TABLE A.

Properties of sections

Form of section
1. Square

A a2
a
yc xc
2
y0c

2. Rectangle

Plastic section moduli,

shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes

Moments and products of inertia

and radii of gyration about central axes
1 4
Ix Iy Ix0 12
a

rx ry

r0x

0:2887a

Zx Zy 0:25a3
SFx SFy 1:5

0:707a cos  a
4

A bd
d
2
b
xc
2

yc

1
Ix 12
bd3

Zx 0:25bd2

3
1
12 db

Zy 0:25db2

Iy

Ix > Iy

if d > b

Formulas for Stress and Strain

Area and distances from

centroid to extremities

802

A area length2 ; y distance to extreme fiber (length); I moment of inertia length4 ; r radius of gyration (length); Z plastic section modulus length3 ; SF shape factor. See
Sec. 8.15 for applications of Z and SF

NOTATION:

SFx SFy 1:5

rx 0:2887d
ry 0:2887b

3. Hollow rectangle

A bd  bi di
d
yc
2
b
xc
2

Ix

bd3  bi d3i
12

db3  di b3i
12
 1=2
Ix
rx
A
 1=2
Iy
ry
A
Iy

bd2  bi d2i
4
Zx d
SFx
2Ix
Zx

db2  di b2i
4
Zy b
SFy
2Iy
Zx

[APP. A

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections (Continued)

bt2 tw d2t d
yc
2tb tw d
xc

b
2

b
d3
Ix d t3  b  tw  Ad t  yc 2
3
3

If tw d 5 bt, then
d2 tw b2 t2 btd t


2
4
4tw
Neutral axis x is located a distance bt=tw d=2
from the bottom.
If tw d 4 bt, then
Zx

tb3 dt3w

12
12
 1=2
I
rx x
A
 1=2
Iy
ry
A
Iy

Zx

A]

A tb tw d

APP.

4. Tee section

t2 b tw dt d  tw d=2b

4
2

Neutral axis x is located a distance tw d=b t=2

from the top.
SFx

Zx d t  yc
I1

b2 t t2w d
4
Zy b
SFy
2Iy
Zy

5. Channel section

A tb 2tw d
bt2 2tw d2t d
yc
2tb 2tw d
b
2

d tb
db  2tw

12
12
 1=2
I
rx x
A
 1=2
Iy
ry
A
Iy

If 2tw d 5 bt, then

d2 tw b2 t2 btd t


2
8tw
2
Neutral axis x is located a distance
bt=2tw d=2 from the bottom.
If 2tw d 4 bt, then


t2 b
t d
Zx
tw d t d  w
4
b
Zx

Neutral axis x is located a distance tw d=b t=2

from the top.
SFx

Zx d t  yc
Ix

b2 t
tw db  tw
4
Zy b
SFy
2Iy
Zy

Properties of a Plane Area

xc

b
d3
Ix d t3  b  2tw  Ad t  yc 2
3
3

803

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections (Continued)

Form of section

7. Equal-legged angle

A 2bt tw d
d
yc t
2
b
xc
2

A t2a  t
yc1

0:7071a2 at  t2

2a  t

yc2

0:7071a2

2a  t

xc 0:7071a

Ix

bd 2t3 b  tw d3

12
12

b3 t t3w d

6
12
 1=2
Ix
rx
A
 1=2
Iy
ry
A
Iy

Ix

a b
12
 1=2
Ix
rx
A
 1=2
Iy
ry
A
Iy

b2 t t2w d

2
4
Zy xc
SFy
Iy
Zy

a4  b4 0:5ta2 b2

12
ab
4

tw d2
btd t
4
Z y
SFx x c
Ix
Zx

where b a  t

Let yp be the vertical distance from the top corner to

the plastic neutral axis. If t=a 5 0:40, then
"
#1=2
t t=a2
yp a 
a
2

Formulas for Stress and Strain

6. Wide-flange beam with

equal flanges

Plastic section moduli,

shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes

Moments and products of inertia

and radii of gyration about central axes

804

Area and distances from

centroid to extremities

Zx Ayc1  0:6667yp
If t=a 4 0:4, then
yp 0:3536a 1:5t
Zx Ayc1  2:8284y2p t 1:8856t3

8. Unequal-legged angle

A tb d  t

Ix 13 bd3  b  td  t3
 Ad  yc 2

b2 dt  t2
xc
2b d  t

Iy 13 db3  d  tb  t3
 Ab  xc 2

yc

d2 bt  t2
2b d  t

[APP. A

Ixy 14 b2 d2  b  t2 d  t2
 Ab  xc d  yc
 1=2
I
rx x
A
 1=2
Iy
ry
A

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections (Continued)

A 0:4330a2

Ix Iy Ix0 0:01804a4

yc 0:5774a

rx ry rx0 0:2041a

Zy 0:0722a3

SFx 2:343;
SFy 2:000
Neutral axis x is 0:2537a from the base.

A]

xc 0:5000a

Zx 0:0732a3 ;

APP.

9. Equilateral triangle

y0c 0:5774a cos a

10. Isosceles triangle

bd
2

yc 23 d
xc

b
2

1
bd3
Ix 36

Zx 0:097bd2 ;

1
Iy 48
db3

Ix > Iy

if d > 0:866b

Zy 0:0833db2

SFx 2:343;
SFy 2:000
Neutral axis x is 0:2929d from the base.

rx 0:2357d
ry 0:2041b

11. Triangle

bd
2

yc 23 d
xc 23 b  13 a

1
Ix 36
bd3
1
Iy 36
bdb2  ab a2
1
Ixy 72
bd2 b  2a

rx 0:2357d
p
ry 0:2357 b2  ab a2

12. Parallelogram

A bd
yc

d
2

xc 12 b a

1
bd3
Ix 12
1
Iy 12
bdb2 a2
1
Ixy  12
abd2

1
2ad
yx tan1 2
2
b a2  d2

805

rx 0:2887d
p
ry 0:2887 b2 a2

Properties of a Plane Area

1
db  2a
yx tan1 2
2
b  ab a2  d2

806

Properties of sections (Continued)

Area and distances from
centroid to extremities

Form of section
13. Diamond

14. Trapezoid

bd
2
d
yc
2
b
xc
2
A

Plastic section moduli,

shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes

1
bd3
Ix 48

Zx 0:0833bd2 ;

1
Iy 48
db3

SFx SFy 2:000

rx 0:2041d
ry 0:2041b

d
b c
2
d 2b c
yc
3 bc
A

xc

Moments and products of inertia

and radii of gyration about central axes

Ix

d3 b2 4bc c2
36
bc

Iy

d
b4 c4 2bcb2 c2
36b c

2b2 2bc  ab  2ac  c2

3b c

Zy 0:0833db2

Formulas for Stress and Strain

TABLE A.1

 ab3 3b2 c  3bc2  c3

a2 b2 4bc c2

Ixy

d2
c3b2  3bc  c2
72b c
b3  a2b2 8bc 2c2

15. Solid circle

A pR
yc R

p
I x I y R4
4
R
rx ry
2

Zx Zy 1:333R3
SFx 1:698

[APP. A

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections (Continued)

A pR2  R2i

17. Very thin annulus

18. Sector of solid circle

A 2pRt

Ix Iy pR3 t

yc R

rx ry 0:707R

A aR2


2 sin a
yc1 R 1 
3a
yc2

2R sin a
3a

Iy

R4
16 sin2 a
a sin a cos a 
9a
4

SFx 1:698

R4  R3i R
R4  R4i

Zx Zy 4R2 t
SFx SFy

R4
a  sin a cos a
4

2 5
Note: If a is small; a  sin a cos a 23 a3  15
a
s
2
R
sin a cos a 16 sin a
1
rx

2
a
9a2
r
R
sin a cos a
1
ry
2
a

4
p

If a 4 54:3 , then"
Zx 0:6667R3 sin a 

1=2 #
a3
2 tan a

Neutral axis x is located a distance

R0:5a= tan a1=2 from the vertex.
If a 5 54:3 , then
Zx 0:6667R3 2 sin3 a1  sin a where the
expression 2a1  sin 2a1 a is solved for the value
of a1 .
Neutral axis x is located a distance R cos a1 from
the vertex.
Z y
If a 4 73:09 , then SFx x c2
Ix
Z y
If 73:09 4 a 4 90 , then SFx x c1
Ix
Zy 0:6667R3 1  cos a
If a 4 90 , then
SFy 2:6667 sin a
If a 5 90 , then

1  cos a
a  sin a cos a

807

SFy 2:6667

1  cos a
a  sin a cos a

Properties of a Plane Area

xc R sin a

Ix

Zx Zy 1:333R3  R3i

A]

yc R

p
Ix Iy R4  R4i
4
q
rx ry 12 R2 R2i

APP.

16. Hollow circle

Properties of sections (Continued)

Form of section
19. Segment of solid circle
(Note: If a 4 p=4, use
expressions from case 20)

A R2 a  sin a cos a
"
#
2 sin3 a
yc1 R 1 
3a  sin a cos a
"
#
2 sin3 a
yc2 R
 cos a
3a  sin a cos a
xc R sin a

20. Segment of solid circle

(Note: Do not use if
a > p=4

A 23 R2 a3 1  0:2a2 0:019a4

Ix 0:01143R4 a7 1  0:3491a2 0:0450a4

Iy 0:1333R4 a5 1  0:4762a2 0:1111a4

yc2 0:2Ra2 1  0:0619a2 0:0027a4

rx 0:1309Ra2 1  0:0745a2

A at2R  t



2 sin a
t
1
yc1 R 1 
1
3a
R 2  t=R




2 sin a
t 2 sin a  3a cos a
1
yc2 R
3a2  t=R
R
3a
xc R sin a

Plastic section moduli,

shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes

ry 0:4472Ra1  0:1381a2 0:0184a4



3t
t2
t3
1


2R R2 4R3
!
2 sin2 a
 a sin a cos a 
a

I x R3 t


#
t2 sin2 a
t
t2
1
2
 t=R
R 6R


3t
t2
t3
3


Iy R t 1 
a  sin a cos a
2R R2 4R3
r
r
Iy
I
ry
rx x ;
A
A

3R2 a2

[APP. A

(Note: If t=R is small, a can

exceed p to form an
overlapped annulus)

R4
3a  3 sin a cos a  2 sin3 a cos a
12
s
R
2 sin3 a cos a
16 sin6 a
1

rx
2
a  sin a cos a 9a  sin a cos a2
s
R
2 sin3 a cos a
1
ry
2
3a  sin a cos a
Iy

yc1 0:3Ra2 1  0:0976a2 0:0028a4

xc Ra1  0:1667a2 0:0083a4

21. Sector of hollow circle

Moments and products of inertia

and radii of gyration about central axes
"
#
R4
16 sin6 a
Ix
a  sin a cos a 2 sin3 a cos a 
9a  sin a cos a
4

Formulas for Stress and Strain

Area and distances from

centroid to extremities

808

TABLE A.1

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections (Continued)

22. Solid semicircle

a2 a4
;
2 24

p
A R2
2

Ix 0:1098R4

yc1 0:5756R
yc2 0:4244R
xc R

23. Hollow semicircle

4 R 
3p R2 

R2i
R2i

or
yc2

yc1 R  yc2
xc R

SFx 1:856;

Zy 0:6667R3
SFy 1:698

Plastic neutral axis x is located a distance 0:4040R

from the base.

rx 0:2643R
R
2

p
8 R3  R3i 2
Ix R4  R4i 
8
9p R2  R2i
or
Ix 0:2976tb3 0:1805bt3 
p
Iy R4  R4i
8
or

0:00884t5
b

Let yp be the vertical distance from the bottom to the

plastic neutral axis.
yp 0:7071  0:2716C  0:4299C 2 0:3983C 3 R
Zx 0:8284  0:9140C 0:7245C 2
 0:2850C 3 R2 t
where C t=R
Zy 0:6667R3  R3i

Iy 1:5708b3 t 0:3927bt3

R Ri
2
t R  Ri

Note: b

24. Solid ellipse

A pab
yc a
xc b

p
Ix ba3
4
p
Iy ab3
4
a
rx
2
b
ry
2

Zx 1:333a2 b;
SFx SFy 1:698

Zy 1:333b2 a

Properties of a Plane Area

"
#
2b
t=b2

1
p
12

Zx 0:3540R3 ;

p
Iy R4
8

ry

p
A R2  R2i
2
yc2





2
a2 2a4
sin2 a
a2 2a4
a 1
a  sin a cos a a3 1 
;
3
a
5 105
3
45


2 sin2 a 2a5
a2
a4

a sin a cos a 
1
a
45
7 105

A]

cos 1 

APP.

Note: If a is small:
sin a
a2
a4
1
;
a
6 120

809

Properties of sections (Continued)

A pab  ai bi
yc a
xc b

Note: For this case the inner and outer perimeters are both ellipses and the wall
thickness is not constant. For a cross section with a constant wall thickness see
case 26.
"

2 #
26. Hollow ellipse with
ab
A pta b 1 K1
constant wall thickness t.
ab
The midthickness
where
perimeter is an ellipse


a b
(shown dashed).
K1 0:2464 0:002222
b a
0:2 < a=b < 5
t
yc a
2
t
xc b
2

p
Ix ba3  bi a3i
4
p
Iy ab3  ai b3i
4
s
1 ba3  bi a3i
rx
2 ab  ai bi
s
1 ab3  ai b3i
ry
2 ab  ai bi

"

2 #
p
ab
Ix ta2 a 3b 1 K2
4
ab
"

2 #
p
ab
t3 3a b 1 K3
16
ab
where
a
2
a
K2 0:1349 0:1279  0:01284
b
b
 2
b
b
K3 0:1349 0:1279  0:01284
a
a
For Iy interchange a and b in the expressions
for Ix ; K2, and K3

Zx 1:333a2 b  a2i bi
Zy 1:333b2 a  b2i ai
SFx 1:698

a3 b  a2i bi a
a3 b  a3i bi

SFy 1:698

b3 a  b2i ai b
b3 a  b3i ai

"
Zx 1:3333taa 2b 1 K4


2 #
ab
t3

3
ab

where
a
2
a
K4 0:1835 0:895  0:00978
b
b
For Zy interchange a and b in the expression for Zx
and K4 .

[APP. A

See the note on maximum

wall thickness in case 27.

Plastic section moduli,

shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes

Moments and products of inertia

and radii of gyration about central axes

Formulas for Stress and Strain

Area and distances from

centroid to extremities

Form of section
25. Hollow ellipse

810

TABLE A.1

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections (Continued)

APP.

"

2 #
p
ab
A ta b 1 K1
2
ab

"

2 #
p
ab
IX ta2 a 3b 1 K4
8
ab
"

2 #
p 3
ab
t 3a b 1 K5
32
ab

where



a b
K1 0:2464 0:002222
b a

where

2a
t2
K
K
p 2 6pa 3
where
yc2

K2 1  0:3314C 0:0136C 0:1097C

K3 1 0:9929C  0:2287C  0:2193C

If

a
2b2
5 1; then tmax
b
a

Ix IX  Ay2c2
For Iy use one-half the value for Iy in case 26.

C1 0:5067  0:5588D 1:3820D2

C2 0:3731 0:1938D  1:4078D2
C3 0:1400 0:0179D 0:4885D2
C4 0:0170  0:0079D  0:0565D2
or if 1 4 a=b < 4, then
C1 0:4829 0:0725D  0:1815D2
C2 0:1957  0:6608D 1:4222D2
C3 0:0203 1:8999D  3:4356D2
C4 0:0578  1:6666D 2:6012D2
where D t=tmax and where 0:2 < D 4 1


C
C7
C8
4a2 t

Zx C5 6
a=b a=b2 a=b3
where if 0:25 < a=b 4 1, then
C5 0:0292 0:3749D1=2 0:0578D
C6 0:3674  0:8531D1=2 0:3882D
C7 0:1218 0:3563D1=2  0:1803D
C8 0:0154  0:0448D1=2 0:0233D
or if 1 4 a=b < 4, then
C5 0:2241  0:3922D1=2 0:2960D
C6 0:6637 2:7357D1=2  2:0482D
C7 1:5211  5:3864D1=2 3:9286D
C8 0:8498 2:8763D1=2  1:8874D
For Zy use one-half the value for Zy in case 26.

Properties of a Plane Area

Note: There is a limit on the

maximum wall thickness
allowed in this case. Cusps
will form in the perimeter at
the ends of the major axis
if this maximum is exceeded.
a
2a2
If 4 1; then tmax
b
b

ab
Using C
ab
t
yc1 a  yc2
2
t
xc b
2

a
2
a
K4 0:1349 0:1279  0:01284
b
b
 2
b
b
K5 0:1349 0:1279  0:01284
a
a

Let yp be the vertical distance from the bottom to the

plastic neutral axis.


C
C3
C4

yp C1 2
a
a=b a=b2 a=b3
where if 0:25 < a=b 4 1, then

A]

27. Hollow semiellipse with

constant wall thickness t.
The midthickness
perimeter is an ellipse
(shown dashed).
0:2 < a=b < 5

811

812

TABLE A.1

Properties of sections Continued)

Form of section
28. Regular polygon with n
sides

a2 n
4 tan a
a
r1
2 sin a
a
r2
2 tan a

Moments and products of inertia

and radii of gyration about central axes
1
I1 I2 24
A6r21  a2
q
1
6r21  a2
r1 r2 24

If n is odd
 


n1
p
y1 y2 r1 cos a

2
2
If n=2 is odd
y1 r1 ;

y2 r2

Plastic section moduli,

shape factors, and locations
of plastic neutral axes
For n 3, see case 9. For n 4, see cases 1 and 13.
For n 5, Z1 Z2 0:8825r31 . For an axis perpendicular to axis 1, Z 0:8838r31 . The location of this
axis is 0.7007a from that side which is perpendicular
to axis 1. For n 5 6, use the following expression for a
neutral axis of any inclination:
"
 2
 3 #
1
1
12:528
Z r31 1:333  13:908
n
n

Formulas for Stress and Strain

Area and distances from

centroid to extremities

If n=2 is even

29. Hollow regular polygon

with n sides

y2 r1
y1 r2 ;


t tan a
A nat 1 
a
a
r1
2 sin a
a
r2
2 tan a
If n is odd


n1 p
y1 y2 r1 cos a

2
2
If n=2 is odd
y1 r1 ;



na3 t 1
1

8
3 tan2 a
"

2 
3 #
t tan a
t tan a
t tan a
 13
2
4
a
a
a

I1 I2

a
r1 r2 p
8
v
"
u 

2 #
u 1
1
t tan a
t tan a
t
12

2
2
3
a
a
tan a

y2 r2

If n=2 is even
y1 r2 ;

y2 r1

[APP. A