kgK. The convective heat
transfer co-efficient in W/m2 K , at the instant when the plate temperature is
225c C and the change in plate temperature with time dT/dt = 0.02 K/s , is
(A) 200
(B) 20
(C) 15
(D) 10
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Common
Data For
Heat Transfer
Q 29 and 30
The location of maximum temperature within the plate from its left face is
(A) 15 mm
(B) 10 mm
(C) 5 mm
(D) 0 mm
Q. 30
Q. 31
ONE MARK
In a composite slab, the temperature at the interface (Tinter ) between two material
is equal to the average of the temperature at the two ends. Assuming steady onedimensional heat conduction, which of the following statements is true about the
respective thermal conductivities ?
(A) 2k1 = k2
(B) k1 = k2
(C) 2k1 = 3k2
(D) k1 = 2k2
YEAR 2006
Q. 32
TWO MARKS
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Heat Transfer
A thin layer of water in a field is formed after a farmer has watered it. The
ambient air conditions are : temperature 20cC and relative humidity 5%. An
extract of steam tables is given below.
Temp(c C)
- 15 - 10 - 5
0.01
10
15
20
Neglecting the heat transfer between the water and the ground, the water
temperature in the field after phase equilibrium is reached equals
(A) 10.3cC (B) - 10.3c C
(C) - 14.5c C (D) 14.5c C
Q. 34
With an increase in the thickness of insulation around a circular pipe, heat loss
to surrounding due to
(A) convection increase, while that the due to conduction decreases
(B) convection decrease, while that due to conduction increases
(C) convection and conduction decreases
(D) convection and conduction increases
YEAR 2005
Q. 35
Q. 36
ONE MARK
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Heat Transfer
YEAR 2005
Q. 37
TWO MARKS
Heat flows through a composite slab, as shown below. The depth of the slab is
1 m. The k values are in W/mK. The overall thermal resistance in K/W is
(A) 17.2
(C) 28.6
(B) 21.9
(D) 39.2
Q. 38
Q. 39
A solid cylinder (surface 2) is located at the centre of a hollow sphere (surface 1).
The diameter of the sphere is 1 m, while the cylinder has a diameter and length
of 0.5 m each. The radiation configuration factor F11 is
(A) 0.375
(B) 0.625
(C) 0.75
(D) 1
Q. 40
Hot oil is cooled from 80 to 50cC in an oil cooler which uses air as the coolant.
The air temperature rises from 30 to 40cC . The designer uses a LMTD value of
26cC . The type of heat exchange is
(A) parallel flow
(B) double pipe
(C) counter flow
(D) cross flow
Common
Data For
Q 41 and 42
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Q. 43
Heat Transfer
ONE MARK
One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat
generation at the rate of q can be written as
q
q
(A) 1 2 br2T l + = 1 2T (B) 12 2 br22T l + = 1 2T
r 2r 2r
a 2t
a 2t
k
k
r 2r 2r
2
2
q
q
(C) 2T2 + = 1 2T (D) 22 (rT) + = 1 2T
a 2t
a 2t
k
k
2r
2r
YEAR 2004
Q. 44
TWO MARKS
Q. 45
Q. 46
In a condenser, water enters at 30cC and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr. The
condensing steam is at a temperature of 120cC and cooling water leaves the
condenser at 80cC . Specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kgK. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m2 K , then heat transfer area is
(A) 0.707 m2
(B) 7.07 m2
(C) 70.7 m2
(D) 141.4 m2
YEAR 2003
Q. 47
ONE MARK
A plate having 10 cm2 area each side is hanging in the middle of a room of 100 m2
total surface area. The plate temperature and emissivity are respectively 800 K
and 0.6. The temperature and emissivity values for the surfaces of the room are
300 K and 0.3 respectively. Boltzmanns constant s = 5.67 # 108 W/m2 K 4 . The
total heat loss from the two surfaces of the plate is
(A) 13.66 W
(B) 27.32 W
(C) 27.87 W
(D) 13.66 MW
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Heat Transfer
TWO MARKS
Q. 48
In a counter flow heat exchanger, for the hot fluid the heat capacity = 2 kJ/kgK ,
mass flow rate = 5 kg/s , inlet temperature = 150cC , outlet temperature = 100cC
. For the cold fluid, heat capacity = 4 kJ/kgK , mass flow rate = 10 kg/s , inlet
temperature = 20cC . Neglecting heat transfer to the surroundings, the outlet
temperature of the cold fluid in cC is
(A) 7.5
(B) 32.5
(C) 45.5
(D) 70.0
Q. 49
Consider a laminar boundary layer over a heated flat plate. The free stream
velocity is U3 . At some distance x from the leading edge the velocity boundary
layer thickness is dv and the thermal boundary layer thickness is dT . If the Prandtl
number is greater than 1, then
(A) dv > dT
(B) dT > dv
(C) dv . dT + (U3 x) -1/2
(D) dv . dT + x-1/2
Common
Data For
Q 50 and 51
Q. 50
The value of the temperature gradient in the glass at the water-glass interface in
K/m is
(A) - 2 # 10 4
(B) 0.0
(C) 0.5 # 10 4
(D) 2 # 10 4
Q. 51
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Heat Transfer
YEAR 2002
Q. 52
ONE MARK
For the same inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids, the Log mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD) is
(A) greater for parallel flow heat exchanger than for counter flow heat
exchanger
(B) greater for counter flow heat exchanger than for parallel flow heat
exchanger
(C) same for both parallel and counter flow heat exchangers
(D) dependent on the properties of the fluids.
YEAR 2001
Q. 53
ONE MARK
For the circular tube of equal length and diameter shown below, the view factor
F13 is 0.17. The view factor F12 in this case will be
In descending order of magnitude, the thermal conductivity of (a) pure iron, (b)
liquid water, (c) saturated water vapour and (d) aluminum can be arranged as
(A) abcd
(B) bcad
(C) dabc
(D) dcba
**********
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Heat Transfer
Solution
Sol. 1
# ^k + bT hdT = # Cdx
0
Sol. 2
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Heat Transfer
T =
Again integrating,
qg x2
+ C1 x + C2 ....(i)
k 2
qg L2
+ C1 L
2k
q L
C1 = 100 + g
L
2k
100 =
T =
qg x2
q L
+ c 100 + g m x
L
2k
2k
Sol. 4
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Heat Transfer
Now
or
o
# qll 2prdx = q ll2prL = mc
0
qwllpdL
o p + Tin = Tout
mc
^Tout Tin h
3 = 76.36 K
Tout = 20 + 5000 # 3.14 # 0.05 #
0.01 # 4.18 # 103
Now for wall temperature at outlet
qwll = h ^Tw Tout h
q ll
or
Tw = w + Tout = 5000 + 76.36 = 81.36cC b 81cC
1000
h
or
Sol. 6
qwll = 2500 x
Due to heat transfer from wall, the enthalpy changes, from inlet to outlet.
o p dTm
Now
qwlldA = mc
Where
dTm = Bulk mean Temperature
o p dTm
2500x # 2prdx = mc
Integrating both the sides, we get
5000pr
or
o # dT
# xdx = mc
0
o p ^Tout, m Tin, m h
= mc
5000 pdL2 = mc
o p ^Tout, m 20h
2
2
Sol. 7
Tout, m = 20 +
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 8
Sol. 9
F11 = 0 since no radiation leaving surface 1 and strikes 1
F12 = 1, since all radiation leaving surface 1 and strikes 2
The view factor F22 is determined by applying summation rule to surface 2,
F21 + F22 = 1
Thus
F22 = 1 F21 = 1 b D1 l
D2
Sol. 10
or,
80 - th2 = 40 & th2 = 40cC
From energy balance,
Ch (th1 - th1) = Cc (tc 2 tc1)
80 - 40 = tc2 30
tc2 = 70cC
Now LMTD
qm = q1 qq2 ...(i)
ln q
1
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Heat Transfer
q1 = th1 tc 2 = 80 70 = 10cC
q2 = th 2 tc1 = 40 30 = 10cC
q1 = q2 ...(ii)
So LMTD is undefined
q1 = x & q = xq
Let
1
2
q2
q (x 1)
Put in equation (i), so
qm = lim xq2 q2 = lim 2
x"1
x"1
ln x
ln xq2
q2
It is a : 0 D form, applying L-Hospital rule
0
q (1 0)
qm = lim 2
= lim xq2
1
x"1
x"1
x
From equation (ii)
qm = q2 = q1
qm = q1 = th1 tc 2 = 80 70 = 10cC
Sol. 11
qm = q1 q2 = 30 15 = 21.6c C
ln b 30 l
ln b q1 l
15
q2
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Heat Transfer
rc = k = 0.05 = 0.01 m
5
h
rc < r0 or r0 > rc ...(i)
So, from equation (i) option a and b is incorrect. The critical radius is less than
the outer radius of the pipe and adding the insulation will not increase the heat
loss. Hence the correct statement is adding the insulation will reduce the heat
loss.
Sol. 13
Sol. 14
Here,
And
(Nu) P = 35
For thermal boundary layer prandtl Number is given by, (For fluid Q)
(Pr)Q1/3 = b dH l = 2
dTh Q
(Pr)Q = (2) 3 = 8
For laminar boundary layer on flat plate, relation between Reynolds Number,
Prandtl Number and Nusselt Number is given by,
Nu = hl = (Re) 1/2 (Pr) 1/3
k
Since, Reynolds Number is same for both P and Q .
So,
(Nu) P
(Pr) 1P/3
=
(Nu)Q
(Pr)Q1/3
(Pr)Q1/3
(8) 1/3
2
Nu
=
(
)
# 35
P
1/3 # (35) =
1/3 #
1
/
2
(1/8)
(Pr) P
= 140
(Nu)Q =
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 16
Sol. 17
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Heat Transfer
o h c ph = 4 kJ/sK
Coh = m
The heat exchanger is characterized by the following relation,
1 exp ( 2NTU)
..(i)
e =
2
For parallel flow heat exchanger effectiveness is given by
1 exp [ NTU (1 + C)]
...(ii)
e =
1+C
Comparing equation (i) and equation (ii), we get capacity ratio
C = Cc = C min = 1 ...(iii)
Ch
C max
Applying energy balance for a parallel flow
Ch (th1 - th2) = Cc (tc2 tc1)
Cc = th1 th2 = 1
tc2 tc1
Ch
From equation(iii)
th1 - th2 = tc2 tc1
Number of transfer units is given by,
NTU
= UA = 1 # 5 = 1.25
4
C min
1 exp ( 2 # 1.25)
Effectiveness,
e =
= 1 0.0820 = 0.46
2
2
Maximum possible heat transfer is,
Q max = C min (th1 tc1)
= 4 # 6(273 + 102) (273 + 15)@ = 348 kW
But Actual Heat transfer is,
Qa = eQ max = 0.46 # 348 = 160 kW
And
Qa = Cc (tc2 tc1)
160
= 4 (tc2 15)
tc2 = 40 + 15 = 55c C
Sol. 18
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Req = 1 + L1 + L2 + 1
h i A k1 A k 2 A h 0 A
Req # A = 1 + L1 + L2 + 1 = 1 + 0.3 + 0.15 + 1
20 20
50
50
h i k1 k 2 h 0
Heat Transfer
= 0.05 + 0.015 + 0.003 + 0.02 = 0.088 m2 K/W
Q
Heat flux,
q = = DT
Q = DT
A AReq
R
Under steady state condition,
k (T T ) k2 (T T2)
...(i)
q = T3i T3o = hi (T3i T1) = 1 1
=
L1
L2
AReq
20 ( 2)
= T3i T3o =
= 250 W/m2 ...(ii)
0.088
AReq
From equation(i)
= T3i T1 = 20 T1
1
1
20
hi
250
= 20 (20 T1)
& T1 = 20 12.5 = 7.5c C
12.5 = 20 T1
Again from equation(i),
k (T T)
q = 1 1
L1
250 = 20 (7.5 T)
0.3
3.75 = 7.5 T & T = 3.75c C
Alternative :
Under steady state conditions,
Heat flow from I to interface wall = Heat flow from interface wall to O
(T3, i T)
(T T3,o)
=
L2 + 1
1 + L1
h i A k1 A
k2 A h0 A
T3, i T
T T3, o
=
L2 + 1
1 + L1
h i k1
k2 ho
(20 T)
T ( 2)
=
1 + 0.3
0.15 + 1
20 20
50
50
(20 - T) T + 2
=
1.3
1.15
20
50
(20 - T) = 2.826 (T + 2) = 2.826T + 5.652
Sol. 19
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T = 14.348 = 3.75c C
3.826
Heat Transfer
Sol. 21
Given,
d = 1 m
d = (1) 1/3 = 1
dt
d = dt = 1 mm
Hence, thermal boundary layer thickness at same location is 1 mm.
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Heat Transfer
oc
c ph
(th1 - th2) = m
o h (tc2 tc1)
c pc
m
qm = q2 = q1
Now we have to find exit temperature of cold fluid (tc2),
So,
qm = q1 = th1 tc2
tc2 = th1 qm = 100 20 = 80c C
Sol. 23
From equation(iii)
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 25
Sol. 26
Because for P heat flow in y direction and for Q heat flow in x direction
2T
0.1 # 2 # 10 = 20 K/m
c2y m =
0.1
P
Option (B) is correct.
The region beyond the thermal entrance region in which the dimensionless
temperature profile expressed as b T - Tw l remains unchanged is called thermally
T3 - Tw
fully developed region.
Nusselt Number is given by,
...(i)
Nu = hL = c2T m
k
2yl at yl = 0
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Heat Transfer
y
T = T Tw and yl =
T3 Tw
2t
y
y 3
So,
N u = 2 ; 3 b l 1 b l E
= 2 3 yl 1 (yl) 3D
2 dt yl = 0 2y :2
2
2yl 2 dt
yl = 0
y 2
3
3
3
= ; b lE
= = 1.5
2 2 dt yl = 0
2
Option (B) is correct.
The counter flow arrangement of the fluid shown below :
Here,
Sol. 27
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Heat Transfer
h =
= 10 W/m2 K
Sol. 29
mc
dT = 4 # 2.5 # 103
( 0.02)
#
dt
0.1 (498 298) #
A (T2 T1)
Let the location of maximum temperature occurs at the distance x from the
left face. We know that steady state heat flow equation in one dimension with a
uniform heat generation is given by,
22 T + qg = 0 ...(i)
k
2x2
Here qg = Heat generated per unit volume and per unit time,
Given : qg = 80 MW/m2 = 80 # 106 W/m2 , k = 200 W/m K
Substituting the value of qg and k in equation (i), we get
22 T + 80 # 106 = 0
200
2x2
22 T + 4 105 = 0
#
2x 2
Integrating the above equation,
2T + 4 105 x + c = 0 ...(ii)
#
#
1
2x
Again integrating, we get
2
T + 4 # 105 # x + c1 x + c2 = 0 ...(iii)
2
Applying boundary conditions on equation (iii), we get
(1) At x = 0 , T = 160c C
160 + c2 = 0
c2 = 160 ...(iv)
(2) At x = 20 mm = 0.020 m , T = 120c C
120 + 4 # 105 #
(0.020) 2
+ c1 # 0.020 + ( 160) = 0
2
c2 = 160
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 30
Sol. 31
& T = 165c C
Sol. 32
k1 = 2k2
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 34
The rate of heat transfer from the insulated pipe to the surrounding air can be
expressed as
T1 T3
Qo = T1 T3 =
r
Rins + Rconv.
ln a 2 k
r1
1
+
2pLk
h (2pr2 L)
o
The value of r2 at which Q reaches a maximum is determined from the requirement
dQo
that
= 0 . By solving this we get,
dr2
rcr, pipe = k ...(i)
h
From equation (i), we easily see that by increasing the thickness of insulation,
the value of thermal conductivity increases and heat loss by the conduction also
increases.
But by increasing the thickness of insulation, the convection heat transfer co-
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Heat Transfer
efficient decreases and heat loss by the convection also decreases. These both
cases are limited for the critical thickness of insulation.
Sol. 35
Sol. 36
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Heat Transfer
0.5
R1 = L1 =
= 25 K/W
k1 A1 0.02 (1 # 1)
0.25
R 2 = L 2 =
= 5 K/W
k2 A2 0.10 # (1 # 0.5)
0.25
R 3 = L 3 =
= 12.5 K/W
k 3 A 3 0.04 # (1 # 0.5)
Resistance R2 and R 3 are in parallel. So the equivalent resistance Req will be
1 = 1 + 1
Req
R2 R 3
1 = R 3 + R 2
Req
R2 R3
Req = R2 R 3 = 5 # 12.5 = 3.6 K/W
5 + 12.5
R2 + R 3
Resistance R1 and Req are in series. So total Resistance will be
R = R1 + Req = 25 + 3.6 = 28.6 K/W
Sol. 38
Volume
of
ball
= 3 2
l = =
l= n
A
Surface Area
A
4R
= R = D = 0.005 = 1 m
3
6
6
1200
On substituting the value of l and other parameters in equation. (i),
T - 300 = exp
250 # t
c 9000 # 1 385 m
500 - 300
1200
0.08658t
T = 300 + 200 # e
On differentiating the above equation w.r.t. t ,
dT = 200 ( 0.08658) e0.08658t
#
#
dt
Rate of fall of temperature of the ball at the beginning of cooling is (at beginning t = 0
)
dT
b dt l = 200 # ( 0.08658) # 1 = 17.316 K/sec
t=0
Negative sign shows fall of temperature.
Sol. 39
Option (C ) is correct.
Given : d1 = 1 m , d2 = 0.5 m , L = 0.5 m
The cylinder surface cannot see itself and the radiation emitted by this surface
falls on the enclosing sphere. So, from the conservation principle (summation
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Heat Transfer
F22 = 0
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 41
Sol. 42
= 1.2 # 10 # 06.666 = 4.44 # 105
18 # 10
Option (D) is correct.
From the first part of the question,
Re = 4.44 # 105
Which is greater than 3 # 105 . So, flow is turbulent flow.
Therefore,
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.33
hL = 0.023 4.44 105 0.8 (0.73) 0.33
Nu = hL
#
^
h #
k
k
= 0.023 # 32954 # 0.9013 = 683.133
h = 683.133 # k
L
= 683.133 # 0.025 = 25.64 W/m2 K
0.666
DH = L = 0.666 m
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Sol. 43
Heat Transfer
Total Area,
A = 2 (a + b) L = 2 (1 + 0.5) L = 3L
Heat transfer by convection is given by,
Q = hA (T1 T2)
= 25.64 # 3L # [(273 + 30) (273 + 20)]
Heat transfer per meter length of the duct is given by
Q
= 25.64 # 3 # 10 = 769.2 W - 769 W
L
Option (B) is correct.
The one dimensional time dependent heat conduction equation can be written
more compactly as a simple equation,
1 2 rn 2T + q = rc 2T ...(i)
k 2t
rn 2r : 2r D k
Where,
n = 0 , For rectangular coordinates
n = 1, For cylindrical coordinates
n = 2 , For spherical coordinates
Further, while using rectangular coordinates it is customary to replace the r
-variable by the x -variable.
For sphere, substitute r = 2 in equation (i)
1 2 r22T + q = rc 2T
k 2t
r22r : 2r D k
1 2 r22T + q = 1 2T
= k = thermal diffusivity
c
a 2t
r22r : 2r D k
Sol. 44
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Heat Transfer
= 0.635 mK/W ...(i)
Heat transfer per unit length,
Sol. 45
Sol. 46
Bi < 0.1
The value of Biot Number is less than one. So the lumped parameter solution for
transient conduction can be conveniently stated as
T - Ta = ec hAt
n =l
ht
c m = e c rcl m
Ti - Ta
A
400t
298 - 300 = exp
b 8500 400 1.176 104 l
30 - 300
#
#
#
2
t
= e
- 270
2 = et
270
Take natural logarithm both sides, we get
ln b 2 l = t " t = 4.90 sec
270
Option (A) is correct.
o = 1500 kg/hr = 1500 kg/ sec = 0.4167 kg/ sec
Given : tc1 = 30cC , dm = m
3600
dt
th2 = th1 = 120c C , tc2 tc2 = 80cC , cw = 4.187 kJ/kg K , U = 2000 W/m2 K .
Figure for condensation is given below :
Hence,
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Heat Transfer
And
q2 = th2 tc2 = 120 80 = 40c C
So, Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is,
qm = q1 qq2 = 90 9040 = 61.66c C
ln ^ 40 h
ln _ q i
Energy transferred is given by,
o w T = UAm
Q = mc
o
A = mcw T = 0.4167 # 4.187 # 1000 # 50
2000 # 61.66
Um
= 0.707 m2
1
Sol. 47
Total heat loss from one surface of the plate is given by,
Eb1 Eb2
(Q12) =
(1 e1)
(1 e2)
+ 1 +
A1 e1
A1 F12
A2 e2
If small body is enclosed by a large enclosure, then F12 = 1 and from Stefans
Boltzman law Eb = sT 4 . So we get
(T 14 T 24)
5.67 # 108 [(800) 4 (300) 4]
(Q12) =
=
1 0. 6 + 1 + 1 0 . 3
1 1 + 1 + 1 2
A1 1
A1
A2 2
103 # 0.6 103 100 # 0.3
22.765 # 103
=
= 13.66 W
666.66 + 1000 + 0.0233
Q12 is the heat loss by one surface of the plate. So, heat loss from the two surfaces
is given by,
Qnet = 2 # Q12 = 2 # 13.66 = 27.32 W
Sol. 48
In counter flow, hot fluid enters at the point 1 and exits at the point 2 or cold
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Heat Transfer
Sol. 49
Sol. 50
dT
4
c dy m = 1 # 10 K/m
w
Heat transfer takes place between the water and glass interface by the conduction
and convection. Heat flux would be same for water and glass interface. So, applying
the conduction equation for water and glass interface.
dT
Q kA dx
dT
dT
= k g c
kw c
q= =
= k dT
dy mw
dy mg
dx
A
A
Sol. 51
kw dT
dT
0.6
4
4
c dy m = kg c dy m = 1.2 # 10 = 0.5 # 10 K/m
g
w
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Heat Transfer
LMTD , qmp = q1 q2
ln b q1 l
q2
(t t ) (th2 th1)
(t t ) (th2 tC2)
2 (th1 th2)
...(ii)
qmp = h1 C1
= h1 h2
=
t
t h1 t h2
t
h1 t h2
h1 tC1
ln
ln
ln :
:th2 th1D
:th2 th1 D
th2 tC2 D
Sol. 54
Materials
1.
Aluminum
237
2.
Pure Iron
80.2
3.
Liquid Water
0.607
4.
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