Structural Analysis

y
Forest Flager, MEng, MDesS
Forest Flager, MEng, MDesS

CEE 214
October 26, 2009
Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

A
Agenda
d
- Analysis Process
- Strengths + Limitations
- Future Challenges

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

1. Structural Idealization =
Structural Modeling

Analysis Process

How can I simplify geometry?

Assume an average cross-section
cross section

How is it supported?
Fixed base

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

1. Structural Idealization =
Structural Modeling
Determing an average cross section:

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

1. Structural Idealization =
Structural Modeling
Structural supports (and their idealizations):

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

1. Structural Idealization =
Structural Modeling
Four different types of end conditions:

What do these supports do?

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

2. Applying Loads
What loads act on this structure?

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

2. Applying Loads
DEAD LOADS:

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

2. Applying Loads
WIND LOAD:

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

2. Applying Loads
WIND LOAD:

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

3. Calculating Reactions

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

3. Calculating Reactions

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

3. Calculating Reactions
Reactions in the Washington Monument (Dead)

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

3. Calculating Reactions
Reactions in the Washington Monument (Wind)

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

4. Calculating Internal Forces

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

4. Calculating Internal Forces

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

4. Calculating Internal Forces

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

4. Calculating Internal Forces

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

4. Calculating Internal Forces

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

5. Calculating Internal Stresses

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

CASE STUDY:
Washington Monument
Steps for structural analysis:
1)

Structural Idealization

2)

Applying Loads

3)

Calculating Reactions

4)

Calculating Internal Forces

5)

Calculating Internal Stresses

6)

Evaluating Safety and Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

6. Evaluating Safety and

Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

6. Evaluating Safety and

Efficiency

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Analysis Process

A l i Strengths
Analysis
St
th and
d Limitations
Li it ti
- Doha Tower Case Study

Forest Flager (Stanford)

Grant
Soremekun
(Phoenix
Int)
Reid
Senescu
and John
Haymaker

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower
PROJECT OVERVIEW:
Gross Area approx. 115,000m^2
Chiefly cylindrical tower about 45m in
diameter and 182m high at base of
dome
3 basement levels, ground floor and
44 upper levels

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Strengths and Limitations

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower
TYPICAL FLOOR PLATE:

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Strengths and Limitations

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower

Strengths and Limitations

MODELLING VERTICAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:

Perimeter Diagrid
Circular RC columns
Diameters ranging from
800mm to 1700mm

Internal Core
RC core continuous from
foundation to level 44
Wall
W ll thi
thicknesses
k
ranging
i
from 250-600mm
Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower

Strengths and Limitations

TYPICAL FLOOR:
Core: 2 linked 1D elements
with equivalent sections
In-situ slab: 1D perimeter
elements and bracing

Diagrid
g + Ring:
g equivalent
q
sections
Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Nodes: fixed (moment)

connections typical

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower

Strengths and Limitations

VALIDATION OF CORE MODEL:

Tip Defl.= 1.06m

Defl.= 0.98m

Stick Core

Full Core

Stick
Stick Core
Full Core

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower

Strengths and Limitations

VALIDATION OF WIND LOADING

ASSUMPTIONS:

Wind Direction

Comparison of results:

Mo
Vb

Party

Base Shear Vb (MN)

OT Moment - Mo
(MN*m)

CSCEC

11 5
11.5

1514

Arup (smooth)

8.6

1101

Arup
(
(moucharabieh)
h bi h)

12 9
12.9

1651

* Coefficients Assessed from Table 7, BS 6399-2

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower

Strengths and Limitations

ISSUE: Differential Movement between Core

and Diagrid

South diagrid columns

take approx. 2x the
loading of North columns

GL

Deflected Tower Axial Loads

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

CASE STUDY:
Doha Tower
ISSUE: Diagrid Detailing

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Strengths and Limitations

F t
Future
Challenges
Ch ll
- Process Integration
Design Optimizaton (PIDO)

Forest Flager (Stanford)

Grant
Soremekun
(Phoenix
Int)
Reid
Senescu
and John
Haymaker

Structural Design Process

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Future Challenges

Current Practice:
How are we doing?

Future Challenges

Survey of practitioners at Arup: (Flager, Haymaker 2007)

Few design options considered due to significant time spent

managing information
Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Structural Shape and

Member Sizing

Forest Flager (Stanford)

Grant
Soremekun
(Phoenix
Int)
Reid
Senescu
and John
Haymaker

Future Challenges

Problem Description:
Main Roof Truss Design

Future Challenges

Main Truss

191 members
68 load combinations

Optimization Goals

ANALYSIS LAYER
Element list: not "Cores"
Scale: 1:782.8

Shape
Member Sizing
g

z
y
x

TRUSS
LOCATION

PLAN

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

SECTION

Results: Rationalized
Member Sizing

Future Challenges

Baseline Design
Steel Weight: 1234 t
Max Disp: 416 mm

Optimized Design
Steel Weight: 808 t
(-34%)
M Disp:
Max
Di
309 mm
(-27%)
Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

SECTION SIZE
AREABY GROUP

Results: Shape Studies

Reid Senescu and John Haymaker

Future Challenges