AP European History Boot Camp

Review Exercise #1:

Whats My Ism?
1. I say from each according to his ability, from each according to his needs and believe in total state
management of the economy by the government. I am _collectivism_.
2. I am the idea that all cultures have the same problems and solve them in different ways. No one culture is
better than another; they are just different. I am _Cultural relativism_.
3. My followers believe that God exists and created the world but thereafter assumed no control over it or over
the lives of people. I am _deism_.
4. I am the desire of a country to take over and exploit foreign lands, usually inhabited by people of different
ethnicity and religion. I am _colonialism_.
5. I am the idea that a national economy must be strong and self-sufficient and, in order to achieve this goal, I
advocate high tariffs and state-granted monopolies to achieve a favorable balance of trade. I am known as
_mercantilism_.
6. I am a movement in art, music and literature that was a reaction against the classical period. My themes
included emotion, the supernatural, nationalism, & nature. I am _romanticism_.
7. I am the idea that the government should manage the economy, or aspects of the economy, for the good of
the people. I am _socialism_.
8. I am the idea that life is a struggle and only the fittest groups of people should survive. Call me
_Darwinism_.
9. I am the concept that the object of conduct and legislation is to achieve, in the words of Francis Hutchison,
the greatest good for the greatest number. I am _utilitarianism_.
10. I am the idea that Jews should have a nation in the land of Israel. Call me _Zionism_.
11. I am the notion that people of the same language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage should have their own
government on their own land & Ive caused a lot of trouble in the last couple of centuries. They call me
_nationalism_.
12. I am the intellectual and culture movement that grew out of the study of Greek and Roman literature at the
end of the Middle Ages. I helped bring on the Renaissance! I am _classicism_.
13. A form of government in which the king has complete control. As Mel Brooks said, Its good to be the
King! I am _absolutism_.
14. I say all forms of government are bad. Fight the power. I am called _anarchism_.

AP European History
Review Exercise #2:
That Confused Tangle Called Reformation Theology
1. I embrace Consubstantiation (the idea that Christ is present in the Eucharist, just not physically present).
__Lutheranism__.
2. I was strongest in Italy, Spain, Poland, France, & Ireland.
_Catholicism_.
3. I say the Eucharist is just a symbol. Nothing else. _Protestantism_.
4. My main geographic area is Scotland. _Calvinism_.
5. I contend that good works may or may not be evidence of justification. ________________________.
6. I say only priests may interpret the Scripture. __Catholicism__.
7. I originally embraced Communion, Baptism, & Penance as my Sacraments, but later dropped Penance from
the list. __Lutheranism__.
8. I stick with seven Sacraments in all. __Catholicism__.
9. Most of my followers are in northern Germany & Scandinavia. __Protestantism__.
10. I hold with Transubstantiation, and that means that Christ is actually physically present in the Eucharist.
__Anglicanism__.
11. I have only one Sacrament (the Lords Supper) and thats it. _Anabaptism_.
12. The King and the Church Hierarchy are my rulers. __Catholicism__.

AP European History
Review Exercise #3:
Ruling Merry Old England, 1485 1901
1485 1509 King Henry VII Ended the War of the Roses, and united the houses of York and Lancaster
1509 1547 King Henry VIII Breaks ties with the Catholic Church and establishes the Church of England
1547 1553 King Edward VI The First Book of Common Prayer is introduced
1553 1558 Queen Mary I Catholicism is reestablished, followed by the persecution of Protestants
1558 1603 Queen Elizabeth I The Protestant Church of England is reestablished, the Spanish armada is
defeated, and Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the first American colony, Virginia, after his Virgin Queen
1603 1625 King James I Catholic dissidents attempt to blow up King and Parliament in the Gunpowder plot,
are executed
1625 1649 King Charles I Act of Toleration allows religious toleration, Civil war breaks out, Charles
executed
1649 1658 Oliver Cromwell made himself virtual king out of the English Civil War, took control of
parliament and nobility, failed to leave a strong government
1658 1660 Richard Cromwell son of Oliver Cromwell, forced to resign
1660 1685 - King Charles II Rump Parliament restored, Habeas Corpus established
1685 1688 King James II attempts to restore Catholicism to England, creates discontent
1689 1702 King William II and Queen Mary II- Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, limiting royal power
1702 1714 Queen Anne England declares war on France in the War of Spanish Succession, and wins
1714 1727 King George I Robert Walpole effectively becomes the first Prime Minister
1727 1760 King George II The War of Austrian succession breaks out in Europe, Britain goes to war with
France in the Seven Years War
1760 1820 King George III The American Revolution breaks out, American independence is eventually
recognized
1820 1830 King George IV Police force established, Catholic Relief Act allows Catholics to become
members of parliament
1830 1837 King William IV First Reform Act passed, slavery abolished, Factory Act passed
1837 1901 Queen Victoria Crimean War fought by France and Britain against Russia, education made
compulsory, Second and Third Reform Acts passed, secret voting is introduced for elections

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Name that Ruler!

Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent--had a brother who was killed during Easter mass; sponsor of
artists and neo-Platonist philosophy
Henry IV--was not born hier to the throne of France, but fought in; just had to convert to Roman
Catholicism
Louis XIV--tamed nobles by wowing w/wonders; regretted going to war too often; was the state
Catherine the Great--corresponded with Voltaire and tried to reform the backwards empire she
inherited; was not born or related to country she inherited
Frederick the Gread--criticized by Voltaire for invading Austria; father was Soldiers King but he
was a far greater warrior than he ever dreamed of being
Queeen Victoria--gave her name to an age, most powerful woman in the world; adopted culture
and values of the middle class; grandson became emperor (but not of her country)
Napoleon Bonaparte--dominated his time; stranded on South Atlantic island
Charles I of England--tried to rule without Parliament, relying on forced loans and traditional Kings
fees; ended up getting executed
Louis XVI--came to power when he was 9 years old and knew nothing of politics; not suited to be a
king; would rather play with lock collection

Dates of Reign
1515-1547
1547-1559
1559-1560
1560-1574
1574-1589
1589-1610
1610-1643
1643-1715
1715-1774
1774-1792
1792-1795
1795-1799
1799-1804
1804-1814

1814-1824
1824-1830

French Kings
Name of Ruler
Important Facts About them/Their Reign
Francis I
patron of renaissance art
concordat of Bologna
Henry II
Ended the Italian Wars
Francis II
Married Mary Stuart to gain Scottish lands
Charles IX
Allowed the St. Bartholomews day massacre
Henry III
last of the Valois dynasty and fought in the War
of the Three Henrys out of religious conflict
House of Velois to Bourbon
Henry IV
War of Three Henrys
Edict of Nantes
Louis XIII
Cardinal Kichelied support by centralization of
power & opposition to Habsburgs
Louis XIV
absolutist monarch
created palace of Versailles
Louis XV
relied on cardinal fleury
lost the Seven Years War
Louis XVI
Weak King who was executed in the French
revolution for his incompetence
Monarchy to Republic
National Convention
First French assembly elected by universal male
suffrage
created the first French Republic
Directory
Gained lands in Austria
put Napoleon in a position for a coup d'etat
Republic to Empire
Napoleon Bonaparte
overthrew directory and replaced it with the
consulate: established Abby Sieyes and
Napoleon Bonaparte as consuls
Emperor Napoleon I
first emperor of France
established the Napoleonic Code: influencing
various civil law jurisdictions
Lead France in the Napoleonic Wars
Empire to House of Bourbon
Louis XVIII
ruled the Bourbon regime as a constitutional
monarchy
royal rule undermined by Charter of 1814
Charles X
rule ended in July Revolution
granted greater power to the clergy
death penalty was established for certain
sacrileges
House of Bourbon to Orleans

1830-1848
o Louis Philippe
reign known as July Monarchy after July Revolution. Became unpopular and forced
to abdicate
House of Orleans to Second Republic
1852-1870
o (Louis) Napoleon III
ruled an authoritarian regime with economic expansion
reconstructed Paris
Granted liberal policies for the working class (such as the right to strike)
Lost in the Franco-Prussian War

Prussian kings

1640-1688
o Frederick William the Great Elector
restored Hohenzollern dominions after Thirty Years War; acquired sovereignty over
Prussia

1688-1701
o Frederick I
convinced Leopold (archduke of Russia/HRE) to allow Prussia to be ruled as
kingdom

1701-1713
o Frederick I (under title of King of Prussia)
upgraded to royalty; first king of prussia; sovereign prince of Principality of Neuchatel

1713-1740
o Frederick William I The Soldier King
increased army to 80,000 warriors; reformed tax systems with militaristic feel;
established absolutism

1740-1786
o Frederick the Great
one of greatest Enlightened Despots; absolute ruler; first servant of the state

1786-1797
o Frederick William II
joined European coalition in support of Louis XVI; made peace w/ French at Basel
(1795)

1797-1840
o Frederick William III
aimed to maintain neutrality - Napoleonic Wars; defeat by French at a Jena + Treaty
of Tilsit (1807) made Prussia French Vassal

1840-1861
o Frederick William IV
romanticist/mystic; reform based on medieval structural revival; dissolved constituent
society

1861-1871
o William I (king of Prussia)
appointed otto von bismarck as prime minister
1871-1888
o William I (king of Germany)
prime minister - otto von bismarck; Austro-Prussian war; commanded FrancoPrussian war; receiving surrender of Napoleon III at Sedan

1888
o

Frederick III
married Victoria of England; military commander (Franco-Prussian War); died of
throat cancer

1888-1918
o William II
removed bismarck from being chancellor

Rise of Hohenzollerns:
o reversed process of civic decentralization; particularism; used military to achieve national
consolidation

Fall of Hohenzollerns:
o German defeat - WWI, German Revolution; overthrown for Weimar Republic (ended
German Monarchy)

AP European History
Review Exercise #7:
Holy & Not-So-Holy Roman Emperors,
The Rulers of Austria (1519-1919)
Dates of
Reign

Name of Ruler

A Must-Know Fact About Them/ Their Reign

1519-1556 Charles V

Presided Diet of Worms 1521 shortly after the Ninety-Five Theses

1711-1740 Charles IV

Pragmatic sanction was issued as a result of the failure to produce a male heir

1740-1780 Maria Theresa

War of Austrian Succession

1765-1790 Joseph II

An enlightened despot of the Holy Roman empire, who was also the brother
of Marie Antoinette. His co-regent was his mother Maria Theresa as he
implemented enlightenment reforms of equality and education such as;
abolishment of serfdom, religious toleration, liberty of the press etc.

1835-1848 Ferdinand I (Emperor

of Austria)
OR aka
Ferdinand V (king of
Hungary and
Bohemia)

Suffered from mental deficiencies such as epilepsy, hydrocephalus, etc.,

which severely restricted his ability to rule. As a result, his regents council
(Archduke Louis, Prince Metternich, and Count Kolowrat) directed the
government in his place.

1848-1916 Francis Joseph I

Upon the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War 1866, Austria decided
to combine lands with Hungary under the Compromise of 1867 which
became known as the Austria-Hungary Empire.

1916-1919 Charles I

Near the end of his reign, the whole Austria-Hungary empire collapsed after
the defeat in WWI.

Keys to the Rise of the Habsburgs:

The rise in power can be attributed to the vast lands that they had received through strategic marriage and the
policies initiated by Frederick III. Frederick III gave rights and privileges to the Habsburg. He allowed for all
land that the Habsburg had, to be inherited by any heir of the family.
Keys to the Fall of the Habsburgs:
The fall in power can be attributed to the defeat in Austro-Prussian War which left Austria without Italy and a
shift of power in Germany towards Prussia. This made Austria pursue a dual monarchy with Hungary and
created many hostile problems within the country with the deluxe amounts of national groups. Also a factor to
the fall was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. It led to World War I and a greater political instability in
the country that dissolved the Austria-Hungary Empire.
7
AP European History
Review Exercise #8:

The Science Guys

1. Pioneered the wireless telegraphy that will turn into radio
Guglielmo Marconi
2. Discovered and studied radium and polonium.
Marie and Pierre Curie
3. Postulated three parts of the human psyche: the Id, the Ego, and the Super-ego.
Sigmund Freud
4. Explained species adaptation and survival as natural selection.
Charles Darwin
5. Invented the calculus simultaneously with Newton.
Leibniz
6. Confirmed the circulation of the blood through arteries and veins.
William Harvey
7. Discovered and proved that the orbits of planets are ellipses.
Kepler
8. Developed first efficient steam engine.
James Watt
9. Discovered the rings of Saturn and launched the wave theory of light.
Christian Huygens
10. Explained the heredity through dominant and recessive genes.
Gregor Mendel
11. Discovered that energy is emitted or absorbed in specific units that he called
Quantum.
Max Planck
12. Found mathematical laws describing movements of bodies on earth.
Isaac Newton

AP European History
Review Exercise #9:
Fun With Dates, Part One
Match the event on the left with one of the dates on the right
1. Invention of Moveable Type by Johann Gutenberg

1450

2. Luther nails up his 95 Theses

1517

3. Spanish Armada defeated by England

1588

4. Adam Smith writes The Wealth of Nations

1776

5. Turks take Constantinople. final end of Roman Empire

1453

6. Darwins Origin of Species

1859

7. Establishment of the Second Roman Empire

1852

8. July Revolution brings Louis Philippe to throne of France

1830

9. Formation of the Dual Monarchy (Austria- Hungary)

1867

10. St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

1572

11. Restoration of the Stuarts in England

1660

12. Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War

1648

13. The Diet of Worms

1521

14. Henry of Navarre becomes King of France

1589

15. Rome sacked by troops of Charles V

1527

16. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain

1492

17. The Peace of Augsburg

1555

18. Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor

1804

19. Glorious Revolution

1688

20. First Partition of Poland

1772

AP European History
Review Exercise #10:
Fun With Dates, First Half of the 20th Century Edition
Event
Year
1. Joseph Stalin dies

1953

2. Terroists Attack at the Munich Olympics

1972

3. Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

4. Suez Canal Crisis
5. John Paul II becomes Pope
6. Falkland Islands war
7. Assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II
8. Berlin Wall Built
9. Collapse of the Soviet Union
10.
Mikhail Gorbachev calls for Glasnost
and Perestrokia
11.
Princess Elizabeth becomes Queen at
age 25
12. The Euro becomes the new European currency
13.
Lech Walesa becomes first President of
Poland
14.
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in Ukraine
15.
Berlin Wall Falls
16.
Soviet satellite Sputnik launches Space
Age
17.
Margaret Thatcher elected prime minister of
Great Britain
18.
Francisco Franco dies
19. Warsaw Pact signed
20. Channel Tunnel opens, connecting Britain and
France

1968
1956
1978
1982
1981
1961
1991
1985
1952
1999
1990
1986
1989
1957
1979
1974
1955
1994

10

AP European History
Review Exercise #11:
Fun With Dates, First Half of the 20th Century Edition
Event
Year
1. Russian Czar Nicholas II and His Family are
1918
Killed.
2. Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.

1925

3. Easter Uprising in Ireland

1916

4. Boer War Ends.

1902

5. League of Nations Established

1920

6. Chamberlain Announces Peace in Our Time.

1938

7. Battle of the Marne

1914

8. Battle of Stalingrad

1942

9. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Signed

1939

10. Irish Free State Proclaimed

1921

11. D-Day

1944

12. Nuremberg Trials

1946

13. Spanish Civil War Begins

1936

14. Berlin Airlift

1948

15. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

1943

16. First Transatlantic radio signal transmitted by

Marconi
17. Mussolini seizes power in Italy.

1901

18. Treaty of Versailles Ends World War I.

1919

19. Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.

1933

20. Russian Revolution

1917

1922

11

Author Name
Marsigilio de Padua
Thomas Kempis
Erasmus of
Rotterdam
Niccolo Machiavelli
Martin Luther
Baldassare
Castiglione
John Calvin
Ignatius of Loyola
Michel de Montaigne
Francis Bacon
Ren Descartes
Thomas Hobbes
Isaac Newton
John Locke

AP European History
Review Exercise #12:
Authors, Authors, Authors Part One
Title
Main Ideas
Defensor Pacis
Laid the foundations of modern doctrines of
sovereignty. He argued against the power of the church
and favored a secular state.
The Imitation of
A Christian manual of devotion that helps with the
Christ
pursuit of holiness and communion with God.
The Praise of Folly
A satirical work where Erasmus examines the pious
abuses of Catholic doctrine and corrupt practices/
The Prince
A treatise on political power as a way to maintain order
and how a ruler should behave when he is ruling.
Appeal to the
A call to German princes to overthrow the papacy in
Christian Nobility of Germany and establish a reformed German church.
the German Nation
The Book of the
Describes the three basic attributes of the perfect
Courtier
courtier in the 16th century. It became a fundamental
handbook for European aristocrats.
Institute of the
A synthesis of Protestant thought. It attacks teachings
Christian Religion
that Calvin thought was unorthodox and describes the
teachings of Protestant faith.
Spiritual Exercises
Sets of Christian meditations divided into four weeks
throughout thirty days to encourage people to follow
Jesus.
Essays
Investigates topics of happiness, names, solitude, and
others. De Montaigne explores the rule of appearances
and the loss of connection with the truth of being.
Novum Organum
Describes Bacons new system of logic- the Baconian
method with the use of inductive reasoning.
Discourse on
Describes Descartes new system, the deductive method.
Method
He explains how to use this method to answer the
question of how something works.
Leviathan
A political treatise where Hobbes argues that social
unity can be achieved forming a commonwealth that is
placed in the power of an absolute ruler.
Principia
Spells out the mathematical proof of his universal law
Mathematica
of gravitation. It defines the basic concept of the three
laws of motion.
Essay Concerning
Argues against Ren Descartess belief in innate ideas
Human
and proposes the idea that every person was born with
Understanding
tabula rasa, or a blank mind. States that people are
molded by their environment.

12

AP European History
Review Exercise #13:
Authors, Authors, Authors Part Two
Author Name
John Locke

Title
Second Treatise on
Government

Montesquieu

The Spirit of the Laws

Jean-Jacques
Rousseau

1. Discourse on the
Origins of the Inequalities
of Mankind
2. The Social Contract

Adam Smith

The Wealth of Nations

Edward Gibbon

Decline and fall of the

Roman Empire
Critique of Pure Reason

Immanuel Kant

Edmund Burke
Mary Wollstonecraft
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo
Auguste Comte

Reflections on the
Revolution in France
Vindication of the Rights
of Women
Essay on the Principles of
Population
Principles of Political
Economy
System of Positive
Philosophy

Friedrick Engels and

Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto

Charles Darwin

The Origin of Species

Hitler

Mein Kampf

Jean-Paul Sartre

Being and Nothingness

Main Idea (s)

Locke stated that humans had inalienable rights that the
government is obligated to protect in case the people
revolt.
A treatise describing the three basic forms of government:
republic, monarchy, and despotism and praising the
system of checks and balances.
1. Rousseau describes mans primitive state as ideal when
people were happy and government as evil, but necessary.
2. Rousseau describes an agreement of a society to be
governed by its general will because what was best for the
community was seen as best for the individual.
Smith declared his three principles of economics:
promotion of free trade, labor as the true source of wealth,
and that laissez-faire policy should be followed.
Gibbon describes the reasons for the fall of Rome with the
growth of Christianity as a major reason.
Kant describes his views on the limits of reason and
believes that there are a priori, reason without reference to
experience, and a posteriori, truth that must rely on
experience.
Burke claimed that no single generation had the right to
end the important partnership between the people and their
government.
Wollstonecraft declared women should have equal rights
with men in political and economic life and education.
Malthus argues that population, if unchecked, will rise at a
geometric rate while food supply rises at an arithmetic
rate.
Ricardo developed his iron law of wages where wage
would cause populations to grow and decline in a cycle.
Comte applied the scientific approach to human activity
and created a system of sciences based on a hierarchy with
sociology on top.
It describes the eventual proletariat revolution which will
end the class struggle between the bourgeoisies and
proletariat, creating a classless society.
It explains Darwins theory of evolution and natural
selection.
Mein Kampf is Hitler describing his childhood, influence
from Vienna, and future plans for Germany as the Fhrer.
Sartre argues the ideas of existentialism where a mans
free will decides their morals and purpose.

AP European History
Review Exercise #14:
Britain from 1945 to Sometime Around Now
Dates in
Office
1945-1951

Name of PM & Party

1951-1955

Winston Churchill/
Conservative

1955-1957

Anthony Eden/
Conservative

1957-1963

Harold MacMillan/
Conservative

1963-1964

Alec Douglas-Home/
Conservative

1964-1970

Harold Wilson/
Labour

1970-1974

Edward Heath/
Conservative
Harold Wilson/
Labour

1974-1976

Clement Attlee/
Labour

1976-1979

James Callaghan/
Labour

1979-1990

Margaret Thatcher/
Conservative

1990-1997

John Major/
Conservative
Tony Blair/
Labour

1997-2007

A Must-Know Fact About Them/ Their Administration

Attlee was an advocate of social reform who nationalized the Bank
of England, railways, and major industries. He also enacted the
National Health Service and granted independence to several
British colonies
Churchill advocated laissez-faire economics and caused
unemployment rates to increase when he tried to return Britain to
prewar gold standards. He had a hard line policy against Nazi
Germany and the Soviet Union. His stubbornness helped rally the
people during World War II.
Eden was an advocate of international peace when supported the
League of Nations and United Nations. He was chairman of the
Geneva Convention, but his decision for armed intervention in the
Suez Crisis created great controversy.
Advocate of economic and social reform who criticized policy of
appeasement. He pushed the Great Britain membership into
Common Market and improved Anglo-American relations after
Suez Crisis.
He supported Chamberlains policy of appeasement and pursued
period of dtente with the USSR and worked to establish British
nuclear deterrent.
He ended many wartime controls on industry. He tried to
nationalize the economy and make peace with a white supremacy
group in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) unsuccessfully. He
accomplished getting Great Britains membership in the ECC
(Common Market).
The Northern Ireland Association was suspended under him and led
the economy downhill as relations with trade unions worsened.
He ended many wartime controls on industry. He tried to
nationalize the economy and make peace with a white supremacy
group in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) unsuccessfully. He
accomplished getting Great Britains membership in the ECC
(Common Market).
He enacted controversial taxation policies and ordered troops into
Northern Ireland. He decreased the value of the pound and faced
many economic hardships.
She followed a hard line policy against the Soviet Union similar to
President Ronald Reagan, decreased standard of British education,
and resigned due to a revolt in her party.
He presided over the Gulf War and claimed to have negotiated over
the Maastricht Treaty.
He made the Labour Party more electable by ridding their prounion, socialist roots and concerns for welfare and nuclear
disarmament. He offered solutions to inflation.

AP European History
Review Exercise #15:
Germany from 1945 to Sometime Around Now
Dates in
Office
1949-1963

Name of
Chancellor
Konrad Adenauer

1963-1966

Ludwig Erhard

1966-1969

Kurt Georg
Kiesinger

1969-1974

Willy Brandt

1974-1982

Helmut Schmidt

1982-1998

Helmut Kohl

1998-2005

Gerhard Schrder

2006-

Angela Merkel

A Must-Know Fact About Them/ Their Administration

Was the leader of CDU who served as chancellor from 1949 to 1963. He
became the Founding Hero of the Federal Republic. Largely associated
with the resurrection of the West German economy known as Economic
Miracle
His government was troubled by his predecessors persistent criticisms, an
uncertain foreign policy, and a budget deficit. His decision to raise taxes in
response to a slight recession in the summer of 1966 caused cabinet
members to defect, and by the end of the year he had been forced to resign.
He was a former member of the Nazi Party who was able to deflect hostile
publicity. His government, a grand coalition between the CDU and the
SPD, remained in power for nearly three years, during the time when West
German economy improved after it had begun to falter under Erhard. He
continued a pro-Western foreign policy but to some degree eased tensions
with the Soviet bloc.
Focused on foreign affairs and tried to improve relations with East
Germany, other communist countries in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet
Union, forming Ostpolitik. He also concluded a nonviolence agreement
with the Soviet Union and an agreement with Poland which entailed that
West Germany accepted the new national boundaries in Eastern Europe. It
laid the foundations for the Four Power Agreement on Berlin
Schmidts astute handling of West Germany economy in the aftermath of
the oil crises earned him prestige abroad and at home. He tried to steer
NATO toward a two trade strategic policy.
Kohl worked hard for German reunification campaigning in East Germany
for the CDU party and getting NATO and the Soviet Unions approval.
As chancellor, Schrder was concerned with promoting European
integration, reducing Germanys high rate of unemployment, limiting the
use of nuclear power in energy production.
She was sworn as the first female chancellor in Germany. She is the first
former citizen of the German Democratic Republic to lead the reunited
Germany and first woman to lead it since 1871.

Dates In Office

AP European History
Review Exercise #16:
France from 1945 to Sometime Around Now
Name of President
A Must-Know Fact About Them/Their
Administration
He was a socialist and a French politician who served
as the first president of the French Republic.

1947-1954

Vincent Auriol

1954-1959

Rene Jules Gustave Coty

He was the second and last president of the Fourth

French Republic. He was a member of the Constituent
National Assembly and was soon elected as a Deputy
for Seine-Inferieure.

1959-1969

Charles De Gaulle

He was the president of the Fifth Republic of France.

He was able to restore political and economic stability
to France. He was a French general during World War
II and a statesman.

1969-1974

Georges Pompidou

He served as president of the French Republic,

however he was noted for being the Prime Minister of
France from 1962-1968. He had a good reputation
after resolving worker and student uprisings in France
throughout May, 1968.

1974-1981

Valery Giscard dEstaing

During his term as president of the French Republic,

he was mainly involved in social issues (in relation to
politics) such as abortion, contraception, and lower
age limits. Prior to his presidency, he was the Fifth
Republics secretary of France for Finance and
Minister of Finance and economic affairs.

1981-1995

Francois itterrand

He was associated with the socialist party and was

noted for his attempt at unifying the French Left. He
focused on social reform programs and reduced
unemployment for the French economy.

1995-2007

Jacques Chirac

He promised to take care of unemployment, however,

due to the Maastricht Treaty, expenses had to be cut
which led to many strikes. He served as prime
minister of France for two terms (1974-1976) and
(1986-1988)

AP European History

Review Exercise #17:

Name

Peace of
Augsburg

Peace of
Westphalia

Peace of
Utrecht

Treaty of
Aix-LaChapelle

Peace of
Paris

Year

1555

Who?
1) Charles V
2) Schmalkadic League
3) Lutheran Princes

What?
A treaty that created the
distinction between
Catholicism and
Protestant
Churches.

1648

1) Holy Roman Emperor

(Ferdinand III)
2) Spain
3) France
4) Sweden

A collection of treaties
that ended the Thirty
Years War.

1713

1) Britain
2) Philip V
3) United provinces
4) Holy Roman Emperor
5) Prussia
6) France
7) Spain

A treaty that ended the

war of Spanish
Succession.

1) Great Britain
2) France
3) Dutch Republic

A treaty that ended the

war of the Austrian
Succession.

1784

1783

1) King George III

Of Great Britain
2) The United States
3) King Louis XIV of
France
4) King Charles III of Spain

A treaty that ended the

American revolutionary
wars.

Terms
It divided Germany
between Lutheran and
Catholic areas, and
allowed the individual
rulers to choose the
religion.
France, Sweden,
Brandenburg, and
Bavaria gained new
territories, while Saxony
kept Lusatia.

It placed an end to
French expansion and
aided the rise of the
British Empire.

Austria recognized
Frederick II of Prussias
conquest of Silesia, and
gave territories to Spain.
Maria Theresa
succeeded the Duchy of
Parma. France withdrew
from the Netherlands.
Britain lost 13 colonies
in America, and
recognized American
independence. U.S
boundaries were also
established and fishing

rights were specified.

AP European History
Review Exercise #18:
Two BIG Treaties to Know Inside and Out
Name
Congress of Vienna (1815)

Participants (Countries & Reps

Present)
Austria- Metternich
France- Talleyrand
Great Britain- Castlereagh
Prussia- Prince Von
Hardenberg
Russia- Alexander I

Terms Of The Settlement

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Germany-Bismarck,
Wilhelm II
Austria- Archduke, Franz
Ferdinand
Italy
America (U.S)- Woodrow
Wilson
Great Britain
France- George Clemenceau
Russia

It established the European

balance of power.
Territorial adjustments.
Countries that lost land in
one place gained land in
other places.
Rightful monarchs were
restored to the nations that
experienced revolutions.
They met periodically after
the first meeting.
It formed that Quadruple
alliance.
Austria, Prussia, and Russia
created the Holy Alliance.

Ended World War I

Creation of new states out of
Hungarian Empire
Treaty represents harsh
peace especially for
Germany.

Results for Germany:

Germany lost part of its land

and oversea colonies.
Army numbers were
reduced, naval fleet reduced,
air force banned.
Germany must accept full
responsibility for World War
I.
Germany must pay off war
debt

AP European History
Review Exercise #19:
A Couple of Things in British History to Know About
The Corn Laws

The Glorious Revolution

Act of Union

Balfour
Declaration

Enclosure Acts

Began in 1815
English law that prohibits the importation of foreign grain
Domestic grain became more expensive for lower classes
Result = Anti-Corn Law League emerged to help the workers by lowering prices
1848- Corn Laws were repealed
1688-1689
William of Orange and Mary (James IIs daughter) became Englands new
monarchs with almost no blood shed
Set England on path towards a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary
democracy

Parliament united England and Scotland into one

Became Great Britain
England wanted to strengthen itself

1917
British document written by Arthur Balfour
Approved of Palestine being the home of Jews
Many Jews agreed but Arab Palestinians did not
Led Jewish community in Britain and America to believe that Britain would
support creation of Jewish state in Middle East
1750-1860
Series of parliamentary acts
Required that private lands be fenced off from common lands
Through parliament, mercantile and industrial interests enacted these laws to
promote commercial agriculture and laissez-faire policies to protect private

property.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

1534
Completed the break of the Church of England with Rome
Parliament declared Henry VIII as head of Catholic Church in England
English monarchy now controlled the Church in all matters of doctrine, clerical
appointments, and discipline

AP European History
Review Exercise #20
A Few Modern Philosophers of Note
Philosopher
Ludwig Wittgenstein

Main Idea(s)

1889-1951
Major 20th century analytic philosopher
Work important especially for the philosophies of language

1844-1900
Believed that Western bourgeois society was decadent and incapable of any real
cultural activity, primarily because of its excessive emphasis on the rational
faculty at the expense of emotions, passions, and instincts
Philosophy of superman, the superior man, who justifies the existence of the
human race

Friedrich Nietzsche

Soren Kierkegaard

Jean Paul Sartre

1813-1855
Prolific writer during the Danish golden age of intellectual and artistic
activities
Considered to be the Father of Existentialism for his mixture of discourses to
bear a social critique and for the social purpose of renewing Christian faith
within Christendom
1724-1804
Started the beginning point of existentialism with Albert Camus with the thought
of the absence of God in the universe
Death of God, though tragic, meant that humans have no preordained destiny

and were utterly alone in the universe with no future and no hope

Immanuel Kant

Arthur Schopenhauer

1724-1804
German philosopher who defined the Enlightenment as mans leaving his selfcaused immaturity
Motto of the Enlightenment = Dare to know!
1788-1860
19th century philosopher
Claimed that at its core, the universe is not a rational place
Said that in the face of a world filled with endless strife, we ought minimize our
natural desires for the sake of achieving a more tranquil frame of mind

AP European History
Review Exercise #21:
A Few More Philosophers of Note
Philosopher
Rene Descartes

John Locke

David Hume

Main Idea(s)

1596-1650
Father of analytical geometry
During Scientific Revolution
Laid foundation of rationalism 17th century
I think therefore I am

1632-1704
Father of classical Liberalism
Believed in humans natural rights to life, liberty, and property
Explained the principle of checks and balances to limit government power and
favored representative government and a rule of law while denouncing tyranny

1711-1776
Scottish 18th century philosopher known especially for empiricism and
skepticism
Author of A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) in which he strove to create a total
naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human
nature

Baruch Spinoza

1632-1677
Dutch 18th century philosopher
Known for Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with elements

Jeremy Bentham

Thomas Hobbes

from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into an original system
Naturalistic view on God, the world, the human being, and knowledge = ground
a moral philosophy centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and
happiness
1748-1832
British philosopher and social reformer
Known as the founder of modern utilitarianism- evaluates actions based on their
consequences [overall happiness created for everyone affected by the action]
Developed ethical theory grounded in a largely empiricist account of human
nature
1588-1679
English philosopher best known for political thought
Author of Leviathan which argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute
sovereign; the war of all against all could only be avoided by strong undivided
government

AP European History
Review Exercise #22
Some Real Enlightened Guys
Philosophe
Voltaire

J.J. Rousseau

Condorcet

Main Idea(s)/Must-Know Facts

-Defended religious freedom, free trade, civil liberties & social
reform
-Fought censorship limitations, religious dogma & the institutions at
the time
-Treatise on Toleration (religious tolerations created no problems for
England & Holland)
-Championed deism
suggests existence of a God who created the universe
-Satire in Candide
-Discourse On the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind (about
humans in their natural state/primitive condition)
-Known as the Father of Romanticism -The Social Contract
(agreement of an entire society to be governed by the general will)
-Was a member of Academy of Sciences -Contributed to the
Encylopedie
-Believed that humans had progressed through nine stages of history,
and were about to enter the tenth
-Advocated educational reform
-Was a member of Academy of Sciences -Contributed to the
Encycopedie
-The Progress of the Human Kind
-Believed that humans had progressed through nine stages of history,
and were about to enter the tenth

-Portrayed human civilization advancing through science

-Common Sense
-Challenged the British government and monarchys authority
-Was a strong defense of Americas independence from England
-Was anti-slavery
-The American Crisis
-Had inspired the army
-28 volume Encyclopedia/Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts,
and Trades
-Goal: to change the general ways of thinking
-Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville where he had questioned
Christian sexual standards

Thomas Paine

Diderot

DHolbach

-The System of Nature

-Made a bold claim that all existence consisted merely of particles in
motion
-Stated that human behavior was subject to material forces

AP European History
Review Exercise #23
A Few Wars to Know Along to Way
Name of War (& Years)
Thirty Years War
(1618-1648)

Belligerents
France
Sweden
Austria
Denmark
Russia
England
Brandenburg-Prussia
Holy Roman Empire

War of the Spanish Succession

(1701-713)

Spain
France
England
Austria
German States

War of the Austrian

Succession (1740-1748)

Austria
Prussia
France
Spain
Great Britain

Must-Know Facts
-The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, sparked
rebellion among Protestants
-Religious conflict between the Catholic Habsburg
and Protestant princes
-The Edict of Restitution was issued, forbidding
Calvinist worship and restored lost lands to
Catholics
-Primarily fought on German soil (Germany did not
exist yet)
-Resulted in the Peace of Westphalia and allowed
more religious toleration
-Increased separation of state and church
-Charles II, King of Spain, left his throne to Louis
XIVs grandson
-Allowed France to gain more power
-Other countries (ex. England, Austria, German
States) opposed this
-Resulted in the Peace of Utrecht: Phillip V became
King and Spain and France remained separate
-Was caused after the Pragmatic Sanction was
ignored after Charles VIs death
-Maria Theresa on the throne caused France to enter
war with Austria
-Fighting spread across the world

Seven Years War

(1756-1763)

-Russia, Austria, and France allied against Prussa

and England
-Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, all territories
returned except for Silesia
-France, Austria, Prussia allied against Prussia And
England
-Came to involve Europe, India, and North America
-Treaty of Paris ended all conflict
-France became alot less powerful
-Great Britain became the greatest colonial power
-Led to American Revolution

France
Austria
Russia
Prussia
England

AP European History
Review Exercise #24:
Ruling Mother Russia, 1533-1917
Dates of Reign

Name of Ruler

A Must-Know Fact About Them/Their Reign

1533-1584

Ivan IV/ Ivan the Terrible

1584-1598

Feodor I/ Feodor the Bell

Ringer

1598-1605

Boris Godunov

1613-1645

Michael Romanov

1645-1676

Alexis I

-First tsar of Russia

-Nicknamed because of his hatred of the nobility
-Continued Russian expansion eastward
-Nicknamed because strong faith and inclination to
travel the land and ring the bells at church
-Left the task of governing the country to his brother-inlaw Boris Godunov
-Refused to compromise with Elizabeth I after his
dismissal
-his death brought the end of the Rurik dynasty
-The first non-Rurik tsar
-Continued Ivans policy of strengthening the power of
state officials and townspeople at the expense of the
nobles
-Reign marked by the period of instability known as the
Time of Troubles
-His reign ended the Time of Troubles
-Peasantry was reduced to serfdom during his reign
-Peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and
Sweden
-Western industrial and military techniques introduced
by foreign manufacturers and other experts
-Promoted a new code of laws that favored the middle

1682-1725

Peter I The Great

1741-1762

Elizabeth

1762

Peter III

1762-1796

Catherine II the Great

1801-1825

Alexander I

1825-1855

Nicholas I

1855-1881

Alexander II

1881-1894

Alexander III

1894-1917

Nicholas II

classes and landowners but tied peasants to the soil

His reforms resulted in a schism in the Russian church
-Had a firm determination to westernize or Europeanize
his realm
-Reorganized the government and the army
-Introduced Western customs, practices and manners
-Sought to transform Russia into a great state and a
military power.
-Gained power after overthrowing Ivan VI and his
mother from power
-Sought to rid of German influence in Russia
-Sided againist Frederick II of Prussia during the Seven
Years War
-Allowed nobles to acquire a dominant position in
government
-Last of six successors of Peter the Great
-Married to Catherine the Great, who won the favor of
the guard over him
-Withdrew Russian troops from the Seven Years War,
leading to a stalemate and a desire for peace
-He was murdered by a faction of nobles; Led by his
wife
-Originally German
-Emerged as the Russian autocrat after the assassination
of her husband
-Longest ruling female leader of Russia
-One of the most enlightened European monarchs
-Reign was known as the Golden Age
-Sought many reforms;
-Her favor of the landed nobility resulted in a peasant
revolt.
-Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
-Originally relaxed censorship and repression
-Eventually resorted back to reactionary policies
-Became opposed by various secret societies.
-Transformed from a conservative into a reactionary
-Sought to prevent another rebellion after the chaos of
the Decembrist Revolt
-Came to power in the midst of the Crimean War
-Issued the emancipation of the serfs in Russia
-He attempted many reforms, including the
establishment of the zemstvos.
-Re-established reactionary policies after the
assassination of his father, Alexander II
-Increased repression and censorship among the
Russian people to prevent violent outbreaks.
-The last tsar of Russia
-He was kept isolated from Russian affairs by his own
wife and was unaware of the chaos brewing from the
Russian Revolution
-Overthrown by Bolsheviks