CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Several research papers and reports addressed the microgrid System. The
followings present a brief review of the work undertaken so far:
Shivkumar V. Iyer, Madhu N. Belur, and Mukul C. Chandorkar [1],
presented a theoretical analysis of stability of a microgrid system which is supplied or
connected by many inverter circuits. In this work mathematical analysis also
presented by considering different operating conditions of microgrid system.
Shuiming Chen and Hongqiao Yu [2], discuss different causes of over
voltage in different parts of the microgrid system considering L-L and L-L-G over
voltage, they study details of ground fault over voltages, resonant over voltages, over
voltage related to voltage regulation, over voltage environment for DG, switching
over voltage in microgrid, transfer over voltage from distribution network, this work
also tell safety of the electrical equipments, it is necessary to detailed study the
switching over voltages transferred through distribution transformers.
Yun Wei Li and ChingNan Kao [3], discussed about a power control
strategy for a low voltage microgrid, where the mainly resistive line impedance, the
unequal impedance among DG units and the microgrid load locations make the
conventional frequency and voltage droop method unpractical. The proposed power
control strategy contains a virtual inductor at the interfacing inverter output and an
accurate power control and sharing algorithm with consideration of both impedance
voltage drop effect and DG local load effect.
Yun Wei Li, and Ching-Nan Kao [4], discuss about a power control strategy
for a low-voltage microgrid, where the mainly resistive line impedance, the unequal
impedance among distributed generation (DG) units, and the microgrid load locations
make the conventional frequency and voltage droop method unpractical. The

proposed power control strategy contains a virtual inductor at the interfacing inverter
output and an accurate power control and sharing algorithm with consideration of
both impedance voltage drop effect and DG local load effect.
Daniel Salomonsson, LennartSoder and Ambra Sannino [5] discuss
different possible conditions using PSCAD simulation about the control system for
the microgrid system.
Y. Zoka, H. Sasaki, N. YoMo, K. Kawahara, and C. C. Liu [6], discuss
about different problems of inter-connected microgrid system and also discuss about
different features and problem with these in the microgrid system in grid connected
and islanded mode of operation.
T. Shimakage, A. Sone, T. Kato, Y. Suzuoki, K. Nishioka and H. Yamane
[7], discuss about construction of microgrid system using PV solar system and control
coordination of NaS battery storage system and its control for a time duration up to
30 min.
Sudipta Chakraborty and Marcelo G. Simoes [8], discuss about a single
phase High Frequency AC (HFAC) Microgrid is presented as an exciting step
towards integrating renewable energy sources in a distributed generation system. The
results obtained show that the successful implementation of HFAC Microgrid with
adequate power flow and power quality control ensuring the improved system
utilization.
Zhe Zhang, Gengyin Li, and Ming Zhou [9], discuss about the concept,
including the configuration, principle and operation of microgrid, is specified,
comparing the microgrid with the prior distributed generation. Additionally, in order
to justify the feasibility, the economical benefit analysis of the application is
identified via some methodological viewpoints which are advised to regulate the
operation of the microgrid in an economical approach. At the end, the costs, benefit
and the share of the microgrid and micro-generation are discussed by analyzing the
test case.
S. Bando, Y. Sasaki, H. Asano and S. Tagami [10], explain and simulated a
cooperative control system for gas engine generators and a lead-acid battery in a

microgrid. The control system enables a microgrid system to balance the electric
power demand and supply and to simultaneously control the state of charge (SOC) of
the battery storage.
Ming Ding, Zhengkai Zhang and Xuefeng Guo [11], discusses the
principles and methods of CIM (Common Information Model) extension, focusing on
CIM extension of Wind Plant and Battery Energy Storage System. They also
demonstrate a bidirectional energy dispatching model for Battery Energy Storage
System and sets up the CIM for Photovoltaic Power Generation System and Fuel cell
Generating System.
Yue Yuan, Lei Wu, Weiwei Song and Zhihui Jiang [12], presents a control
scheme that can maintain the coordinated operation of interconnected units in the
microgrid to meet emergency response and disaster relief requirements is then
proposed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme,
simulation studies have been performed on a microgrid with multiple distributed
energy resources. Simulation results of their work clearly indicate that the proposed
control scheme is effective to coordinate interconnected units and meet the
emergency response and disaster relief requirements.
Gouki Mine, Robert Borer, Friederich Kupzog and Hiroaki Nishi [13],
discuss a microgrid which structure varies according to the fluctuations according to
the demand. In the work they also describe construction method of the dynamic
microgrid and evaluation of feasibility and availability from a stand point of
calculation cost.
Yanbo CHE, Zhangang Yang and K.W. Eric Cheng [14], two distributed
resources wind generator and solar PV electric power generators are interconnected to
form a laboratory scale microgrid system and the electrical power generated by their
interconnection is stored in a battery though a converter. They also show simulation
result of the microgrid with grid connected and islanded mode of operation the
microgrid system.
M.C. Chandorkar, Deepakraj M. Divan and Rambabu Adapa [15],
discuss a scheme for controlling parallel-connected inverters in a standalone ac

supply system. This scheme is suitable for control of inverters in distributed source
environments such as in isolated ac systems, large and distributed uninterruptible
power supply (UPS) systems, photovoltaic systems connected to ac grids, and lowvoltage dc power transmission meshes.
Yan Li and Yun Wei Li [16], addresses the issue of real and reactive power
control for DG units in a low voltage (LV) microgrid during the autonomous
islanding operation. To achieve accurate and decoupled real and reactive power
control and at the same time, to improve the system stability, a virtual frequencyvoltage frame control is proposed.
Shervin Mizani and Amirnaser Yazdani [17], discuss incorporation of

optimally-rated energy storage units and renewable generators into a remote

microgrid, in conjunction with an optimal dispatching strategy, can result in
substantial reduction in the microgrid lifetime cost and emission.
Chien-Liang Chen, Yubin Wang, Jih-Sheng (Jason) Lai, Yuang-Shung
Lee and Daniel Martin [18], discuss about the operation of parallel inverter and they
also give control strategy for successful operation of the inverter for power transfer in
the microgrid system during the islanded mode as well as grid connected mode of the
system.
Hassan Nikkhajoei and Robert H. Lasseter [19], discuss and focuses on the
energy storage system and the power electronic interface included in micro-sources of
the CERTS (Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions) microgrid and
they also give scheme to interface micro-sources with the grid to form a microgrid
system.
PrasenjitBasak, A. K. Saha, S. Chowdhury and S. P. Chowdhury [20],
discuss on the control techniques required for microgrid operation and implements a
simple control strategy in a microgrid model realized with MatLab. The control issues
related with power quality events and pre-set conditions which disconnect microgrid
from the main grid and leads the microgrid in a separate islanded mode are discussed.
Wencong Su1, Zhiyong Yuan and Mo-Yuen Chow [21], discuss the
planning of the microgrid system considering solar and wind generator as a micro

energy sources of power and present a simulation in MATLAB which result shows
the satisfactory working of the microgrid system.
Yunwei Li, D. Mahinda Vilathgamuwa and Poh Chiang Loh [22], they
present a three-phase four-wire grid-interfacing power quality compensator for
microgrid applications. The presented compensator is proposed for use with each
individual distributed generation (DG) system in the microgrid and consists of two
four-phase-leg inverters (a shunt and a series), optimally controlled to achieve an
enhancement of both the quality of power within the microgrid and the quality of
currents flowing between the microgrid and the utility system. The performance of
the proposed compensator has been verified in simulations.
H. Nikkhajoei, and R. H. Lasseter [23], they discuss about the faults which
occurs during transition between islanded mode and grid connected mode of
microgrid system and they also suggest a switch design for transition of islanded
mode to grid connected mode the microgrid system. They also suggest other
protection method for the system and show the simulation result in which the fault
current is limited by 2.0 per unit of the current.
Benjamin Kroposki, Thomas Basso and Richard De Blasio [24], they give
basic idea about the Microgrid standards and microgrid technologies. They also
discuss about the microgrid standards 1547, 1547.1, 1547.2, 1547.3 and 1547.4
specified by IEEE, in details which specify interconnection standards for distributed
energy resources.
F. Katiraei and M. R. Iravani [25], they discuss real and reactive power
management strategies of electronically interfaced distributed generation (DG) units
in the context of a multiple-DG microgrid system. The emphasis is primarily on
electronically interfaced DG (EI-DG) units. DG controls and power management
strategies are based on locally measured signals without communications. Based on
the reactive power controls adopted, three power management strategies are identified
and investigated.
T. Logenthiran and Dipti Srinivasan [26], they discuss a three-step efficient
method for the optimal generation scheduling of a Microgrid in island operation. The

first step of the method is to set up an initial feasible solution for thermal unit
commitment and the next step is to solve the thermal unit commitment problem. The
final step is to optimize the renewable-thermal dispatch based on thermal unit
commitment results. Solving the thermal unit commitment problem has more
opportunity to minimize the operating cost.

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