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II. Edited homework 24-291
研究/工作提案計畫(第一部
分):背景
研究/工作提案計畫(第二部
分):行動
問題描述
假設描述
摘要撰寫(第一部分):簡介
背景、目標及方法
摘要撰寫(第二部分:歸納希
望的結果及其對特定領域的貢
獻
研究/工作提案撰寫
III. Editing exercises 292-303
I. Editing samples
一般修改:
包括拼字錯誤﹔文法及標點符
號錯誤﹔
文章內數字大小寫、複合字的
用法前
後一致﹔為了使意義清楚所作
的一些
換字修改。
大幅修改:
不僅提供一般修改的服務﹐還
包括簡
化重覆的文句﹔重寫部分或整
段不順
的文句﹔句中或整段的文句調
換。
1. (Business Management)
[NOTE: If you are resubmitting
this paper, add the following
sentence to 'Reply to reviewer's
comments': 'Grammatical and
writing style errors in the original
version have been corrected by
our colleague who is a native
English speaker.']
ABSTRACT
This study An empirical study of the
influence of (assesses OR evaluates) how
trust and TAM to affect mobile business is
applied and developed for the Mobile
Commerce (M-Commerce; M-C) in this
paper. A complete picture of human
interaction with the B2C mechanisms in
mobile commerce [is the most important
portion of OR TRY consists
of/comprises/entails/encompasses the core
of] this IT research, especially[especially
OR particularly] in concerning relation
towith mobile business. [Current E-
Commerce is hopefully going to be the
business developed in the way of being
mobile, wireless in the near future
UNCLEAR TRY In the near future e-
commerce is expected to develop in the
directions of increased mobility, and
wirelessness]. [Former OR Previous] IT
[researches havehas OR TRY studies
have] [investigated OR studied] the
characteristics of E-C systems and their
systems interfaces, [that OR which] are
expected to [have influences on TRY
SIMPLY influence] the productivity.
While most of [past OR previous]
researches studies (emphasized/ stressed
OR paidy [a lot of OR considerable]
attention on to the technological
development of [hardware and software of
E-C systems OR TRY E-C system
hardware and software], recent research
has been instead focused on (the [impact
OR influence]s of consumers’ trust on E-
Commerce OR TRY how consumer trust
influences E-Commerce). Current
[research OR studies]es onregarding to the
mobile commerce of B2C E-business [is
OR are] [very OR OMIT?] likely to
bedeal with [how consumers are willing
TRY consumer willingness] to [go
shopping on the Web shops TRY SIMPLY
shop on-line], especially[especially OR
particularly] cooperating with the mobile
telecommunication. The tTrust and
technology acceptance are (all [very OR
extremely] important OR key) factors onin
the mobile business. This research [study
OR work OR investigation] has
[combined OR brought together] those
research streams by (placing users’
[characteristics of behavior of using TRY
behavior characteristics in using] mobile
on-line shopping systems into a TRY
including user behavior characteristics. .
.in a) model [with the context of
usefulness, ease of use and trust variables
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?]. The [primary OR main OR
key] goal (is based on [customer
relationship management OR TRY
managing customer relationships] in a
mobile environment NOTE Rather than
saying that the goal is based on could you
simply say what the goal is?). The Trust
and M-C Technology Acceptance Model
of M-C consumer behavior are is
included[NOTE Included in what
exactly?]. A survey [to investigating OR
SIMPLY of]e [the intension of using TRY
intention to use] M-C transaction or on-
line shopping [with factors of shoppers’
consumption behavior UNCLEAR What
exactly does the ‘with’ mean here? Could
you clarify?] is [conducted OR
performed]. Furthermore, Aan M-C model
is applied and developed on the basis
of[on the basis of OR based on] [former
OR previous] E-Commerce [research OR
studies]es. (It [It NOTE Avoid starting
sentences with words like ‘this’, ‘it’,
‘they’ and ‘that’, which do not have a
clear referent. Clarify the referent in all
cases.] proves to be not only excellent
predictors but also actually human
oriented UNCLEAR TRY XXX are not
only shown to be excellent predictors, but
are also demonstrated to be human
oriented).
Research Purpose
From the [standpoint OR
perspective] of [what is OR OMIT?] the
starting point of rational and non-rational
consumptions of mobile on-line shopping,
M-Commerce is a new marketplace [that
is full of curiosity, unfamiliarity and risk
UNCLEAR TRY that is curious,
unfamiliar and risky]. [Hence OR
Consequently], wethis [study OR work
OR investigation] analyzes the
characteristics of mobile on-line shopping
by applying TAM, Trust,
Familiarity[NOTE Why capitalized?],
[etc. OR and so on] into a mobile on-line
business model. This model is based on
the user acceptance of iInternet
applications, especially[especially OR
particularly] [on TRY in relation to] M-
Commerce. Users trust onin the e-vendor
and the facilities provided on the [Web-
site of vendor OR TRY the websites of
vendors] [through OR via] [the efficient
and useful
toolsaproaches/schemes/methods/procedur
es/means o of mobile on-line shopping
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?]. All of these factors that
interactively [affect OR influence]ing [the
intension of using mobile business OR
mobile business use intention] (are the
targets of this study[study OR work OR
investigation] OR TRY are studied here).
Acknowledgment
2. (Business Management)
[NOTE: If you are resubmitting this paper,
add the following sentence to 'Reply to
reviewer's comments': 'Grammatical and
writing style errors in the original version
have been corrected by our colleague who
is a native English speaker.']
(NOTE: If you want to improve your
writing skills, check out my on-line
copyediting course at
www.cc.nctu.edu.tw/~tedknoy )
Abstract
[The financial information indexes in
the stock market UNCLEAR TRY Stock
market indices BUT Where specifically?
Which ones?] are [disclosed UNCLEAR
In what sense?] and organized into five
groups of financial ratios in this [study OR
work OR investigation] [paper according
to OR based on] [the divisions of business
diagnosis in practice UNCLEAR Could
you further clarify meaning?]. They[They
NOTE Avoid starting sentences with
words like ‘this’, ‘it’, ‘they’ and ‘that’,
which do not have a clear referent. Clarify
the referent in all cases. TRY These
index/indices data/datum criteria/criterion]
are useful for [evaluating OR assessing]
the corporate performance. This empirical
study[study OR work OR investigation]
[is to examines OR studies] the utility of
financial information indexes and to
seeexamines the [prediction of the OR
predicted] relationship of the utility of
financial information indexes and stock
return from the value-based [view OR
perspective]. (A total [number OR
OMIT?] of 142 OR TRY Some 142)
electronic industry firms listed on Taiwan
stock markets [that had full set of data
from 1997 to 2002 TRY for which full
data was available from 1997 to 2002
BUT What data? Stock price data?
Something else?] in the electronic industry
of Taiwan stock markets are used to
identify as many available firms as
manyas as possible. [The data of firms are
to obtain TRY Firm data is used to obtain]
[the OR OMIT?] estimates of the
relationship of the stock returns and the
five groups of information indexes
disclosed by [corporations in the stock
market TRY listed firms] to see if [these
NOTE Can you clarify referent?] become
the important criteria to thefor investors
and stakeholders. The methods of
mMultiple regression analysis, and time
series cross sections (TSCS) pooling
regression analysis are used. This finding
The [results NOTE Best to specify what
type of ‘results’ you are talking about.
(i.e. analytical results, experimental
results, observation results, measurement
results, etc.). Try ‘analytical results’
here.] supported the predictions that five
groups of information indices/indexes are
related to the stock return and [are
therefore OR thus are] critical managerial
decision-making variables. [Moreover OR
Furthermore], [they NOTE Can you
clarify referent?] are associated with
higher expected returns on equity [of firm
valuations NOTE Rather unclear how this
relates to the previous. Could you further
clarify?], and appear to be to be more
important [factors in driving OR TRY
drivers of] firm value and the stock returns
than only earnings growth. The empirical
proof [provides the evidence of OR TRY
demonstrates OR indicates] the
relationship [between OR among] the five
groups of information indexes and the
stock return. Further more, it ’sis possible
tofor [evaluateing OR assess] corporate
strategies and the rational decisions
madeking .of by the investors.
INTRODUCTION
The quality of business operations is
[presented OR indicated] [through OR
via] the financial indexes, and the required
information is provided to the relevant
[people OR persons OR individuals]. The
market value of firmFirm market value is
[an important concern OR a key concern].
[To maximize the value of stakeholders
TRY Maximizing stakeholder value] is
one of the main objectivities from the
standpoints perspective of managers. [To
maximize OR Maximization of] [the
values of stakeholders and investors TRY
stakeholder and investor value] [by
running OR via OR through] [good
quality of business operations UNCLEAR
Could you further clarify meaning? Too
vague. . .What does ‘good quality’ mean
specifically?] [for the corporations OR
OMIT?] [from the standpoint of managers
UNCLEAR TRY from a managerial
perspective] is [shown OR displayed] on
and presented through the indexes of
financial reports and other required
information in [the OR OMIT?] stock
markets. The perspectives of [getting the
predictions of the stock trend out of
UNCLEAR TRY obtaining stock trend
predictions based on] [the financial
indexes of information disclosure
UNCLEAR TRY publicly (disclosed OR
available) information] [and being
relevant to stock return UNCLEAR What
exactly being relevant to? Could you
clarify meaning? OR relevance to stock
return] are common [needs to thein
investment management OR TRY
investment management needs] for both
general investors and stakeholders of
[public corporations in the stock markets
UNCLEAR TRY publicly listed
corporations].
Research Intention
Because the financial statements has
beenare [one of the most important tools
for OR TRY a key tool for] managers,
management authorities uses itthem to
communicate with the stakeholders,
investors, and all of the parties [who are
OR OMIT?] relevant to [the business
activities within or outside of a
corporation TRY internal or external firm
business activities] [all the time
UNCLEAR What does the ‘all the time’
refer to here? The making available of the
statements? Could you clarify?]. The
valuation of information statement reports
should include financial and non-financial
information metrics [of OR dealing with
OR relating to OR Something else?]
performance measurements, as well as
historical and future, cross section and
time series data.
A studystudy was [conducted OR
performed] [which takes a fresh look at
OR SIMPLY examining OR investigating]
the quality of communication between
[the management and the stakeholders of
the firm OR TRY firm management and
stakeholders] and [to investigatinge OR
examining OR studying] the influence of
financial variables (Baker, 1992).
Information transfers associated with the
sign and magnitude of the changes in
earnings expectations conveyed by
management forecasts are also
documented (Baginski, 1987).
Conventionally, many[many OR
numerous] indices [are TRY have been]
[adopted OR used] [to conduct OR
SIMPLY for] financial analyses. Through
computation and observation, we this
[study OR work OR investigation] obtains
[the understanding to judge UNCLEAR
TRY an understanding for (judging OR
assessing)] the corporate performance.
Some factors [to measure OR used to
measure] [its financial situation and nature
NOTE Financial situation and nature of
what?] [from OR based on] [the practice
of financial management OR TRY
financial management practices] are all
considered as parts of the corporate
performance. These factors [are OR
include] firm [profit-gaining ability TRY
profitability], [potential of growth OR
TRY growth potential], [activities NOTE
What activities?], [effectiveness
UNCLEAR In what sense?], efficiency,
and stability of the corporate. [Usually OR
Generally], these financial figures
represent the management achieveness
achievements and [economy UNCLEAR
Could you further clarify meaning?] of
[the OR OMIT?] corporate performance.
Business Diagnosis
[Measuring financially based
outcomes on Diagnosis Related Group
(DRG) is the center main work of business
diagnosis TRY Business diagnosis mainly
concerns measuring financially based
outcomes on. . . BUT What exactly do you
mean here by ‘outcomes on’? Could you
further clarify meaning?]. Copies of the
Wall Street Journal Index were examined
for the period 1978-1983 to [obtain OR
provide] a sample of management
forecasts by Baginski (1987). The [results
NOTE Best to specify what type of
‘results’ you are talking about. (i.e.
analytical results, experimental results,
observation results, measurement results,
etc.). Try ‘analytical results’ here.]
suggest that share price reactions of for
non-forecasting firms are positively
associated with [the change in OR
changed] earnings expectations conveyed
by [a management forecast of earnings
TRY management earnings forecasts] in
terms of both sign and magnitude. The
[results NOTE Best to specify what type of
‘results’ you are talking about. (i.e.
analytical results, experimental results,
observation results, measurement results,
etc.). Try ‘analytical results’ here.]
[support the proposition that OR (indicate
OR suggest) that] information contained
in the management forecast drives
observed price reactions (Baginski, 1987).
CONCLUSION
It is supported in tThis empirical
study[study OR work OR investigation]
[supports OR finds] that the predictions
[on OR regarding] five groups of financial
indexes [of information disclosure
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?] are related to the stock returns.
The empirical proofs of the financial five
groups model [imply OR indicate OR
suggest OR Something else?] that the link
between financial five forces and stock
returns [considerably should be paid more
attentions on it UNCLEAR TRY merits
significantly more attention BUT ‘more’
in relation to what? Can you clarify?].
Further research
Further studystudy may be [done OR
conducted];, for example, that the
study[study OR work OR investigation] of
the effects of [mix variables of
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?] scale efficiency, market value,
the ratio of market value to book value,
[etc OR and so on] with five forces on the
stock returns. [There might be the key
factors UNCLEAR TRY The above may
be key factors] [to determine OR in
determining] profitability, growth,
productivity, [etc. OR and so on], and
[have good relationships with UNCLEAR
TRY are closely related to/closely
correspond to/correlate well with ] stock
returns.
Acknowledgment
3. (Business Management)
[NOTE: If you are resubmitting this paper,
add the following sentence to 'Reply to
reviewer's comments': 'Grammatical and
writing style errors in the original version
have been corrected by our colleague who
is a native English speaker.']
ABSTRACT
The effects of [some OR certain]
financial indexes or variables on the stock
returns have [been researched for a long
time OR TRY have long been the subject
of research]. However, the relationships
between [financial five forces of
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?] information disclosure and
stock returns have not yet been
empirically studied [yet in both fields of
practitioners and academics UNCLEAR
TRY by both practitioners and academics
OR in both the practical and academic
fields]. Former empirical studies [cover, at
most, OR cover a maximum of] [only OR
just] one or two of the relative constructs
of the financial five forces [with only few
accounting items of data UNCLEAR
MAYBE using few accounting data
items], e.g.[e.g. OR for example OR such
as], [most of them are the OR OMIT?]
profitability and growth rate. [Can their
relationships with stock returns based on
financial five forces model in this research
provide a application framework and
releases management implications for
evaluating corporate performance and
stock returns UNCLEAR Is this a
statement or a question? Is it a statement
regarding the questions this study will
attempt to answer? Can you clarify?]. A
total sample of 140 firms [with annual
data OR TRY for which annual data was
available] of covering [6six years OR a six
year period] from 1998 to 2003 are
identified [as manymany as possible firms
that have available, full data in electronic
industry of Taiwan stock markets
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?]. They[They NOTE Avoid
starting sentences with words like ‘this’,
‘it’, ‘they’ and ‘that’, which do not have a
clear referent. Clarify the referent in all
cases.] are used and [examined OR
studied] to obtain [predictions OR
forecasts] of for the relationships of
between [corporate financial five forces of
information disclosure UNCLEAR Could
you further clarify meaning?] and the
stock returns. The 62 indexes [with full
data OR for which full data was available]
are selected [out of OR from] the total of
71 indexes [are selected to be run for
significant score loading UNCLEAR
What does the ‘run for’ mean here? Can
you further clarify meaning?] [through
OR TRY using] the Principal Components
& and Varimax methods Factor Analysis
of the SAS program. Our examination of
Closely examining the cross-section data
of stock returns [reveals OR demonstrates]
significant factors[NOTE What type of
factors?] for the five forces of information
disclosure when forces are estimated
[from OR based on OR using] time-series
regressions of annual returns on the
annual returns on the factors-loading-
scores weighted financial indexes. We
This [study OR work OR investigation]
[conjectures OR hypothesizes OR posits]
that the regression results [of each index
directly using TRY for the situation where
each index directly uses] past data from
the data base are [affected OR influenced]
by [a selection bias of covariance among
indexes UNCLEAR Could you further
clarify meaning?]. The relationships
between [financial five forces OR TRY
the five financial forces] and returns are
significant and provide indirect
evidence[UNCLEAR Indirect evidence of
what exactly? Could you further clarify
meaning?]. [The multiple regression
analysis and time series cross section
(TSCS) pooling regression analysis are
applied in this paper OR TRY This study
applies multiple regression. . .]. It is
supported in tThis empirical study[study
OR work OR investigation] [supports OR
indicates] that the predictions [of OR
regarding OR for] financial five forces are
related to the stock returns. Therefore, the
critical managerial variables and
important criteria of decision-making are
[found OR identified OR determined] and
suggested for the investors and
stakeholders. [Moreover OR
Furthermore], the empirical proofs of the
financial five forces model also [imply
OR indicate] that the link between
[financial five forces OR the five financial
forces] and stock returns is [considerably
OR significantly] looser than presumed
assumed and [should be paid more
attentions on it UNCLEAR TRY thus
more attention should be paid to this area
OR thus should be paid more attention].
(The empirical study[study OR work OR
investigation] of financial five forces
model UNCLEAR Should it be ‘. . .of the
five financial forces model’?) releases the
evidence of the relationships between
[financial five UNCLEAR TRY the five
financial] forces and [the OR OMIT?]
stock returns. This empirical study[study
OR work OR investigation] provides a
conceptual and operational framework not
only for [evaluating OR assessing]
corporate performance and stock return,
but also for further [evaluating OR
assessing] corporate strategies and rational
decisions making making for the
investors.
rds: Iinformation disclosure, financial five
forces, stock return, multiple regression
analysis, Time Series Cross Section
(TSCS) model. [NOTE The first keyword
needs to be capitalized. The others need
not be capitalized unless they are proper
nouns (i.e. names).]
INTRODUCTION
(The relationships between [financial
five forces OR the five financial forces]
and stock returns are covered in this
study[study OR work OR investigation]
OR TRY This study examines. . .) to [see
OR clarify OR identify] the relationship of
thebetween firm performance of
corporation withand stock price. [No
matter OR Regardless of] how frequently
the [financial five forces OR five financial
forces] are used in the business
diagnoses[NOTE ‘diagnoses’ of what
exactly? Could you further clarify your
meaning?] or other related areas, the
utility of financial information indexes
[from TRY based on] [the financial reports
of stock markets TRY stock market
financial reports] is needsed to be studied
and applied [in a proper way OR
properly]. However, Tthe relationships
between five forces and stock returns,
however, have not yet been discussed in
details [in both fields of practice and
academic UNCLEAR TRY in relation to
the practical and academic realms].
Former empirical studies cover[, at most,
OR a maximum of NOTE : For simplicity,
it is a good idea to rewrite to avoid
unnecessary commas (as I have done
here).] only one or two of the relative
constructs of the [financial five OR five
financial] forces, with [some only single
or few accounting items of data
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?]. For example, [most of them
UNCLEAR Most of what? Could you
clarify? The most important?] are [the OR
OMIT?] profitability and growth rate.
CONCLUSION
This [study OR work OR
investigation] [paper intends to OR
attempts to] establish the relationships
between productivity, profitability, etc and
so on, and of stock returns. By building
the complete structure[NOTE What
complete structure? Structure of what?],
[it will be made clear that UNCLEAR
TRY it is clearly demonstrated that OR
this study clearly demonstrates that]
[might UNCLEAR TRY it might OR it
can] help [enhance OR improve] [the
performance of making OR SIMPLY the
process of making] important
management decisions for enterprises and
[get OR gain] the benefits from stock
returns. It is supported in tThis empirical
studystudy [supports OR indicates] that
the predictions of [financial five forces
OR five financial forces] [of information
disclosure NOTE Rather unclear how this
relates to the previous. Could you
clarify?] are related to the stock returns.
The empirical proofs of the [financial five
forces OR five financial forces] model
[imply OR indicate] that the link between
[financial five forces OR TRY the five
financial forces] and stock returns is
[considerably OR significantly] looser
than [presumed OR TRY assumed] and
[should be paid more attentions on it
UNCLEAR TRY thus more attention
should be paid to it OR thus should be the
subject of more attention].
The significant indexes of [financial
five forces TRY the five financial forces]
[are that they have been found for
UNCLEAR Could you further clarify
meaning?] the relationship between the
financial five forces of information
disclosure and the stock return in
supporting the decision making for both
the managers and investors. [Therefore
OR Consequently], the critical managerial
variables and important [criteria of for
decision-making TRY decision-making
criteria] are found for the investors and
stakeholders. The model of the [financial
five OR five financial] forces of
information disclosure provides a
conceptual and operational framework and
releases management implications for
[evaluating OR assessing] corporate
performance.
4. (Business Management)
Evaluating the Organization Performance
of theTaiwanese hHospitals for the related
industry in Taiwan: Using the Analytic
Hierarchy Process
(NOTE: Where’s your Abstract?)
Introduction
Enhanced The quality of lifeving
standards and educational levels have
improve consequently the people also
more and more take ownfostered a strong
public health consciousness. Therefore, it
also drivesfuelling the development of the
relevant industry of medical sector.
Effective If the hospitals operationsg is
very good, the definitely contribute to the
maturation of the home care, the
drugstorepharmaceutical or the healthy
food sectorsstore industry will can derive.
Therefore, these industriessuch sectors
must be have the capability not only to
evaluate the hospitals operating, and
understand the hospitalsassess the
operations and organizational performance
of hospitals. However, conventional
evaluation models for organizational
performance evaluate over rely on
oneselfare generally too subjective and
theyare aimed mainly at theireliminating
defects rather than providing information
regarding improve. They will not tell
somebody especially competition or
cooperationve sectors industry. Therefore,
competition or cooperation industry must
be understood the, knowledge of which
are vital to enhancing hospitals
organizational performance or
operationgs. According to the Department
of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
statistics in the 1989, the number of
hospitals in Taiwan declined by 231 or
29.35%, from have 787 in 1989 to until
2004 the hospitals reduce 231 (2004 have
556) in 2004. The hospitals ratio is
-29.35%. BesidesAdditionally, the number
of public hospitals declined by 5 or
5.38%, from 93 in 1989 have 93 until
2004 reduce 5 (haveto 88) in 2004;
correspondingly, the number of and the
private hospitals declined by 126 or
32.56%, from 694 in 1989 have 694 until
2004 reduce 126 (2004 haveto 468), in
2004 the ratios of public and private
hospitals respective are -5.38 and -32.56.
TObviously, therefore, theis reduction in
hospitals reduce will be negatively impact
influence related industry. the medical
sector, such as Their products sales
volume will be influenced. If, tThe
inability of related industry (home care,
the drugstorepharmaceutical or the healthy
food store)sectors to not have ability
evaluateion the hospitals organizational
performance of hospitals makes it
impossible not only to ; they will not
understand the hospitals operationsg, but
also to and they will not select a good an
appropriate hospital to cooperate withor
reduce sales products for the hospitals.
Therefore, this sturdy provides the related
industry can evaluate the hospital
organization performance and through
organization performance understand the
hospitals operating. Based on the above,
we should develop presents an optimal
operating model capable of choosing an
effectively monitoring to adequately
implement an evaluate the hospitals the
organizational performance of hospitals in
model for the relatedion withto the
hospitals industry medical sector,
subsequently providing theenabling
administrators or decision- markers to
identify the most appropriate select a good
hospitals for cooperation or chooses
investment the in nearby new stores of
interest such as pharmacies or (Drugstore,
Hhealthy food stores) near the best
hospital. To do so, aA questionnaire can
be is designed by incorporating the basic
requirements of the Delphi Method.
Pertinent literature on First, we reviewed
aboutassessing the performance of the
hospitals performance study is as follow:s.
Kast and Rosenzweig(1974)suggested
opinion that the performance can use
efficiency and effectiveness analysis
should be incorporated in assessing
organizational performance. Peter
F . Drucker (1990) also saysstated that
nonprofit organizations should is not to
regard profit as thea motive. ( Therefore,
we can through productivity analysis. :
NOTE: I have no idea what this sentence
means and how it is related to the previous
one.) Venkatraman and
Ramanujam ( 1986 ) opinioncontended
that organizational performance should
include financial Pperformance, business
Pperformance and organizational
effectiveness. Abernethy and Stoelwinder
(1991) categorized divide tthe
performance of the hospitals into
13thirteen areas kinds: patient satisfaction,
quality of care, professional development,
teaching, research, ability to attract
resources, meeting ofability to comply
with budget constraints, public image,
links with professional bodies, cost
containment, satisfaction of unit,
efficiency of unit and cooperation and
assistance of other units.
Donnabedian ( 1980 ) opinionsuggested
that quality of the hospitals quality can be
enhanced through structure, process and
outcome measure. In the past,Previous
indicators of organizational performance
of the hospitals indicator that all the
evaluations are restricteding evaluations to
those of who are ccurrently employees at
the hospital,. because those data get are
Owing to the confidentiality of such data,
especially for thehospital financial
statements about the hospital, so we find
can easily be obtaineding data for such
indicators is relatively easy. (NOTE:
Although I have made this confusing
sentence grammatically correct, make sure
that I did not change your intended
meaning.) Then use the Delphi Method is
then adopted to summarize theexpert
opinions of experts in order to
completeing the (constructioned OR
proposed) model. Second, we use the
“analytic hierarchy process” (AHP) to
determine Next, the relative weights of
evaluative criteria are determined using
the analytical hierarchy process (AHP),
thenfollowed by ranksing of the
alternatives and selectsion of the optimum
hospitals for decision- makers ofin related
medical sectors to industry evaluate the
hospital. As anticipated, tThe AHP-based
decision-making method can provide
decision- makers in of related medical
sectorsindustry or hospital administrators
with a valuable reference for doing
decision-making and evaluationg the
hospitals organizational performance of
hospitals to identify the most appropriate
hospitals for cooperation or invest in
nearby stores of interest such as
pharmacies or health food stores. through
this model they will can understand the
hospitals performance and operating and
select good hospital cooperation or invest
store and increase or reduce produce. In
addition to the related industry can use the
AHP model avoiding unnecessary invest
risks? Importantly, tThe proposed model
can assist the medical sector helps related
industry to effectively evaluate the
hospitalsto assess the organizational
performance, of hospitals, markinging it
highly applicable for academia and related
industrycommercial purposes. (與醫院相
關的行業)
Methodology
AHP
AHP, As a decision method that
decomposes a complex multi-criteria
decision problem into a hierarchy (Saaty,
1980), AHP is also a measurement theory
that prioritizes the hierarchy and
consistency of the judgmental data
provided by thea group of decision-
makers. AHP incorporates the evaluations
of all decision- markers into a final
decision, without having to elicit their
utility functions on subjective and
objective criteria, by pair-wise
comparisons of the alternatives (Saaty,
1990). David P. Tarantino (2003) applied
AHP (to determine the performance of
management indicators using the
Balanced Scoreboard OR for Balanced
Scorecard measure performance
management indicators). AHP has thus
been successfully applied to a wide
variety diverse array of problems, with the
calculation procedure being as follows:
Establishment of pair-wise comparison
matrix A
Let C1, C2…..Cn be denote the set of
elements, while aij represents a quantified
judgment on a pair of elements Ci, Cj. The
relative importance of two elements is
rated using a scale with the values 1, 3, 5,
7, and 9, where 1 = for refers to “equally
important”, 3 =denotes “slightly more
important”, 5 = equals “strongly more
important”, 7 =represents “demonstrably
more important”, and 9 =denotes
“absolutely more important”. This yields
an n-by-n matrix A as follows:
C1 C2 Cn
C1 1 a12 a1n
1
1 a2n
C 2 a12
1 1
1
A aij
Cn a1n a 2n (1)
1
Where aij =1 and aij = , i,j =1,2…..,n. In aij
can be expressed as
A denotes/represents/is B is C is
n
Wj
max aij
j 1 (2)
Wi
Consistency test
Saaty (1990) proposed utilizing
consistency index (C.I.) and consistency
ratio (C.R.) to checkverify the consistency
of the comparison matrix. C.I. and R.I. are
defined as follows:
max n
C.I .
n 1 (4)
C.I .
R.I .
R.I . (5)
Where R.I. represents the average
consistency index over numerous random
entries of same order reciprocal matrices.
If C.R<0.1, the estimate is accepted, and;
otherwise, a new comparison matrix is
solicited until C.R <0.1.
Model
Evaluating the Organizational
Performance of theTaiwanese hHospitals
for the related industry in Taiwan (NOTE:
Why do you repeat the title of your paper
here?)
This AHP model for the related industry
evaluating the organizational performance
of the hospitals comprises the following
seven setueps:
up 1: dDefine the evaluative criteria for
organizational performance criteria and
sub-criteria for the hospitals.
uep 2: eEstablish a hierarchical structure.
According toBased on the Delphi Method,
acquire important indicators into a
hierarchy of interrelated decision
elements, including criteria, sub-criteria
and alternatives.
uep 3: eEstablish the pair-wise comparison
matrix using formula (1). Eachvery
decision- marker makes a pair-wise
comparison of the decision elements and
gives them relative scores.
uep 4: cCalculate the eigenvalue and
eigenvector of each pair-wise comparison
matrix using formulae (2) to (3).
Setuep 5: tTest the consistency of each
comparison matrix using formulae (4) to
(5).
uep 6: Aggregate the (related OR relative)
scores provided by all decision- makers
using the geometric mean method, and,
then, estimate the relative weights of the
elements of each level.
uep 7: cCombine the relative weights of the
elements of each level to determine the
overall score of each performance of the
metropolitan hospitals performance of
accomplishments.
Application
This study has rBy revieweding the
evaluations of the hospitals organizational
performance of hospitalsevaluations and,
this study has constructed indicators to
evaluate primary organizational
performance evaluation indicators. We
then use tThe Delphi Mmethod is then
adopted to summarize the expert opinions
of experts in order to completing the
construction of an evaluation model to
assess the organizational performance
evaluation model for theof hospitals. With
all theBased on factors of theto evaluate
hospitals, i.e., quality, efficiency and
financial performance as the basis, we use
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used
to illustrate the problems and combine the
three factors to establish the hierarchy
structure for the performance evaluation
ofin this studyresearch. We will also
calculateAdditionally, the weights of all
indicators within hierarchies are and
calculatecalculated, along with the weight
of the overall hierarchies. Finally, takes as
an example a famous educationa
renowned teaching hospital in Taiwan is
cited as an example in which and used this
evaluation model evaluationis applied to
the metropolitan hospitals of A, B, C and
D.
Evaluationg the Organizational
Performance for the hospitals inof
Taiwan.ese hospitals
Evaluating the Organizational
Performance of Taiwanese Hospitals
(NOTE: Why do you repeat the title of
your paper here?)Evaluating Organization
Performance of the hospitals for the
related industry in Taiwan
ep 1: dDefine the evaluative criteria and sub-
criteria used to evaluateing organizational
performance ofor the hospitals. Here, This
study applies the Delphi Mmethod is
applied to define the evaluation criteria
and sub-criteria. Murry and Hammons
(1995) suggested that the Delphi
Mmethod must summarize expert
opinions on a range from 10-30; therefore
we invite 15. Fifteen experts about the
hospital managers are then issued aimed
at pa preliminary questionnaire in which
extract three evaluation criteriaon and
eleven evaluation sub-criteriaon following
three criteria and eleven sub-criteriaare
incorporated.
mance: includinges the three sub-criteriaon of
medical structure, process and outcome.
ance: includinges the five sub-criteriaon of bed
turnover rate, total surgeries person-time,
Eemergency call visits, number of clinical
visits and (deduction OR deducted) rate of
NHI.
Bed turnover rate: the hospitals in order to
the NHI unit of payment must
be reducinge the average
length of stay; t. Therefore, advanced
resources are employed and increase
incomes are increased.
Total number of surgeries, Eemergency call
visits and Nnumber of clinical visits: the
hospitals' data is not easily obtainedto get.
Conversely, data on Ssurgeries,
Eemergency call visits and number of
clinical visits areis easily obtainedget.
Moreover, and the hospitals main source
of hospital income, moreover are the is an
important performance indicantsor.
educted) rate of NHI: It is one of thea peculiar
indicantsor in Taiwan. NHI paysremits a
certain amount of money to thea hospital
before declaring the date,.(NOTE: WHAT
date are you referring to?) and then the
hHospitals then returns the amount of
money deducted after the declarationing
date,. (NOTE: ‘the declaration date’ of
WHAT? What is being declared?)
tTherefore, a lower (deduction OR
deducted) rate smaller is more than better
desired.
mance: includesing the three sub-(criteria OR
criterion) of instrumentation expenses,
medicines-related expenses, and personnel
expenses. If the hHospitals canpable of
efficacious controlling operational costs,
will improve their the financial
performance to be bound will provide
improve. Therefore, instrumentation,
medicines and personnel expenses must be
controlled.
etuep 2: Establishing a hierarchical structure.
(Based on OR According to) the Delphi
Method, acquire commona general
consensus ofamong experts can be
acquired to establishing a hierarchical
structure: first that of achieving t.
(Ultimately, OR The ultimate goal of)
evaluating the ideal organizational
performance can be achieved, followed by
the three evaluation criteriaon, eleven sub-
criteriaon and finally the alternatives, as
shown in f (Figure. 1).
Figure 1
Hierarchical structure required to evaluate
the hospitals organizational performance.
of hospitals
5. (Business Management)
Given intense Ccompetition in theamong
business market is more
intensecommercial sector recently, many
companies increasingly adopt advantage
business models to increase
incomegenerate revenues. As an
important business model, Cchain stores is
an important business model and has two
types in substance, one istake the form of
either a regular store or aand the other one
is franchiseing. A Rregular store is more
concerted infocuses on operationgs from
the perspective of a franchisoer, but by
investing to much financecapital and
personnel manpower, it will be obstruct to
ensure further development. (NOTE:
Although I have made this confusing
sentence grammatically correct, make sure
that I did not change your intended
meaning.) Moreover, independent to do
the business will face of risk.(NOTE: I
have no idea what this incomplete
sentence means. How about “Moreover, a
regular store can conduct business
operations independently while facing
commercial risks.”) A Cchain store
extend outlets extends the through
franchiseing is most general way, not only
by decreaseing overhead costs, but also by
achieving faster arrive toeconomies of
scale economicsmore (efficiently OR
quickly). As Cconvenient stores,
pharmacies and supermarkets awere
common examples of applied to
franchising corporations popularly, too
many franchise but extend great deal of
outlets unit not best way, on account of it
will negatively impact the generated
revenues of other attack franchisees in
existencebelonging to the same
corporation. Importantly, a franchiser
must limit its number of expanded outlets
to Ssecure franchisees income stable
revenues for existing franchisees and
economize theits use of corporateions
operating resources, the franchisor need to
limit outlets in specific trade area.
ButHowever, franchisoers lack an have
not objective means of fashion to selecting
the most promising franchisee hoping to
best one when there are two or upward
person will join the chain store.
Moreover, most studyies were focused
mainly on convenient retail stores, owing
to the lack of other franchise categories
such as lack for other chain industry, for
instance bedding. Frazer (NOTE: Put the
year of this study in parentheses behind
“Frazer”) contendedcommon theme was
that franchisees weredo not expending
enough adequate effort in
operatingrunning their businesses
efficiently, indicating that more care was
neededcaution must be taken in the
selectiong of franchisees and greater
incentives for potential were required for
franchisees to join, thus enhancing
corporate performance toperform at a
desirable level. According to a survey in
2004 of Taiwanese franchisers by Create
and Entrepreneurship mMagazine aimed
at Taiwan franchisors 2004 survey detect,
11.4% of those surveyed deemed
cooperation with franchisees as
unsatisfactory, with co-operate scale
lower and poor communication of e
difficultpriority concern. According to a
survey in 2000 conducted by the Civil
Services Administration of the
Doc(NOTE: WHAT is “Doc”? Do you
mean Department of Commerce), Ministry
of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. 2000 survey,
franchisers deem the inclination to work
hard-working inclination i as the most
desired characteristic ofimportant
franchisees characteristic. The inability of
If franchisoers to cannot select the most
appropriate franchisee objectively, makes
it impossible not only to choose the most
promising one should not choice the best
one accurately, but also to thoroughly and
cannot understand the behavioral patterns
of each franchisee behave.
2. Literature review
given by (for
Wi / W j aij
) and matrix A
i, j , 1,2,....., n
as follows:
C1 C2 Cn
C1 w1 / w1 w1 / w2 w1 / wn
C w / w w2 / w2 w2 / wn
A 2 2 1
Cn
wn / w1 wn / w2 wn / wn
(2)
n Wj
max aij
j 1 Wi (3)
If A is a consistency matrix,
eigenvector X can be calculated by
formula (4):
(4)
(A max I)X 0
Abstract
Implementation of Since 1995 after the
government carried out the National
Health Insurance, scheme in Taiwan since
1995 has intensified the domestic medical
competition in the local medical sectorhas
been becoming fiercer. Given elevated
living standards island wideWith the
prosperity of society and economy, people
in Taiwanese residents have become more
health conscious and attach increasing
importance to the medical quality and the
concept of medical H healthcare
gradually, explaining the heightened
consumer demand in the quality and scope
of and that imperceptibly expanded
people’s demand to the medical services
quality and quantity. In aAdditionally, the
medical service sectorindustry appeared
that they has gradually moved towards the
characteristic of has improved its
organizational structure and encouraged
maximization which lets many hospitals to
establishset up the management practices
that would increase their one after another
bringing the medical market very heavy
competitiveness pressure. In such an
intensely competitive environment,
selecting the optimal location selection of
competitive advantage becomes one of
important subjects when setting up a
hospitals to be established is of priority
concern. Therefore, this work presents an
AHP-based evaluation model… The main
construct of this research chose tAdopted
herein is the famousrenowned diamond
model introduced in from 1990 Porter’s
“Global Electronic Commerce (1990)”
that will influences the intricate relation
among thehow competitionve advantages,
especially with respect to developing and
(evaluating OR determining OR
measureing) the targetobjectives of the
optimal location selection, are related in
order to offer the location selectiondevise
a (standardized OR standard operational)
procedure (sop). This research adopts
theBesides a literature review, expert and
interviews with experts, this study also
adopts the Modified Delphi Method and
the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to
construct thean evaluationg patternmethod
, and regards onefor selecting the optimal
location of a regional hospital in Taiwan
as the research object, while setting up the
hospital, considered place was taken to
construct under the evaluating pattern, in
order to see whether the result does have
the differencedetermine its effectiveness.
Passing the result of studies, this research
will construct a evaluating pattern of the
optimal location selection established
hospitals of the competitive advantage to
take it as evaluating the standard
operational procedure (sop) of the optimal
location selection that hospitals are
established.The proposed evaluation
criterion provides a valuable reference for
hospital administrators and academics in
establishing a standardized means of
selecting the optimal location for new
medical care facilities.
Provides a valuable reference for/ provides
further insight into/ sheds light on /
elucidates/ clarifies.
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
2.1 Porter's Ddiamond Mmodel
The Porter’s diamond model model
comprises six elements:is based on four
country-specific determinants and two
external variables:, i.e., chance and
government, consisting of six elements as
shown in (Figure. 2.1). Porter's four
determinants and two outside forces
interact in the diamond of competitive
advantage, with the nature of a country's
internationalglobal competitiveness of a
country depending upon the type and
quality of these interactions. He
saysAccording to Porter, the four
determinants for a nationnation " . . .
shape the environment in which local
firms compete and promote or impede the
creation of competitive conditions."
(NOTE: Cite a reference since you are
referring to previous literature.)The four
determinants are:
Factor-related conditions: the nation's factors
of production-related factors of a
countrynation,, includinging natural
resources and created factors, such ase.g.,
infrastructure and skilled labor.
Demand-related conditions: the nature of
homedomestic demand for certain
products or services.
A Ffirm’s strategy, structure and rivalry: the
domestic rivalry ofamong domestic firms
and the conditions governinginfluencing
how companies are created, organized and
managed.
Related and supporting industries: the
presence or absence of supplier and
related industries that, themselves, are
internationallyglobally competitive.
Porter's two outsideexternal forces, i.e.,
chance and government, offerpresent
interesting contrastsing (perspectives OR
approaches). Government is clearly of
critical importance as an obviously
influences on a home nation'sthe
competitiveness of a countrynation
advantage. For instanceexample, to
penalize foreign firms,a government can
penalize foreign firms either throughuse
tariffs as a direct entry barrier, or it can
use through subsidies as an indirect
vehiclestrategy. - In both of which provide
cases domestic firms firms benefit
fromwith short-termrun competitive
advantages. Whereas suchThese
discriminatory governmental measures
actions can lead to shelter for domestic
firms, where shelter actuallydoing so
prevents the development of sustainable
(long-run) competitive advantages.
While there is a certain lack of
originality in the components of Porter's
diamond model are unoriginal, the model
it has exactly the correct perspective by
itsaccurately focuses on the strategies of
firms rather than those of
nationscountries. Porter stateys, ". . .
firms, not nations, compete in
international markets" In terms of To the
extent that he brings together thecreating
firm-specific linkages between the four
determinants and the two externaloutside
forces, hisPorter’s model is useful and,
potentially, an accurate predictiveor of
future trends. However, Porter's policy
recommendations to restrict thea nature of
government’s industrial and strategic trade
policy,ies and instead, to of opening
markets to foreign investment withoutand
have no arbitrary restrictions applied on
foreign investment, are also to be
welcomed. (NOTE: Although I have
simplified this confusing sentence, make
sure that I did not change your intended
meaning.)
3. AHP Mmethodology
C1 1 a12 a1n
C2 1 / a12 a2 n
A aij
1
Cn 1 / a1n 1 / a2 n 1
(1)
Where and
a ij 1
In matrix A,
a ji 1 / a ij , i, j 1,2,....., n.
C1 C2 Cn
C1 w1 / w1 w1 / w2 w1 / wn
C 2 w2 / w1 w2 / w2 w2 / wn
A
C n wn / w1 w n / w2 wn / w n
(2)
Saaty (1990) suggested that the largest
eigenvalue λmax would be
n Wj
max aij
j 1 Wi
(3)
CI ( max n) /( n 1)
(5)
CR CI / CR
(6)
Factor conditions:
Factor-related conditions means
thatrefer to a hospital’s investment in
production time, including capital labor
and land. (Porter, 1990)
Capital: building the hospital needsrequires
capital. (Bell, 1997; Gourley, 1997; Chase
&and Aquilano, 1994; Chapman &and
Walker, 1991; Stevenson, 1990;
Tompkins, 1984; Browning, 1980;
Moriarty, 1980; Dower, 1974; Smith,
1971).
Labor: the dDemand of the hfor hospital’s
manpower personnel, including
doctorphysicians, pharmacists, healthcare
personnel, dietitcians, registered
professional nurses, medical equipment
technicians, the talents of the medical care
talent and so on, as well as the quality and
quantity of and specialized talented
individualsperson’s quality and quantity.
(Bell, 1997; Gourley, 1997; Chase &and
Aquilano, 1994; Chapman &and Walker,
1991; Stevenson, 1990; Bowan, 1989;
Tompkins, 1984; Browning, 1980;
Moriarty, 1980; Dower, 1974; Smith,
1971).
Land : : including the position thathow the
lands obtained will affect the cost, the
plan as to how that the lands are is used
and the suitableappropriate disposition to
avoid a situation in which and so on with
that can avoid the land is unavailable
lacked when the hospital is expandedsion
occurs in the future. (Bell, 1997; Gourley,
1997; Chase &and Aquilano, 1994;
Stevenson, 1990; Browning, 1980;
Moriarty, 1980; Dower, 1974; Smith,
1971).
Demand-related conditions:
Factors The influence of theing
medical market demand include various
illnesses, mainly is used by the sickness
demand forms and special quality,
including population number, population
density and population age distribution.
(Porter, 1990)
Population number: The demand for medical
services varies according to the local
population number must have the
difference to the medical demand, like .
For instance, the demand for medical
services is greater in the metropolistan
areas to the medical demand are more than
to the countryside than in rural areas.
(Bell, 1997; Stevenson, 1990; Moriarty,
1980; Smith, 1971).
Population density: related hHospital scale,
and rank (district hospital regional
hospital, and medical center), must
correspond to the population density of
the region, such as like Taipei with the a
highly densitye population area suits to set
up aboe the hospital of the region. (Bell,
1997; Stevenson, 1990; Moriarty, 1980;
Smith, 1971).
Population age distribution: with hospital
tType of illness of hospital patients (acute,
chronic, faculty or synthesis) related,must
correspond to the distribution of
population age. For instance, (like the old
age population ratio low area suits to set
up the women and children hospital. : I
HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THIS
SENTENCE MEANS.) (Bell, 1997;
Stevenson, 1990; Moriarty, 1980; Smith,
1971).
For, sStrategy, structure and rivalry:
Hospital establishment, organization,
and management practices and
competitors condition and so on,
includingall influence management
objective, rank of competitiong hospitals
position and policymaker’s attitudes.
(Porter, 1990).
mManagement objective: Means that
mission which the hHospital
administrators establish a mission for
management must achieve, seeks the
hospital to continue forever the
management practices. (Porter, 1990).
Rank of competitiong hospitals position:
(mMedical centers 、 , regional hospitals
and district hospitals for both Western and
) Region Chinese medicine hospital
(medical center, regional hospital and
district hospital) the, depending on their
number and the scale, will affect how
hospitals rank whether in this position
consideration. (Chapman & Walker, 1991;
Stevenson, 1990; Moriarty, 1980; Smith,
1971).
pPolicymaker’s attitude: Individuals include
means that the board of directors (chief)
(administrators), consultants (including
hospital management, and financial
personnel and so on)) and other related
professionals such as the architects and so
on by chance with thehave opinions
towards managements style, such as an
authoritative or a for example despotic,
the doctrine of the mean, is benevolent
one. (Chase & Aquilano, 1994; Gold,
1991; Smith, 1971).
Related and supporting industries:
The dDevelopment ofing the upper
echelons reachesof the medical sector and
assistedsupporting sectors industry in the
established hospital’s areas, includinge
“Practice of the medicine practiceand, the
medicinepharmaceutical industrysector “,
“Hhospital administration sector
industry” and “Hthe healthycare sector
industry”. (Porter, 1990).
Practice of medicine and medicine
industry:
1. The medicine practice and the
pharmaceutical sector
Practice of medicine industry The
medicine practice includesing
biochemistry technology, (medical reject :
MEANING?), cultivation of medical
personnel manpower cultivation and some
related industrial development; medicine
industry. The pharmaceutical sector
includesing medical
equipmentinstrumentation,
drugspharmaceuticals and medicineal
preparation, medicinal cosmetics and
related industrial development.
2. Hospital administration sectorindustry:
This area iIncludesing the
manage’sment consultants industry, the
information technology industry, flowing
material flowing and related industrial
development.
3. The healthcare sectorHealthy industry:
This area involves sustaining
community healthIncluding the keeping in
good health village, the nursed
familyhome caregivers, the looking after
for a long term caretime, the rresidential
caregiversing in the family to looking
after, the insurance enterprisesector and
related industrial development.
五. Government:
The key aspect that the utilization of the
gGovernmental policy towards
establishing is the hospitals in order to
establishment which may strengthen the
hospital’s superiority, their
competitiveness includesing “T the
qualifications of the hospital’s
establishment and the regulations of the
established standard”, “The plans to
efforts to push the promote a medical’s
network” and “Carrying on the work of
the promulgating tasks that require a
hospital’s judgment”.assessment (Porter,
1990).
The qQualifications of the hospital’s
establishment
This area Iincludesing establishment
of the hospital’s establishment,. aAfter
passing through the health controlling
organization toauthorities approve the
hospital permit, one can begin to applythe
construction license can be applied for
along with and related
establishmentgoverning laws complied
withaccording to the construction law.
(Hsiao et al., 1990).
Efforts to promote aThe plans to push the
medicall’s network
In order to promote the balanced
development of the medical resources,
dividing the medical regions and
establishing the graded medical
formulation, for examples, lacking the
regions to the medical resources and
rewarding the folk to establish medical
organizations. (Hsiao et al., 1990).
Carrying pm the work of the hospital’s
judgment
3. Promulgating tasks that require a
hospital’s assessment
In order to supervise the hospital tTo
strengthen the business management of
hospitals and guarantee the quality of
medical service, establishing the(an
accredited OR a graded) medical system
will influence whether individuals seek a
physicianaffect the consideration that
people go to see a doctor. (Hsiao et al.,
1990).
六 . Chance: (NOTE: Do you mean
‘Opportunity’ OR ‘Opportunities’ OR
‘Circumstances’?)
The hHospitals and the government can
not foresee circumstances that would
negatively impact the medical care
sectorare unable to expect in advance or
charge the accidental incidents, and it may
have the and possibly influence to the
existingcurrent market competitiveon
status or the other constructsive surface of
in the diamond theory, including
“(dramatic fluctuations in market demand
OR the market demand of the violent
change”,) “ (dramatic fluctuations in
production costs OR the violent changes
of the production costs”) and “(significant
changes in the financial market and
exchange rate OR the great change of the
financial market and the exchange rate”.
(Porter, 1990).
(Dramatic fluctuations in market demand
OR The mMarket demand of the violent
change ):
An increasing This region’s population
number increasing makesin this region has
increased both hospital bed capacity and
the number of illnesses, e.g., SARS the
sickbeds in crease and other causing
reason which sickness number increases,
and subsequently createsing a dramatic
fluctuation the violent change of in the
demand for the local medical market
demand such as SARS. (Porter, 1990).
(Dramatic fluctuations in production costs
OR The violent changes of the production
costs):
This iIncludesing the global rise in the
cost price rising of the international steel
and iron or events such as an energy crisis
and so on. (Porter, 1990).
Significant changes in the financial market
and exchange rateThe great change of the
financial market and the exchange rate:
The fFluctuations of in the debt-credit
interest rate of the banks or the influence
of the internationalglobal currency values
caused the costincur changes ofin the cost
of the medical equipmentsinstrumentation
and drugs.pharmaceuticals (Porter, 1990).
Abstract-2
This (study OR work OR investigation)
presents a novel computing algorithm to
evaluate the quality of software. An
approach of software quality evaluation
model and its computing algorithm is
proposed in this paper. The software
support can reduce barriers to
implementingof application of MCDM
procedures. HereIn this study, we proposal
the software quality is determined
quantitativelymeasurement . Relevant
criteria of this model are derived from the
globally adopted ISO 9126-1 standard.The
relevant criteria of this model are derived
from the international norm ISO 9126-1.
As a measurement theory, the Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a
measurement theory that prioritizes the
hierarchy and consistency of judgmental
data provided by a group of decision
makers. AHP incorporates the evaluations
of all decision makers into a final
decision, without having to elicit their
utility functions on subjective and
objective criteria, by pair-wise
comparisons of the alternatives. The
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based
decision-making method can provide
decision makers or buyerprocurers with an
effective means of a valuable reference
for evaluating software quality.
Importantly, the proposed model can assist
users (NOTE: ‘consumers’ instead of
‘users’?) and developers (NOTE: Instead
of ‘developers’, do you mean ‘software
developers’?) in assessing software
quality, making it highly applicable for
academic and commercial
purposes.Importantly, the proposed model
can assist the user and developer to assess
the software quality, making it highly
applicable for academia and commercial
purposes.
ords: Software Qquality Ccharacteristics,
Ssoftware Qquality Mmodel, Evaluating
the Ssoftware Qquality evaluation,
Analytic Hierarchy Process, MADM
Introduction
Among the challenges encountered in
When the software development include
was devised, it would often encounter a
lot of problem, for example how to
develop thedevising quality good
software, unable to be accurately
controlling the softwareoverhead costs,
complying with a and progress schedule,
how to maintaining the software system,
how could dealcoping with iunstable
software systems, and satisfying consumer
demand with respect to user satisfaction to
the software and software quality, etc...
Above challenges may incur a These
problems may be result the crisis onin
software development if not effectively
addressedto produce. Therefore,Problems
within the software sector confronts
problems can be summed up as follows:
Can notInability to accurately forecast or
control the software costs.,
LowSubstandard quality, a, low reliability
and ambiguous requests andon how to
enhance software quality request is
fuzzy.,
Unnecessary Rrisks that will face while
offering and maintaining the quality
assurance., and
TheHigh personnel turnover rateflow fast,
leading to human error in results the
manpower fault phenomenon while the
software development.
To resolve the above problemsherefore,
develop an able to consider multi-attribute
characteristics or factors of software
quality characteristic or factor is worth
discussedmust be considered. Effective
management strategies in a technology
setting are thus essential In order to
resolve theing crisies ofin software
development, it can aim at the technology
and management cope with crisis. The
technological aspect refers to the side is
based on software technology adopted and
design expertise of a software
developersigner's own software designing
technique.
Extensively adoptedused in multi-
criteria decision -making, AHP has
successfully been applied to many
practical decision-making problems
(Saaty, 1988). Despite its popularity, this
method cannot adequately resolve the
inherent uncertainty and imprecision
associated with the mapping of a decision
maker’s perception to exact numbers
(Deng, 1999). In the tradiconventional
formulation of AHP, human judgment is
represented as exact numbers.
Software Quality
Generally speaking sSoftware quality
generally refers to the ability of a
particular means that the software to
comply with meets the degree of
user'sconsumer demand with respect to
function and characteristics(NOTE: Do
you mean ‘features’ instead of
‘characteristics’?) (degree of conforming
to requirements). Schulmeer and
McManus (1996) defined the software
quality as "wholeall functions and
characteristics(NOTE: Do you mean
‘features’ instead of ‘characteristics’?) of a
software product thatcan satisfy
establishedconsumer demand ability. The
International Standard Organization (ISO)
9000 (2001) series of standards of 2001
defines the software quality ias the totality
of features and characteristics(NOTE:
‘features’ and ‘characteristics’ are
redundant. Say one, but not both.) of a
software product that can bear on its
ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Rogers (2001) definesd the software
quality ias conformingance to with
explicitly stated functional and
performance requirements, explicitly
documented development standards, and
implicit characteristics that are expected
of all professional developed software.”
Ward and Ward and Venkataraman (1999)
suggested that summarize the software
quality includes asthe followsing: (a) Base
on uUser-based: evaluateding by users,
software quality (refers to OR is) the
degree of user expectation.; (b) Base on
pProduct delivery-based: evaluateding by
the product itself, software quality (refers
to OR is) the degree of system
effectiveness and program
maintainability.; (c) Base on
mManufacturing (process: OR OMIT)
-based: software quality is controlled by
the (development OR developing) process,
emphasizing quality control and
management.; and (d) Base on
oOrganizational control-based: software
quality (refers to OR is) the (plan of : OR
OMIT ) project costs, production time, and
resource control and risk management.
Deutsch and Willis (1998) categorized
software quality into two typeas “software
procedure quality” and ”software product
quality”, as (shown OR illustrated) in
Figure. 1. As a (feature OR characteristic)
of software product
development( process: OR OMIT )S,
software procedure quality is the
characteristic of software product
development process. It has five elements
(comprises OR consists of) the following
software engineering-related elements:,
including technology, tools, people,
organization and equipment. As a (feature
OR characteristic) of software product
release, Ssoftware product quality is the
characteristic of software product release,
includesing document clarity and integrity,
design trace-ability, program reliability
and test integrity.
expressed as follows:
C1 1 a12 a1n
a2 n
C 1/ a
A aij 2 12
1
(1)
Cn 1 / a1n 1 / a2 n 1
matrix A as follows:
C1 C2 Cn
C1 w1 / w1 w1 / w2 w1 / wn
C 2 w2 / w1 w2 / w2 w2 / wn
A
C n wn / w1 w n / w2 wn / w n
(2)
(2) Compute the eigenvalue and
eigenvector.
Matrix A multiplies the elements
weight vector ( x ) equal to nx , that isi.e., ( A -
nI ) x =0, wherethe x is the eigenvalue ( n ) of
n Wj
max aij
(3)
j 1 Wi
CR CI / RI
(6)
Where RI represents the average
consistency index over numerous random
entries of same order reciprocal matrices.
If CR 0.1 , the estimate is accepted and;
otherwise, a new comparison matrix is
solicited until CR 0.1 .
3. Compute the entirety hierarchy (NOTE:
‘hierarchical’?) weight.
After the computed for various
hierarchyies and element of weights are
computer, . Tthe entirety
hierarchy(NOTE: ‘hierarchical’?) weight
is computed, ultimately enabling decision-
makers to select the most appropriate
strategy. (NOTE: Although this makes
this sentence grammatically correct, make
sure that I did not change your intended
meaning.)
Research model
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
Several studies have adopted DEA has
been used by several researchers to
assessstudy hospital performance.
According to Banker (1998), DEA is
based on a previous performance cross-
sectional view of several organizational
units in a given single period, as
(determined OR measured) by their
multiple inputs and outputs. The units are
classified into two groups,: scale
efficiency and technical efficiency. Ganley
and Cubbin (1992) indicated that, Aas a
nonparametric approach, DEA does not
require assumptions regarding the
functional form of the production
function. Sherman (1984) proposed an
effecive suggested as a means to helpof
identifying and (determining OR
measureing) hospital inefficiency as a
basis for directing management efforts
towards increasing efficiency and
reducing health care costs.
By solving a series of linear programming
optimizations, one for each DMU, DEA
can identify those DMUs that are efficient
(no the facets), as well as and the
remaining inefficient DMUs along with
along with their efficientcy (1962) The
operational procedure is simplified and
change in the dual model of minimization
is transformed into the model, which is
not linear as shown in (1):
m s
hk si sr
Minimize i 1 r 1
x X ik Si 0
Subject to j 1
j ij
i 1,...., m
(1)
n
x Sr Yrk
j 1
j rj
r 1,..., s
, S , S 0, j 1,..., n i 1,...., m r 1..., s
j i
r
Where
Y denotes the amount of the r th
ry
th output
x is the amount of ith input produced
ij
by unit j
v denotes the weight given to the rth
i
output
S , S is slack and surplus
i
r
The DMUk can reduce the input quantity
of X , subsequently increasing the output
ik
efficiency.
3. Consistency Test
Saaty (1980) proposed utilizing
consistency index ( CI ) and consistency
ratio ( CR ) to verify the consistency of the
comparison matrix. Additionally, CI and CR
are defined as follows:
CI ( max (4)
n) /(n 1)
CR CI / RI (5)
(3)Complimentary gifts: it divide into two
kinds, one iseither in the form of bonus
credits changeor incentives for purchasing
in a particular store. Complimentary gift,
fFor exampleinstance, in the universal
credit card scheme of Chinesea tTrust
cCommercial bBank’s universal card just,
card holders that collect arrive 6,733
bonus points can receive a to give as a
present against dazzle light protect eye’s
unique desk lamp, that protects eye
visiona. Another example is for card
holders purchasing in a consuming in the
specific store, can immediately use
theaccumulated bonus points can
accumulate to offset the consume amount
this timereduce the purchased amount.,
fFor instanceexample, credit card holders
from JIH-sSun iInternational bBank can
simply card’s friend just use their bank
card consume in feeding card in theto
purchase Laurel travel products, can
choose b. (NOTE: Although I have made
this sentence grammatically correct, make
sure that I did not change your intended
meaning.)
Bonus points accumulated can lower the
retail priceto offset the consume amount
on the spot, everywith 100 points can
offset sixreducing 6 New Taiwanese
dollars from the purchase, with the highest
can offset total consume amount’s
deducted totalling 50% on that time; and
(4)Personnel sales: in here Personnel sale
has personally visited, keep a stall,booths
are maintained to encourage direct
promotion and commercial exhibitions
way to increase apply rate. (NOTE:
Although I have made this sentence
grammatically correct, make sure that I
did not change your intended meaning.)
In dDirect marketing aspect includes
the following three sub criterion:, which
separately is
(1) Directly sends the Ee-email marketing:
via directly sends the Ee-mails sent to to
know ccustomer’s various demand and
from this to do theas a form of
advertisementing promotion activity, offer
speedy sell service in order to build the
company image and encourage customer
relationship.;
(2) Telephone marketing: via telephone
visited, notify the new card information
and apply preferential to stimulate
potential consumers are contacted
regarding new card information to apply,
it’s a. This highly interactionve
communication strategy is tool, especially
effective when aimed at a specific when
the target is correct control, thus creating
will have more sales opportunitieschance,
and get the efficiency immediately and
filter customer and obtain potential
customer.; and
(3) Directly sends the letter mail: a before
directly sends the letter should be through
the name list is carefully selected, for
mailing to and resort by personal form, let
consumer or potential consumers feel
more respect. (NOTE: Although I have
made this sentence grammatically correct,
make sure that I did not change your
intended meaning.)
In the cCustomer relationship
management includes the following four
sub criterion, which separately is:
(1) customer database eEstablishment and
the integratedion of a customer database:
establishing an accurate correct and
clearly customer database establishment is
the firstinitial step of customer’s
relationship management, first must
proceed data warehouse, integrate bank
al. All customer information is integrated
into the database in a bank, followed by
and establish in the same database, then
can proceeding data mining to understand
customer’s behaviordevelop a model for
consumer behavior.;
Case Implementation
The Hsinchu City gGovernment of
northern Taiwan uses DVR systems to
managemonitor public spaces. According
to Taiwan’s governmental procurement
regulations, the regional governments
must considerselect at least five evaluators
andto review more than three firms in
assessingbefore selecting the best DVR
system.
By using tThe DVR system it can
prevent some of the con in
traditionalcompensates for the limitations
of conventional surveillance camera
systems. Among those limitations include
the con of the traditional surveillance
camera system arefollowing:
Lapse Forget to put the tapes in the recorder
or in the middle of recording owing to
operator neglect or machine errorthe tapes
got jammed.;
WDifficulty in locating the desired time
sequence after the hen the recorder
finishes recording, it'll be hard to find the
right moment of time that’s needed. is
completed;
Poor videoThe quality is low,that makes it
inadequate for use even if it is recoded on
film it still can't be used.; and
Difficulty in maintaining and preserving
Ttapes are hard to keep and to preserve,
it'll need a owing to the lack of an
adequately larger storage space to put
them and they are easy to grow
molenatural degradation of film quality.
The following considerations reflect
how Here are the nine comparisons
between the the digital Video Recorder
DVR Ssystem and differ from
conventional Traditional Ssurveillance
Ccamera Ssystems:
Changing of Ttapes: while
conventionaltraditional surveillance
camera systems require an operator to
needs someone to change the tapes every
few hours. By using, the DVR system
Digital Video Recorder System you don't
need to changedoes not require changing
tthe Hhard disk Ddrive everydaily.;
Editing: while conventionalusing the
traditional surveillance cameras have
difficulty in it can be hard to editing the
tapes and identifying particular cut out the
frames that you need it, using the digital
video recorder DVR system you can
easily retrieve a desired pull out the file
you need and cutidentify the desired
picture frames by fame by using
theediting tools that’s include in the
system software.;
2. Literature review
2.1 Senior citizen residential
communities current
According to the World Health
Organization, Taiwan became an
advanced aging society as of the end of
1993, with over 7% of its population
65 years or older. As ofUntil the
end of September 2000, the
above old-ageelderly population
of 65 years or older in Taiwan
region amounts toreached
1,900,000 population, havingor
8.6% of the entiretotal
population comparison to amount
to 8.6%, to reveal at an annual growth
rate of old-age population in Taiwan
region average every year just to
grow up quickly with 4.5%
increment rate (Ministry of the
iInterior (MOI), the Republic of China
2000).
Besides aAccording to infer
estimates from the Council for
Economic Planning and
Development estimates, the
elderly population in until the end
of 2110year in Taiwan will reach
region the old-age population
amount to 3,540,000 account for,
or 14% of totalentire population,
by 2110. and Until the end of
2121year in Taiwan region the old-
age population amount to
5,170,000, or accounts for 14%
of total population by 2121.
Given advances in To reveal in
recent 20 years, in virtue of the
medical hygiene advancement,
income and living standards over the past
two decades, to heighten, the
population deathmortality rate
and birth rate have decreased
descend, with the population
segment of rapid rising of the 65
years or older growing
rapidlypopulation and the type of
the population structure will be
grown up the column form by the
pyramid a gradual change in the
future. Above trends reflect the
necessity for careful planning to
ensure The elder'sly welfare
related measure gradually
important.
According to the MOI statisticsinistry of
the interior (1996), discoveredthe
proportion of the senior citizens only lives
togethering with their spouse or livesing
will alone the proportion to assume
condition of the increase. An Ministry of
the interiorOI survey (1999) revealed that
investigations demonstrated in
Taiwan36.7% of all individuals under 65
years old of the adult thinks sfeel that the
significance of the children, is to enjoys
family happiness to occupy the first to
account for 36.79%,, while 21.75 feel that
thought likes a family and strengthens
thea marriage and 16.97% feel that
children increase the intimacy between to
maintain causes the husbands and wives to
relate intimately occupies the seconds
separately accounts for 21.75% and
16.97%.spouses.
According toGiven above statisticsal
data and research in this
areademonstration, the traditional notion
in Taiwan that raising children is a means
of securing elderly housing and welfare is
gradually changing, as impacted by rising
Taiwan region old age population housing
condition along with obtained and
educational levels standard promotion,
raise children to provide against old age
idea change. Theis explains why the
proportion of elderly living with their
children is old person is willing
proportion which lives together with the
children to have reduced the
tendency.decreasing, while the tendency
to live along Choice with a spouse or live
alone together the proportion has tendency
of theis increaseing.
Revisions in the From 1997
eElderly wWelfare lLaw have
increased the options of
independent elderly livingrevises
to announce, the care and the
guarantee that has to the elder
more to complete and perfect. Revise
welfare law biggest change in
elder of back to change to,
specifically in the following five
areas for the welfare
organization:
A) Long-term care organizations to
careprovide solace for elderly
individuals with long-term chronic
diseases and need tofor cureative
the elder who protect the service
for purposes.;
B) Elderly residential facilities Home
for the Aged organization to take
focus on ensuring the quality of
life for the elderlylooking after
the life to take care of for oneself
the ability defection, damage and
serving the demanding elder
without the technique nursing
staff on dutyas the purpose.:
C) Rest homes offer to peaceful
caringe for individuals at their at
one's own expenses elder or,
relieving the relatives that did not
bring upof the obligation
person'sof caring for relatives on
a daily basis or bring up the
obligation has no elder who bring
up the ability for purpose.;
D) Leisure centeres provide the to take
holding the elelderly with the
recreation, literature, technical
skills,, continuing education
opportunities and thee
communicationother social
activitiesy as the purpose.; and
E) Service organizations with
provide the elder to look after for
daytime, and temporary care, for
the elderly in which take up
employment the information,
volunteers the service, serve in
the offer house cleaning, the
dining serves, the short-term
protection equips and even law
consultation services etc.
comprehensive sex serves for
purpose.
3. Methodology
Abstract
(NOTE: This abstract is too short. To
reach 200 – 225 words, you are missing
the setting, problem, methodology (at least
3-4 sentences) and main results.)
The purpose of this researchstudy
describes an integrated marketing
communication-based model to is for
construct a credit card Integrated
marketing communication resource
allocation optimizatione resource
allocation among credit modelcard
issuing companies. The proposed model
incorporates the first permeate modifyied
Delphi method to collect the expert
opinions, finddetermine the criterion
(NOTE: Do you mean ‘criteria’ (plural
form) OR ‘criterion’ (singular form)?
Check intended meaning.) of the
allocation optimization model, then and
apply the Aanalytic Hhierarchy pProcess
(AHP) to proceed the appraise ofevaluate
the effectiveness of the model benefit. By
this research’s rResult,s of this study can
provide the domestic banking
sectorindustry with an understanding of
how to implementood the core item of
executing I integrated marketing
communication (all six item: Thein areas
of product design, the advertisement,
theing, public relations, the promotion, the
ddirect marketing, the and customer
relationship management). Additionally,
the proposed model can contribute to the
competitiveness of local banks by
carefully utilizing and Carries out medhod
and its order of priority reference
information, adopt this model can use the
limited resources, to do the most effective
arrangement, promotes the bank’s
competitive ability.
expressed as follows:
(1)
Comparison results of tThe n
elements compare resultare inserted into
the upper triangle of pairwise comparison
matrix A. (NOTE: Although this makes
this sentence grammatically correct, make
sure that I did not change your intended
meaning.) ( Principal diagonal for the
element oneself comparison, therefore it
is1 ) (NOTE: Although this makes this
sentence grammatically correct, make sure
that I did not change your intended
meaning.)The lowerunder triangle
(NOTE: ‘triangular’?) values are relative
positions for the reciprocal values of the
upper triangle’s partial relative positions
values reciprocal, (NOTE: Although this
makes this sentence grammatically
correct, make sure that I did not change
your intended meaning.)i.e., = 1/ . a ij a ij
matrix A as follows:
C1 C2 Cn
(2)
(2) Compute the eigenvalue
and
eigenvector.
Matrix A multiplies the elements
weight vector ( x ) equal to nx , that isi.e., ( A -
nI) x =0, wherethe x is the eigenvalue ( n ) of
eigenvector. Given that denotes the
aij
n Wj
max aij
(3)
j 1 Wi
CR CI / RI
(6)
Where RI represents the average
consistency index over numerous random
entries of same order reciprocal matrices.
If CR 0.1 , the estimate is accepted and;
otherwise, a new comparison matrix is
solicited until CR 0.1 .
3. Compute the entirety hierarchy (NOTE:
‘hierarchical’?) weight.
After the computed for various
hierarchyies and element of weights are
computer, . Tthe entirety
hierarchy(NOTE: ‘hierarchical’?) weight
is computed, ultimately enabling decision-
makers to select the most appropriate
strategy. (NOTE: Although this makes
this sentence grammatically correct, make
sure that I did not change your intended
meaning.)
3. Consistency Test
Saaty (1980) proposed utilizing
consistency index ( CI ) and consistency
ratio ( CR ) to verify the consistency of the
comparison matrix. Additionally, CI and CR
are defined as follows:
CI ( max (4)
n) /(n 1)
CR CI / RI (5)
(3)Complimentary gifts: it divide into two
kinds, one iseither in the form of bonus
credits changeor incentives for purchasing
in a particular store. Complimentary gift,
fFor exampleinstance, in the universal
credit card scheme of Chinesea tTrust
cCommercial bBank’s universal card just,
card holders that collect arrive 6,733
bonus points can receive a to give as a
present against dazzle light protect eye’s
unique desk lamp, that protects eye
visiona. Another example is for card
holders purchasing in a consuming in the
specific store, can immediately use
theaccumulated bonus points can
accumulate to offset the consume amount
this timereduce the purchased amount.,
fFor instanceexample, credit card holders
from JIH-sSun iInternational bBank can
simply card’s friend just use their bank
card consume in feeding card in theto
purchase Laurel travel products, can
choose b. (NOTE: Although I have made
this sentence grammatically correct, make
sure that I did not change your intended
meaning.)
Bonus points accumulated can lower the
retail priceto offset the consume amount
on the spot, everywith 100 points can
offset sixreducing 6 New Taiwanese
dollars from the purchase, with the highest
can offset total consume amount’s
deducted totalling 50% on that time; and
(4)Personnel sales: in here Personnel sale
has personally visited, keep a stall,booths
are maintained to encourage direct
promotion and commercial exhibitions
way to increase apply rate. (NOTE:
Although I have made this sentence
grammatically correct, make sure that I
did not change your intended meaning.)
In dDirect marketing aspect includes
the following three sub criterion:, which
separately is
(1) Directly sends the Ee-email marketing:
via directly sends the Ee-mails sent to to
know ccustomer’s various demand and
from this to do theas a form of
advertisementing promotion activity, offer
speedy sell service in order to build the
company image and encourage customer
relationship.;
(2) Telephone marketing: via telephone
visited, notify the new card information
and apply preferential to stimulate
potential consumers are contacted
regarding new card information to apply,
it’s a. This highly interactionve
communication strategy is tool, especially
effective when aimed at a specific when
the target is correct control, thus creating
will have more sales opportunitieschance,
and get the efficiency immediately and
filter customer and obtain potential
customer.; and
(3) Directly sends the letter mail: a before
directly sends the letter should be through
the name list is carefully selected, for
mailing to and resort by personal form, let
consumer or potential consumers feel
more respect. (NOTE: Although I have
made this sentence grammatically correct,
make sure that I did not change your
intended meaning.)
In the cCustomer relationship
management includes the following four
sub criterion, which separately is:
(1) customer database eEstablishment and
the integratedion of a customer database:
establishing an accurate correct and
clearly customer database establishment is
the firstinitial step of customer’s
relationship management, first must
proceed data warehouse, integrate bank
al. All customer information is integrated
into the database in a bank, followed by
and establish in the same database, then
can proceeding data mining to understand
customer’s behaviordevelop a model for
consumer behavior.;
Conclusion
Tthis work presents a IMC-based
resource allocation optimization model
that incorporates the modified Delphi
method to (accumulate OR collect) expert
opinions, determine the criteria of the
allocation optimization model and apply
the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to
evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed
model. Following a literature review and
interviews with experts in the field from
Chinese Trust Commercial Bank, Tai Shin
International Commercial Bank, Cathay
Commercial Bank, Union Commercial
bank and E-sun Commercial Bank, the
Modified Delphi Method is adopted to
gather the group opinions of anonymous
experts. The hierarchy level of the
integrated marketing communication-
based resource allocation optimization
model is then constructed. Next, via the
analytic hierarchy process, each criteria
weight and the arrangement of importance
are determined. Additionally, major
factors of the resource allocation
optimization model are discussed. This
study’s purpose is construct an credit card
optimized resource allocation model via
integrated marketing communication. First
via literature discuss the relative research
of credit card and integrated marketing
communication, then visiting with
managers who upper Chief level in
domestic first five bank in credit card
issuing involved (Chinese Trust
Commercial Bank, Tai Shin International
Commercial Bank, Cathay Commercial
Bank, Union Commercial bank and E-sun
Commercial Bank). Next, collected and
decide the hierarchy structure of credit
card optimized resource allocation model ,
the The priority sequence of each factor’s
weight ratio areis determined by analyzing
hierarchy process(AHP) Theory and
analysis software (Expert Choice 2,000).
Based on results of this study, we
conclude as the following:
According to our results, The
importance sort of six essential factors in
the first level separately is Pare
promotion, advertisement, customer
relationship management, direct
marketing, product design, and public
relationship, respectively.(NOTE: OK?)
From a promotional aspect, performance
aspect includes cash feedback,
complimentary gifts, prize drawing
activity, and personnel sale. The first three
separately isare cash feedback,
complimentary gift and prize drawing
activity, respectively, all belonging to
substantive benefits. It is to say mModern
consumers are attach a heavy importance
to the additional value of credit cards
additional value. (NOTE: You need to
change the terminology according to my
above corrections.) And iIn terms of
advertisement, the most important is
development of advertisement cring
creativity development, i. If no correct
and efficaciouseffective createive strategy
is available, subsequentafterward
strategyies will ineffective, and i. In terms
of media strategy aspect, credit card
issuing departments most attach the most
importance to is television advertisements,
and network advertisements, thus it can be
seen, b. Bank marketing personnelstaff
believe, first need to has thus prioritize
good creativity and correct advertisement
appeal, which could appeal to attracted
cutomer’s notice and generate the purpose
ofencourage purchaseing behavior. And
in the credit card’sAs for media resource
allocation ,of credit card issuing
companies, still choose the television
media rank first in terms of that most
often frequently makeing contacts and
have voice and sound efficiency become
number 1 , with consumers. nNetwork
advertisement promote to number 2 Win
the planeranks second, followed by
conventional media. With advances in
Follow the information technology
science’s develop and the
generalitypervasive use of the iInternet,
the Iinternet has become a popular
advertisement media, f. From the
perspective of customer relationship
management, the topfirst three ranking are
respectively is customer central’sized
customer service ,, establishing and
integrated customer database, as well as
customer analysis, respectively. above all
pPrimary considerations are customer
convenience, in which customers can
immediately contact with the customer
service center and responses to the
questions, and. The customer service
center can via establishing and
integratinge a customer database, which
can handle various to aim at different
customer and give different consumer
responses and handle .
In the twenty six sub criterion of in the
overall level, credit card issuing
companies the most attach the most
importance to separately is cash feedback,
advertisement creativity development, the
service of customer service center,
television advertisement and telephone
marketing. It can be seen Our results
further indicate that, for bankers
attempting to achieve maximum benefits
for think if want to make ththe credit
card’s benefit maximum, most importance
onis attached to promotional activity
.among c. In this category, cash feedback
can most attract the most customers,
second is followed by successful
advertisement creativity, third isservice
quality of service staff’s service quality,
fourth is strength and sharpen expose of
television advertisement, and telephone
marketing, respectively. because of
expense are Given relatively low
expenses, the company can directly
interact with customers, quickly
understand consumer demand, which iso
always is the most often using tool of
direct marketing strategy that by bankers
use.
The proposed model construct of this
study can lenot only tenable bankers to
understand the weight in each marketing
resource allocation, but also help bank
credit card issuing departments to
construct a systematic marketing
operation model,. bBesides its
appropriateness for use in the credit card
business can be suitable for use, the
proposed model can provide a valuable
reference for future different industry
marketing staff in different industries can
take this study to be a reference when
perform theattempting to adopt integrated
marketing communication.
1. Introduction
The pervasiveness of In recent years, the
prevalence of the electronic products and
the Internet-based technologies has
significantly contributed to the accelerated
development and global competitiveness
of makes the industry of the
semiconductor industry in Taiwanrapidly
develop and the technique and quality are
the edged tools with which the electronic
industry of our country can exist in the
international market. Global
semiconductor manufacturers have
reached a milestone over three decades of
progress with the emergence of confront
another crucial moment over the past 30
years, each participator among them
maintains at 12 inch wafer (production
facilities OR factories). The reason that 12
inch wafer (production facilities OR
factories) are highly attractive owing to
their (quick OR efficient) product
deliveryhaving so great influence lies in
the tow great factors that properties of
product of quick promotion and reducing
theed (overhead OR production) costs,
thus elevating the global competitiveness
of so stride into the new century of 12
inch wafer factory, the international status
of Taiwanese semiconductor
manufacturers to unprecedented levels
proprietors is more and more important.
Since 1980, the competition ofThe
semiconductor industry has, since 1980,
prioritized regards the manufacturing
process technique, thewafer yield and the
cycle time as the targets of
yardsticksbenchmarks for success. At
present, 12 inch wafer slicing is currently
the most (complex OR difficult) (with
respect to OR in terms of) (increasing OR
controlling) yield in for semiconductor
manufacturing yield. The As silicon wafer
slicing has directly influenced theimpacts
production costs, facing the question of
the yield not merely pay close attention to
the promotion of theincreasing and
maintaining wafer yield, as well as
understanding factors contributing to
declining but the maintenance of the
yields are of priority concern among and
finding out the factor that the yield
decline, it is equally the focal point cared
about of semiconductor manufacturers.
In the past, makingPrevious
researchstudies on productand discussion
of the quality thatin semiconductor
manufacturing, mostly used the have
largely adopted statistical methods to
probe into their impacts on theexamine
either (wafer OR product) yield or how by
the process engineers’ understanding to
the process, choosingselect the possible
influence to the process parameters of
(wafer OR product)the yield viabased on
their subjective experiences,. Those
results areand then analyzedsing with
using statisticsal or the methods of
experimental design methods., hHowever,
semiconductor manufacturing often
includes several hundreds evenup to
thousands of process parameters that
influence each other, so it is verymaking it
extremely difficult to (identify OR
determine)choose those factors of thethat
influence from them. (NOTE: Although I
have made this confusing sentence
grammatically correct, make sure that I
did not change your intended meaning.)
Cunningham et al., (1995) indicated that,
although recounts that the yield question
that has been improved through the
conventional statisticsal and traditionally
experimental design methods have
enhanced wafer yield, statistical methods
have many limitations with respect to but
as some complicatedcomplex mutual
influence and the non-linear problem
existing, there are a lot of restrictions to
the implementation of statistical method.
(NOTE: Although I have made this
confusing sentence grammatically correct,
make sure that I did not change your
intended meaning.) In aAdditionally,
Brada et al., (2002) mentionsfound that
under a large number of parameters used
in materials made of the semiconductor
manufacturingat present, statistical
methods can not it has been already
unable to (analyze its useful decision
information by statistical method
efficiently OR obtain reliable information
for decision making).
Silicon wafer manufacturing processes
(consists of OR comprises OR includes)
crystal growingth, pulling,(NOTE: Is this
terminology or are you just translating
from Chinese to English? Do you mean
‘extraction’ instead of ‘pulling’?) slicing,
lapping, (NOTE: Is this terminology or are
you just translating from Chinese to
English?) etching, polishing, and cleaning.
Their mMeasurement items(NOTE: Do
you mean ‘criteria’ instead of ‘items’?) of
process quality and the parameters of
quality control are as follows: (1) lack of
precision in measuringdetermining
thickness (THK), (NOTE: There is no
need to use the acronym since you do not
use this terminology anywhere else in the
paper.)bow, warp, total thickness variation
(TTV), (NOTE: There is no need to use
the acronym since you do not use this
terminology anywhere else in the
paper.)center thickness (CTRTHK),
caused by unstable motion of the wire
knife and scrape mark during slicing
process and (2) quality control parameters,
(such as, OR including OR e.g.,)
electricity, resistivity and oxidation that
related to crystal pulling are not discussed
in this paper. (NOTE: Is ‘crystal pulling’
terminology or are you just translating
from Chinese to English? Do you mean
‘extraction’ instead of ‘pulling’?) In
polishing, the polished wafer will be
revised those quality (characteristics OR
features) in item (1) are (adopted OR
incorporated) to (modify OR enhance) the
polished wafer by using precision
polishing machines. (NOTE: Although I
have made this confusing sentence
grammatically correct, make sure that I
did not change your intended meaning.)
However, the manufacturing cost of the
polishing process is (significantly OR
markedly OR substantially OR much)
higher than that of the slicing process.
(NOTE: OR could you simply say
“However, polishing is much more
expensive than slicing.”?) Hence, quality
control mainly (is concerned mainly with
OR focuses largely on) slicing process.
While adopting the EWMA control chart,
Lin et al. (2002) applied EWMA control
chart, verifiedying that analysis (NOTE:
Do you mean ‘through analysis that’
instead of ‘that analysis’?) “bow” (NOTE:
Is this common terminology? Or are you
translating from Chinese-English?) is the
worst quality (feature OR characteristic)
(of OR in) wafers. From the perspective of
See the angle of the quality (feature OR
characteristic), the (manufacturing : OR
OMIT ) yield of the silicon wafer slicing
that bow(NOTE: What do you mean by
“yield of silicon wafer slicing that bow”?
Do you mean “yield of silicon wafer
slicing for the bow”?) is the key
characteristicof priority concern.
In the semiconductor manufacturing, the
manufacturing yield of the silicon wafer
slicing is the most difficult to control.
Silicon wafer slicing is a complex
manufacturing process, complicating
efforts to dominate process stability and
quality control effectively. A wafer can be
easily broken during inspection, because
of owing to its thinness and brittleness
(Lin et al., 2002). Moreover, slicing is a
kind of cutting techniqueprocedure that
has difficulty in (producing OR yielding)
the required precision. The wWafer
slicing isdepends on appeared needing via
the variables of machine-related, the
human-related, the management-related
and the measurement accuracy-related
factors, etc.( 自 己 先 改 ) related decisive
factor, in order to measureensure the
quality of the productionmanufacturing
operations course, and these factors
alsoerrors in which would destabilize the
slicing process (Lin et al.,). 魚骨圖那篇
文獻
This research will aim to (work OR
study) presents an evaluation decision
model that assesses the yield quality of 12
inch wafer slicing in semiconductor
manufacturing. quality to adopt theA
literature review is performed, along with
the modified Delphi method and analytic
hierarchy process (AHP) as well. to
construct the evaluation decision model,
and regard a wafer factories tThree kinds
of diamond cutting machines used in
wafer production are used as the test
target(s?) of this studying, set themwith
the results subsequently generated
incorporated into the evaluation decision
model proposed herein. Moreover, the
proposed model includes the Analytic
hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the
(weights of evaluation OR evaluation
weights) are determined using AHP.
Simple additive weighting (SAW) is then
performed to rankFurthermore, tthe worst
performing machines in terms of precision
are then ranked using simple additive
weighting (SAW). Finally, using the
exponential weighted moving average
(EWMA) control chart are presented to
demonstrates and verify the effectiveness
of the proposed AHP method in
effectively selectsing the evaluation
outcomes and evaluating the precision of
the worst performing machinesevaluate
the worst machine of precision. By tThe
proposed evaluation decision model
significantly contributes to efforts in of
the constructional silicon wafer slicing
manufacturing to establish a standard
operational procedure for ensuring quality,
take the effective manufacturing quality
yield in the semiconductor industryas
assessment and examination that offer a
standard operation procedure (SOP) of the
best manufacturing quality decision.
2. Methodology
First, tThe relevant whole structure
criteria for the evaluation decision model
of this model are (obtained OR derived)
from following an exhaustive literature
review, this study also adopts through use
of the modified Delphi method. After
constructing the evaluation criteria
hierarchy is constructed, we calculate the
criteria weights are (calculated OR
estimated) by applying analytic hierarchy
process (AHP) method and we conduct;
the final ranking results are obtained using
simple additive weighting (SAW) to
achieve the final ranking results. Finally,
use of the EWMA control chart
demonstrates the feasibility of the
proposed AHP-based algorithm in
effectively (determining OR selecting) the
evaluation outcomes and evaluating the
precision of the worst performing
machines. using the exponential weighted
moving average (EWMA) control chart
verifying that the proposed AHP method
effectively selects the evaluation outcomes
and evaluate the worst machine of
precision.
(1)
Cn 1/ a1n 1/ a2 n 1
as follows:
C1 C2 Cn
C1 w1 / w1 w1 / w2 w1 / wn
C2 w2 / w1 w2 / w2 w2 / wn
A ,
(2)
Cn wn / w1 wn / w2 wn / wn
(5)
CR CI / RI .
(6)
Where RI represents the average
consistency index over numerous random
entries of same order reciprocal matrices.
If CR 0.1 , the estimate is accepted:
otherwise, a new comparison matrix is
solicited until CR 0.1 .
Compute the oOverall hierarchy weight.
computation
After the weights computation for the
various hierarchies and elements are
computed, then compiles computation
results for the overall hierarchy weight
computation, are compiled. and
finallyFinally, to decide our goal of tthe
most appropriate strategysuitable plan is
(determined OR identified).
Implement the Aanalysis implement(NOTE:
Should you specify what kind of
analysis?)
This paper used implement is Microsoft
Excel 2003 and Expert Choice 2000 (2nd
Edition) Ssoftware are used to process the
data and analyzesis tools. (NOTE:
‘analyze’ what? OR can you omit ‘and
analysis tools’ without changing the
sentence’s overall meaning?)
n
Vi = W j rij ,
j 1 (8)
(i 1, 2, ..., m) .
Professor Smith
Editor in Chief
NAME OF JOURNAL (NOTE: Italicize)
Address
Your Name
Institute of Business Management
Yuanpei University of Science and
Technology
Yuanpei Street
Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China 300
Dear Professor Smith,
Please find enclosed the resubmitted
version of the manuscript, “Optimally
Selectiong ofthe Location forof Taiwanese
Hospitals to Ensure a Competitive
Advantage by Using the Analytic
Hierarchy Process” (Reference No. 8541)
by (NOTE: List names of authors) for
submission to (NOTE: List name of
journal and put in italics). The
anonymous reviewers are appreciated for
their valuable comments, and we have
modified the paper based on their
comments. Please feel free to contact me
if you have any additional requirements.
We look forward to your favorable reply.
We have revised our paper according to
the comments of reviewer, as stated
below:
Manuscript#8541
Reviewer No. Referee#477 1 477-1
Comment 1:
An objective of the manuscript is to apply
the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in
selecting an optimal location for a hospital
in Taiwan. This is a typical application of
AHP and it does not provide significant
contribution to the literature. The
discussion of the AHP methodology (pp.
6-7) is brief with mistakes. For example,
the last line on p. 6 should be “where aii =
1” instead of “where aji = 1”. Also, the
AHP methodology as represented in (1),
(2) and (3) (pp. 6-7) should not be referred
to as “formulae” in Section 4: Case
Implementation.
An objective of the manuscript is to apply
the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in
selecting an optimal location for a hospital
in Taiwan. This is a typical application of
AHP and it does not provide significant
contribution to the literature.
ReplyAnswer:
While the application of AHP may
appear to be typical, it is
definitely a relevant one. While
identifying the market niche for
The problem research of the
hospitals is seldom addressed in
literature, niche choice is also not
much,efforts to identify market
demand with respect to plus the
medical treatment resources
market satisfied in the Taiwanese
region are scarce as well.
Selecting the most appropriate
location for hospitals based on
market demand is essential to
effectively implement Carry out
the influence of the island wide
national health insurance
schemeand other ordinance
problems, it is important that
choice the hospital niche,.
Therefore, this study to
constructs a novel index sign that
can determine the optimal
location of suits to measure the
hospitals to establish the hospital
niche choice, thus
provideproviding a standardized
to establish a standard homework
procedure of thefor hospital
administrators and other
authoritiesniche choice for
hospital.
Comment 2:
The discussion of the AHP methodology
(pp. 6-7) is brief with mistakes. For
example, the last line on p. 6 should be
“where aii = 1” instead of “where aji = 1”.
Reply:
Thank you for point out this
mistake. The error of It’s already
false to “where aii = 1” has been
changed to establish correct text for
“aji = 1” ion P.page 6 of the resubmitted
version. (NOTE: Make sure that I have
not changed your intended meaning.)
Comment:
Also, the AHP methodology as represented
in (1), (2) and (3) (pp. 6-7) should not be
referred to as “formulae” in Section 4:
Case Implementation.
Reply:
(In this text the AHP methodology as
represented in (1) to (6) referred to as
“formulae” establish correct text
for ”Eq” in Section 4: Case
Implementation and Section 5 Applying
AHP to select the location of hospitals to
ensure a competitive advantage. : I
HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THIS MEANS.
WHAT IS ‘In this text’? The original
version? What is ‘correct text’?
‘resubmitted version’? There is no verb in
this sentence.)
Comment 2:
Since the decision problem is the selection
of an optimal location for a hospital, the
authors have included literature review on
Porter’s Diamond Model and Location
Theory. The literature review is brief and
in some cases, is not relevant to the
decision problem. For instance, what is
the relevance of a discussion on the three
perspectives of plant location, i.e.,
prescriptive, nation-based; and customer-
based business, on selecting an optimal
location for the hospital?
Reply:Answer:
Thank you for pointing this out. In tThe
literature review (NOTE: ‘The literature
review’ of what version? ‘in the original
version’ OR ‘in the resubmitted version’?)
addresses how toon selecting a the
location for theof a hospital part.
Although The problem research
ofn theselecting the location of a
hospital niche choice is also not
muchlimited, but (it’s already re-
correct with sorting and
concerning about the hospital
niche to choose that literature review
in Section 2: Literature review and
Section: References. : I HAVE NO IDEA
WHAT THIS MEANS. REWRITE. Do
you mean “The literature review in
Section 2 and References of the
resubmitted version contain a more
detailed discussion.” ? )
Comment 3:
The authors have done a poor job in
linking the literature review (pp. 3-5) with
their choice of the six criteria and eighteen
sub-criteria in evaluating the three
possible geographical locations for the
hospital. In fact, the criteria and sub-
criteria are simply listed on pp. 9-12 and
the discussion on these factors is
fragmented.
Reply:Answer:
Thank you for pointing out this error. In
tThe literature review (on pages pp. 3-5)
of the resubmitted version attempts to
more clearly on selecting a location for the
hospital part, it does already re-
correct with sorting and
concerning, explain the selection of the
six criteria and eighteen sub-criteria in
evaluating the three possible geographical
locations for the hospital. (NOTE: Make
sure that I have not changed your intended
meaning.) Also, and on pp. pages 9-12 of
the resubmitted version contain a more
detailed the discussion onf these factors
called.
Comment 4:
The number of exhibits (16 tables and 2
figures) included in the manuscript is
extensive. They should be condensed and
simplified. Furthermore, the discussion on
pp. 13-14 is repetitive and it should
include highlights of the findings only.
Comment:
Furthermore, the discussion on pp. 13-14
is repetitive and it should include
highlights of the findings only.
Reply:
Thank you for this suggestion. In the
resubmitted version, repetitive parts of the
Discussion section have been deleted,
along with highlights of the main findings
more clearly pointed out in The
studying the content has repetitive
part have already modified. Tthe
cConclusion sectionalso makes to
explain more clearly.
Referee 478
Thank you for your valuable comments. I
have replied to those concerns as follows.
Comment:
The author needs to update references to
2000 and after and describe in detail the
actions being taken as a result of the study.
ReplyAnswer:
Thank you for this comment. The
References section of the
resubmitted version has added
more recent studies with respect
to study to have already
increased abouthospital location
and AHP involving of cultural
heritage after 2000, including the
following:
Comment
The author needs to update references to
2000 and after and describe in detail the
actions being taken as a result of the study.
Reply:
Thank you for pointing this out. The In the
study of “Conclusions” section of the
resubmitted version morehave already
more clearly made to explains
the actions being taken as a
result of this study, Iincluding
why use AHP is feasible for to solve
the selectiong ofthe location forof
Taiwanese hospitals act.
Comment 1:
Title and body of paper claim an optimal
solution. Use of the Delphi Method to
obtain the decision model (hierarchy)
provides a consensus among the experts,
but in no way claims that an optimal
model has been developed. The AHP
inputs (pair-wise comparisons) are also
the averaged inputs from several experts.
This is also not an optimization process.
Certainly, the construction of the
hierarchy and collection of the pair-wise
comparisons are a valid methodology and
merit publication. However, the
methodology is not an optimization
process in the context of the mathematical
optimization of the linear programming
model and solution.
ReplyAnswer:
Thank you for pointing out this
error. In the resubmitted
version, the term “optimal” has
been deleted from the I have
already understood that Referee’s
mean,in the study title of the paper and
body of paper already will “optimal”
Strike offthe rest of the
manuscript.
Referee 482-2Reference number:
Referee#482- 2
Thank you for your valuable comments. I
have replied to those concerns as follows.
Comment 2:
Organization of the body of the paper could
be improved by more clearly explaining
how the results are developed. For
example, page 8 provides Steps 3 – 6.
Step 6 appears out of order. As I
understand the author’s methodology,
pairwise comparisons are collected from
experts and then averaged (geometric
mean) to obtain the comparison matrix.
Seems like Step 6 should precede Step 3.
In addition, page 12 refers to 13
respondents and top of page 12 refers to
“eleven experts” and “Setup 6” (Step?)
refers to 5 experts.
AnswerReply:
Thank you for this suggestion. In the
resubmitted version, the contents of step 6
part for “Compute relative weight of the
elements for each level” “Computation
each levels relative weight of the elements
” that have already re- have been
more clearly explained the
content of the clear step. . (NOTE:
Make sure that I have not changed your
intended meaning.)
Comment:
As I understand the author’s methodology,
pairwise comparisons are collected from
experts and then averaged (geometric
mean) to obtain the comparison matrix.
Seems like Step 6 should precede Step 3.
In addition, page 12 refers to 13
respondents and top of page 12 refers to
“eleven experts” and “Setup 6” (Step?)
refers to 5 experts.
Reply:
Thank you for pointing out this error.
OnIn page 12 of the resubmitted version
Speak of, “Setup 6” and “five experts”
for the mistake in writing, it’s have
already modified forhave been
changed to “Step 6” and “eleven
experts”.
Comment 3:
Technical Content.
Page 7 and tables, author documents a
CR<= 0.1 as acceptable. “By convention
we requite the consistency ratio to be 5%
and 8% for n = 3 and 4 respectively and
10% for all values of n >=5.” (See
Fundamentals of Decision Making,
Thomas L. Saaty, 1994.) This reference
should also be included in the
bibliography.
For Tables 1 – 7, I was able to reproduce the
AHP weights to the 3 significant figures
as shown in the paper. For the other
tables, I could only reproduce the author’s
results to 2 significant figures. This
difference does not change the resulting
order of the 3 alternatives. I suggest the
following:
Author verify his calculations
Provide in the paper how the
computations were accomplished, e.g.
commercial software, author’s spread
sheet.
Although implicitly stated, author should
state clearly what scale was used to make
the pairwise comparisons.
Table 16 appears to be incorrectly labeled
—I see no “eigenvectors,” only weights.
Table 15 is confusing. There are 24 items
to rank, however, only the top 10 are
identified.
In table 15, the column labeled synthesis
value might better be labeled “global
priority.” See page 16 in the above
referenced Saaty book.
Comment
Page 7 and tables, author documents a
CR<= 0.1 as acceptable. “By convention
we requite the consistency ratio to be 5%
and 8% for n = 3 and 4 respectively and
10% for all values of n >=5.” (See
Fundamentals of Decision Making,
Thomas L. Saaty, 1994.) This reference
should also be included in the
bibliography.
ReplyAnswer:
InThank you for pointing this out. The
”Consistency test” section of the
resubmitted version has been
have already modified and
describe as follows: ”For n = 3 the
required consistency ratio (CR Goal ) should
be lessower than 0.05,; for n = 4, it should
be lessower than 0.08; and for n ≥ 5, it
should be lesslower than 0.10 to getobtain
a sufficient consistent matrix. Otherwise,
the matrix should be revised (Saaty,
1994)”.
Comment:
For Tables 1 – 7, I was able to reproduce
the AHP weights to the 3 significant
figures as shown in the paper. For the
other tables, I could only reproduce the
author’s results to 2 significant figures.
This difference does not change the
resulting order of the 3 alternatives. I
suggest the following:
Author verify his calculations
Provide in the paper how the
computations were accomplished, e.g.
commercial software, author’s spread
sheet.
Reply:
Thank you for this suggestion. The number
of tables in the resubmitted version has
been reduced from 17 to 7 for study
already will seventeen tables cut for
(condensed and simplification and
brevity.ed) seven tables, Additionally, and
indicate with the code for each
standard, it’s make the form more
(NOTE: Does ‘the code for each
standard’ make sense?) has
simplified and direct and made
more clear.
Comment:
Although implicitly stated, author should
state clearly what scale was used to make
the pairwise comparisons.
Reply:
Thank you for pointing this out. In the
resubmitted version, ”Step 3: of
“Establishment each factors of the pair-
wise comparison matrix”” There has
been clearly stateds clearly what scale
wais used to make the pair-wise
comparisons. Andditionally, in ” Section
5: of “Applying AHP to select the
location of hospitals to ensure a
competitive advantage ”, Step 1 to Step 7
have been modified re-tidy up
with thea more concise
explanation; and join. This explanation
is further illustrated in ”Figure 1: entitled,
“Measurement process for lLocation
selection to ensure a competitive
advantage measurement process”.
Comment:
Table 16 appears to be incorrectly labeled
—I see no “eigenvectors,” only weights.
Reply:
Thank you for pointing out this error. In
the resubmitted version, the labels in
Table 7 (or Table 16 in the original version
(Table 7) appears to be labeled ) have
already been changed for(NOTE:
‘to’ instead of ‘for’?) “Results of
The hospitals to ensure a competitive
advantage aapplying the AHP decision
model to select locations of hospitals in
order to gain a competitive
advantageselection areas result”.
Comment:
Table 15 is confusing. There are 24 items
to rank, however, only the top 10 are
identified.
Reply:.
In table 15 (Thank you for your careful
attention. In Table 6 of the resubmitted
version (or Table 15 of the original
version), there are 24 items tomust be
ranked,. (Already all row prefaces,
before only the top 10. : I HAVE NO
IDEA WHAT THIS MEANS) According
to Table 6, can get the global priority of
three (location areas to be selected OR
locations selection areas) can be obtained
under eighteen sub-criteria that, in which
their order were almostis nearly
inside the 10th (NOTE: ‘the 10th
WHAT?) (NOTE: Although I have made
this extremely confusing sentence
grammatically correct, make sure that I
did not change your intended meaning.)
and we can got Additionally, the
evaluation criterion can be obtained to
select the optimal location.
Comment:
In table 15, the column labeled synthesis
value might better be labeled “global
priority.” See page 16 in the above
referenced Saaty book.
Reply:
In tableThank you for your suggestion. 15
(In Table 6 of the resubmitted version (or
Table 15 of the original version), there is
part ofof the term “synthesis value” that
has alreadyhas been changed to “global
priority” all changed into with content.
Reference number: Referee#482- 482-4
Thank you for your valuable comments. I
have replied to those concerns as follows.
Comment 4:
Summary. This is a good and practical
paper. The English needs to be improved
and a more clear and precise development
of the methodology provided. Additional
effort is required to provide a paper that is
adequate for publishing.
ReplyAnswer:
Our colleague, who is a native English
speaker, has revised the manuscript for
syntax and writing style errors.This paper
has already asked the English professional
personage to see in the content. ”In
Section 3: entitled, “Analytic hierarchy
process methodology”, that the
descriptions have been clarified
with a more concise re-tidies up
with the explanation.
be:
ep 5: Perform the Cconsistency test.
(Based on OR According to) formulae
(5) and (6) the criteria comparison matrix
of consistency for each criteria (NOTE:
‘criterion’?) is calculated, as shown in
Table 2. Results According to Eq. (5) and
(6) calculated the each hierarchy’s criteria
comparison matrix of consistency, as
Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. This
paper result of the consistency test and the
CR. of the comparison matrix from each
of the five experts and eleven users are all
< 0.1, indicating “consistency”.
Furthermore, the CR. of the aggregate
matrix is also < 0.1, also indicating
“consistency”.
Step 6: Compute the relative weight(s?) of
the elements for each level.
aggregated Scores provided by all
decision makers are aggregated using
formulae (7). Table 5 summarizes the
relative weight(s?) of the elements for
each level.Computation each levels
relative weight of the elements
Aggregate the related scores provided by
all decision makers using simple additive
weighting and the results for each levels
relative weight of the elements are showed
Table 5.
p 7: Calculate the overall level hierarchy weight
to selectOverall levels hierarchy weight
calculate for selecting the locations
selection areas.
6. Conclusions
AHP iAs a conventional means of
popular method used in finding a
solvingution to the problem of MCDM-
related problems, . One of the reasons for
the popularity of AHP as anhighly
applicable method is the fact that it takes
in owing to its ability to consideration not
justboth tangible but alsoand intangible
criteria. For instance, determining the best
location for hospital is a problem that
involves both many numerical and
(inestimable OR intangible OR non-
numerical) criteria. Therefore, AHP
method can be seems to be an easily
appliedcable method in finding a solution
to the problem of where to determine
exactly where to build a new hospital
should be constructed.
The global priority of three location
selection areas under six criteria are
Factor conditions (0.121), Demand
conditions (0.223), Firm strategy,
Structure and rivalry (0.227), Related and
supporting industries (0.046), Government
(0.296) and Chance (0.086). Evidently,
Demand conditions, Firm strategy,
Structure and rivalry and Government are
high. The proposed criteria can assess the
location selection, relativity, Demand
conditions, Firm strategy, structure and
rivalry and Government assessment of
constructing the sub-criteria to assess the
focal point under the surface. According to
Table 6 can get, the global priority of three
location areas for s selection areas can be
obtained under the eighteen sub-criteria
that t. Their order were almostis
nearly inside the (tenth OR 10th )
(NOTE: “the tenth” WHAT?) and we can
gotAdditionally, the evaluation criterion
can also be obtained to select the optimal
location. Selectiong ofthe location of a
hospital to ensure a competitive advantage
system is an an extremely complex
decision, often relying on the issue as well
as the managers usually subjective
decisionjudgment of managers. Especially
inIn particular, hospital, the
administrators on the business
administrative order and operate order can
not have theoften lack clear objective
decision-making toolsprocedures and
evaluationg criteria. Moreover, most
hospitalthe majority administrators feel
that given think the influence of the
governmental regulations and constraints,
and decree, so lack and consider
selectiong of the optimal location of a
hospital is extremely difficult. Therefore,
this paper suggestion by adopting the
hospital’s establish of the proposed AHP-
based decision making model to select
location and by adoptsing the renowned
diamond model from Porter’s Global
Electronic Commerce that attempts to
understand the intricate relations among
competitive advantages involved in
selecting a hospital location., this study
utilize aA case study is also performed to
of hospital’s establish verify the
effectiveness of the proposed model is
selecting among form three locations Eof
the eastern district of Taichung City,
Taiping City and Dali City are considered,
in which the wrap enters constructs under
the construction evaluation pattern. Based
on those results, It is the same that the
result is really decision to select with the
present “E the eastern district of Taichung
City” is the preferred location. For thise
regional hospital considered in the case
implementation of this study, while setting
up the hospital, the three locations
considered weare taken to construct
(NOTE: ‘to construct’ WHAT?) under the
evaluation method. Our results correspond
to those of the hospital.(NOTE: Which
hospital are you referring to?) The
provedposed evaluation method can select
the location for a new hospital under
construction to ensure that it has a
competitive advantage once established.
This study develops an evaluation
criterion to select the location for
Taiwanese new hospitals to be established
in Taiwan. Moreover, and the proposed
evaluation criterion provides policy-
makers and academics with
recommendations for future development.
Paragraph 4
Abstract (conference paper)
This work presents a novel marketing
strategy that incorporates e-marketing
practices within the medical sector to
strengthen a hospital’s competitiveness An
Internet user’s characteristics with respect
to preferences in medical services are
more thoroughly understood by issuing a
web-based questionnaire. Distinct
consumer groups are then identified using
cluster analysis. Additionally, pertinent
literature is reviewed to establish a
theoretical foundation for developing an e-
marketing marketing strategy. The
proposed marketing strategy can reduce
the operational costs of a hospital and
increase the number of new patients.
Results in this study can be used not only
as the basis for a follow-up study, but also
a valuable reference for administrators
when attempting to increase a hospital’s
competitiveness.
32. (Biotechnology)
Setting of work proposal: Latent
membrane protein 1(LMP1) expressed in
EBV-infected cells is a major
transforming protein. Epstein-Barr virus
(EBV) is a γ herpesvirus that infects more
than 90% of the human population,
although the majority ofdespite the fact
that most carriers remain asymptomatic.
EBV, is the causative agent of infectious
mononucleosis and, is associated with
several human lymphoid and epithelial
malignancies, including Burkitt’s
lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(NPC), T cell lymphoma and Hodgkin’s
disease. LMP1, is an integral membrane
protein comprising 386 amino acids,
consists of the N-terminus cytoplasmic
domain of 24twenty four amino acids, six
membrane-spanning domains of 162
amino acids, and a long cytoplasmic C-
terminus of 200 amino acids.
Work problem: The phosphorylation of
LMP1 plays a significant role in
regulating the function of LMP1.The C-
terminus of LMP1, i.e., the main domain
engaging the intracellular signal
transductions, can be phosphorylated. The
C-terminus contains several activating
regions, i.e., named CTAR1, CTAR2, and
CTAR3, that determine the biological
functions of the molecule. In the
past,Although the function of CTAR2 has
been extensively studied, certain aspects
require further consideration. reported
thoroughly. About CTAR2 is still to leave
a matter for future consideration. For
instance, LMP1 is knownis known to to
activate at least seven signaling pathways.
Quantitative specification of problem: It
has been reportedAccording to previous
studies, CTAR2 domains of LMP1
activates about 75% of NF-κB activity
compared to full-length LMP1. Further
investigation will reveal wWhether
CTAR1 is accounts for the
remainingothers 25% of NF-κB activity is
unknown.
Importance of problem: IfThe inability
to t is not known to identify and
characterize the remaining 25% function
of CTAR1, will not gain great insight into
prevents us from fully understanding how
this versatile molecule implements its
function in EBV-induced transformation
and, possibly, preventing the perhaps
development of potential therapeutic
targets for EBV-associated cancers.
33. (Biotechnology)
1.
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2(PYK2),
is a non-receptor phosphorylation kinase.
PYK2, is a numember of the focal
adhesion kinase(FAK)family.
2.
Although Iin vitro experiments, have
indicated that PYK2 is founded to
associated with macrophage mobility,
adhesion and regulation., such an
association has not been made through in
vivo experiments.
3.
For instance, PYK2 is deleted in the
cell(NOTE: Should you specify what kind
of OR what is the cell you are referring
to?) as mouse macrophage can eaffect to
function ( the phagcytosis ) function.
(NOTE: I don’t understand how this
sentence exemplifies how PYK2’s
association with macrophage mobility,
adhesion and regulation can not be made
through in vivo experiments.)
4.
These inability to observe its association
experiments can’t be observedthrough in
vivo. experiments. makes its impossible
to understand how So it must be important
to observed affectionthe role of PYK2 in
macrophage in vivo.
Work objective:
Based on the above, we should develop a
novel animal model that can be observed
through macrophage in vivo experiments.
Contribution to field:
The proposed novel animal model is
highly promising for use can be utilized to
investigate in related bio-medicine fields.
34. (Biotechnology)
Syphilis isAs a disease commonly spread
through sexual transmissionan easy infects
disease, it cause by young boys and girls’
sex drive. , syphilis also occurs through
Beside the reason of sex contagion, the
blood transfusions 、 , exchange of body
fluid or through thea mother’s placenta to
the fetalus, these also lead to the syphilis
happened, Notably, Ttreponema pallidum
is the most common causative agent of
syphilis.
TheA typical diagnosis methods, the first
method is doing involves performing the
initial screening 〝nontreponemal tests〞,
like, e.g., VDRL ( Vvenereal Ddisease
Rresearch Llaboratory (VDRL) ) and
RPR(Rrapid Pplasma Rreagin (RPR) tests.
As the basic syphyilis screen order, VDRL
and RPR tests are the basic syphilis screen
order. These two methods used a patient’s
serum tofor testing. In general, if A
situation in which a patient havse the
monocyte infection or malaria infection, it
can often interference with the test results,
not only yields a probability of to bring
the false positive chance (aboutof around
20%), butit also to causes a high degree of
the non-specificity highly. Another typical
diagnosisSecond method involves
performingdo the a confirmation test,
commonly referred to as 〝 treponemal
tests 〞 , which includelike
TPHA ( TTreponema pallidum
haemagglutination n(TPHA) ) and FTA-
ABS(Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody
Absorption (FTA-ABS). However, tThese
methodshandle are too expensiveded and
inefficientwaste time.
The researchConventional diagnostic
methods of traditions records, it easily
miss a patient’s latent phase, and have a
poor make diagnosis accuracy of effect is
not good. And it only can reacharound
80% during examinatione.
The inability to resolve the limitations of
conventional methods, i.e., the high non-
specificity, expensiveness and inefficiency
of If the problem of tradition methods :
VDRL 、 RPR 、 TPHA and FTA-ABS,
high non-specific 、 expended and waste
time not to solve. will require not only
more personnel The laboratory examine
will need more and more people to
diagnoseappraisal a disease during
laboratory examination., but also a higher
cost per Patient also need to spend more
money to pay examineation used. A
disease in The patients in the who have
latent phase, it does not easy to be is
difficult to detect. A and the disease will
likely toalways s spread.
Work objective:
Based on the above, we should develop a
syphilis diagnostic kit, which can directly
detect in only one step the anti-treponema
specific antibodies in thea patient’s serum
or plasma bind binding to the antigen. The
method just needs one step to detect.
Method:
To do so, the serum samples of syphilis
patients can be analyzed. TheAn
experiment involving the syphilis
diagnostic kit can then be performed
with the Treponema pallidum antigen,
TpN 15 、 TpN17 and TpN 47. To
utilizedNext, the gene recombinant
method can be adopted to make
theproduce treponemal antigens (TpN15-
TpN17-TpN47 fusion protein).
AdditionallyNext, the fusion protein can
be used to world ofachieve protein
expression in the E.coli expression
system. MoreoverAdditionally, the
recombinant technology can set up thea
syphilis recombinant system can be
established using recombinant technology.
Anticipate results:
As anticipated, the TpN 15 、 analysis
results can indicate that TpN17 and TpN
47 to form the a fusion protein can be
formed using TpN 15 、 TpN17 and TpN
47. That protein can then be. It can be
used by the gene recombinant technology
to reachachieve procreation on a large
scale. When the pProduct procreation on a
large scale, hope can hopefully elevate the
sensitiveity of detecting syphilis disease to
within an accuracy of can reach 100﹪.
Contribution to field:
Results in this study demonstrate that;
With a high degree of accuracy and
specificity, develop of athe syphilis
diagnostic kit developed herein can be
applied to use in establish three of the
genetic engineering 、 , protein
construction and examine reagent key
technology. The syphilis diagnostic kit
also has high validity and high specific. In
the futureMoreover, the diagnostic kit is
highly promising for commercialization if
the reagent can be developed successfully
open up and develop, the market
necessarily have powerful
competitiveness. The significant can to cut
down, thus reducing the diagnostisc time,
and to raise the while increasing its
diagnosis accuracy significantlyte.
35. Biotechnology
The cCellular signal transduction to
includes is very wide, presently already to
have many the cell signal(NOTE: OR
omit ‘cell signal’ since you have already
mentioned it in the first part of the
sentence.) pathways, an area having
received considerable a quilted cover to
research interest. The cell endoplasmic
reticulum ( ER ) Ca2+ pool is
cellattempts to maintainkeep cellular
calcium an ion concentration balance of
cellular calcium, which is an the very
extremely important organelle, and .
aAmong the calcium, an ion is cellular ER
to proceed with the protein translation、,
protein translocation、, the folding、 and
cellular ER translation protein to confirm
embellish、protein to exist each organelle
to convey , the ER Ca2+ pool to plays the
role of special important a significant role
. However, these functions should mainly
cause the implementation of to many
resident ER Ca2+–binding
proteins.proteins to implement, already to
have many evidence to be clear about to
point outThe existence of many Ca2+-
binding proteins in the ER, is widely
documented. Additionally, although these
protein is passive toin giveproducing ER
inside the high concentration calcium to
combine, these proteinsbut also to point
out to have anmore important the
physiologyical function.. Andditionally,
the protein kinase C is the cell to accepts
some physiologyical functions after to
stimulateion . The pProtein kinase C to
belongs to serine-threonine kinase about
the message transduction. Appropriate t
The cell-related quilted cover hormone or
growth factor is used to stimulate proceed
to the next step tofor activation of
phospholipase C, thus to produceing DAG
, last to activation. Finally, the protein
kinase C is activated.
研究問題:
ButHowever, the PKC in addition to
having many iisoforms is very many , and
the PKC to approve tocan differentiate
between the conventional PKCs (, 1,
2, and ), novel PKCs (, ,ηandθ),
atypical PKCs (ζandλ/ι) .
PreviousBefore to research focused onto
point out ER and how to regulate the
calcium concentration of the regulation
intracellular pathway. calcium
concentration about, t. Therefore, these
PKC isoforms activateion to haveto some
degree correlation.
ButHowever, PKC cannot to clearly and
identifydefinite to point out the different
types of cell lines tothat inhibitor ER Ca2+
sequestering activity affect .
And PKC has also not been not
haveinvestigated with respect to the to
research intracellular Ca2+ pool after to
evacuate whether effect the cell to exist
intracellular PKC various isoform
phenotype to some extent different .
問題量化:
However, once upon a time to research is
not as regards ER Ca2+ pool has not been
investigated with respectgard to the PKC
isoforms in the cell signal transduction ,
the functions of PKC and and the DNA
transcription or translation as well asnd
various intracellular pathwaysthe
physiology detailed to study and to
explain .
Conventionsal research cell culture
methods can not thoroughly unable 100%
to understand the cellular pathway of
PKC, so can not real to know making the
cellular apoptosis mechanism unclear as
well.
問題的中心:
The inability toIf these question not have
complete to settle, thoroughly understand
it will can as regards the research
personnel to intracellular the protein
kinase C and the cell singnal pathway to
cause great effect, will negatively impact
the physiological characteristics of PKC
with respect to cellular life and death.
proceed to the next step to effect the cell
live and death the physiology
characteristic .
Work objective:
Based on the above, we should attempt to
understand what role macrophage
secretion cytokine to plays the role in the
human immune system.
Method:
To do so, NO can be examineding, as
found between the different macrophage
cells, (RAW 264.7 cell and J774 cell).
Next, we can give iAn identical
stimulateor and inhibitor can then be
inserted into RAW 264.7 and J774 murine
macrophage cells. , allowing Finally, we
can observe RAW264.7 and J774 cells not
only to produce the cytokine andbut also
to can observe the cell induce apoptosis
physiology.. To do so, we can survey
Moreover, NO content and cell apoptosis
circumstancescan be examined. Next, we
can use different glucose concentration
medium. FinallyFurthermore, RAW 264.7
and J774 cells tocan be treated with the
LPS in different glucose concentration
mediaum.
Anticipate results:
As anticipated, analysis results can
indicate that the NO and other cytokines
can be find more locate than different
many signal pathways of the
macrophagecell immune message.
Additionally, As anticipated, the NO
content and protein kinase C of cellular
signal regulation can find outidentify the
RAW 264.7 or J774 cell morphology in
the different glucose concentration
mediaum.
Contribution to field:
Results in this study demonstrate that, in
addition to possibly the NO maybe
induceing the cell apoptosis pathway,
andNO can promote the human immune
system to reachachieve an appropriate
immune bbalance between
cytokines.condition.
Abstract (full paper) (NOTE: Make sure
that your background belongs to your
objective.)
In addition to having many isoforms, PKC
can differentiate between conventional
PKCs (a, b1, b2, and g), novel PKCs (d,
e,ηandθ), atypical PKCs (ζandλ/ι) .
However, incapable of identifying clearly
the different types of cell lines that inhibit
ER Ca2+ sequestering activity, PKC has
not been investigated with respect to the
intracellular Ca2+ pool. Therefore, this
study attempts to understand what role
macrophage secretion cytokine plays in
the human immune system. NO is
examined, as found between different
macrophage cells, RAW 264.7 and J774.
An identical stimulator and inhibitor is
then inserted into RAW 264.7 and J774
murine macrophage cells, allowing
RAW264.7 and J774 cells not only to
produce the cytokine but also to induce
apoptosis physiology. Moreover, NO
content and cell apoptosis are examined.
Furthermore, RAW 264.7 and J774 cells
are treated with the LPS in different
glucose concentration media. Analysis
results indicate that NO and other
cytokines can locate many signal
pathways of the macrophage.
Additionally, the NO content and protein
kinase C of cellular signal regulation can
identify the RAW 264.7 or J774 cell
morphology in different glucose
concentration media. Results in this study
demonstrate that, in addition to possibly
inducing the cell apoptosis pathway, NO
can promote the human immune system to
achieve an appropriate balance between
cytokines.
36. (Biotechnology)
Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative
bacterial pathogen, can causes type B
gastritis, a mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue lymphoma in humans.
While Helicobacter pylori haves(NOTE:
Sometimes you use the singular verb for
Helicobacter pylori, but other times you
use the plural verb. Be consistent in your
usage.) a natural transformation ability, in
present study so think to understand
unknoexactly wn how the functional gene
HP1089 correlateds with natural
transformation competence in
Helicobacter pylori remains unknown.
Having received considerable attention in
the Medical Department of National
Taiwan University Hospital, Gene
HP1089 in Helicobacter pylori (tuch :
Misspelling?) strain ( National Taiwan
University Hospital of the medical
department island) tois concerned with
complementing(NOTE: OR can you
directly say ‘complements the DNA
sequence’ OR ‘attempts to complement
the DNA sequence’? Check your intended
meaning.) the DNA sequence, function
and mechanism of natural transformation
(still to nothing at all : I have no idea
what you mean by ‘still to nothing at all’
in the context of this sentence.).
Helicobacter pylori is As one of the most
successful microorganism pathogens,
Helicobacter pylori could could
potentially infect approximatelyabout 50%
of the worldall humans worldwide.
Because twelve years science’s
dDiscovered over a decade ago,
Helicobacter pylori is associated with
peptic ulceration, so thatallowing
physiciansdoctors to use antibiotics tofor
treatment. However, buas one of the most
diverse bacteria,t Helicobacter pylori is
one of the most diverse bacteria and this is
has probably developed into an adaptation
of Helicobacter pylori that can reside in
an individual host duringfor several years
and even decades ofas an infection, after
some years Helicobacter pylori eventually
leading to mortality among infected
persons cause dead. (NOTE: Your
original sentence is six lines and should be
broken up into at least two sentences. I
have done so with the second sentence
beginning with “However,” Although I
have made this confusing sentence
grammatically correct, make sure that this
is your intended meaning.)
The inability to understand what role gene
HP1089 plays role in the natural
transformation of Helicobacter pylori
natural transformation and would make it
impossible not only to resolve the above
problem, but also try to development
biotechnological methods solve above
questionapplications(NOTE: For what
areas could these biotechnological
applications be for?)
37. (Biotechnology)
Setting of work proposal:
Consumers demand The present day,
people used shampoos withto demand the
natural ingredients and without any
harmful side effectsnot injury.
Manufacturers normally Usually factory
selects material for natural plant additives
and . However, factory canattempt to
reduce the chemical composition toof such
additives. Theseis combination often
means a commodities for this reason to
obtain more relatively high retail price of
shampoos.
Work problem:
Although Ttraditional herbsal of from
South Africa are frequently used in
shampoo, moreover effect very excellent,
but scientific literature inthe use of China
herbsal in shampoo has received little
attention varies few. Chinaese herbsal to
often depend on the use of China is fine
trauma medicines. Most China herbal
isAlthough notn- toxicity and mild.,
Chinese herbs are seldom used in
However, non-often used in commodities
such as shampoo.
Quantitative specification of problem:
While Ttraditional South African herbsal
of South Africa to base on documents
aboutcan restrain the microorganism effect
with a success rate of to have 90 %
upwards. We conjecture, Chinesea herbsal
are believed to have the same
effectsuccess rate to haveof 99% upwards.
This makes erefore used Chinaese herbsal
highly promising for to proceeding with
attempts to restrain microorganisms and
achieve safely testing., implying
Therefore safe production safe and
substantial high price product revenues.
However, WHAT IS THE PROBLEM
THAT PREVENTS FROM
DEVELOPING CHINESE HERBS FOR
SHAMPOO OR OTHER
COMMODITIES? YOU HAVE NOT
CLEARLY STATE THE PROBLEM
HERE.)
Importance of problem:
(NOTE: This is not the importance of the
problem. This is what you want to do, i.e.,
your objective. You need to explain what
is the importance of the inability to
develop Chinese herbs for shampoos or
commodities (from both a researcher’s
perspective and
from a practical perspective.)We research
station to emphasize for China herbal
source material select and among effective
composition extraction. we try to expand
have restrain microorganism effect by
products.
2. Work problem
As Tthe current standardconventional
means of method for definitive
identifyingication of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus requires serotyping.
This method, serotyping is expensive,
tedious, and time- consuming. There is
applied different Various molecular
subtyping techniquesmethods are also
applied to identify an appropriate method
forof differentiating Vibrio
parahaemolyticus isolates from other
serotypes. Thus However, whether
reasoned that molecular subtyping
methods might provide a more rapid and
sensitive alternatives for differentiating
among Vibrio parahaemolyticu strains is
unknown.
39. (Biotechnology)
Setting of work proposal
Because of the ease of manipulation and
growth of unicellular yeast cells with
eukaryotic post-translational processing
and modifications, yYeast expression
systems are widely usedextensively
adopted in producingtions of proteins for
pharmaceutical or technical applications
owing to the ease of manipulation and
growth of unicellular yeast cells with
eukaryotic post-translational processing
and modifications.
2. Work problem
While, the application ofHowever, among
the several limitations of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae as a host for production has
shown a number of limitations in the
protein production system, such as include
low production of secreted proteins and
decreased biomass yield affected by
ethanol. Although The production systems
as non-Saccharomyces yeasts have been
studied, including e.g., Pichia
pastoris 、 Hansenula
polymorpha 、 Kluyveromyces
lactis 、 Schizosaccharomyces
pombe 、 Schwanniomyces
accidentalis 、 and Yarrowia lipolytica, but
the security of the greater part inmajority
of these species is suspicionunclear.
49. (Biotechnogy)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a human
herpesvirus which , is associated with
several malignancies, including Burkitt’s
lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(NPC), T cell lymphoma and Hodgkin’s
disease. As a versatile protein, The
Epstein-BVarr virus latent membrane
protein 1 (LMP 1) is a versatile protein
that has significantly influencesprofound
effects on target cells, e.g. lymphocytes
and epithelial cells. NPC is a malignant
tumor originating in the squamous
epithelium and expressed in the posterior
nasopharynx. NPCThis carcinoma has a
high incidence rate in the ethnic Chinese
population, especially in southeastern
Asia, including Taiwan and China. The
gGenetics and dietary habits may play an
important role in be important factor for
NPC transformation. Interestingly, the
LMP1 gene has been isolated from
Chinese NPC patients. Additionally, Tthe
phosphorylation of LMP1 plays a
significant role in regulating the function
of LMP1. To our knowledge, the 210 site
of C-terminal-activating region 1
(CTAR1) ihas never been had examined
(nor identified OR and determined).
(NOTE: Although ‘nor identified’ makes
the sentence grammatically correct, make
sure that it does not change your intended
meaning.) Importantly, tThe
phosphorylation 210 site of CTAR1
affects whether affects athe ratio of NPC
patients. According to pPrevious studies,
have demonstrated that, for LMP1 in
normal nasal tissue, nasopharyngeal
mucosal tissue and nasal lymophoma
tissue, showed that deleted LMP1 wais
more common in tumor tissues (91%) than
in normal nasal tissues (63%). Therefore,
tThe CTAR1 210 site must thus be
identified in NPC patients. The inability to
do so would CTAR1 210 site prevents us
from fully understanding how this
versatile molecule implements its function
in EBV-induced transformation and,
possibly, preventsing(NOTE: ‘inhibits’
OR ‘hinders’ as well as ‘prevents’) the
development of potential therapeutic
targets for EBV-associated cancers.
Therefore, a model of the mutated C
terminus 210 of LMP1 must be developed
to identify the CTAR1 210 site in
nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients
by analyzing Epstein-Barr virus latent
membrane protein 1 that is mutated with C
terminus 210.
50. (Biotechnology)
Gene expression requires thatneeds
many proteins interact with regulated
element.(NOTE: “elements” instead of
“element”? If not, then play ‘a’ in front of
‘regulated’) BeforeHowever, modulation
of gene expression has not been
thoroughly investigated, making it
impossible to determine the is not
researched clearly. So period and location
of gene expression are unable to know.
However, expression of the same gene in a
diverse cell can be regulated based on to
different expressions and, thus, can’not be
expressed 100%. The inability to
thoroughly understand the If mechanism
of distinct gene expression can not be
thoroughly understood, peoplemakes it
impossible to understand how this unique
mechanism affects don’t know
development of embryo development can
be effected by unusual mechanism.
51. (Biotechnology)
Proteinase inhibitors are Commonly
found universal existence in a seed of the
legume seeds. P, proteinase inhibitors play
a critical role in the regulationg of several
physiological processes such as blood
coagulation, complement fixation,
fibrinolysis, and fertilization. Most of
these inhibitors areAs proteins having
characteristic polypeptide scaffolds,
andmost of these inhibitors are grouped
into a number of several families
including the Kunitz, Kazal, Burman Birk,
Serpin and mucus families. As well
established, lot of research report
indicated that the cancer cells the
production, invasion and transfer of
cancer cells are significantlyhave large
related toionship with proteinase
inhibitors. However, But there is not to
develop suppress cancer proteinase
inhibitors have not been able to be
suppressed owing to the inability to
identify yet. The previously investigate
unable to find the proteinase inhibitors
that can interrelated with to suppress
cancer more over than 80﹪of all cancer
cells. : NOTE: I have no idea what you
mean by ‘over than 80%’ in the context of
this sentence.). Consequently, the
inability to understandIf the physiological
role of proteinase inhibitors physiology
significance not have adequate to
understand in the plant,s makes it
impossible to ultimately understandd and
unable to obtain the role that proteinase
inhibitors play the role in thein cancer
occur process.(NOTE: ‘cancer cells’
instead of ‘cancer’?)
52. (Biotechnology)
Commonly found in the RAW 264.7
cell, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calicium
pool is cell to keepplays a significant role
in regulating the concentration of cellular
calcium ion concentration important site.
Additionally, mong the, ER calcium pool
can facilitateproceed protein translation,
protein transfer, and protein
embellishment. According to Rrecent
investigations, reports have suggested that
elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration,
[Ca2+]i, can initiate apoptosis, where an
increase in; in addition, [Ca2+]i is
observed prior toincreases before genome
fragmentation and cell death. The
endoplasmic reticulum As well known,
(ER) ias a major intracellular reservoir of
Ca2+ in nonmusculear cells, endoplasmic
reticulum and this reservoirER is essential
for manya number of cellular functions,
including protein processing within the
ER . However, while previous studies
investigated how the previously research
are regard to murine macrophage cell line
regulatesor the signal pathway of ER
calicium pool signal pathway., exactly
how But not have regard to the signal
pathways of cellular TNF-α, NF-γB,
and MAPK regulates the concentration of
cellular calcium ion remains unclear
signal pathway to thorough understand.
For instance, The conventions regard to
cell ER pool investigations have not
identified the signal pathways ofresearch
a defect is unable definite to look for the
TNF-α, NF-γB, and MAPK signal
pathwaywithin an accuracy of 80% , thus
making it impossible to determine how
RAW 264.7 in cellular regulates the
signal pathway. The inability to
thoroughly understand the signal
pathways of If the intracellular TNF-α,
NF-γB, and MAPK signal pathway to
thorough understand. For the researcher,
makes it impossible to determine with
regard what role to cell ER calicium pool
and induced cytokine unable know to play
play the role in the RAW 264.7 cell.
53. (Biotechnology)
Tuberculosis is spreads through by
close personal-to-person contact through
the inhalation ofin which infectiouns
aerosols are inhaled. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis has its was worldwide with
highest incidence in under developinged
countries and non seasonal incidence.
(NOTE: What do you mean by ‘and non
seasonal incidence’? Do you mean
‘regardless of the season’?) As
Ttuberculosis is thea (common OR typical
OR classic) human mycobacterial
disease., its Ggrowth properties and
colonial morphology are used for the
preliminary identification of (NOTE: If
‘preliminary’ is not important, can you
simply say ‘to identify’ instead of ‘for the
preliminary identification of’?)
mycobacterium because. This is owing to
that mycobacterium tuberculosis is a
slowing-growing bacteria and
mycobacteria can be identified using
biochemical tests, although yielding but
results requires at least need three weeks.
So want to dDeveloping a new method
that can rapidly may fast identify
mycobacterium tuberculosis only is thus
of high priorityday. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is a communicablepublic
disease, with and increased prevalence of
diseaseamong immunocomproruised
patients, the homeless,and as well as
abusers of drugs or alcohol abusers. The,
thereby demonstrating that adequately
controlling the spread of tuberculosis wais
both a medical and societal problem.
Therefore, aA rapid diagnostic test must
be developed to is required for identify
this ication disease.
54. (Biotechnology)
Setting of work proposal Originally an
Taiwan founds a state with the
agricultureal based economy that has
shifted to an industrial based one, .Taiwan
now overproduces plants the wastes of
agricultureal produce that can be found in
rice as well as the rice and traditional
vegetable and fruit markets. However,
even with these traditional markets,
produce quite a few, can't carry on the
treating effectively dealing with for this
kind of wastes of agricultureal
overproduce is problematic. The wastes of
aAs for agricultureal overproduce ofin the
international community, is too few the
cellulose microbe with of cellulose can
n'ot effectively curtail foodquilt
processing, largely owing to thereason is
natural boundary ability of enzyme
production for a thermostable enzyme.
Work problem The cellulase in the
cultural heritage is subjected to the hot
stability, which is currently not high; and
the enzyme yield is low as well.
Andditionally, the natural boundary only
has a smalllittle amount of mould and
actinomyceses to havefor the cellulase.
Therefore, owing to that the natural
boundary is not can't be fast enough, and
the processing agricultureal overproduce
can not be processed efficiently wastes of
the availability. Quantitative specification
of problem For instance, according to
Tthe Environmental Protection
Administration of the Republic of China,
Taiwan statisticses, havinghas 6,000,000
wasteses of agriculture of the tons of
agricultural overproduce that must be
processed to want to process about every
year annually,. However, this
overproduce can not be and these wastes
can't completely of is processed. Taiwan
has The wastes that plants the rice creation
contain 2,300,000 tons of agricultural
overproduce in rice, while traditional
vegetable and fruit markets generate the
born wastes contain 600,000 tons. Such
overproduce can not be These wasteses
can't be processed efficientlyectively.
Importance of problem The inability to
produce aIf the thermostable enzyme have
no to be produced out, would make it
impossible to handle the overwhelming
amount of agricultural produce in Taiwan
has already counted ten thousand wasteses
of agriculture of the tons can't be
processed, only can adopt wild cover up
the method, as a, resulting in cause
serious theenvironmental pollution of the
environment. Project need Therefore, a
method must be developed to achieve So,
the high cellulase of hot stability and
enzyme activities is a necessity to be
evolved out, and want to be effectively
applied in the lifefor daily and industriesal
purposes.
55. (Biotechnology)
Setting of work proposal Widely
distributed in the aquatic environment,
Bbacteria in the genus Vibrio are widely
distributed in the aquatic environment and
are considered to be autochthonous
bacteria in marine and estuarine waters.
Capable of causing infection in humans,
Ssome Vibrio species can also cause
infections in humans and have been
isolated from a variety of intestinal and
extraintestinal sites. Specifically, Tthis
bacteria can cause gastroenteritis in
humans.
56. Biotechnology
It is reported that gGreen tea
polyphenols have been reported to have s
goodexcellent antioxidation activity toin
inhibiting high blood pressure,
cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes…
etc. Based on the above, many researcher
would like to investigate
thatConsequently, reagents for
antiresisting high blood pressure reagent,
anti cardiovascular diseases reagent, and
anti diabetes reagent…etc have received
considerable attention for potential
medical applications. Therefore, it will
become much convenient for patient of
high blood pressure, cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes…etc. As a leading
Bbiotechnology manufacturer, your
company has been successful in adopting
a the power of trial and error approach to
success, and to developing a very
wonderful product technologiesby
yourself. Rather than confining myself to
my technical skills, I hope to contribute to
your company as a technology
professional with as a researcher worker. I
believe that I will make your, hopefully
adding to your company’s more growth
and growth by month and month.
57. (Biotechnology)
(Business Management)
Hypothesis statement)
An administrative procedure can be
developed for classifying and simplifying
forms to pay insurance premiums and file
other insurance-related claims in Taiwan’s
National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme.
Base on the above ,we should classify
diversity and simplify form(or table list)
,and open aA database containing detailed
information of NHI insurance holders can
also be accessed while ensuring the
confidentiality of such information census
register sluice gate . That will reduce cost
and time, thus reducing administrative
costs and the number of personnel
involved. To do so, three insurance claim-
related majority of forms with different
characteristic can be developed to reduce
the redundancy of the more than thirty
existing ones, therebyintegrated reduceing
data processing significantly. , a A highly
restricted networked-based web system
can then be useaccessed to ensure the
confidentiality of NIH customer
datacontrol secure , to protect personal
census register data .Census register sluice
gate star can inquire about information
quickly and directly. Common people will
not provide paper again. and also reduce
the amount of paperwork that insurance
holders must submit. As anticipated , the
proposed administrative procedure can
streamline the process of filing insurance-
related claims by strategy thatsimplifying
the form simplifyprocedure and enable
access to relevant customer dataopen
census register sluice gate can check data
in time on line and accurate in an efficient
manner. Importantly, the proposed
procedure Result in the study ccan
significantly reduce not only the amount
of time to fill out insurance claims
common people time for apply census
register, but also postage and frugal mail
fees owing to the ability of the network-
based system to accelerate and swift data
processing and enhance common people
satisfration..
-------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------
(Business Management)
Hypothesis statement
Biotechnology industry cosmetic A 4P-
based marketing methodstrategy can be
developed for the local cosmetics sector
within Taiwan’s biotech industry by
considering consumer needs under the
principles of product, price, promotion
and place. has can evolved, subsequently
create good increasing marketing in the
cosmetics sector. To do so, a
questionnaire can be submitted to
cosmetic manufacturers on the most
appropriate marketing method of
questionnaire test, followed
bysubsequently Ffactor analysis of those
resultsquestionnaire test, the sample can
be analyzed and find vital factor
associated with such an approach that
adopts . The cosmetic marketing method
has can evolve of Biotechnology industry
cosmetic marketing 4P principlesmethod.
Therefore, a 4P method for cosmetics
manufacturers must be developed that
considers customer need and incorporates
Product, Price, Promotion, and Place.
Adopting this marketing strategy can
enable local ditionally, the cosmetics
manufacturers to adopt the 4P method in
its marketing practices will make it and
promoting itsincrease their market share
as well asin related products and services.
As anticipated, in addition to encouraging
product innovation, the 4P-based
marketing strategy proposed herein can
provide Taiwan’s biotech industry with
clear guidelines on how toResults in this
study can provide research worker
edification and aspect in the future.
Results in this study can provide 4P
marketing strategies for Biotechnology
industry cosmetic manufacturers equip
management in the local cosmetics sector
with appropriate and efficient has right
and fast marketing policies policies
command for subordinate, marketing
processes can obtainthat will ultimately
decrease operating costs, and enhance
competitiveness.
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, we should develop
aA model of the mutated C terminus
210 of LMP1 can be developed to
identify the CTAR1 210 site in
nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
patients by analyzing Epstein-Barr virus
latent membrane protein 1 that is
mutated with C terminus 210. Based on
those results, the phosphorylation and
ubiquitination of the mutated C
terminus 210 can also also be found on
the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
To do so, the mutated C terminus 210 of
LMP1 DNA can be selected by colony
technique. To do so, tThe DNA can then
be transfected to 293T cells and
analyzed, with protein expression
subsequently analyzed by Western
blotting. Next, Tthe protein of
expression mutated C terminus 210 can
be analyzed by a mass spectrometer. As
anticipated, the proposed model of the
mutated C terminus 210 of LMP1 can
induce the phosphorylation and
ubiquitination on the NPC by 65%.
Although Tthe role that epithelial cells
play in the normal biology of infection
with EBV remains controversialhas
been called into question, EBV is found
in this cell type of but there are several
disease, including NPC, oral hairy
leukoplakia, gastric carcinoma and
breast cancer, that EBV is found in this
cell type. Results of this study
contribute to efforts to Further work to
characterize any additional viral factors
that can influence cell fusion is needed.
Abstract (full paper)
As a malignant tumor originating in the
squamous epithelium and expressed in the
posterior, nasopharynx, nasopharyngeal
carcinoma (NPC) has a high incidence
rate in the ethnic Chinese population,
especially in southeastern Asia. Genetics
and dietary habits may play an important
role in NPC transformation. Interestingly,
the LMP1 gene has been isolated from
Chinese NPC patients, with those results
indicating that the phosphorylation of
LMP1 plays a significant role in
regulating the function of LMP1. To our
knowledge, the 210 site of C-terminal-
activating region 1 (CTAR1) has never
been examined. Therefore, this study
describes a novel model of the mutated C
terminus 210 of LMP1 to identify the
CTAR1 210 site in nasopharyngeal
carcinoma (NPC) patients by analyzing
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane
protein 1 that is mutated with C terminus
210. Based on those results, the
phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the
mutated C terminus 210 are also found on
the NPC. The mutated C terminus 210 of
LMP1 DNA is selected by colony
technique. The DNA is then transfected to
293T cells, with protein expression
subsequently analyzed by Western
blotting. Next, the protein of expression
mutated C terminus 210 is analyzed by a
mass spectrometer. Analysis results
indicate that the proposed model can
induce the phosphorylation and
ubiquitination on the NPC by 65%.
Although the role that epithelial cells play
in the normal biology of infection with
EBV remains controversial, EBV is found
in this cell type of several disease,
including NPC, oral hairy leukoplakia,
gastric carcinoma and breast cancer.
Results of this study contribute to efforts
to characterize additional viral factors that
can influence cell fusion, which are
currently underway.
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, The mechanism of
gene _expression in a cell must be
elucidated owing to the importance of
understood for acquiringaintance genes
in thea cell and in the process offor
embryo development is important. To
do so, the regulatingory role of a gene
in the upstream of the gene as promoter
and enhancer, can be analyzed by
adoptingusing molecular cloning
methods. Next, the reportidentified gene
can be linked with a regulating gene to
clarify how for understanding regulating
gene _expression sites are regulated. As
anticipated, The proposed analysiszed
results can clarify thebe understood
mechanism of gene _expression in cells
and regulation of tissue-specificity
genes regulation for us. Results of this
study can provide a valuable reference
for efforts to develop Additionally, the
proposed research can provide a
newtherapeutic method of gene
_expression for therapy of gene defect
patients with genetic defects.
Abstract (full paper)
Gene expression requires that many
proteins interact with regulated elements.
However, modulation of gene expression
has not been thoroughly investigated,
making it impossible to determine the
period and location of gene expression.
Therefore, this study attempts to elucidate
the mechanism of gene expression in a
cell owing to the importance of acquiring
genes in a cell for embryo development.
The regulatory role of a gene in the
upstream as promoter and enhancer is
analyzed by adopting molecular cloning
methods. The identified gene is then
linked with a regulating gene to clarify
how gene expression sites are regulated.
Analysis results clarify the mechanism of
gene expression in cells and regulation of
tissue-specificity genes. Results of this
study provide a valuable reference for
efforts to develop a therapeutic method of
gene expression for patients with genetic
defects.
(Biotechnology)
TNF-α and NF-κB of RAW 264.7 cell
line the TNF-α and NF-κB can be
analyzed by using the cell culture
handlemethods, providing insight into
how the cell signal pathway and
immunity regulation of it’s can more
understand the nitro oxide in cellular
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium
pool complete cell signal pathway and
immunity regulation to beare related.
The TNF-α,NF-κB and MAPK can also
be determined to be closely associated
with the signal pathways of both human
diseases such as cancer. are to join in
the singing the human disease and
cancer to be closely linked. Recent
reports have suggested that an elevated
intracellular Ca2+ concentration,
[Ca2+]i, can initiate apoptosis, where an
increase in [Ca2+]i is observed prior to
genome fragmentation and cell death.
To do so, the RAW 264.7 cell line can
be analyzed. The experiment can be
performed with using Griess reagent
(1% Sulfanilamide, 0.1% NED) and
chemiluminescence. Next, tThe PKC
protein can then be analyzed dy useing
Wwestern Bblot Aanalysis . Next, NF-
κB and MAPK can be analyzed using
primary and secondary
antibodiesAdditionally, to use the
primary antibody and secondary
antibody to analysis NF-κB and MAPK
. Moreover, to useAdditionally, the
mouse fibroblasts can be used by adding
, L929, were added to serial dilutions of
the conditioned media at 5×104 cells per
well (in 96-well plates), followed by
and treatedment with 1 μg/ml
actinomycin D. FurthermoreMoreover,
Aafter 24 h of treatment, the viability of
cells can bewas measured by MTT
assay. TNF-α was used to defineFinally,
a standard curve can be defined using
TNF-α. As anticipated, analysis results,
we can indicate that to search out the
TNF-α,NF-κB and MAPK can be found
in the RAW 264.7 cell line of the
cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
calcium pool singnal pathway.
Andditionally, also to accomplish this
pathway can be understood with respect
toregard to the cancer faultless
characteristic assay elucidating the
characteristics of cancer. Results of this
study can to reach understand the
inability to thoroughly understancan
dprovide further insight into not only
the signal pathways of intracellular
TNF-α, NF-γB, and MAPK makes it it
impossible to determine what , but also
the role in which ER calicium pool and
induced cytokine play in the RAW
264.7 cell.
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, aA rapidly and
efficiently in vivo-induced antigen
method to identify Mycobacteria
tuberculosis can be developed for use
duringin clinical examinationse article.
To do so, identification of gTo do so,
genes associated with the virulence
factor in Mycobacteria tuberculosis can
be identified in a about genees library
can be construction in order to achieve
transformation and ligation. His tag and
Western blot can then be performed to
achieve recombinant expression and
purification for mMost virulence
proteins associated with Mycobacteria
tuberculosis can be recombinant
expression and purification so as to do
His tag and Western blot. Next,
Cconsiderable quantities of the
virulence protein associated with
Mycobacteria tuberculosis can be
purifiedcation in height-throupghput for
in order that antibody production.
Additionally, dot-blot hybridization can
be performed to Whether to understand
screening for proteins uniquely
expressed in vivo by Mycobacteria
tuberculosis so as to do dot-blot
hybridization. As anticipated, most
Mycobacteria tuberculosis in vivo
expressed proteins can be able to
cloneding, as well as achieve
recombinant expression and
purification. The most , which are all
deemed essentialsignificant to to
researchinvestigate proteins expressed
by Mycobacteria tuberculosis during
human infection. In vivo-induced
antigen technology (IVIAT) to iCapable
of identifying Mycobacteria
tuberculosis genes that are specifically
expressed during human infection., the
proposed in vivo-induced antigen
method In vivo-induced antigen is
technology more faster, more
flexibleeasy and specific than
conventionalroutine clinical
examineation methods: of bacteria
culture and acid fast stain. The
proposed method In vivo-induced
antigen technologycan also detect could
prevent and early phases to detect
Mycobacteria tuberculosis in its early
stages for subsequent therapeutic
proceed to the next step to treatment.
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, we should
investigate the feasibility of applying
investigatean assay method that can of
not only to identifying tea polyphenols
thatto pass through the human intestines
and stomach in human, but also to
determine weahether it will
hydrochloric acid in gastric juice affects
change it’s their antioxidiation ability.by
hydrochloric acid in gastric juice or not,
and to identify wWheather tea
polyphenols wican ll control it’sthe
apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cell or not, too
can be determined as well.
To do so, the catechin samples
( catechin ) can be analyzed., followed by
dissolution of Ccatechin of green tea will
dissolve in pH6.86 buffer, and as well as
the addition of the different pH values of
buffer to simulate hydrochloric acid in
gastric juice.
Next, to measure tThe DPPH of catechin
can then be measured to determine the
antioxidation ability of tea polyphenols.
AdditionallyNext, the cell apoptosis
iscan be induced by AAPH methods,
followed by and then measurement of the
cell expression via by flow cytometry.
An anticipated, the proposed assayto
bring up methods, can confirm not only
that the catechin can maintains good
antioxidation at a low pH, but also that
and it’s antioxidation ratepercent can over
and above exceeds 60%. The proposed
method can further confirm that In
addition to anticipated catechin can inhibit
free radicals and reduce the apoptosis of
an intestinal cell.
Importantly, results of this study can
contribute to efforts to So, it will reduce
the likelihoodo occur of cardiovascular
diseases, andas well as inhibit cancer
growth.
1st Abstract
Abstract (full paper)
The presence of many polyphenols in tea is
well documented. For example,
polyphenols such as ECg, EGCg, and
catechin have excellent antioxidative
capabilities to inhibit free radicals in
humans. Additionally, although the
antioxidative ability of polyphenol has
been investigated in vitro, doing so in vivo
has been unsuccessful owing to that the
way in which the antioxidative ability
impacts the intestines and stomach in vitro
differs from that in vivo. Therefore, this
work investigates the feasibility of
applying an assay method not only to
identify tea polyphenols that pass through
the human intestines and stomach, but also
to determine whether hydrochloric acid in
gastric juice affects their antioxidation
ability. Whether tea polyphenols can
control the apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cell
can be determined as well. Catechin
samples are analyzed, followed by
dissolution of catechin of green tea in
pH6.86 buffer as well as the addition of
different pH values of buffer to simulate
hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. The
DPPH of catechin is then measured to
determine the antioxidation ability of tea
polyphenols. Next, the cell apoptosis is
induced by AAPH methods, followed by
measurement of the cell expression via
flow cytometry. Analysis results indicate
that the assay method verifies not only
that the catechin maintains good
antioxidation at a low pH, but also that it’s
antioxidation rate exceeds 60%. The
proposed method further verifies that
catechin can inhibit free radicals and
reduce the apoptosis of an intestinal cell.
Importantly, results of this study can
contribute to efforts to reduce the
likelihood of cardiovascular diseases, as
well as inhibit cancer growth.
Abstract (conference)
Therefore, this work investigates the
feasibility of applying an assay method
not only to identify tea polyphenols that
pass through the human intestines and
stomach, but also to determine whether
hydrochloric acid in gastric juice affects
their antioxidation ability. Whether tea
polyphenols can control the apoptosis of
RAW 264.7 cell can be determined as
well. Catechin samples are analyzed,
followed by dissolution of catechin of
green tea in pH6.86 buffer as well as the
addition of different pH values of buffer
to simulate hydrochloric acid in gastric
juice. The DPPH of catechin is then
measured to determine the antioxidation
ability of tea polyphenols. Next, the cell
apoptosis is induced by AAPH methods,
followed by measurement of the cell
expression via flow cytometry. Analysis
results indicate that the assay method
verifies not only that the catechin
maintains good antioxidation at a low pH,
but also that it’s antioxidation rate exceeds
60%. The proposed method further
verifies that catechin can inhibit free
radicals and reduce the apoptosis of an
intestinal cell. Importantly, results of this
study can contribute to efforts to reduce
the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases,
as well as inhibit cancer growth.
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
The presence of many polyphenols in tea
is well documented. For example,
polyphenols such as ECg, EGCg, and
catechin Although, based on the previous
investigate that presence of many
polyphenols in tea is well documented.
For example, polyphenols such as
ECg 、 EGCg 、 catechin…ate. In
particular, Ggreen tea polyphenols have
been reported to inhibit intestinal α-
amylase or sucrase and are known to have
excellent antioxidation activity to inhibit
free radicals in humans. This explains why
potential implications for reagents for anti
high blood pressure reagent, anti
cardiovascular diseases reagent, and anti
diabetes reagent have all received
considerable attention.
However, while the antioxidative ability
of tea polyphenols has been investigated
in vitro, doing so in vivo has been
unsuccessful owing to that the way in
which the antioxidative ability impactsing
the intestines and stomach in vitro differs
from that in vivo.
Therefore, while in vitro the previous
investigateions thathave demonstrated tea
polyphenols has having antioxidation
ability of around about 50 percentage by
in vitro. However,%, the corresponding
amount for its the antioxidation ability is
unknown for unin an- in vivo
investigation remains unknown.
The By in vivo, to observe the
antioxidation ability of tea polyphenols to
inhibit by inflammation response in the
human intestines and stomach of human
must be investigated in vivo.
79. (Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, we should
investigateAn assay method that can be
developed to of identifyidetermine
whether ng antioxidation ability of tea
polyphenols inhibits inflammation in the
human intestines and stomach in vivo tea
polyphenol to inhibit inflammation in
intestines and stomach in human. To do
so, the PGE2 can be analyzed by EIA kit.
The RAW 264.7 can then be induced to
PGE2 by LPS. Next, The content of PGE2
content can be analyzed by EIA kit and,
followed by dyeing of the cell can be
dyeing by MTT to determinemeasure the
survival rate of the cell. Ans anticipated,
according to the proposed assay to bring
up methods, EGCG can inhibit PGE2 and
100μM of EGCG can inhibit content of
the PGE2 content completely.
Andditionally, the other polyphenols in
green tea, e.g., for example, ECG, EC,
EGC and catechin, are all inhibit the
efficacy of LPS, subsequently inducinge
the PGE2 in macrophage. Among those
polyphenolsHowever, EGCG isinhibits
the most efficacy of LPS the most. In
addition And then, to reduceing the
symptoms of irritation, fever and edema…
by PGE2. It, the tea polyphenols can also
avoid the negative side effects of by
NSAIDs and prevent cancer.
2nd Abstract
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
The technique of theA PCR-based
molecular biology method can be
developed to detectidentify thea
particularity gene of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. Making use of this
gene comes to rapidly identify Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. To do so, this gene
in a chromosome can be extracted
forom bacteria. This gene can
Amplification of this gene can be
achieved make by usinge of the PCR
method to come to amplify. For
subsequent PCR-based assays, can then
be made by preparing all of the whole
genomic DNAs of the strains were
prepared in Tris-EDTA buffer (TE; pH
8.0) according to previous
literatureessentially as described
elsewhere. Next, tThe purity and the
amount of DNA in each preparation can
bewere estimated colorimetrically,
withand the DNAs weresubsequently
stored at 4°C until further use.
Additionally, Can understand whether
germs can be found in exist the seafood
can be determined using or not by t the
PCR method of PCR. As anticipated,
the proposed PCR-based molecular
biology method this method of PCR of
putting forward can be used to the
technique of rapidly identify of being
thethe presence of marine bacteria in the
early stages. Can be the basis found in
early days. The method of this
molecular biology canIn addition to
provideing quickly results with a, high
degree of sensitivitye degree, the result
of the high particularity, for the sake of
rapid identify of the Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. T, the proposed
method can also provideyield rapid and
accurate molecular biology results to
detect V.ibrio parahaemolyticus in the
environment.
Abstract (full paper)
Widely distributed in the aquatic
environment, bacteria in the genus Vibrio
are considered autochthonous bacteria in
marine and estuarine waters. PCR method
is the conventional means of detecting the
target with the tdh gene or trh gene, in
which the specificity in the chromosome
of V. parahaemolyticus gene of chitinase
can be used as the detection marker.
However, this method is inefficient.
Therefore, this work presents a PCR-
based molecular biology method to
identify a particular gene of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus rapidly. This gene in a
chromosome is extracted from bacteria.
Amplification of this gene is then
achieved by using the PCR method. PCR-
based assays are then made by preparing
all of the genomic DNAs of the strains in
Tris-EDTA buffer (TE; pH 8.0)according
to previous literature. Next, the purity and
the amount of DNA in each preparation
are estimated colorimetrically, with the
DNAs subsequently stored at 4°C until
further use. Additionally, whether germs
can be found in seafood is determined
using the PCR method. The proposed
PCR-based molecular biology method
rapidly identifies the presence of marine
bacteria in the early stages. In addition to
providing quick results with a high degree
of sensitivity, the proposed method yields
rapid and accurate results to detect Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in the environment.
(Biotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
The reference of A biochemistry method
for Taiwanese salivary
biochemistryglands can be developed
for have to be established in clinical
diagnostic applications that instead of
theas an alternative to the conventional
approach measurements of blood
examination. To do so, Ssaliva of
receptions of for both all genders and
various age groups can be are used to
collect andfor treatment, such as for
distance, so as to do decreaseing the
interference of peroxidase,. tThe saliva
specimens can then be used to avoidare
employed to heat that could avoid. Next,
high speed centrifugation of And also,
the saliva specimens are high speed
centrifugedcan be achieved tofor
precipitant proteins or impurities of
saliva. The specimens can then be
detected based on enzyme
immunoassay-based measurements is
utilized to detect the specimens. The
analysis methodstrategy, e.g.for
distance, the preservation or expiration
date of saliva, iscan be validated not
only tofor evaluatione the at room
temperature, 4 degrees and –20 degrees,
and also, to but also for evaluateion of
the stability overduring several days
( one day, threeird days, fivefth days,
seventh days…). that is the firstThis
must be established first to achieve the
indicateion of that preservation has been
achieved. The second,Additionally, the
correlation between salivary
testosterone and serum testosterone can
be madeare identified to compare the
salivary testosterone concentration and
the serum total, as well as the free
testosterone concentration. The
statistical significantce can be
determined as well are utilized to
verifycorroborate the correlation and
ratio. And the thirdMoreover, the
salivary testosterone reference level of a
healthy Taiwanese male and female of
Taiwanese are establishedcan be
identified to apply in thefor clinical
diagnostic applicationsis.
FurthermoreThe fourth, the quality
control can be established are made up
to perform to achieve the recovery,
intraassay, interassay CV%, sensitivity,
accuracy and precision of salivary
testosterone. As anticipated, Tanalysis
he results can be used to establish a
biochemistry method for Taiwanese
salivary glandsare anticipated to identify
the reference of salivary biochemistry
that in which validity correlates with
blood concentration. The salivary
testosterone concentration and serum
total, free testosterone are evaluated
according to the ratio. The medical
examination of saliva glands has
become a globalwas a trend in the
world,, in which if the salivary steroid
analysis must be is validated to stable,
equivalently, the. Additionally, other
salivary biomarkers can beare
developed in the futureto research. And
then, these can apply to for clinical
diagnostic applications such as in
treatingis, for example, systemic
diseases 、 , viral diseases 、 , drug
monitoring 、 , and monitoring of
hormone levels monitoring.
(Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Neural transmitters were play an
essential very important role
fortransmitting messages transition into
and from the brain. Anyway , previous
investigation applies the instrument
HPLC (Whereas, in clinical practice,
high performance liquid
chromatogxygraphy (HPLC) has been
adopted to analyze neural transmitters,
e.g., ex: dopamine ,and glutamate…of
the brain., indeed thethis method of
HPLC will decreaselowers the survival
rate of laboratory animals mice and
increases injury of neuron damage.
Therefore , this propose present another
instrument anda noninvasive means
ofthod to detectings neural transmitters
,can be developed that
containsincorporates a new instrument
MRS (magnet resonance spectrum
(MRS) instrumentand a non-invasive
method for neural transmitter detection
meantime and, meanwhile, increases the
survival rate of laboratory animalsmice.
To do soFirst, give thean appropriate
suitable dosage or urethane can be
administered to laboratoryfor
animalsmice for anesthesia . Next ,
animals were The mice can then be
placed at a space that around in close
proximity to a magnet coil .
NextSubsequently , the neural
transmitters could been, as observed by
MRS, can causeyield the various
differentdegrees of polarization and
chemical constituentse . By applying
MRS, And the noninvasive means of
detecting neural transmitters proposed
herein canfor applies MRS could
increase the survival rate of animals was
verify and laboratory mice, as
confirmed by experimental results.
Importantly , the ability of the proposed
method to increase the survival rate of
laboratory miceproposed instrument and
method can facility to increase the
survival rate when researcher work on
experiments by the animal model , can
ultimately lower the neuron damage
caused byincurred when detecting
neural transmitters detection.
(Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, we should develop
aA high lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical method can be
developed that synthesizess of two new
[99m
Tc] [SNS/S] complexes carrying a
monothiolate coligand and
aminedithiolate (SNS) ligand ,
tosubsequently increaseing the
radiopharmaceutical high lipophilicity
level in order to maintain a human
brain’s stability and uptake. To do so,
monothiolate and aminoedithiolate can
be used to synthesizes of two new [99m
Tc] [SNS/S] complexes carrying a
pendant ethyl ester group on the
common monthiolate coligand, but
containingwith each containing a
different aminedithiolate(SNS) ligand.
Two of the new ligands containingthat
[SNS/S] can then be to partially
combined with 99mTc’s 1-3 ligand. Next,
hHigh performance liquid
chromatographic (HPLC) and Tthinck
layer chromatographic (TLC) can be
used to purelyify and analyzesis the
newly synthesizeds
radiopharmaceutical. Additionally, the
new radiopharmaceutical can be
injected in laboratory mice, with the
radiopharmaceutical uptake number of
each mouse organ analyzed as well. As
anticipated, the proposed high
lipophilicity radiopharmaceutical
method can ensure stability in a
mice’sthe brain of mice with an uptake
number approaching 15% and other
organ’sthe uptake number of other
organs lower than 30%. The proposed
methodResults of this study can
contribute to efforts to increase the
clinical accuracy of diagnosing brain
diseases as early as possible for curative
purposes, subsequently lowering the
radiation dose of patients with brain-
related diseases.
Abstract (full paper)
Taiwan has a high incidence of head-
related injuries, such as brain-related
tumors and diseases. As a nuclear
medicine-based technology, brain imagery
can diagnose such diseases, such as the
use of brain uptake radiopharmaceuticals
to accurately diagnose the early stages of
brain-related diseases. However,
according to clinical studies, the amount
and concentration of brain uptake
radiopharmaceuticals have a low stability,
severely limiting their ability to diagnose
brain-related diseases accurately and
efficiently. Therefore, this work describes
a high lipophilicity radiopharmaceutical
method that synthesizes two new [99m Tc]
[SNS/S] complexes carrying a
monothiolate coligand and aminedithiolate
(SNS) ligand, subsequently increasing the
radiopharmaceutical high lipophilicity
level to maintain a human brain’s stability
and uptake. Monothiolate and
aminoedithiolate are used to synthesize
two new [99m Tc] [SNS/S] complexes
carrying a pendant ethyl ester group on the
common monthiolate coligand, with each
containing a different
aminedithiolate(SNS) ligand. Two of the
new ligands containing [SNS/S] are then
partially combined with 99mTc’s 1-3 ligand.
Next, high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and thick layer
chromatography (TLC) are used to purify
and analyze the newly synthesized
radiopharmaceutical. Additionally, the
new radiopharmaceutical is injected in
laboratory mice, with the
radiopharmaceutical uptake number of
each mouse organ analyzed as well. The
proposed high lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical method ensures the
stability in the brain of mice with an
uptake number approaching 15% and the
uptake number of other organs lower than
30%. The proposed method can
contribute to efforts to increase the clinical
accuracy of diagnosing brain diseases as
early as possible for curative purposes,
subsequently lowering the radiation dose
of patients with brain-related diseases.
(Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
The feasibility of adopting total skin
electron beam irradiation (TESI) was
forto treating a patients with pruritus
skin cancer can be examined by
attempting to improve the dose
distribution and decrease the SSD to
less than 300 cmcurrently. It could help
patients to decrease pain and symptom
until being healed. The through
variation of the dosage level, as
achieved by may be changed by electron
energy, the material of scattering
material, proximity of patient to the
electron beamtreatment distance and
tovariation in change treatment angle.
To do so, For uniform dose distribution
and reduced photon dose tofor patients
can be achieved under the following
conditions: , detected the results ina
range of 4 MeV – 12 MeV toof electron
energy, a distance of 3 – 5 meters
between the patient receivingto
treatment and the electron beam,
anddistance and a range of 15 – 20
degrees toin treatment angle. The
material of scattering material can
comprisewas included with acrylic, wire
netting and plastic material. Finally, We
measure the dose distribution can be
measured under variousin the different
conditions. The results of this study can
provide a valuablecould be referencered
to by other hospitals. It is easily to when
treating a patients with pruritus skin
cancer by the results.
Abstract (full paper)
Patients with cutaneous lymphoma have
lesions around their total skin area,
making treatment with surgical
operation impossible and
chemotherapy or radiation therapy as
the only viable options. Radiation
therapy can alleviate the condition of
stretch marks on the human skin
However, the most effective radiation
therapy, the Standford technique of six
dual fields. requires a relatively long
distance away from the patient in the
treatment room so that the patient’s
body can be covered. Therefore, this
study examines the feasibility of
adopting total skin electron beam
irradiation (TESI) to treat patients with
pruritus skin cancer by attempting to
improve the dose distribution and
decrease the SSD to less than 300 cm
through variation of the dosage level,
as achieved by electron energy, the
scattering material, proximity of patient
to the electron beam and variation in
treatment angle. Uniform dose
distribution and reduced photon dose
for patients are achieved under the
following conditions: a range of 4
MeV – 12 MeV of electron energy, a
distance of 3 – 5 meters between the
patient receiving treatment and the
electron beam, and a range of 15 – 20
degrees in treatment angle. The
scattering material comprises acrylic,
wire netting and plastic material.
Finally, the dose distribution is
measured under various conditions.
The results of this study provide a
valuable reference when treating
patients with pruritus skin cancer.
(Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
To comprehend relationship
betweenExactly how the deliveries
number of deliveries and the bone
mineral density are related can be
analyzed can be by useing dual energy
X-ray absorptiometry for analysis. To
do so, bone mineral density can be
determined by examining how the
Effect of number of deliveriesies
number ins relatedion to bone mineral
density can be useing dual energy X-ray
absorptiometry for detection bone
mineral density. Delivery experience of
study object and diet habit can use A
questionnaire’s method survey on
delivery experiences and dietary habits
can be issued to patients in a control
groupobtain life condition of study
object. consisting of females in the
Experiment object was women of
menopause phase, with and ages
ranging from field in 50 to 80 years old
for investigate. As anticipated, the
reportanalysis results can indicate that
the number of prove deliveries number
trulysignificantly eaffects to bone
mineral density. In addition to providing
a valuable the future this can be a
reference when attempting to identify
factor of osteoporosis-related factors
cause for expert of investigation
osteoporosis. Furthermore, the results of
this study can contribute to efforts to
decrease the likelihood of also can be a
advice for desire prolific woman to
decrease probability of osteoporosis in
women undergoing
menopauseosteoporosis fall ill.
(Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Hypothesis statement
The bBone marrow density of cancer
patients from different age groups can
be analyzed for inquire into understand
how bone marrow and a benign
disease's are relatedivity. To do so,
pPatients can bewere examined for
benign diseases –, specifically, for back
pain or sciatica recurring after disk
surgery, or normal bone marrow. Then,
the patterns of dynamic enhancement of
normal spinal bone marrow in adults
undergoingat gadolinium-enhanced
magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can
then be determined, as well asand the
changes that occur with aging were to
determine. NextFurthermore, areas of
the interesting areas of in the bone
marrow can be identifiedselected to out.
AdditionallyFinal, the maximum
percentage of enhancement (Emax),
enhancement slope, and washout can
bewere determined from bone marrow
enhancement time curves (ETCs) of the
bone marrow. As anticipated, The
desiring analysis results can indicating
the take different age class of bone
marrow density modes of different age
groups, can be used to identify and to
find the relative proportion of those
different agegroups with respect to of
bone marrow and benign diseases have
certain relative proportion. This analyze
resultresults of this study can contribute
to the efforts of can let traditional
Chinese hHerbalist doctors physicians
in developing medicineal to aggrandize
d for different age groups based on of
bone marrow density to and protect the
human spinebody backbone.
Abstract (full paper)
Treatment for spine-related injuries
normally includes an x-ray, CT and MRI
examinations of the patient, followed by
determination of appropriate treatment by
the clinical physician. While alleviating
the patient’s injury, such approaches do
not consider the reconstruction and
renovation of the injured spine.
Therefore, this study analyzes the bone
marrow density of cancer patients from
different age groups to understand how
bone marrow and a benign disease are
related. Patients are examined for benign
diseases, specifically for back pain or
sciatica recurring after disk surgery, or
normal bone marrow. The patterns of
dynamic enhancement of normal spinal
bone marrow in adults undergoing
gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance
(MR) imaging are then determined, as
well as the changes that occur with aging.
Next, areas of interest in the bone marrow
are identified. Additionally, the maximum
percentage of enhancement (Emax),
enhancement slope, and washout are
determined from enhancement time curves
(ETCs) of the bone marrow. Analysis
results indicating the bone marrow
density modes of different age groups can
be used to identify the relative proportion
of those groups with respect to bone
marrow and benign diseases. Results of
this study contribute to the efforts of
traditional Chinese herbal physicians in
developing medicine for different age
groups based on bone marrow density to
protect the human spine.
Contribution to field
The number portability centralized
database not only can make each In
addition to enabling mobile phone
subscribers to follow their wish to
choosefreely select their service providers,
the proposed centralized database can
pave the way for operator but also
enormously improves the chance of the
new telecom operators to increase the
quality of service in the local sector. The
proposed database can also provide a
valuable assets produced by whole
proceeding process are also can be
reference byfor other countries which
don’t have numberwithout portabileity,
mobile phone numbers such as Singapore,
Malaysia …etc.
Problem statement
Mobile phones have pervaded daily life
since the end of 2002, as evidenced by the
number of subscribers in Taiwan
surpassing the entire population. That
percentage increased to 113% by the third
quarter of 2003 with 25,275,000
subscribers island wide, or an average of
113 mobile phone numbers per 100
individuals. However, subscribers find it
extremely difficult to switch
telecommunication providers owing to the
inability to transfer the original phone
number to the new service provider.
(NOTE: Add 2-3 more sentences more
thoroughly explaining the problem. Give
examples, statistics, or particular features
of the problem in the local context.) A
recent survey indicated that two-thirds of
6,000,000 subscribers dissatisfied with
their current service providers want to
switch operators. However, many of those
individuals find it impossible to do so
given the inconvenience of changing the
original mobile phone number. The
inability to transfer the original mobile
phone number from one telecom provider
to another severely restricts subscribers,
creating an unfair advantage for
established operators and extremely
difficult for newly established ones to
attract customers. Therefore, a centralized
database containing all portable mobile
phone numbers in Taiwan must be
established.
Hypothesis statement
A centralized database containing all
portable mobile phone numbers in Taiwan
can be established. To do so,
specifications can be established to
describe the communication protocol and
the complete architecture. A simulator can
then be developed for operators to test in
the early stages. Next, a field trial can be
made with all telecom service providers.
Additionally, the centralized database
containing portable mobile phone
numbers can be implemented under the
auspices of the Telecom Technology
Center.
As anticipated,
experimental/analysis/analytical/simulatio
n/theoretical results can indicate
that….the proposed centralized database
can enable subscribers to switch telecom
providers while retaining the original
phone number. The entire procedure for
subscribers to switch providers can be
completed in four working days. In
addition to enabling mobile phone
subscribers to freely select their service
providers, the proposed centralized
database can pave the way for new
telecom operators to increase the quality
of service in the local sector. The proposed
database can also provide a valuable
reference for other countries without
portable mobile phone numbers.
Problem statement
In high-speed optical communications, the
clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is
largely responsible for recovery of the
clock used to sample the data bits. The
signal stream in point-to-point
communication systems such as SONET
is continuous; otherwise, during the idle
time, some synchronization bits are
transmitted to maintain the bit-level
synchronization between the transmitter
and the receiver. In these systems, CDR
based on Phase Lock Loop (PLL) design
is widely recognized as the optimal
solution. PLL based CDR has been
increasingly studied to remain apace of
higher data rate system requirements.
Time division multiplexing (TDM)
passive optical network (PON) is a
promising means of resolving bottlenecks
in broadband access. Among the standards
specified and the most widely accepted
ones include Ethernet PON and Gigabit
PON standardized by IEEE and ITU-T,
respectively. In these TDM PON systems,
the upstream traffic aggregating to the
optical line terminal consists of bursts
from various optical network units.
Therefore, recovering a clock in a
relatively short time to increase efficiency
is problematic given that the burst length
in conventional PON systems is no longer
than thousands of bits. Applying the
conventionally adopted PLL CDR to PON
systems is problematic given its relatively
long recovery time. A commercial PLL-
CDR chip used in legacy continuous
optical link generally takes two thousand
bits to lock its voltage controlled oscillator
(VCO) to the incoming data in both phase
and frequency. This long locking time
appears to be intolerable for systems like
PON. Therefore, a novel CDR scheme
must be developed, capable of recovering
a clock efficiently to increase the packet
efficiency of PON systems.
Hypothesis statement
A novel CDR scheme can be developed,
capable of recovering a clock efficiently to
increase the packet efficiency of PON
systems. To do so, a hybrid phase and
delay lock loop architecture can be
derived, consisting of a VCO, voltage
controlled delay line, phase detector,
charge pump and low pass filter. HSPICE
can then be simulated. Next a prototype
can be designed to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the CDR scheme. As
anticipated, the proposed monolithic
scheme can acquire the sampling phase
well within 50 ns in a 2.5 Gbps system
such as PON. In addition to averting
frequency jittering greater than 6MHz,
i.e., 4800ppm, the proposed CDR scheme
can facilitate a more aggressive design
with an even lower loop gain.
Problem statement
Human-computer interface (HCI)is
increasingly interpreting the natural
behavior of computer users, explaining the
considerable attention paid to multimodal
HCI. Given the ability of multimodal
interfaces to facilitate human interaction
with machines through multiple
modalities such as speech, gestures and
gazes, such interfaces can ultimately
reduce both the time to complete tasks
error rates. Essential to develop a
multimodal human-computer interface,
the multimodal interpretation module
integrates information from various
modalities, e.g. speech, gestures and user
computer commands. However, in
addition to only adopting symbolic
approachs and treats varying modalities as
operating independently, this module
seldom uses rich interaction contexts.
Consequently, besides its low portability
in other application domains the
multimodal interpretation module can not
enhance its interpretation accuracy owing
to the inability to exploit the mutually
compensative and contextual information
of various modalities. Evaluating a
multimodal HCI is often subjective and
reliant on various application domains.
For instance, in map-based information
seeking applications, accuracy of speech
integration with gestures would be only
around 70%. Despite enhancements,
multimodal interpretation accuracy falls
below user requirements that HCI
accurately interpret the natural behavior
of wireless and hand-held device users,
thus severely restricting the applicability
of this information-access method.
Therefore, an efficient multimodal
interpretation scheme must be developed
that incorporates a rich interaction context
and a statistical model to characterize the
mutual compensation between all
modalities.
Hypothesis statement
An efficient multimodal interpretation
scheme can be developed that incorporates
a rich interaction context and a statistical
model to characterize the mutual
compensation between all modalities. To
do so, symbolic and statistical features can
be integrated. A fine-grained semantic
model can then be derived to (identify OR
retrieve) the meanings of user inputs and
an overall conversation. Next, the
semantics of user inputs can be identified
using a diverse array of contexts and
statistical estimates. As anticipated, the
proposed multimodal scheme can increase
the interpretation accuracy of map-based
information seeking applications by 20%.
The proposed scheme can contribute to
efforts to further enhance HCI with
emotional intelligence by facilitating
natural behavioral communication with
computers. Given the large discrepancy in
individual skills and preferences in using
various communication modes, the
multimodal interpretation scheme can also
provide a valuable reference for efforts
underway to increase computing
accessibility regardless of of a user’s age,
skill level, cognitive style, sensory and
motor impairments, native language, or
even temporary illnesses.
Work problem.
However, conventional analog AGC
approaches can not provide accurate gain
dueowing to difficulty in measuring the
analog measurement of received signal
strength even though despite theyir rapid
convergence quite fast.
Importance of problem.
The SNR loss degradesleads to a series of
the performance loss of all receiver
algorithms, including frame detection,
timing and frequency synchronization, as
well as channel estimation, etc.
Work objective.
Based on the above, we should develop a
digital AGC approach that can provide an
accurate gain adjustment and fastrapid
convergence simultaneously.
Anticipated results.
As anticipated, iIn addition to fastrapid
convergence by the half of the first OFDM
symbol, the proposed digital strategy can
adjust gain accurately with smaller than 5
% inaccuracy of the desired level.
Contribution to field.
The proposed digital AGC strategyAGC
approach can maximize the SNR of
received signals, enabling so that
subsequent receiver algorithms canto
operate wellefficiently with the robust
signals. Additionally, the digitalproposed
approach can beis easily to implemented
in popularconventional CMOS
technologies.
Problem statement
Automatic gain control (AGC) is essential
in frame-based OFDM systems given its
ability to adjust the gain of received
signals efficiently and accurately in the
beginning of each frame. However,
conventional analog AGC approaches can
not provide accurate gain owing to
difficulty in measuring the analog of
received signal strength despite their rapid
convergence. (NOTE: Add 2-3 more
sentences more thoroughly explaining the
problem. Give examples, statistics, or
particular features of the problem in the
local context.) The inaccuracy of analog
approaches may incur a loss of 3-dB in
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for received
signals. The SNR loss degrades the
performance loss of all receiver
algorithms, including frame detection,
timing and frequency synchronization, as
well as channel estimation. Therefore, a
digital AGC approach must be developed,
capable of providing an accurate gain
adjustment and rapid convergence
simultaneously.
Hypothesis statement
A digital AGC approach can be developed,
capable of providing an accurate
gain adjustment and rapid convergence
simultaneously. To do so, magnitude
levels of received signals can be estimated
accurately after analog-to-digital
conversion (ADC). Appropriate volumes
of gain adjustment can then be obtained
by subtracting the estimated levels from
the desired level of ADC. Next, digital
volumes of gain adjustment can be
mapped to analog control signals for
variable gain amplifiers through digital-to-
analog converters (DAC). As anticipated,
in addition to rapid convergence by half of
the first OFDM symbol, the proposed
digital strategy can adjust gain accurately
with smaller than 5 % inaccuracy of the
desired level. The proposed digital AGC
approach can maximize the SNR of
received signals, enabling subsequent
receiver algorithms to operate efficiently
with the robust signals. Additionally, the
proposed approach can be easily
implemented in conventional CMOS
technologies.
Abstract ( 190 words)
Automatic gain control (AGC) is essential
in frame-based OFDM systems given its
ability to adjust the gain of received
signals efficiently and accurately in the
beginning of each frame. However,
conventional analog AGC approaches can
not provide accurate gain owing to
difficulty in measuring the analog of
received signal strength despite their rapid
convergence. Therefore, this work
presents a novel digital AGC approach,
capable of providing an accurate gain
adjustment and rapid convergence
simultaneously. Magnitude levels of
received signals are estimated accurately
after analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).
Appropriate volumes of gain adjustment
are then obtained by subtracting the
estimated levels from the desired level of
ADC. Next, digital volumes of gain
adjustment are mapped to analog control
signals for variable gain amplifiers
through digital-to-analog converters
(DAC). In addition to rapid convergence
by half of the first OFDM symbol, the
proposed digital strategy can adjust gain
accurately with smaller than 5 %
inaccuracy of the desired level. The
proposed digital AGC approach can
maximize the SNR of received signals,
enabling subsequent receiver algorithms
to operate efficiently with the robust
signals. Additionally, the proposed
approach can be easily implemented in
conventional CMOS technologies.
Anticipated results:
As anticipated, the proposed tamper-proof
schemethis new security chip will can
effectivelysignificantly reduce the
probabilityincidence of confidential data
stolencompromised, andthus ensuring
copyright protection copyright of
electronic data.
Contribution to field:
The proposed method can contribute to
efforts to ensuregives a new aspect of data
protection, making it highly promising for
we hope this method will be adopted
widespread useand becomes a standard.
Problem statement
Despite increasing security concerns over
electronic data and copyright protection,
malicious programs such as viruses can
easily compromise confidential data
stored in computers. Computers store data
in unencrypted storage devices, e.g., hard
disks, making it easy to read and modify
such data. Despite the availability of
numerous software data encryption
programs, the encryption key is also
stored in plan-text on a storage device,
further complicating the data retrieval
process and leaving the data not entirely
protected. Statistics over the past five
years indicate that malicious programs and
the tampering of confidential data cost
enterprises over 75 billion US dollars
annually. The inability to resolve this
problem will lead not only to further
financial loss, but also to the diminishing
of product innovation given the inability
to ensure copyright protection of
electronic data. Therefore, a tamper-proof
scheme with encryption/decryption
capabilities must be developed. (NOTE:
This objective is incomplete because you
don’t describe the main feature that makes
this tamper-proof scheme different from
others in previous literature.)
Hypothesis statement
A tamper-proof scheme with
encryption/decryption capabilities can be
developed. (NOTE: This objective is
incomplete because you don’t describe the
main feature that makes this tamper-proof
scheme different from others in previous
literature.) To do so, a security chip with
tamper-proof storage and crypto
capabilities can be designed for
attachment to a computer motherboard.
The encryption operation can then be
performed when confidential data must be
stored, with the cipher-text stored in a
normal storage device, e.g., hard disk.
Next, the encryption key can be stored in
tamper-proof storage of a security chip,
making it impossible to retrieve the key
without privilege and alleviating concerns
over data compromise. As anticipated, the
proposed tamper-proof scheme can
significantly reduce the incidence of
confidential data compromised, thus
ensuring copyright protection of electronic
data. The proposed method can contribute
to efforts to ensure data protection,
making it highly promising for widespread
use.
Abstract ( 173 words )
Computers store data in unencrypted
storage devices, e.g., hard disks, making it
easy to read and modify such data.
Despite the availability of numerous
software data encryption programs, the
encryption key is also stored in plan-text
on a storage device, further complicating
the data retrieval process and leaving the
data not entirely protected. Therefore, this
work presents a tamper-proof scheme with
encryption/decryption capabilities.
(NOTE: This objective is incomplete
because you don’t describe the main
feature that makes this tamper-proof
scheme different from others in previous
literature.) A security chip with tamper-
proof storage and crypto capabilities is
designed for attachment to a computer
motherboard. The encryption operation is
then performed when confidential data
must be stored, with the cipher-text stored
in a normal storage device, e.g., hard disk.
Next, the encryption key is stored in
tamper-proof storage of a security chip,
making it impossible to retrieve the key
without privilege and alleviating concerns
over data compromise. The proposed
tamper-proof scheme can significantly
reduce the incidence of confidential data
compromised, thus ensuring copyright
protection of electronic data. The
proposed method can contribute to efforts
to ensure data protection, making it highly
promising for widespread use.
93. (Electrical/Electronics Engineering)
Setting of work proposal :
Problem statement
Consumer demand for enhanced functions
in smart phones and PDAs has ushered in
the development of more powerful RF
(radio frequency) PA (power amplifier)
modules to ensure user convenience.
However, the RF(radio frequency)
PA(power amplifier) module in smart
phones and PDAs must possess a high
power, linearity and integration to ensure
3G and Wi-Fi applications, thus
complicating hardware design and the
miniaturized module size. (NOTE: Add 2-
3 more sentences more thoroughly
explaining the problem. Give examples,
statistics, or particular features of the
problem in the local context.) For
instance, the error vector magnitude is
below ? % for 3G W-CDMA PA modules
and below 15% for WLAN 11a/b/g PA
modules. The 3G W-CDMA PA output
power must exceed 27 dBm, necessitating
that the WLAN 11a/b/g PA modules be
larger than 22 dBm. However the
conventionally adopted PCB material
requires a larger size(NOTE: ‘a larger
size’ of/for WHAT?), and advanced LTCC
materials can reduce the size (NOTE: ‘the
size’ of WHAT?) by only 30% or less.
Consequently, insufficient PA output
power reduces the distance between users
and the basestation to ensure transmission.
Problem statement
Consumer demand for a scalability
distribution system has significantly
increased in recent years owing to
increased mobility of users and digital
appliances such as PDAs and mobile
phones. However, conventional
distribution systems can not easily support
such nodes that are frequently changing
location and communicating wirelessly,
such as PDA users. (NOTE: Add 2-3
more sentences more thoroughly
explaining the problem. Give examples,
statistics, or particular features of the
problem in the local context.) For
instance, conventional distribution
systems can only transfer messages in a
mobile network. The inability to develop
a new distribution system for mobile
networks severely limits communications
between wireless users. Therefore, a
novel subscript/publishing system must be
developed to facilitate communications in
a mobile network.
Hypothesis statement
A novel subscript/publishing system can be
developed to facilitate communications in
a mobile network. To do so, a context-
aware routing algorithm can be developed,
capable of transferring messages between
nodes efficiently. As anticipated, the
context-aware routing algorithm can
decrease the failure rate in message
transfers to 5%. In addition to achieving a
high message transfer rate, the proposed
algorithm can be easily implemented in
the future.
Abstract
Consumer demand for a scalability
distribution system has significantly
increased in recent years owing to
increased mobility of users and digital
appliances such as PDAs and mobile
phones. However, conventional
distribution systems can not easily support
such nodes that are frequently changing
location and communicating wirelessly,
such as PDA users. Therefore, this work
presents a novel subscript/publishing
system to facilitate communications in a
mobile network. A context-aware routing
algorithm is developed, capable of
transferring messages between nodes
efficiently. The proposed context-aware
routing algorithm can decrease the failure
rate in message transfers to 5%. In
addition to achieving a high message
transfer rate, the proposed algorithm can
be easily implemented in the future.
Abstract
Many credit card issuing companies have
adopted RSA crypto hardware to achieve
secure transactions in recent years.
However, conventional RSA crypto
hardware expends a large gate count to
achieve a high amount of security, i.e., a
considerable RSA key length. Therefore,
this work presents a low gate count RSA
crypto hardware to achieve high level of
security. The enhanced word-based
Montgomery’s algorithm is proposed. The
algorithm is then used to significantly
reduce the gate count of RSA crypto
hardware. Analysis results indicate that
the gate count of RSA crypto hardware is
independent of RSA key length. The
proposed scheme can design an arbitrary
length of RSA length without increasing
hardware space.
Work problem:
A mobile host processesing a hard-handoff
in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks can not
satisfyfails to comply with most of real-
time service requirements such as those
for VoIP or instant message applications.
Importance of problem:
The inability to decrease the If handoff
latency of the mobile host in IEEE 802.11
wireless networks makes it impossible to
does not be improved well,operate most of
real-time services can be run on IEEE
802.11 wireless networks well efficiently,
. It will blockultimately stymieing the
market growth of WLAN’s marketing.
(Electrical/Electronics Engineering)
Work Proposal
A project that q(Features OR
Characteristics OR Qualities) forof CMMI
level 2 can not asensure its product
quality. Major CCL CMMI level 2 models
developed at CCL/ITRI don't have process
tocan not monitor the quality of
workmanufactured products. More thean
50% of all CMMI level 2 models suffer
from poorare deficient in product quality.
DecreasingSubstandard quality will cost
CCL to postponedelay theproduct delivery
date and results in a losts of future
contracts for CCL. Based on the above,
we should adapt the verification process
area in CMMI level 3 for CCL, The
oOrganizational culture should be of
primary concernthe core, while the
verification process area maerges with
CCL the process management system at
CCL. To do so, a peer review system for
major workmanufactured products
shouldcan be established. Source code
review meetings shouldcan then be
conducted periodically as the project
progresses. Next, aA complete interface
test shouldcan be executeperformed when
all product components are
donecompleted. Additionally, Thea formal
verification test shouldcan be enforced
before the product is deliveredy. As
anticipated, the CMMI-level-3-adapted
process management system should
improvecan not only tincrease the defect
removal removalrate before testing from
50% to 70%, andbut also reduce identified
defects from 6.6 to 2.1 per KLOC. The
new process management system can
provide better In addition to enhancing
product quality to our products and
betterincreasing customer satisfaction.
Moreover, the process management
systemsystem can provide a valuable
reference for also allow other
organizations similar to CCL that are
attempting to adapt CMMI level 3 easier.
(Telecommunications)
Work Proposal
The developments ofAdvances in
telecommunications industry are
increasing, andhave popularized cell
phone use becomes the daily necessity in
the recently years. However, subscribers
must give up their original telephone
numbers belong to when switching
telecommunication enterprise in the
conventional methodsproviders. When the
subscribers want to change their
telecommunication businesses, they also
must alter the phone number. More than
40% of all users assess to adjust the
companies,having switched
telecommunication providers and still
retainown their original number. This,
thus restrictsing market the liberalization
and the public ownership of
telecommunication. Based on the above,
we should constructdevelop a model that
includes oneincorporates a database to
stores each pre-code of the phone
numbers, and oneas well as an
administrative system to deal with the
message exchanges. The proposed model
can make number portability thatenable
users to can transfer their original number
when switching to a new
telecommunication company without
modifying their phone numberprovider.
Additionally, the proposed model can
reduce 20% phone call fees by 20% and
lead to more effective management of
make phone numbers management
effectively.
(Computer Science)
Work Proposal
Hsin Chu City Government aggressively
advocates is heavily promoting the use of
public transportation use to alleviate the
growing heavy traffic congestion.
However, the obsolete bus routes and
services of the public transportation, city
services bus, fail to satisfy the citizens’
needs that shifted fall below consumer
demand given the rapid development of
the Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park
as the science park developed in recent
years.
(Computer Science)
Work Proposal
Although Rreal-time applications onfor
Wireless LANs arehave increased ingly
interested in recent years. C, conventional
methods fail to meetsatisfy the bandwidth
and low-power
requirements runningfor real-time
applications oin a handheld devices.
Typically theFor instance, a wireless
LAN module typically consumes 40% of
all power ofin a handheld
device in active mode. T, whereas the
efficiency of transmitting VOIP packets
on
Wireless LAN is only 3%. With such a
high power consumption and low
bandwidth efficiency, the network service
providersoperators can'not provide
satisfactory
real-time service and thea sufficient
battery life of thefor handheld devices is
decreased.
(Electrical/Electronics Engineering)
PDAs, mobile phones, and several kinds
of consumer devices greatly facilitate
have made the a pervasive computing
environment possible. However, the
security issue is not well addressed in a
pervasive computing does not
adequately address security issues.
Although Some protocols arehave been
proposed to enhance the security level.
Nevertheless, the limitation of
bandwidth limitations largely
compromise the is often the foundation
of security onf these protocols. Given
As the growing communication
bandwidth grows, the adversary only
needs several hours, instead of months
as anticipated, to can breach crack the
system. The inability to establish If aa
secure infrastructure is not
established,makes users would hesitante
to adopt a pervasive computing
environment for concerningwith respect
to privacy and security.
Based on above, we attempt toshould
develop a novel security infrastructure for
a pervasive computing environment. To do
so, a novel security infrastructure willcan
be proposed. Those available security
protocols will be considered can be
assumed to be merged into the framework.
Finally, a pervasive computing
environment for dedicated application
willcan be established to verify the
security of the proposed strategy. As
anticipated, a vertical application of
pervasive computing can be well
integrated, and . Additionally, its
secureity issues will be highlighted and
resolved.can be effectively addressed The
proposed security infrastructure can form
a will build a sturdy secure foundation
when developing other applications ofin a
pervasive computing environment.
112. (Management)
Setting of work proposal
--Due toAs R&D forms the main impetus
of is the main force of high technology
industryindustries, , it is a challenge for
Prpublic relations staff employees find it
extremely challenging to shift from a
transfer their working function from
supportiveng to active capabilitywork .
Work problem
-- Technical divisions often require inform
PR departments to function in a for
supportive role during when the event is
going toproject implementation, which
makes Prreducing its role from that of a
pioneer to that of a follower but not a
pioneer for a project.
Importance of problem
The inability to efficiently utilize
company personnel and resources
involved in changing multimedia
advertising content will ultimately lead to
prohibitively high overhead costs for the
advertising agency and lower the profits If
this issue is leaving unsolved, such a large
amount of time and manpower are wasted
and the profit oof shopping malls and
department stores will be corroded.
Project need
Therefore, a centralized multimedia
advertising system must be developed to
maximize both an enhancement for the
current multimedia advertisement client
satisfaction and company resourcesto
reduce the need of manpower is required.
Work objective
A centralized multimedia
advertisementing system, consist of one
server and numerous of multimedia
advertisement clients, can be developed,
capable of using a client-server
architecture that enables advertising staff
to replace the advertising contents for
numerous multimedia advertising clients
simultaneously through a centralized .
That allows a staff to simultaneously
replace all the advertising contents in the
clients from the server at once.
Anticipated results
As anticipated, the centralized multimedia
advertisementing system with a client-
server architecture can help theenable staff
to continuously and simultaneously update
the multimedia advertising contents for all
clients from thea centralized server. That
can, thus reduceing the amount of
personnel and company resources required
to do sothe required manpower and time
to finish updating. The profit of shopping
malls and department stores will be
increased accordingly.
Contribution to field
The proposed system can In addition to
provideing shopping malls and department
stores with an efficient means thod toof
broadcast continuously the updateding
multimedia advertising contents to
customers. It, the proposed system can
ultimately increase company also reduce
the requirement of manpower and time to
increase profits. Moreover, the diverse
networking ability of the proposed system
can adopt itself to various network
environments. That can, thus alleviate the
streamlining efforts to deploy the
numerous multimedia advertisement
clients in the shopping malls and
department stores.
Problem statement
Global retailers sell various products in
shopping malls and department stores,
necessitating various advertising strategies
to promote a new product line.Among
those, numerous multimedia advertising
campaigns through use of videos and
pictures in digitized format have replaced
conventional advertising ploys such as
posters and billboards to attract customers.
Despite increased sales volume through
multimedia advertising, the product
turnover rate has increased as well,
requiring a constant change in multimedia
advertising contents and, ultimately, a
significant amount of company personnel
and resources. For instance, whereas
replacing the content in a multimedia
advertisement requires an average of three
minutes, doing so in one thousand
multimedia advertisements expends fifty
hours. The inability to efficiently utilize
company personnel and resources
involved in changing multimedia
advertising content will ultimately lead to
prohibitively high overhead costs for the
advertising agency and lower the profits
of shopping malls and department stores.
Therefore, a centralized multimedia
advertising system must be develop to
maximize both client satisfaction and
company resources.
Hypothesis statement
A centralized multimedia advertising
systemcan be developed, capable of using
a client-server architecture that enables
advertising staff to replace the advertising
contents for numerous multimedia
advertising clients simultaneously through
a centralized server. To do so, various
networking capabilities can be
implemented in a multimedia advertising
system to support not only wired
networks, e.g., Ethernet LAN, but also
wireless ones, e.g., WLAN, PHS, GPRS
and CDMA. A network management
program can then be developed to
facilitate a dynamic switch among all
networking capabilities under various
environmental constraints. Next, an
administration program can be
implemented in the server, allowing a user
to send updated multimedia advertising
contents to all clients.
AdditionallyMoreover, a receiver program
can be executed for each client to
continuously update multimedia
advertising contents from the server.
FurthermoreMoreover, a current status
program can be executed for each client to
calculate the display time, analyze the
status of the client and report all results to
the server. As anticipated, the centralized
multimedia advertising system with a
client-server architecture can enable staff
to continuously and simultaneously update
multimedia advertising contents for all
clients from a centralized server, thus
reducing the amount of personnel and
company resources required to do so. In
addition to providing shopping malls and
department stores with an efficient means
of continuously updating multimedia
advertising contents, the proposed system
can ultimately increase company profits.
Moreover, the diverse networking ability
of the proposed system can adopt itself to
various network environments, thus
streamlining efforts to deploy numerous
multimedia advertisement clients in
shopping malls and department stores.
Research proposal
Paragraph 1
Global retailers sell various products in
shopping malls and department stores,
necessitating various advertising strategies
to promote a new product line. Among
those, numerous multimedia advertising
campaigns through use of videos and
pictures in digitized format have replaced
conventional advertising ploys such as
posters and billboards to attract customers.
(NOTE: Add 2-3 more sentences
describing the setting of the work
proposal)
Paragraph 2
Despite increased sales volume through
multimedia advertising, the product
turnover rate has increased as well,
requiring a constant change in multimedia
advertising contents and, ultimately, a
significant amount of company personnel
and resources. (NOTE: Add 2-3 more
sentences describing the setting of the
work problem) For instance, whereas
replacing the content in a multimedia
advertisement requires an average of three
minutes, doing so in one thousand
multimedia advertisements expends fifty
hours.
Paragraph 3
The inability to efficiently utilize company
personnel and resources involved in
changing multimedia advertising content
will ultimately lead to prohibitively high
overhead costs for the advertising agency
and lower the profits of shopping malls
and department stores. (NOTE: Add 2-3
more sentences describing the importance
of the work problem) Therefore, a
centralized multimedia advertising system
must be develop to maximize both client
satisfaction and company resources.
Paragraph 4
A centralized multimedia advertising
systemcan be developed, capable of using
a client-server architecture that enables
advertising staff to replace the advertising
contents for numerous multimedia
advertising clients simultaneously through
a centralized server. To do so, various
networking capabilities can be
implemented in a multimedia advertising
system to support not only wired
networks, e.g., Ethernet LAN, but also
wireless ones, e.g., WLAN, PHS, GPRS
and CDMA. A network management
program can then be developed to
facilitate a dynamic switch among all
networking capabilities under various
environmental constraints. Next, an
administration program can be
implemented in the server, allowing a user
to send updated multimedia advertising
contents to all clients. Moreover, a
receiver program can be executed for each
client to continuously update multimedia
advertising contents from the server.
Furthermore, a current status program can
be executed for each client to calculate the
display time, analyze the status of the
client and report all results to the server.
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the centralized multimedia
advertising system with a client-server
architecture can enable staff to
continuously and simultaneously update
multimedia advertising contents for all
clients from a centralized server, thus
reducing the amount of personnel and
company resources required to do so.
(NOTE: Add 2-3 more sentences
describing your anticipated results. For
instance, how can you quantitatively
demonstrate the effectiveness of your
proposed system.)
Paragraph 6
In addition to providing shopping malls
and department stores with an efficient
means of continuously updating
multimedia advertising contents, the
proposed system can ultimately increase
company profits. Moreover, the diverse
networking ability of the proposed system
can adopt itself to various network
environments, thus streamlining efforts to
deploy numerous multimedia
advertisement clients in shopping malls
and department stores. (NOTE: Add 2-3
more sentences describing the
contribution of your proposed system to a
particular field, as well as its practical
implications).
Hypothesis statement
An efficient AAA procedure can be
developed using a wireless LAN
environment integrated with mobile phone
designefficient AAA procedure using
wireless lan integrating with mobile phone
can be presented. To do so, a client server
architecture can be developed, capable tof
accessing a sim card in the a mobile phone
should be developed. A sim-based AAA
server can then be constructed able to
communicate with HLR can then be build.
Next, install the client server
architectureprogram can then be installed
onin the user’s computerequipment and u
for use itn to doimplementing the AAA
procedure with a server. As anticipated,
the proposed sim-based AAA procedure
can enable customers to access the
Internet in a use wireless lanLAN
environment effortlessly with no burden,
just a click of button. and automatically
receive billing on their monthly It even
integrates the accounting into the telecom
billpaymenting per month. In addition to
simplifying the stepsInternet hotspot
access in a using wireless LANlan in the
hot spots environment, itthe proposed
procedure can also provides the a secure
way tomeans of surf inbrowsing the
iInternet outdoors.
Research proposal
Paragraph 1
Internet hHot spots enable online access
pervade in themany public areas, such
asincluding airports, campuses, and
theaters…etc, at present so people can surf
in the internet everywhere at anytime.
(NOTE: Add 3-4 more sentences
describing the setting of the work
proposal)
Paragraph 2
However, the commonly adopted
authentication, authorization and
accounting (AAA) procedure is too
complex. (NOTE: Add 3-4 more
sentences describing the work problem.)
For instance, customers at McDonalds
stand in line with others purchasing food
togetherto buy an ID/password card for
one hour use. After the user’s computer is
turned on and the browser is opened, the
ID/password on the card is entered for
authentication and authorization. The
entire process may last more than ten
minutes. After an hour passes, the user
must stand in line again and repeat the
process.
Paragraph 3
Such complexity seriously inhibits
consumer desire to use wireless LAN in
public spaces. Given the popularity of
mobile phone use, an efficient AAA
procedure must be developed using a
wireless LAN environment integrated
with mobile phone design.
Paragraph 4
An efficient AAA procedure can be
developed using a wireless LAN
environment integrated with mobile phone
design. To do so, a client server
architecture can be developed, capable of
accessing a sim card in a mobile phone. A
sim-based AAA server can then be
constructed to communicate with HLR.
Next, the client server architecture can
then be installed in the user’s computer for
use in implementing the AAA procedure
with a server.
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the proposed sim-based
AAA procedure can enable customers to
access the Internet in a wireless LAN
environment effortlessly and
automatically receive billing on their
monthly telecom payment. (NOTE: Add
2-3 more sentences describing more
anticipated results)
Paragraph 6
In addition to simplifying Internet hotspot
access in a wireless LAN environment, the
proposed procedure can provide a secure
means of browsing the Internet outdoors.
(NOTE: Add 3-4 more sentences
describing the contribution to the field.)
Research proposal
Paragraph 1
Despite the increasing application of
wireless communications in daily life, the
data rate of a wireless network is
markedly lower than that of a cable
network, i.e., a significant difference in
speed of downloading audio or video
information. (NOTE: Add 3-4 more
sentences describing the setting of the
work proposal.)
Paragraph 2
Although the recently developed multi-
input multi-output (MIMO) system can
significantly increase the transferal speed,
its system performance is substantially
lower than that of conventional methods,
i.e., a single-input single-output (SISO)
method. . (NOTE: Add 3-4 more
sentences describing the setting of the
work problem.) For instance, MIMO and
SISO systems differ with respect to the
signal-to noise ratio (SNR) by several
decibels in an indoor environment.
Paragraph 3
A loss of several decibels in SNR markedly
degrades system performance. Hence,
although implementing a MIMO system
yields a higher data rate, the error
probability of information is extremely
high and data should be delivered
repeatedly. (NOTE: Add 3-4 more
sentences describing the importance of the
work problem.)
Paragraph 4
An advanced channel coding scheme can
be developed for MIMO systems to
reduce the SNR loss since some erroneous
information could be averted without
transferring again. Nevertheless, the
capacity of channel coding is limited, i.e.,
the code cannot ensure that MIMO
systems perform as well as SISO systems.
To do so, a joint signal detection and
channel coding scheme can be developed.
An effective means of detecting signals
detection deemed appropriate for the
MIMO system can then be identified.
Next, a reliable advanced channel coding
scheme can be designed, capable of
eliminating most communication errors.
Additionally, a detection and coding
scheme can be jointly designed to achieve
a low data error rate in MIMO systems.
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the joint detection and
decoding capabilities of the enhanced
MIMO systems closely match those of
SISO systems. . (NOTE: Add 2-3 more
sentences describing anticipated results.)
Paragraph 6
Doing so upgrades the system performance
of MIMO greatly and yielding a high data
rate without a high data error rate. .
(NOTE: Add 3-4 more sentences
describing the contribution to the field.)
Research proposal
Paragraph 1
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have
been extensively studied owing to their
potential applications such as in military
surveillance, elderly health care and house
security. WSN devices largely
operateunder resource-limited conditions.
(NOTE: Add 3-4 more sentences
describing the setting of the work
proposal.)
Paragraph 2
However, a secure and energy-aware
communication protocol on WSN is still
unavailable for practical applications.
Although the S-MAC protocol proposed
by Wei Ye et al. presents an example of
specific research interests, the protocol
addresses only energy conservation and
self-configuration-related issues. (NOTE:
Add 3-4 more sentences describing the
setting of the work problem.)
Paragraph 3
Applying the S-MAC protocol to conjugate
with other security protocols increases the
connection delay of WSN by roughly 30-
50%, making it impossible to establish a
reliable and efficient WSN. (NOTE: Add
3-4 more sentences describing the
importance of the work problem.)
Paragraph 4
A novel security protocol can be
developed, capable of cooperating
efficiently with other energy-conserving
communication protocols. To do so, a
complex WSN can be constructed to
function as the operating platform. Next,
the performance of three communication
protocols can be evaluated when operating
with several security protocols (including
the proposed one). Moreover, the drained-
energy and timing cost can be statistically
compared to indicate the simulation
results.
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the power spent does not
increase, and the overhead on connection
delay is under 20%. (NOTE: Add 2-3
more sentences describing anticipated
results.)
Paragraph 6
The proposed method can be adopted to
form a foundation of energy-efficient and
dependable WSNs. (NOTE: Add 3-4
more sentences describing the
contribution to the field.)
Problem statement
Modern cComputer architectures simplify
complex arithmetic operations usesing a
float-point processor unit (FPU) to deal
with complex arithmetic operation. While
mMany FPUs adopt a divider to achieve
high-speed arithmetic operations.
However, conventional dividers expends
numerous basic arithmetic operations
including addition, subtraction and shift to
generateion of a quotient. The execution
time and power dissipation of a divider
positively correlate with the number of
basic arithmetic operations. Thereby,
explaining why this divider consumes
muchis timeing and power consuming.
For instance, a conventional divider
requiresneeds m/2 additions, m
subtractions and m shifts to resultproduce
the m-bit quotient. The timinge-
consuming feature limits clock speed of
the device embedded divider. The
pPortable devices have difficulty in is
hard to useing the conventional divider
owing to high-power dissipation.
Therefore, necessitating the development
of a high-speed and low-power divider
must be established.
Hypothesis statement
A Hhigh-speed and low-power divider can
be established. (NOTE: This objective is
incomplete because you do not describe
how this divider differs from conventional
ones in terms of features or functions.) To
do so, the iterations of generating quotient
can be significantly reduced by a high-
radix arithmetic system. The operations of
addition can then be eliminated with a
non-restoring algorithm. Next, the power
dissipation can be diminished byvia a
domino logic circuit. As anticipated, the
proposed divider using a high-radix
arithmetic system and a non-restoring
algorithm is faster 35% faster than
conventional dividers.
FurthermoreMoreover, the divider based
on a domino logic circuit can decrease
15% in power dissipation by 15%.
Furthermore, The proposed scheme can
prin addition to provideing further insight
into developing a high-speed and low-
power divider. It also, the proposed
scheme can be easily utilizedimplemented
in portable devices owing to its low-power
consumptionfeature.
Research proposal
Paragraph 1
Computer architectures simplify complex
arithmetic operations using a float-point
processor unit (FPU). (NOTE: Add 3-4
more sentences describing the setting of
the work proposal.)
Paragraph 2
While many FPUs adopt a divider to
achieve high-speed arithmetic operations,
conventional dividers expend numerous
basic arithmetic operations including
addition, subtraction and generation of a
quotient. (NOTE: Add 3-4 more
sentences describing the work problem.)
For instance, a conventional divider
requires m/2 additions, m subtractions and
m shifts to produce the m-bit quotient.
The time-consuming feature limits clock
speed of the embedded divider.
Paragraph 3
Portable devices have difficulty in using
the conventional divider owing to high-
power dissipation, necessitating the
development of a high-speed and low-
power divider.
(NOTE: Add 3-4 more sentences
describing the importance of the problem.)
Paragraph 4
A high-speed and low-power divider can
be established. (NOTE: This objective is
incomplete because you do not describe
how this divider differs from conventional
ones in terms of features or functions.) To
do so, the iterations of generating quotient
can be significantly reduced by a high-
radix arithmetic system. The operations of
addition can then be eliminated with a
non-restoring algorithm. Next, the power
dissipation can be diminished via a
domino logic circuit.
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the proposed divider using
a high-radix arithmetic system and a non-
restoring algorithm is 35% faster than
conventional dividers. Moreover, the
divider based on a domino logic circuit
can decrease power dissipation by 15%.
(NOTE: Add 2-3 more sentences
describing the anticipated results.)
Paragraph 6
Furthermore, in addition to providing
further insight into developing a high-
speed and low-power divider, the
proposed scheme can be easily
implemented in portable devices owing to
its low-power consumption. (NOTE: Add
3-4 more sentences describing the
contribution to the field.)
120. (Telecommunications)
Title: Optimizing Control Technology for
Antenna Radiation Patterns Control
Technology
Hypothesis statement
Work objective
Based on the above, we need aAn
adaptive clock recovery method can be
developed to of generatinge the clock
signal to synchronize the clock. And
make, ensureing that the received data
meetsfulfills the criteria. To do so, he
general method to achieve the clock
recovery is called “referred to herein as
differential clock recovery”., the proposed
This method can utilizeuses common
clock information ion both ends. The
transmitting side and receiving side can
beare synchronized with each other
basedecause ofn common clock
information. The GPS devices or some
network time protocols canmust be used
similarly to as using the “differential clock
recovery” method. This method
willDespite increaseing the cost. Bus, this
method has a drawbackcertain limitation.
No GPS signal is received Wwhen the
TTDMoIP equipment areis in thea
building, there is no GPS signal begin
received. We use aAnother method,
adaptive clock recovery, can be adopted to
achieve the clock recovery, called
“adaptive clock recovery”.
EmployingUsing this method we don’t
have adoes not require additional devices,
e.g., alike GPS receiver, to generate the
synchronized clock. As anticipated, the
adaptive clock recovery method can
enable re-use of make the oldexisting
TDM equipment in thea building to be re-
used. This fact will, thus reduceing 10%
the cost of replacing equipment
replacementby 10%.
Problem statement
As an asynchronous network, Tthe IP
network is an asynchronous network with
nolacks knowledge of the physical layer
and, until recently, it was solely used for
data transport until recently. With the
introduction of real-time IP services, the
need arose to set specifications had to be
set for QoS related parameters –: delay,
delay variation and packet loss. Main
sources of packet loss are bandwidth
limitations at the edges, network
congestion, clock related impairments and
large delay variations that cause the jitter
buffer to drop or add.
Hypothesis statement
ITU-T has published ITU-T
Recommendation Y.1541 on performance
objectives for Layer 3 based network
parameters – end-to-end packet delay,
packet delay variation and packet loss –
based on different classes of service.
Efforts are ongoingunderway to set
additional service classes with reduced
packet loss objectives. However,
synchronization at the physical layer is a
topic of discussionof concern only for
TDMoIP services in ITU-T and ANSI
standard bodies.
Work problem
Importance of problem
Work objective
Anticipated results
Contribution to field
Hypothesis statement
A secure messenger service which haswith
effective cryptography functionsality
would can be developed., capable of
avoiding the leaking out of The
communication messages leaked out
would be avoided. and resisting Tthe
grabbing (NOTE: Do you mean
‘manipulation’ instead of ‘grabbing’?) of
the communication between messenger
users could be resisted. Moreover, the
integrity and the message sender of the
messages couldan be verified. As
anticipated, the proposed secure
messenger service can could use the
developed cryptography functionality to
protect the personal privacyconfidentiality
and avoid the information leak out. The
proposed method can contribute to efforts
to provide a new application field to
integrate cryptography and messenger
services, thus averting and the leaking of
avoid the information leak out to protect
personal data and company profits.
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, we should develop
aAn efficient SDS scheme that
incorporates user diversity of user and an
evolutionary model can be developed to
adapt to various conversational contexts.
To do so, Aa fine-grained user model can
then be derived to theaccurately
representation of a user’s situation; the
user model comprises a skill level tofor
the system, knowledge level on the target
domain and degree of hastiness. Next,
tThe adaptation of SDS can be achieved
using reinforced learning approach. As
anticipated, the proposed SDS scheme can
increase the response accuracy of air
travel-related problems question and
responseanswer system by 15%. The
proposed scheme can contribute to efforts
to further enhance HCI with robustness by
facilitating natural speech dialogic
communication with computers, Given the
large discrepancy in individual behavior
of conversation, the spoken dialogue
scheme can also provide a valuable
reference for efforts underway to model
the divergence of the users.
Problem statement
The cConstructiong and applyingications
of intelligent environments have received
considerable interestis an attractive
research direction in industrial and
academic cyircles. In these years, dDigital
life has also received much interest in
recent years, with is the most popular
study and the identification technology
playsing a critical role in intelligent
environment research. Many IT
manufacturers design and produce various
handheld 3C products in order to gain a
foothold in the emerging more benefit
from digital life market. However,
conventional digital life studies given its
focus on home care, home learning, and
home entertainment. The bound of, digital
life applications are is limited into the
home. Additionally, the radio frequency
identification (RFID), which isi.e., the
conventionally adoptedcurrent critical
identification technology, is seldom
adopted in digital life studies;, thus
restrictsing the creation of digital life’s
R&D efforts in digital life. The above fact
not only shows the lack ofreflects the
inability to integrateion of different
various intelligent environments, but also
indicates that only ten percentages10% of
all 3C products can be used as expected as
their prime scenario due to an unsound
intelligent environment. Therefore, the
promotional efforts in of mobile
commerce is baffledare not well defined.
The market of digital life is arduous to
enlarge; the pProfits from digital life
market is just close to ten
percentagesaccount for only 10% of theat
from total entire 3C market. Based on the
above, we should developTherefore, a
novel intelligent architecture must be
developed, capable of
enhancingincreasing the efficiency and
effect of mobile commerce.
Hypothesis statement
A novel intelligent architecture can be
developed, capable of increasing the
efficiency of mobile commerce. The
proposed architecture can integrates the
applications of several environments, i.e.,
home, mart, shopping mall, and banks.
AndAdditionally, the RFID technology is
well adopted. To do so, the intelligent
info-filtering mechanism for tags reading
can be established. The status-
management mechanism of daily
commodities can thenus be presented.
Next, aThe secure settlement and payment
mechanism can be proposed as well.
Additionally, a practical info-interchange
method can be constructed. As anticipated,
the proposed architecture can integrate
RFID and context awareness technologies
in a ubiquitous environment to
increaseenhance the efficiency and effect
of mobile commerce. In addition to
contributing to indicate a novel research
effortsdirection in digital life, the
proposed architecture can also
enhanceimprove the potential
enhancement of mobile commerce and
increase the profits from digital life
market by up to thirty percentages30% of
that from the entiretotal 3C market.
Besides thatMoreover, the proposed
architecture can lead some freshprovide a
valuable reference for business models
and, ultimately provideing opportunities
for 3C manufacturers to consume value-
added products.
(Computer Science)
Time Division Multiplexing Passive
Optical Network (TDM PON) is a
promising solution to remove the
bottleneck of bandwidth provisioning in
current mass-deployed access networks.
In TDM PON, the traffic is carried by a
single wavelength in each direction,
andin which users share the bandwidth
in the time domain.
136. (Telecommunications)
Network communication systems focus
mainly on pProviding users with non-
break-downreliable and Hhighly
Aavailabileity for telecom services are the
basically requirement in the modern
network communication. Conventional
communication architecture is equipment-
based. If the equipment breaokes down,
the telecom services should be stopped
forcurtailed to replaceing the telecom
equipment. The conventional architecture
is proprietary tofor each other. Each
equipment provider doeis not compatible
to each other. For a shorter development
schedule, a lower development cost and
variedous network services, conventional
architectures with proprietary hardware
and software arehas been out of dated.
The uUsers spend a lot of moneymuch
capital for hardware and software updated
with non-reuse equipment and software.
While proprietary architecture is updated,
the users take moneyspend capital for the
newly updated proprietary architecture as
well as buypurchase a new one. A lot of
moneyMuch capital has been
wastedexpended. The proprietary
architecture creates a gap between makes
the equipment providers have a gap
increase with each other. After updating
proprietary architecture is updated, the
older hardware and software have
beencome obsolete useless forto users.
Therefore, the open architecture for
network communication should be
provided. Additionally, the equipment
providers should developed system by
building blocks.
Based on above, aA new novel open
architecture can be developedshould be
proposed for telecommunication purposes,
and should be builtfor construction with
building blocks. To do so, the
communication architecture can be
separated by several functional blocks.
And then modularized for eEach
functional blocks can then be
modularized. Next, each functional block
can be implemented bythrough
differentvarious providers. As anticipated,
for a situation in which if the telecom
equipment modules breaoke down, the
telecom services willare not be stopped by
replacing the equipment modules. The
High Aavailability willcan be achieved by
serveding with thean open architecture. It
can be, which is an emerging the trend in
the next generation of telecom
communication. And then the serService
providers can then update the equipment
by each module, without an update of all
whole equipment update. Such continuity
makes Next, users aware that a breakdown
in will not know if the telecom equipment
has occurredbroke down or not.
[Work problem]
However, the Cconventional DBA is
based on queue-status reports (SR) sent by
ONTs to OLT periodically. The grant
scheduler at the OLT defines a granting
cycle W. OnDuring each W period, the
OLT solicits the queue-status reports from
ONTs,; the ONTs respond with queue-
status reports,; and, then, the grant
scheduler processes these reports and
assigns bandwidth for the next W period.
There is a minimal response time
determined by tThe SR delay time, the
OLT processing time, and the PON round-
trip time determine the minimal response
time. During this time period, the queue
status changes, and thereforeoften causing
SR-DBA to fall belowypically does not
achieve optimal accuracy. In addition to
bandwidth efficiency, SR-DBA
deployment heavily depends highly on
interoperability between OLT and ONT
systems. Specifically, the complexity of
ONTs complexity increases due to the
higher real-time constraints and additional
circuitry requiredneeded to support queue-
status reports.
[Importance of problem]
SR-DBA is inefficient for FTTH. The,
creating a situation in which inefficient
bandwidth utilization wastes a lotexpends
a considerable amount of investment ofin
PON networks. AdditionalMore resources
are necessaryis required to achieve the
required bandwidth required. Additionally,
The delay-sensitive services such as voice
or interactive services cannot meetcomply
with the standard requirements under a
high packet delay circumstance.
Moreover, The users cannot endure to
wait for a response from the peer for a
long (delay : OR OMIT) time. The hHigh
buffer requirements also meanimply high
overhead costs for service provider and,
ultimately, high subscription charges for
the users. In sum, a hHigh packet loss
ratio cannot satisfy the service level
agreement and influencedeteriorates the
quality of several services such as video
and FTP.
[Work objective]
Based on the above, we should develop a
the predictive DBA based on pseudo
status-report from ONTs should be
developed to increasemprove the DBA
efficiency. The predictive DBA fully
grants the excess bandwidth and grants
each active ONT at leaset once in a W
period to decrease the packet delay and
increase the link throughput.
[Anticipated results]
As anticipated, the predictive DBA can
elevate the PON efficiency. While Tthe
overall bandwidth utilization can exceed
80%. T, the packet delay can be reduced
to lowerss than 4 ms. pPredictive DBA
also implies low buffer requirements
under 4MB and a low packet loss ratio not
exceeding 5%. The predictive DBA also
implies low buffer requirements less than
4MB, and an extremelyvery low packet
loss ratio under 5%. The, thus satisfying
requirements of delay and packet loss
sensitive services can be satisfied.
Additionally, the predictive DBA
approach can simplifiesy ONT design and
reduces the risk of having inter-operability
problems between OLTs and ONTs from
different vendors. Moreover, the
predictive DBA can supports not only
dynamic bandwidth allocation, but also a
static one that is used for fixed bandwidth
traffic such as voice and leased line traffic.
Furthermore, the proposed method is
instrumentedcan contain with several
parameters that not only control the trade-
off between throughput optimization and
packet-delay optimization, andbut also
provides the ability to fine-tune the DBA
for variousdifferent scenarios. The
predictive DBA can also be used to
accurately reflect somea certain level of
fairness amongst ONTs by
measuredetermining the effective traffic
rate and packet delay.
[Contribution to field]
The proposed predictive DBA method
iscan be more efficient than SR-DBA. The
predictive DBA can with respect to
increaseing the PON efficiency in order to
reduce the amount of equipment needed in
PON systems. ItThe proposed method can
also reduces the overhead costs of the
service providers implementing PON
networks. The users can accept the
cheaper and high quality, ultimately
making next generation network services
less expensive and of high quality.
139. (Telecommunications)
Title: Antenna in package
technonology(NOTE: This is an
incomplete title because it does not
emphasize the contribution of your
research and the method to achieve so.
Use this structure to write a complete
research title:
Work problem
However, mMany features and issues of
wireless sensor networkWSN architecture-
related issues have not been effectively
addressed are still under development.
Numerous researches on, including multi-
hops, multiple-access abilities, routing
capabilities, and self-organization, …etc.,
are being studied. These researches need a
nNumerous WSN nodes to cooperateing
with each other are necessary to alleviate
the above difficulties.
Importance of problem
Although capable of simulating all WSN
nodes to manage and configure the WSN,
a pure simulation model lacks authentic
WSN behaviors. Therefore, if an inability
to devise an WSN-based experimental
platform of wireless sensor network is not
created to manage such a large
amountnumber of WSN nodes,
researchers and engineers will require an
excessive amount of waste plenty of time
toin deploying and configureing thousands
of WSN nodes. Such a predicament
severely restrictsThey cannot concentrate
on their wireless sensor network WSN
studies.
Work objective
Pure simulation model that simulate all
WSN nodes is the most convenience
proposal to manage and configure the
wireless sensor network, but it lacks
actuality of the wireless sensor network
behaviors. Based on the above, we should
develop a simulation model that can
cooperate withintegrated into WSN
hardware devices. T to create a more
realistiche observation will be more
realistic.
Anticipated results
As anticipated, theis proposed simulation
model can provide theenable programmers
to manipulate the hardware, as well asand
send or receive data among WSN nodes.
ItThe model also provides a kernel and the
basic WSN protocols for researchers to
implement their proposed algorithms and
protocols to resolve or enhance the
wireless sensor network issues,
likeincluding multi-hops, multiple-access
abilities, routing capabilities, and self-
organization.
Contribution to field
The proposed simulation model
cCanpable of provideing a more realistic
observation thean purely simulated one.s,
the proposed simulation model It can
reduce thesimplify efforts to deploy a
large numberamount of WSN nodes.
Researchers can only distribute some
practical WSN nodes to a small area and
simulate all the restthe remaining area
from the proposed simulation model to
verify their novel algorithms or protocols.
ItDoing so will enablehelp the researchers
to concentrate on their major studies, not
waste theirexpend considerable time on
deployments and configurations of the
WSN nodes.
Work problem
However, A designing of effective
congestion control and queue management
algorithms is difficult,extremely complex
given the because of variety of services
supported ion the Internet and their
various demands for Quality of Service
(QoS).
Work objective
Based on the above, we should develop
We propose a a novel approach for TCP
congestion control scheme, Fuzzy BLUE,
i.e., which is an extension tof the
conventraditional BLUE mechanism. An
integral The main part of designing the
Fuzzy BLUE is to designing the Fuzzy
BLUE Controller (FBC), which
functionsacts as a congestion controller in
the routers.
Anticipated results
The aAs anticipated, applyingication of
the fuzzy control scheme to the problem
ofcontrol congestion control is feasible
given difficultiesappropriate due to
problems in obtaining a precise model
using conventional methods. The
proposedOur suggested approach, is
Fuzzy BLUE, which actsfunctions more
effectively and robustly in comparison
withthan other approaches such as BLUE.
Contribution to field
The proposed Fuzzy BLUE could In
addition to achieveing a nearly 100%
throughput. Furthermore, simulation
results show that the proposed, Fuzzy
BLUE mechanism has a better loss
performance and queue length behavior
than the conventionally adoptedtraditional
BLUE mechanism does.
142. (Computer Science)
1. 工作提案
Computers and the Internet have become
an integral part of so embedded in the
daily lifefabric of people’s lives that they
simply cannot live without them.
activities, including We used this
technology to work, to communicateion,
to shopcommerce, retrieval of to seek out
new information, and to eentertainment
ourselves. Given the increasing diffusion
of computers in society, hHuman-
computer interaction (HCI) has become is
increasingly essential to our daily lives
with this ever-increasing diffusion of
computers in society. Researchers of HCI
devoted themselvesrelevant in order to
ensuringe that human-computer
communication is as natural as human-
human communication in last decade. In
addition to verbal partscues, emotions
weare vital tocrucial of human intelligence
and have been shown to play a significant
role in theprofoundly impact human
communication process. These findings,
together with recent advances in sensing,
tracking, analyzing, and animating human
nonverbal communicative signals, have
fueled interest among advanced HCI
researchers produced a surge of interest in
affective computing by researchers of
advanced HCI. This emergingintriguing
new field focuseds on computational
modeling of human perception of affective
states, synthesizing of affective
expressions, and design of affect-sensitive
HCI.
2. 工作問題、特性、量化
Affective computing was thatattempts to
ensure that a device canhaving the ability
to to detect and appropriately respond to
emotions of its user in HCI.
Approximately 80% to 90% of all human-
to-human communication is nonverbal
and emotional. Thus, to succeed in
HCI,necessitating that developers
emphasizecould not disregard affective
computing to ensure success in HCL.
Given this capacity, aA computing device
with this capacity could gatheraccumulate
cues tofrom user’s emotions from a
variety of sources., e.g., Ffacial
expressions, posture, gestures, speech, the
force or rhythm of key strokes and the
temperature changes of the user hand on a
mouse. Such sources can could all
signify changesing in the emotional state
of users, and these couldcan be detected
and interpreted byvia a computer. A built-
in camera that retrievescaptured images
of the user and algorithms can bewere
used to process the data in order to yield
meaningful information. Speech
recognition and gesture recognition
werare among the other promising
technologies being explored ffor affective
computing applications, f. For instance, in
e-learning situations, the computer can
sense ould detect from available cues
when the user wais having difficulty and
offer expanded explanations or additional
information. Although beneficial for a
various research and application areas,
tackling these problems is a complexwas
not an easy task. Research involving
affective computing problems has heavily
stressed howThe fact that how to
recognizeing and modeling the affectivity
have received considerable attention
among the affective computing problems.
However, those such approaches can not
always failed to cope with the emotions
that arecharacterized by dynamically
changeable and highly fuzzy owing to
only adoptingthe ability (NOTE: Do you
mean ‘inability’? Check intended
meaning.) of pattern recognition
approaches to recognize emotionalthe
states of emotions and treating each
emotional state as a static and not fuzzy
one. Evaluating a affective computing in
HCI is often subjective, andsubsequently
relyingiant on various application
domains. Inin the Media Laboratory at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
media lab, they achieved 80% accuracy of
eight emotional states.
3. 問題中心
Despite the recent emergence ofAlthough
affective computing was the new filed in
HCI, many researchers believeds that
successfully eding in dealing with
emotional states in HCI would enhance
the recognition accuracy of various
modalities, . For instancee.g., the speech
recognition.
People will benefit from aAffective
computing can assist individuals in
becoming because the technology will
make them more comfortable with their
use of computer use. If a computer
cCapable of ould detecting whether that a
human user is under stress or is confused
or sad,, a computer it could react by
changingalter the environment, perhaps
changing the user's to positively affect the
emotional state of users.
4. 目標,實驗步驟
Based on the above, we should develop
aAn efficient affective modeling scheme
that incorporates fuzzy emotional
measurement of the users and aAn
evolutionary learning algorithm can also
be developed to model and learning
emotions from users. To do so, a user
behavior video corpus mustcan be
constructedbuilt. Appropriate member
functions of the fuzzy-logic model can
then be completed by analyszing the
corpus,. Next, the mapping of the events
and emotional states canould be
mappedcomplete, and inductive learning
algorithms can be used to understand the
context of events and emotional states
could be obtained by inductive learning
algorithms. The context consisteds of
patterns of events, associations among
objects, and expectations. Moreover, The
adaptation of affective modeling can be
adaptedchieved using a learning classifier
system approach.
5. 預期結果
As anticipated, the proposed affective
modeling scheme can increase the
accuracy of emotional recognition
accuracy ofin educational game problems
by 10%. Additionally, inductive learning
algorithms can facilitate semi-automatic
learning of And the relation betweenhow
events and emotion states are relatedcan
be semi-automatically learned by
inductive learning algorithms;, thus
reducing human efforts by This fact
reduces 30% of the human efforts.
Moreover, the adaptations to the new
environments can be performedmade as
well.
6. 貢獻
The proposed scheme can contribute to
efforts to further enhance HCI to be
affect-sensitive HCI by facilitating
affective senses with computers. Affective
computing scheme will reduces the
intrusiveness of HCI and perhaps make
applications of, possibly making
individuals more receptive to HCI
applicationsmore acceptable to people
because ofgiven their more natural
interactions and their seamless presence in
the environment. Corporations could use
affective computing to learn more about
their employees through affective
computers, and usewith this knowledge
used to run more efficient workdays and
gain superiormaximize work productivity.
For instance, affective computers could
help determine when employees They
may be able to determine when employees
are not in the right state of mind toon
completely focused on completeing their
tasks or determineing the optimal
conditions and most productive situations
for each individual. Corporations will
want to useAdditionally, affective
computing can also enhance customer to
sservice their customers better, for
instance, e.g., through betterenhanced
call-center services, or phone-free access
or data miningand also to gain valuable
information about consumers. Such efforts
could They will be able to monitor
consumer reactions of consumers
totowards televisioncommercial
advertisements on television through
facial-recognition networked software
embedded in the televisions and apply
that; such knowledge could ultimately
enhnceto improve marketing campaigns.
Given the large discrepancyvast array of
in individual human emotion, the affective
modeling scheme can also provide a
valuable reference for efforts underway to
model the emotion of users.
143. (Computer Science)
Optimization of a multiplier block using
carry-save adders
Paragraph 1
In mMany DSP algorithms multiply onea
data sample is multiplied by several
constants. For instance, a finite impulse
response filter samples onean input data to
be multiplyied by the filter coefficients.
Multiplier block isrefers to the module to
deal withperform such above arithmetic
operations. Multiplier-less realization that
isdeemed efficient for a multiplier block is
implementedation is achieved by
replacing the multiplication with shifts,
additions and subtractions. As additions
and subtractions are similar operations,
the adder can be used for both operations.
Thereby, explaining why the number of
adders dominates the performance of a
multiplier block.
Paragraph 2
The Cconventional multiplier block
utilizes a graph representation algorithm
into minimizeing the number of carry
propagation adders (CPAs) with two
inputs and one output. However, carry-
save adder (CSA) is a better choice
thanpreferable over CPA for high-speed
applications. The latency of CSA is
independent of the data length owing to
the ability to eliminateing carry
propagation. For instance, when of adding
two n-bit operands, CPA requiresneeds n
gate delay of a full adder and then; CSA
then expends one gate delay of a full
adder.
Paragraph 3
Although CPAs that composecontain a
conventional multiplier block can map
into CSAs, thissuch mapping (is
inconsistent inwith OR contradicts) the
number of CSAs required for a given
number of CPAs for a multiplier block.
Hence, above mapping approach is
obviously an clearly not a infeasible
means ofway to generateing a multiplier
block using CSAs. The inability to
minimizeing in the number of CSAs will
degrade the lead to lower performance of
multiplier blocks. Therefore, a novelew
multiplier block algorithm must be
developed to minimize the number of
CSAs in a multiplier block.
Paragraph 4
Based on the above, we should develop a
novelNew multiplier block algorithm can
be developed, capable of minimizing the
number of CSAs in a multiplier block. To
do so, the the even even fundamentals can
be eliminated by dividing an appropriate
suitable power of two. Even fundamentals
must be removed bBecause the new
multiplier block algorithm only considers
odd fundamentals, the removing of even
fundamentals is necessary. Next, the
fundamentals can be developed bymade
up of combiningation of two already
realized fundamentals can be achieved
bby subexpression sharing. (NOTE:
Although I have simplified this sentence,
make sure that I did not change your
intended meaning.) Thereby,
sSubexpression sharing thus eliminates
the redundancies between the coefficients
in the multiplier block to minimize the
number of CSAs.
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the proposed multiplier
block algorithm using new multiplier
block algorithm is 35% faster than the
conventional multiplier block without
minimizing the number of adders.
Moreover, the multiplier block based on
new multiplier blockproposed algorithm is
15% faster than the conventional
multiplier block with a minimum number
of CPAs. Compareding with the graph
representation algorithm, new multiplier
blockthe proposed algorithm can decrease
8% in the number of CSAs by 8%.
Paragraph 6
The proposed New multiplier block
algorithm for carry-save adders has been
presented. The algorithm can eliminates
redundancies between the coefficients ifin
the case that one data is multiplied with
multiple coefficients to minimize the
number of CSAs. In addition to providing
further insight into developing multiplier
block using CSAs, the proposed scheme
also can be easily implemented in high-
speed DSP devices.
4. Importance of problem:
A generic CA architecture is therefore
essential to a SDR-based user equipments.
5. Work objective:
Based on the above, we should
developpresent a generic CA architecture
to execute various CA procedures on the
same platform.
7. Anticipated results:
As anticipated, the proposed generic
architecture can execute various CA
procedures on the same platform. The
length of spreading code can behave a
length of 256 chips. Its operation clock
rate will be up tocan reach 100 MHz.
8. Contribution to field:
The generic CA architecture While
providesing a useful platform for CA in
various DS-CDMA systems., It isthe
generic CA architecture can be used to
implement the CA procedure immediately
for single-system and multi-system user
equipments.
Background
Importance of Problem
Anticipated results
As anticipated, the proposed
architecture can decrease the area and
power consumption overhead can be
minimized bby 40 % over that of a
comparing the chip usesing separated
ECC crypto modules for varioused fields.
The flexibility of tThe ECC hardware
component can flexibly support its
application in variousdifferent
communication protocols, e.g. 802.11n.
Contribution to field
The proposed architecture can be used
We offer a novel scheme to design an
ECC hardware crypto module that can
achieve the capability in handleing the
finite polynomial field and the finite prime
field. The aAdaptability of the proposed
ECC crypto module can facilitate use of
the ECC algorithm to used in
variousdifferent computing devices to
establish a secure communication channel.
148. Computer Science
Research Proposal
Paragraph 1
Internet security has significantly
increased raised significantly attention in
recent years., as evidenced by the growing
number of enterprises that construct
Companies build up computer firewalls to
withstand externalresist attacks and
viruses outside their Intranet. And some of
these companies also using Virtual Private
Network (VPN) toCapable of protecting
data transactions between the Internet and
theira company Iintranet., a virtual private
network (VPN) VPN uses utilizes a
reliable encrypting mechanism to protect
all data transfers, and. VPN is normally
adopted usually used within a company or
betweeny several companies to
establishorganize a private communication
network over a public network like the
Internet.
Paragraph 2
However, building up theconstructing a
VPN requires a customized hardware
server and complexicated expertise
settings, often involving prohibitively with
extremely high overhead costs that, small
companies cannot afford to this enormous
expense. FurthermoreAdditionally, VPN
uses a tunnel scheme, e.g., IPSec, and
SSL, preventing these protocols may
notfrom passing through all firewalls, t.
Thus, some VPN servers need tomust be
setationed outside of the firewall,
makingthus compromising the security of
the VPN server itself insecure. Recent
Sstatistics indicate that shows that nearly
70% of all VPN servers are under attack
in everyeach hour if they are not protected
by the firewall protection is unavailable.
WithstandingResisting these attacks
expends considerablewastes the
computationaling power of VPN servers,
thus slowdowns thesubsequently
degrading VPN performance.
Paragraph 3
Above limitations The inefficiency of
VPN leads tocreate high overhead costs
inof transaction time, and . Additionally,
the extremely high setting upprohibitively
expensive outlay set up incurs small
companies hanging back,
makingcompromises the security of
thesetransactions from small companies
that cannot afford VPNtransact insecurely.
Therefore, an economically feasible
scheme must be developed to reduce the
cost of installing setting up price of VPN,
and increaseenhance efficiency based on
the ability to prevent of setting behind all
firewalls to free it of attacks of a company
firewall from the Internetpublic network.
Paragraph 4
Based on the above, we should develop an
economically feasible scheme to reduce
the cost of installing VPN and increase
efficiency based on the ability to prevent
attacks of a company firewall from the
Internet. From above, an ease of installing
scheme can be developed, and capable of
allowing VPN servers to be set behind all
type of firewalls. To do so, instead of
using a customized hardware VPN server,
this work developsa pure software
environment can be devised that
comprises both ofthe server and client
programs, e. Each computer can function
as become a VPN server by installing the
server one.(NOTE: Do you mean ‘once’
instead of one’?) This software solution
can effectively lower construction costs of
a VPN environmentdown the building
expense. Next, forto achieve transparency
toamong all firewalls, a tunneling scheme
based on “https” protocol is can be
adopted to the program to pass through the
firewalls, since the https protocol is
transparent toamong all firewalls, and t.
This protocol can possess sufficienthas
strong enough security capabilities to
protect the confidentiality of transactions.
Additionally, for enhancing the transaction
performance, can be enhanced by basing
this program is developed based on a
network layer comprised of two of MAC
layers, instead of layer three of IP layers,
thus increasing the efficiency of making
this program more efficient. (NOTE:
Although I have made this confusing
sentence grammatically correct, make sure
that I did not change your intended
meaning.)
Paragraph 5
As anticipated, the proposed scheme can
enhancethe performance enhanced
almostby nearly 50% over that of the
conventional relative to the traditional
VPN topology, and extremely low-price in
. The economically feasible set up cost
setting up causing the pure software
environment, further, for proving the
ensures transparency toamong firewalls,.
Until now, this program has passed
through total fifty testing firewalls without
being filtered out.
Paragraph 6
In addition to reducing setting up price
ofinstallation costs of a VPN, the
proposed scheme canalso makes the
transaction transparent to firewalls.
Setting the VPN server behind firewalls
secures the VPN server, also ensures
security and increases the efficiency.
Resutls of this study can contribute to
efforts underway to establish other This
work proposed another aspects of VPN
setting mechanism,s that economically
feasible for and provided an economical
solution for small companies to benefit
form VPN..
Work problem
Importance of problem
The cConfusion ofover mobile marketing
terms inhibits hinders the speed of
research efforts, which has lagged behind
the rampantaccelerated demand for
growth of the mobile services
consumption in reality. The amateur
ofPreliminary research ion consumption
behavior and service supply in mobile
marketing results to the leads to
suspension of regulatoryion institutions
and the evolvement of mobile
businesscommerce.
Work objective
Based on the above, we should develop a
novelThe confusion in the terminology
requires a scheme to fulfillcompensate for
the research gap between
tradiconventional and mobile marketing
by specifically clarifying the meaning of
implications of mobile advertising and
mobile marketing.
Anticipated results
As anticipated, the terms of “mobile
advertising” and “mobile marketing”
willcan be defined for research of mobile
marketing research. Elements, including
the subject, marketer and receiver
interaction and mutual expectation,
commercialization implications, and the
innovative machine-human interface, can
be used are concluded to determine the
terms. Furthermore, a new marketer and
consumer relationship can be determined
based on built upon machine interface will
be discovered.
Contribution to field
The universal definition to theof mobile
marketing terms can not only contribute to
the research of thea rapidly
emergingdeveloping market, but also
enable helping the operators and service
providers to address and even predict
market trendsneeds, as well as and
advance their marketing strategies
theoretically, but also and assist with
thgovernmental e regulatoryion
institutions of the government.
Furthermore, the innovative
interdependent marketer and consumer
relationship through machine interface can
contribute to the development of a will
spur a new discipline in the field of
mobile commerce, given to the rapid
evolvement of human-machine life styles.
150. (Telecommunications)
An efficient encoding process achieved by
Optimization of repeat-accumulate codes
in MIMO systems using an efficient
encoding process
2. Work problem
We will meet the different function
interfere each other when we cHowever,
(combineding OR integrating) several
functions into the one chip often leads to
different functions interfering with each
other. For instance, Unfortunately, we
maybe couldn’t solve
spaceminiaturization and cost-related
issues in an integrated IC. can not be
addressed Bbecause we lost the flexibility
of placement in the PCB layout is lost.,
mMoreover, we need use (special OR
customized) packages must often be used
in thean integrated IC, which have a
higher cost that cause the total cost
increase due to it wasowing to their not
unpopularity OR infrequent use) package.
4. Importance of problem
The inability to (comply with OR satisfy
OR fulfill OR adhere to)We couldn’t meet
customer requirements makes it
impossible to if we don’t realize
theachieve an integrated IC. The designer
don’t how to design the integrate IC if we
don’t solve the space a with
miniaturization and cost
considerationsproblem.
Work problem:
However, Cconventional comparators fail
to timelycan not react timely to and
accurately turn on/off the power switches
on and off accurately, (incurring OR
causing) a power loss during power
transition.
Importance of problem:
The inability to develop If a faster
comparator couldn’t be realized in
(modern : OR OMIT ) power regulation
ICs, will not only (shrink OR decrease)
battery lifetime will be shrunk due to extra
transition power loss, and the
associatedbut also make handheld
electronic products will be less
competitive in marketwise.
在可攜型電子產品應用方面,通常電源
可操作的範圍並不會太大。
Work problem
A continuously operating battery does not
always keep inmaintain a constant voltage
in continuity operate condition.
電池在連續操作的情況下,維持在一固
定電壓的時間並不會太長。
通常可攜型的電子產品,在連續使用的
情形下電池的電壓很容易就不符合可攜
型的電子產品的要求。通常在此情況下
只消耗了電池 40%的能量。
姓名: 張銘智
158. (Electrical/Electronics Engineering)
Market demand for The technical ofmotor
drive ICs with sensorless brushless DC
(BLDC) motor drive IC applied capacity
is strong in the market of the home
appliances sector, HVAC industry, and
automotive applications is significant.
However, the conventional means of
method to driveing the sensorless BLDC
motor to start and to rotateor before
entering closed-loop control is limited in
that the lack of exists problems. Without
position information provided by hall-
effect sensors, optical sensors or synchro
resolvers, makes it occasionally difficult
for a BLDC sensorless system to start the
motor is critical and sometime difficult for
a BLDC sensorless system. Whereas inIN
the conventional scheme, open-loop
starting the motor is started with open-
loop control, in which accomplished by
providing a rotating stator field with an
certain increasing frequency profile is
provided. However, for some applications,
i.e.e.g., automotive fuel pumping, requires
that the start-up has to be finishedis
completed with 200ms. It is very, making
it extremely difficult to tune the start-up
(using OR via) the open-loop starting
algorithm
Work problem:
However, the detail comprehension can’t
be very well from reading the
competitor’s IC datasheets from
competitors provide inadequate detail on
how to comply with those consumer
specifications.
Quantitative specification of problem:
Misinterpreting understanding of IC
specifications frequently leads to
additional resources and overhead costs in
causes the reworks of IC design
frequently.
Importance if problem:
Redundant personnel use and overhead
costs associated with peated IC design
work seriously delays the time to market
delivery.
由於電感值會隨著製造與溫度上的變化,
產生約 20~30%的變化量。導致斜率
補償不足,造成系統發生二次諧振。
如果無法省略電流控制器的斜率補償,
而選用材質較差或操作太過於邊界,則
容易造成控制異常。
164. (Electrical/Electronics
Engineering)
設計高驅動的電流線性電壓控制器為符
合客戶的一項規格。
Work problem
然而在一般的線性電壓控制器在大電流
驅動時,就會產生系統穩定性的問題。
在輸出為重載時,系統上的補償會使電
路更為複雜,並且所耗的功率將會增加。
相對的,在大電流驅動時,就需電流限
制電路來保護元件。
Importance of problem
如果沒有設法將電流限制架構與輸出作
隔離,在短路的狀況發生,會使的基本
的電流限制功能失效。
Work problem
A limited Due to IC sizearea is limited, so
restricts the area of the compensator area
can not too large. When the compensator
area is limited, often making it extremely
difficulty to stabilize the step-down
converter is much difficult to stable.
Importance of problem
If IC doesn’t have The lack of an internal
compensator, in an integrated circuit will
create instability in the step-down
converter will be unstable and cause the
external compensator to increase the area
of external application circuit area(s?) and
component cost.
Work problem:
However, efficiency Iin high output watt
operation,s is extremely low owing to the
large turn on power loss becauseof the
synchronous rectifier diode turn on power
loss too large, so the efficiency is very
low.
Importance of problem:
The inability to resolve this efficiency
problem lead to greater energy
consumption from the added input wattage
of If no solution, the converter will added
input watt to consume energy and morea
higher design cost.
2. Work problem :
While developing test programs for
Nnew products require considerable need
more time to develop test program.
O, operator and tester-related problems
consubsequently lower production yield of
production.
3. Quantitative specification of problem:
For instance, In production, manual testing
during manufacturing requires 1ea need 3
seconds for each product, whereasbut
useing tester requires only needs for a
second.
4. Importance of problem:
The lack of Not automated production
requires an enormous amount of can
spends massive time and
manpower.personnel during testing.
While developing a test program for nNew
products requires a tremendous amount of
time, spends massive time develop test
program and Ooperator or tester-related
errors during operation can negatively
impact production and lower the
company’s overall lost the market
competitivenesson value and influence of
production.
Work problem
Work Problem
Given the narrow Due to the applications
of sensorless motor drivers is not
extensive, the difficulty is how to
decidetermining that to be suitable
forappropriate applications of
traditionalconventional senor motor
drivers is (problematic OR difficult).
Importance of problem
Work problem
Given that Aa complete product
development cycle includes at least 8eight
critical steps, 5 and the involvement of
functional departments involvement, any
missing link gap in the work flow will
(incur OR create OR cause) seriously
project delays and extra
expensesadditional overhead costs. ,
therefore, an efficient and tailor-made
project management system is crucial to
prevent problems and shorten
development cycle.(NOTE: I omitted this
part because this belongs to the objective
of your research, not your research
problem.)
Importance of Problem
The inability to resolve this problem If we
couldn’t improve this awkward situation,
we will suffer theincur high development
costs, missing the adversely impact time
to market advantagedelivery, and
eventually, lowersing our market
competitiveness position.
2. Work problem
In white LED drivers, the charge
pump switching control structure,
feedback control structure and power
consumption constitute bottlenecks for
further development.
3. Quantitative specification of problem
For instance, The complicateda
complex control structure may increase
10% to 20% power consumption and 20%
to 30% chip area by 10% to 20% and 20%
to 30%, respectively,
thus/thereby/subsequently/ultimately
increasing production. Therefore, the total
cost raises.
4. Importance of problem
The inability to develop an enhanced
better control structure in white LED
drivers will not only (miniaturize OR
reduce) also shrink the battery life due to
the extra power consumption, but also
enlarge makethe total chip area too large
and loweress market competitiveness
marketwise.
1. Work objective
Based on the above, we should
develop a white LED driving method
containing an efficient charge pump
switching control and adequate suitable
feedback control capabilities/competence.
3. Anticipated results
As anticipated, in addition to
increasing power efficiency to more than
90%, the proposed white LED driver not
only can get more than 90% power
efficiency , but also can reduce the
extranumber of chip components for the
chip.
4. Contribution to field
The proposed method can significantly
be used contribute to efforts/provide a
valuable reference for / elucidate /clarify/
shed light on / pave the way for to design
a novel white LED driver with
betterincreased power efficiency and less
extraproduct components than
beforefound in conventional design.
Work objective:
Based on the above, we should develop a
novel recognition framework capable of
accelerating input signal differentiation,
without appending complicated circuits.
Methodology to achieve objective:
To do so, a small dynamic-range circuit
can be constructed in the firstpreliminary
stage to enhance the sensitivity of a
comparator. A dynamic-range clamping
circuit can then be placed in the
subsequentfollowing stages to expedite
signal diagnosis. Additionally, the level-
shifter, which redeems normal dynamic-
range, can be practicedimplemented to
regain driving capability of the
comparator.
Anticipated results:
As anticipated, the proposed recognition
frameworkarrangement can increase
efficiency 30ns-50ns over that of promote
up to 30ns-50ns than conventional
structures by adding less than figuring no
more than 5% extra circuitry.
Contribution to field:
Without reckoning upincreasing circuit
complexity, the proposed
methodologyframework can be
usedfacilitate efforts to design a high
speed comparator in order to effectively
suppress switching power loss, making it
particularly attractive for particularly
beneficial in high-efficiency demanding
systems such as portable electronic
products.
5. Work objective
Based on the above, we should develop
an integratinged power-supply and the
motor-drivern electronic circuits project ,
the proposal to simplifiesy product design
than the convention. (NOTE: This is an
incomplete research objective. Instead of
saying “to simplify product design”, you
should specify how your electronic circuit
differs from conventional ones in order to
simplify product design.)
根據以上的事實, 我們應該提出一個整
合電源及馬達趨動電路的計畫. 較傳統
方式來簡化產品設計.
Work problem
Given thatAs a complete product
development cycle includes at least eight
critical steps and the
involvementcollaboration of functional
departments, a gap in the work flow will
incurs serious project delays and
additional overhead costs.
Importance of Problem
The inability to resolve this problem will
incur high development costs, adversely
impact time to market delivery and lower
market competitiveness.
Work Objective
Based on the above, we should
constructdevelop an efficient and taylor-
madecustomized project management
system to prevent problems and shorten
development cycle. (NOTE: This research
objective is incomplete. “to prevent
problems and shorten development cycle”
are the result of your management
system. You need to explain the main
feature(s) of your management system - in
contrast to conventional management
systems - that enables it to achieve such
good results.)
Contribution to field
The proposed approach canIn addition to
provideenabling project leaders on-line
project status to eliminate inefficient
communication by monitoring project
status on-line, the proposed management
system can enhancinge competitiveness
by reducing overhead costs and
onaccelerating timeproduct delivery to
market.
目前的電流控制器需加入斜率補償來修
正責任週期大於 0.5 的應用。但外部元
件的變化會導致斜率補償不足或過多,
造成系統不穩定。
由於電感值會隨著製造與溫度上的變化,
產生約 20~30%的變化量。導致斜率
補償不足,造成直流轉換器的電流控制
器發生二次諧振。
如果無法省略電流控制器的斜率補償,
而選用材質較差或操作太過於邊界,則
容易造成控制異常。
Work problem
然而在一般的線性電壓控制器在大電流
驅動時,就會產生系統穩定性的問題。
在輸出為重載時,系統上的補償會使電
路更為複雜,並且所耗的功率將會增加。
相對的,在大電流驅動時,就需電流限
制電路來保護元件。
Importance of problem
如果沒有設法將電流限制架構與輸出作
隔離,在短路的狀況發生,會使的基本
的電流限制功能失效。
Work objective
Based on the above, we should develop a
highly efficiencyt and high anti-noise
architecture forto control linear voltage
controlling, capable of operating at a high
input voltage. (NOTE: This research
objective is incomplete. “to control linear
voltage operating at a high input” is the
result of your proposed architecture. You
do not describe how your architecture
differs from conventional ones so that it
can achieve such good results.)
Simulation procedure
To do so, various input voltages of a In
view of the linear voltage regulator, can
be simulatesd under varying differently
input voltage, with different temperatures
situation, the. circuit wWhether variation
in time, different output loads and stability
of output voltage affects the does have not
the normal movement, of circuits can then
be determined and under time change,
different output load, its output voltage
stability. (NOTE: This methodology is
too short. You need to add at least 1 or 2
more sentences if you want me to write a
full research paper abstract.)
Anticipated results
As anticipated, tThe proposed architecture
can ensure that the operateions at 18V for
input voltage and 100mA for output load.
Contribution to field
The highly efficient architecture
embedded in our ncy linear voltage
regulator can elevate our company’s
technical and profitmarket position.
(NOTE: You do not mention the
theoretical contribution of this
architecture, only the practical
contribution. How does this architecture
contribute to design efforts underway in a
larger field?)
Research paper: Abstract
Linear voltage regulators must operate
under a high current driving speed to
comply with consumer specifications.
However, system instability often occurs
when operating at such a high current
driving speed. Therefore, this work
presents a highly efficient and high anti-
noise architecture to control linear voltage
operating at a high input. (NOTE: This
research objective is incomplete. “to
control linear voltage operating at a high
input” is the result of your proposed
architecture. You do not describe how
your architecture differs from
conventional ones so that it can achieve
such good results.) Various input voltages
of a linear voltage regulator are simulated
under varying temperatures. Whether
variation in time, different output loads
and stability of output voltage affect the
normal movement of circuits is then
determined. (NOTE: This methodology
is too short. You need to add at least 1 or
2 more sentences if you want me to write
a full research paper abstract.) The
proposed architecture can ensure
operations at 18V for input voltage and
100mA for output load. Additionally, the
highly efficient architecture embedded in
our linear voltage regulator can elevate
our technical and market position.
(NOTE: You do not mention the
theoretical contribution of this
architecture, only the practical
contribution. How does this architecture
contribute to design efforts underway in a
larger field?)
目標:
Based on the above, we should design For
this fact, a sensing circuit that not only can
ensure proportionality of the current
flowing through power mos, but also can
be should be designed. In addition, the
sensing current would modify as
availableied according to the current
voltage value.
實驗步驟:
To do soFor this purpose, a high speed and
easily implemented sensing circuit should
be presented. The sensing circuit can be
analyzed with differentunder varying
loading currents and varied linearly
variations with the loading current. Next,
thThe sensing value can then be only
slightly altered very less when during
simulationg with variousdifferent
temperatures. AdditionNext, the value of
variation in the sensing circuit iscan be
deemed acceptable when during
simulationg with variousdifferent process
models.
預期結果:
Given various With different process
models and temperatures, the value of
variation in the proposed sensing circuit
wouldis lower less than 1%. In
aAdditionally, the sensing value is linear
with the loading current.
貢獻:
The proposed sensing circuit facilitates the
precise We can measurement preciselyof
the current in differentvarying sizes of
power mos with this novel sensing circuit.
In addition, thisMoreover, the sensing
circuit can madebe embedded in a chip
and without the need for an outer resistor,
as required by comparing with the
conventional method. Such features
ensure that Consequently, we can
supplyits reliable application complies
with consumer specificationsand satisfy
all customers.
問題的量化
Quantitative specification of problem
For instance, although ICs can
workfunction normally in theat a room
temperature of room temperature 25°C but
cause IC to output , an atypicalunusual
voltage or, current or frequency often
occurs at temperatures ranging from
55°C-80°C owing to because of non-linear
factors of temperature in 55°C~80°C.
問題的中心
Importance of problem
The lack of precise temperature test will
lead to cause IC failure at a because of
temperature changes betweenrange of
55°C and -80°C after quantity is
produced.
工作目標
Work objective
Based on the above, we should Ddevelop
an intelligencet thermostat testing system
for ICs thermo-testthat can be long-time
control temperature changes for extended
periods and the writing down therecord
data from an expand USB and relay
switch over and can , while
simultaneously controlling 127 groups of
test systems at the same time.
達成目標的方法
Methodology to achieve objective
To do so, an intelligence thermostat test
system automatically controlled
environmental temperature can be
automatically controlled. and precise
record amount examines the dData can
befor parameter settings can then be
recorded preciselythe test of parameter
and procedure combine the. Next,
hardware circuitry and performance
algorithms can be integrated. Additionally,
Design a wWindows-based application
program can be designed tofor record and
analyzesis of the results.
3. 希望的結果
Anticipated results
An anticipated, capable of analyzing
temperature-related characteristics of ICs,
an intelligencethe proposed thermostat
testing system thatcan adequately control
temperature variations within a range of
all right 20°C ~-120°C of temperature
changes and for 127 groups of test
systems on a data- log of every 240 hours.
The effective temperature characteristic to
IC is analysis.
4. 領域的貢獻
Contribution to field
The proposaedl thermostat testing
systemmethod can monitor and effectively
control factors that would enable a
variation in from the effect that the
temperature charge causes to enhance IC
characteristics improve produce good rate
and shorten 20% ofreduce the overhead
costs of IC’s products.
Work Problem
Importance of problem
Work objective
Contribution to field
194. (Electrical/Electronics
Engineering)
Problem statement
196.
Problem statement
Hypothesis statement
An IC design architecture that integrates
the adjusting bias voltage method can be
designed. First, aTo do so, a functional
block can be designed to detect the
loading at the output stage can be
designed. Next, tThe loading signal can
then be feed back to the bias voltage
block. Finally, the bias voltage can be fine
tuned according to the loading. As
anticipated, the proposed design
architectureis method can fulfill
theadhere to IC performance requirements
and minimize the power consumption. In
addition to making a highenhancing the
performance of portable products and
lengthenextending the battery service life,
this methode proposed architecture can be
easily integratedembedded in future
products.
Hypothesis statement
Therefore, this work presents aAn
intelligent battery charger with a residual
capacity estimator for a multi-cell Llead-
Aacid battery can be developed, that
canpable of giveproviding different
charging currents (dependsing on the
voltage, capacity and temperature of the
battery ofwhen using the intelligent fuzzy
charge algorithm), while simultaneously
equalizer charging 6six groups of the
series circuit equally. Battery current and
voltage can be precisely controlled with
an intelligent fuzzy charge algorithm. To
do so, Measurethe internal resistor can
then be measured to precisely estimate
precisely the residual capacity of a
battery. Next, aA DSP controller can then
be designed according to algorithm and
control-related factors. Additionally,
monitor and recordNext, charge data-log
of battery can be monitored and recorded
forin 120 hours. As anticipated, Ccapable
of implementing the fuzzy charge
algorithm of battery, the proposed battery
charger can giveprovide different charging
currents, dependsing on the voltage,
capacity and temperature, within a range
of 120-180 minutes for three cells of the
lLead-Aacid battery. Moreover, the
proposed intelligent battery charger and
residual capacity estimator system can be
used to use equalizer adjust the battery
voltage of batteryequally, to increase 30%
duringthe run time by 30%, and achieve
50 numbers cycle life cycles with the
fuzzy charge algorithm.
Hypothesis statement
Base on above, we should establish aA
current and voltage sensing function can
be established in the error-amp of LDO
circuits. To do so, Aa current mode
control circuit can be designed for sensing
the output current . A current feedback
path can then be analyzed. Next ,, a new
ovel current and voltage feedback circuit
can be simulated, along with effectiveness
and verified beforeduring wafer
outprediction. Additionally, the proposed
LDO control circuit can be used in other
linear control systems.. As anticipated,
the proposed current sensing circuit can
improve tin addition to increasing both the
speed of a feedback signal, increase and
the bandwidth of a control system. It, the
proposed current and voltage sensing
function can minimize the load transient
response forom 50mV/us to 25mV/us.
Moreover, iIn addition to minimizeing the
voltage of the load transient response, the
proposed advanced CMOS LDO circuit
can not only improve enhance the quality
of power systems, but also provide an
accurate output voltage tofor other analog
or digital IC circuits. In SOC(System -on
a-cChip (SOC) design, we often need
requires internal LDOs for minimizing the
noise effect between two circuit blocks.
We believe that The proposed CMOS
LDO circuit can improveupgrade the
quality of multi-power systems in a SOC
chip.
Hypothesis statement
An analog video decoder can be
developed that can automatically sense
and switch between NTSC and PAL
systems. Based on the above, we should
analyze analog video decoder to video
system applications. To do so, a composite
video signal decoder circuit mustcan be
developed and then, which contains a
VCOM amplifier can be contained in the
chip, too. Next, sSensing and switching
functions can then be addedincorporated
for differentiating between specific
systems, NTSC and PAL.
AdditionallyNext, a PLL circuit must be
requiredcan be added owing to that the
NTSC demand frequency of NTSC is 3.58
MHz and PAL the demand frequency of
PAL is 4.43 MHz. MoreoverAdditionally,
various system circuits, such ase.g., trap
filters, can select various frequencies for
the signal process. FurthermoreMoreover,
output stages must havecan be equipped
with sufficient driving capability to
deliver RGB signals to panel data lines.
As anticipated, the proposed analog video
decoder can be used to satisfy video
functions requested and makeachieve a
high performance appearance. The video
decoder can alsoCapable of reduceing the
cost of system peripheral components cost
owing to its integration of NTSC and PAL
systems. T, the analog video decoder is
the first chip in video application in
Taiwan owing to its ability to which
decode both NTSC and PAL color signals
is the first chip in video application in
Taiwan. Moreover, tThe proposed chip
can enhance flexibility in systems
applications flexibility and
promoteenhance user’s convenience.
Hypothesis statement
Hypothesis statement
A digital interface can be developed, in
which both the data source and panel are
modified for integration to decrease the
design schedule and IC testing costs.
Based on the above, we should develop a
protocol with digital interface to decrease
the design schedule and IC testing costs.
To do so, implement a digital video
interface, e.g., CCIR, and digital RGB
interface can be implemented. Next, tThe
digital signal processing can then be
simulated by the software ofusing MatLab
software. AdditionallyNext, logic circuits
can be described by program editing.
MoreoverAdditionally, programs adopt
CAD tool to generate the physical circuits
can be generated using CAD software. As
anticipated, iIn addition to automatically
generating production procedures via
software, the proposed digital interface
can enhance the performance, e.g. display
quality and high resolution. Furthermore,
thise proposed interface for the panel can
reduces the number of ADCs, DACs,
video encoders and decoders,
subsequentlyultimately decreasing the
power consumption and production costs.
Hypothesis statement
5. Work objective Based on the above, we
should develop aAn integrated circuit can
be developed to simplify conventional
circuits and easily support miniaturized
products.6. Methodology to achieve
objective To do so, conventional circuits
can be analyzed. Circuits can then be
combined to reduce the chip area. Next, in
terms of the chip layout, adding a
substrate ring can restrain the noise and
the coupling effect.7. Anticipated result
As anticipated, the proposed integrated
circuit can reduce overhead costs and
increase market competitiveness. 8.
Contribution to field In the fieldmarket of
digital still cameras, the proposaled
integrated circuit can simplify product
design and miniaturizinge product size.
211. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal (工作提案建構)
Pipe jacking and horizontal drilling
methods are adopted to comply with
budgetary and time constraints in
completing In order to enable the
GaoxiongKaohsiung maysanMeishan~-
Cchochi 161 kvm cCable lLine pProject
completes in the work budget and the
deadline, must use pipe jacking and
horizontal directional drilling method.
Work problem (工作問題)
The traditionalConventional constructs, e.g., the (open excavation pipeline method,) on the urban
roadwaysroad often need torequire migrateconstant movement or hangscaffolding to protects the
pipeline.
213. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal:
While water shortage isAlthough a
worldwide problem,global phenomenon,
water shortages it is more so in northern
Taiwan are severe during the summer.
months of the year. Taiwan’s
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has, inIn addition to encouraging the
consumers to reduce cut down on thewater
consumption of water, , the Environmental
Protection Administration of the Republic
of China, Taiwan has collaborated with
academics and engineering
professionalsfirms to explore an adopt
advanced wastewater treatment
technologyies aimeding at upgrading the
quality of treated water in order to adhere
to the targeted governmental goal meet the
new official standard of 85% water
reclaimation.
Work problem:
However, the dilemma facing us is that the
conventional method of treating domestic
and industrial wastewaters treatment
methods can not comply with such a goal
is unable to meet the demand for water
reclamation because the quality of treated
water quality faills belowto satisfy the
stringent requirements for water recycling
or reuse requirements.
Quantitative specification of problem:
Although introduced a decade ago as an
advanced wastewater treatment
technology, known as the Membrane
Filtration Technology, which uses that
combination ofes ultrafiltration
membranes and biological treatment
processes, was introduced a decade
ago,membrane filtration technology buhas
been prohibitively expensive to gain t high
capital cost of the treatment system had
prevented it from being widelyspread
acceptance, until recently that is with the
continuously lower cost of ed by
engineering firms until a few years ago,
accredited to the steady cost-decline of
membrane products.
Importance of problem:
Despite the declininglower cost of
membrane products in recent years,
however, the initial cost of the biological
membrane system initially costs higher
than s still considered too high to compete
with the conventional wastewater
treatment systems, despite the advantages
of the though the former, e.g., has many
advantages that the latter can not match –
such as its superbior treated water quality,
muchsignificantly loweress space
requirement, complete automation of the
system with less need for operating
personnel required owing to its fully
automated system, and low maintenance
cost for maintenance, etc. and, therefore,
the total cost is now becoming very
competitive. However, the inability to
continuously The problem remains is that
in addition to a continued effort to reduce
the membrane costs, and more promotion
and publicizety of unique advantages the
merits of biological membrane technology
over the conventional wastewater
treatment methods will definitely be
helpfulmakes it impossible to fully
promulgate this technology and reduce
environmental loading.
215. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal
While pPublic construction projects
operate under strict financial constraints,
applies lowest price for purchase
operation. How can aapplying the
technical standards ofoutlined in the
contract to work construction? work is a
challenging task.
Work problem
With public construction projects
operating under strict financial
constraints,Public construction applies
lowest price for purchase operation.
Ccontractors find it impossible to can’t
apply the technical standards outlined in
the of contract to work construction
work. : This sentence is redundant of the
above sentence in setting of work
proposal.) If oFor overseers attempting to
adoptaction for the the technical standards
ofoutlined in the contract. during project
implementation, Ccontractor’s profits will
not enoughare insufficient for
construction. If not the, subsequently
lowering the qualitiesy of public
construction projectswill have reduced.
Quantitative specification of problem
For instance, nearly 70-80% of About
seventy to eighty percent of tthe technical
standards governing public projects come
copied from the Public Construction
Commission. The copy data is high
standards by the Commission qualities
andmandate the lowest bid price to
complete a hardly to work for the
generally public construction and must
have lowest price.project, making it nearly
impossibleSo for contractors can’tto apply
those technical standards to work
construction and have enough generate
sufficient profits simultaneously.
Importance of problem
The inability to resolve this disparity will
compromise the quality of If this problem
can’t improve. The qualities of generally
public construction projects or lead to a
breach of will reduce or the contractsor
will cancel the contract or discontinuation
of the project owing to insufficient
fundingclose down result from haven’t
enough profits. And that will cause more
economic problem.
216. (CivilEngineering)
The eEnvironmentally induced vibration
would cause theincreases the percentage
of production defeacts ratio increasing,
makes the high precision instrument
inaccurate or inoperableout of work, and
raises concerns from the nearby general
populationpeople feel the uncomfortable
tremor. TraditionallyIn practice, the
engineers make their solution to eliminate
the vibration is eliminated bythrough
either reducing the intensity of the energy
source energy or isolating the transmitting
path. However, The uncertainty or
unincompleted of the dynamic
(features/attributes/properties/characteristi
cs), e.g., such like the vibration time-
dependaent behavior and the structureal
interaction, that would misled often lead
to error in the engineering judgment
improperly. For exampleinstance, the
bestoptimum performance of a rubber pad
damper should be , i.e., 5~-10Hz, itcan not
only incapable to thewithstand equipment
vibration ranging from in 1000~-3000Hz,
but also induces the vibration
amplification, commonly as known as the
resonance behavior.
217. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal:
While science-based industrial parks
represent the hub of To develop high T
technology, we must establish science
park. development in Taiwan To develop,
high speedmodern transportation, we must
construct necessitates the construction of a
high speed rail way. infrastructure, which
is infeasible for transportation inside of
Bur, where intruded by high speed rail
way is not suitable for sciencesuch
industrial parks.
Work problem:
The vibrations of the high speed rail
way running may In addition to interfering
with manufacturing worsen the quality
within a ies of the qualities of the science
park production, vibrations from a high
speed railway systemAnd even, they may
subsequently discourage enterprises from
establishing their operations inside of such
decrease the intentions of companies to
establish workshops in science parks then.
Quantitative specification of problem:
For instance, Thea high speed rail way
system running, will induces ambient
ground surface vibrations toexceeding
50dB more, i.e., intolerable manufacturing
which can not tolerated by the producing
conditions for of the high science-
-technology workshops companies.,
adversely impacting revenues by science
parks, which are currently And even,
these phenomena shall influence the
production amount (valued aboutat around
500 billion N.ew Taiwanese dollars) badly
in the science park.
Importance of problem:
The inability to If we can not reduce the
vibrations induced by the high speed
railway systems running tto less than 50
dB on the ambient ground surface as soon
as possible, the yearlywill reduce the
annual production amount value of the
companies within science-based industrial
parks will drop. And even more,
ultimately stagnating development inside
of suchthe science park area shall not
develop soundly and may grow less and
less eventually industrial zones.
218. (CivilEngineering)
Taiwaneseo help reconstruction efforts in
the work in tsunami- stricken area of Aceh
province, Indonesia, Taiwan shows
inefficiently have been below par.
18Eighteen months after the disaster,
except for TZUCI , the Taiwanese
government still has not distributed funds
collected from can’t sent the help
collected from overseas Taiwanese to the
stricken area .
219. (CivilEngineering)
The safety under earthquake and
construction cost have guided the cWhile
conventional construction materials and
methods highly prioritize earthquake
damage prevention and stringently
controlled operating budgets. The, global
and market demands have promulgated
the use of enhanced materials and
numerous buildings in Taiwan must face
the improved material and sourcebuilding
codes in Taiwanese-built structures under
the global and local market challenge.
220. (CivilEngineering)
In Taiwan traditionalThe conventionally
adopted underground excavation method
has caused many disasters in Taiwan,
andposing harm to damage to
neighboring residents and the project
itself.
Abstract
Pipe jacking and horizontal drilling
methods are adopted to comply with
budgetary and time constraints in
completing the Kaohsiung Meishan-
Chochi 161 kv Cable Line Project.
However, conventional constructs, e.g.,
the open excavation pipeline method, on
urban roadways often require constant
movement or scaffolding to protect the
pipeline. Therefore, this work presents a
construction design method that adopts
pipe jacking and horizontal directional
drilling to avoid a time delay in the project
schedule. A vertical shaft is constructed
in a nearby underground obstacle. A hole
is then drilled to pass through the
underground obstacle via the vertical
shaft. Finally, an electric cable is
constructed and placed in the hole. The
proposed construction design method can
enable engineers to pass through the
underground obstacle, eliminating the
need to move the pipeline. Moreover, the
proposed method provides a valuable
reference for governmental authorities or
construction companies when dealing with
underground obstacles.
223. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
The sShield method is adopted to
comply with budgetary and time
constraints in completing thea
Taipei Daam 345 kv Ccable Lline
Projectof the Taipei Dam Project.
However, Cconventional
constructs, e.g., the open
excavation pipeline method, on
urban roadways often require
constant movement or scaffolding
to protect the pipeline., making it
extremely difficult to estimate
Ccompletion time of a pipeline
project is extremely difficult to
estimate when constant
movement or scaffolding is
involved. The inability to
forecast such estimates will make
costs involving design and
construction technology of shield
prohibitively high. Therefore, an
optimal technology must be
developed, capable of
selectingchoosing an the most
appropriate method well to
adequatelyfor a constructional
system project.
224. (CivilEngineering)
Construction onf China’s Three Gorges
Dam will reach completion is set to finish
next weekshortly, creating and the world’s
largest hydropower operations with
project will have a generating capacity of
18 gigawatts. Despite the inexpensive and
clean energy source of Tthe hydropower
project, its give the cheapest and cleanest
power but the environmental
consequences remain unclearhave yet to
be learned. So, is it really cheapest and
cleanest? The resettlement of roughly
need to resettle the Dam about 1.3 million
inhabitants away from the people flooded
plains caused by the Dam out of their
home, an environment impacts ofsoil
erosion and the tones of sewage flowing
into the dam’s reservoir each yearannually
raise environmental concerns over the
actual benefits of the project. Given that
The true costs of power-related costs are
much higher than originally projected, and
must particular count up. Therefore, not
only the construction costs,
accommodations for will be considered
but also a displaced population of 1.3
million people’s home, an environment
impacts ofsoil erosion and maintaienance
costsfee each year must all be
additionalconsidered.
225. (CivilEngineering)
Although While the number of colleges
and universitiespost-secondary
educational institutions in Taiwan has
more than doubled since the early 1990s,
the qualityacademic competence of the
students has been on a rapidly declined.
Whaether are the causes of for such a
decline in student quality? is owing to less
Are the students today not as intelligent or
hard workingand diligent students than
previously or as those before them? Does
it have anything to do with the steady
increase in number of colleges and
universities in Taiwaneducational
institutions in recent years?remains
unclear. According to the official record
released by Taiwan’s Ministry of
Education (MOE), the acceptance rate for
students taking the joint college and
university entrance examination has
increased from less than 50% in the early
1990s to nearly 90% in 2005 was almost
90% of qualified applicants, as compared
to less than 50% in early 1990s, an
astonishing increase of about 40%. As is
generally assumed, academic competence
is bound to suffer with an increasing
conventional wisdom is that as the number
of students accepted into Taiwanese
educational institutionsgoes up, the quality
of students is bound to go down. For
instance, many newly established schools
accept A below grade-D high school
graduates with barely passing academic
marks, which would have been impossible
only a few years ago in who was almost
sure to be rejected by most of average-
level educational institutionscolleges some
years ago, is now welcome by many
newly established schools. A widely held
consensus among academics regarding
Tthe decline in the quality ofacademic
competency among junior college and
university students today, as many believe,
is the MOE’sresult of progressiveliberal
policyies of the Ministry of Education,
and now is the major topic of concern in
the academic community. Additionally, a
decline in overall academic competence of
The general consensus among faculty
members at many college campuses is that
poor students quality appears to hasve
adversely impacted the resulted in decline
in quality of collegepost-secondary
education as a whole, and may ultimately
erodeing the national strength of Taiwan.
Therefore, is an urgent need today to re-
evaluate the policy of higher MOE
educational policy administered by the
Ministry of Education. must be re-
evaluated with the aim of scaling down
Tthe number of colleges and
universitiespost-secondary educational
institutions must be scaled down to a level
to be determined byin line with the
principle of supply and demand of
academic manpowerpersonnel and
demand for educational attainment.
226. (CivilEngineering)
Comsumer Market demand onfor large-
sized aera housing, accommodations
despite but limited land space in Taiwan
explains the large number of is available,
therefore mordern building are not only
hight –risinge complexes, as well as on
above ground, but also deep level
basement on underground basement
facilities. It is very difficult toHowever,
disposeing of larger scale amounts of soil
and ground materials from excavation
material owing to deep basement
excavation is extremely difficult. Still, On
the otherhand some construction projects
requirework need a lotlarge amount of
natural backfill material to attain an
adequate suitable elevation of the building
foundationground. Therefore, we can store
disposal materials can be stored to provide
the requirement of comply with backfill
requirements, thanus resolving soil
disposal problems is sloved and reducing
backfill material costs will be down. It is
necessary to set upA soil bank system
must be established to doachieve soil
balance workoperations. A Ssoil bank
requiresneed a large area to store
excavatedion soil, a convenient
flexible/feasible traffic patternsystem for
dump trucks to unload orand unload soil,
and a close proximity to not too far away
from urban areas to reducesave traffuc
transportation time. Additionally, a Ssoil
bank must have somea basic structure
(NOTE: ‘structural foundation’ instead of
‘structure’?) to provideevent damage.
(NOTE: ‘prevent damage’ TO or FROM
what?) Dike systems are required to
prevent soil loss due to flooding and ; a
sufficent area is also required to
classifyensure that dispoasal soil to
provide differentcomplies with various
backfill requirements of backfill.
Moreover, an adequateReasonable
drainage system are needis necessary to
protectprevent flooding of the soil bank
flood. Base on aboveA large area along a
river or mountain is optimal zonea
preferable location for a soil bank.
227. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
The goal managing ability in cCivil
engineering associations lack adequate
goal management skills is insufficiency to
remain competent in fit the modern era.
The job scope of the civil engineer’s daily
tasks is increasingly diminishedshrink day
by day., with less than 5% of all
occupations belonging to The proportion
of working for civil engineering themself
is less than 5%. Subsequently, the
prestige The honor and value of the civil
engineering profession is on the
declinedecrease daily. Based on the
above,we should developTherefore, a
strategic model must be developed to
enhance the goal management skills
forcompetency of civil engineers.
Hypothesis statement
A strategic model can be developed to
enhance the goal management
competency of civil engineers. Based on
the above,we should develop a strategic
model to enhance goal management skills
for civil engineers. To do so,the a
commitee of goal management committee
can be establishedset up. The means by
which thod to elective main board
members are elected can then be
improved. Next, the elective opion
progression can be heldmade regarding
opinions on the election. Additionally,the
opinions ofregarding goal management
can be discussed freelyopenly. Moreover,
the predictiveforecasted goals can be
debated. Furthermore, annual the proposal
goals of every year can be
establishedmade. Next, the feasibility of
how achievement of goals are
executedion can be examined.
Additionally, the member’s satisfiacation
can be assessedinvestigted. Finally,
effectiveness of the new proposaled
strategic model goal can be redetermined-
evaluated. As anticipated, the proposed
strategic modelsystem can help civil
engineers to set upestablish goal
management skills., further developing
Tthe field of civil engineering fieldcan be
developed normaly.
Abstract
Civil engineering associations lack
adequate goal management skills to
remain competent in the modern era. The
scope of the civil engineer’s daily tasks is
increasingly diminished, with less than
5% of all occupations belonging to civil
engineering. Therefore, this work
presents a strategic model to enhance the
goal management competency of civil
engineers. A goal management committee
is established. The means by which board
members are elected is then improved.
Next, progress is made regarding opinions
on the election. Additionally, opinions
regarding goal management are discussed
freely. Moreover, forecasted goals are
debated. Furthermore, annual goals are
established. Next, the feasibility of how
goals are executed is examined.
Additionally, member satisfaction is
assessed. Finally, effectiveness of the
proposed strategic model is re-evaluated.
The proposed strategic model can help
civil engineers to establish goal
management skills, further developing the
civil engineering field.
228. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
The current policy of population can not
stop the trend of population decreasing,
due to Ministry of Interior statistics
demonstrate an annually declining shows
that the birth rate is slope down annually
in Taiwan area., Recently the birth rate
decreasing from 2.44% in 1979 to 0.96%
in 2004 in this Nation ( Taiwan area ) ..
Although governmental Taiwan
Auauthorityies have attempted to address
this issue through various incentive
programs, intended to increase the quality
of people to deal with this problem only.
But new born baby greatly reduced
206,922 capital comparingthe number of
annual births significantly declined by
206,999 2004 tofrom 1979 to 2004. A
declining the factor of population will
adversely impact all facets of society,
including reduction is very complicate and
induces education problem 、 , labor
manpower problem 、 bforce and ring up
problem and resource allocation problem
in the near future. Therefore, an optimal
model based on a self-adaptive hybrid
genetic algorithm ( SAHGA ) , non-
adaptive hybrid genetic
algorithm(NAHGA)and simple genetic
algorithm ( SGA ) must be developed,
capable of devising an effective policy
aimed at mitigating declines in population
by maintaining the annual birth rate at
above 0.5%.
Hypothesis statement
Based on above, we should research aAn
optimal model based on a self-adaptive
hybrid genetic algorithm ( SAHGA ) ,
non-adaptive hybrid genetic
algorithm(NAHGA)and simple genetic
algorithm ( SGA ) can be developed,
capable of devisingeloping an effective
policy aimed at mitigating declines in to
cease population reduction problem, by
maintaining the annual at least keep the
birth rate at above 0.5%. To do so, Aa
special committee of academics can be
organized, includingcomprising
mathematicians 、 , economists 、 ,
physicians 、 , chemists 、 doctor and
governmental officials etc. was organized.
The performances of eight different test
functions, including unimodal, multimodal
and constrained optimization problems,
can then be compared Ausing a self-
adaptive hybrid genetic
algorithm ( SAHGA ) 、 , non-adaptive
hybrid genetic algorithm(NAHGA)and
the simple genetic algorithm(SGA) )
can be compared the performance on eight
different test functions, including
unimodal, multimodal and constrained
optimization problems. As anticipated, by
incorporating use of Using SAHGA 、 ,
NAHGA and SGA, the proposed method
optimal model can provide an appropriate
strategy for best modal to form a suitable
policy of reducing and/or ceasing the
slope downmitigating the declining birth
rate. In addition to providing a valuable
reference for These method can also
improve the poor determination of
population policypolicies, the proposed
method can alleviate concerns over labor
shortages and point out a hopeful and
happy life direction in Taiwan area and/or
in the whole world overseas.
Research paper: Abstract
Ministry of Interior statistics demonstrate
an annually declining birth rate in Taiwan,
from 2.44% in 1979 to 0.96% in 2004.
Although governmental authorities have
attempted to address this issue through
various incentive programs, the number of
annual births significantly declined by
206,999 from 1979 to 2004. Therefore,
this work presents an optimal model,
capable of devising an effective policy
aimed at mitigating declines in population
by maintaining the annual birth rate at
above 0.5%. A special committee of
academics is organized, comprising
mathematicians, economists, physicians,
chemists and governmental officials. The
performances of eight different test
functions, including unimodal, multimodal
and constrained optimization problems,
are then compared using a self-adaptive
hybrid genetic algorithm ( SAHGA ) ,
non-adaptive hybrid genetic
algorithm(NAHGA)and simple genetic
algorithm(SGA) By incorporating use
of SAHGA, NAHGA and SGA, the
proposed optimal model can provide an
appropriate strategy for mitigating the
declining birth rate. In addition to
providing a valuable reference for
population policies, the proposed method
can alleviate concerns over labor
shortages in Taiwan and overseas.
229. (CivilEngineering)
Structural The effect of earthquake
damage incurred by earthquakes to
structures can go well beyond lifeposes
more than safety risks and costlyexpensive
building repairs of the structures.
Structural Ddamage to a structure thatcan
severely disrupts function can impact the
local economyic of the infrastructure as
well as, post-earthquake emergency relief
responses, repair, and reconstruction
operations. Although anIt is impossible to
prevent the occurrence of earthquake can
not be prevented, but it is possible to
alleviate theirits destructive effect,impact
can be mitigated by but can eastablishing
goodstringent building codes and
specifications to prevnt earthquake.
Eventually the goal of eEarthquake
resistant design must thus is to produce a
structure that can resist a certain level of
ground tremorsground shaking without
incurring excessive damage. Method of
aAnalysis and design methods, codes and
specifications are in continuously
developedment to improveenhance the
performance of structures against seismic
force. Based on the above a large number
ofMany structures were thus designed and
constructed at a timewhen either structural
codes had nolacked seismic design
provisions, or when these structures may
sufferincur severe earthquake damage
when struck by earthquakes, as evident by
moderate earthquakes. Linearly elastic
procedures are sufficient as long as the
structure behaves within elastic limits. If
theFor structures respondsing beyond the
elastic limits, linear analyses may indicate
the location of first yielding, but cannot
accurately predict failure mechanisms and
account for redistribution of forces during
progressive yielding. This factSuch
limitation makes it impossible for the
above procedures insufficient to
adequately perform assessment and
retrofitting evaluation for these structures
in general. Nonlinear (Sstatic and
dynamic) procedures are the solutions that
can overcome this problem and show
display the performance level of the
structures under any loading level.
3. Problem Statement
Performance-based design should be
included in future code requirements in
the future. Applying performance-based
design without nonlinear analysis
procedures is impractical since most of
structures will respond beyond the
elastic limits when subjected to moderate
and strong earthquakes. As mentioned
beforce,NDP is not always feasible be the
panacea for seismic problems since it is
too sophisticatedgiven its complexity and
time consumingption. Nonlinear-static
procedure (NSP) will beis the best most
promising alternative tohat can
accomplish the goal (P achieve
performance-based design) goals by
giving goodyielding satisfactory results
with an acceptablereasonable effort.
The aApplied technology (ATC,1996)
mentionedadopts the availablefollowing
static procedures as;:
(1)the capacity spectrum method (CSM)
(ATC,1996);
(2) the displacement method (DCM)
(FEMA-273,1997);
(3) the scant method [e.g.City of Los
Angesles (COLA,1995)];
(4) Mmodal pushover analysis(MPA)
(Chopra and Goel,2001)
While the NSP is widely
adoptedrecognized in earthquake design
and analysis, numerous efforts are
underway many studies are still being
performed to improve to enhance its
performance and alleviatemitigate its
shortcominglimitations.
230. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
Responsible for Most80-90% of all of
public construction projects operating
operates for C, construction Ccompanyies
and Eengineering consultancy firms
Office. The Construction Company and
Engineer Office do not havelack personnel
with artistic-related back grounds.,
explaining the absence of an aesthetic
quality in So they design the public
construction project design do not have
artistic quality. Thise lack of such design
considerations can not compromise
theprevent a city from emitting a unique
landscape or imageor disrupt city. As
most The general engineers are concerned
mainly with study construction analysis-
related issues, at school, but have not
artistic course. So they just think about
how to analysis and calculation, no artthe
aesthetic quality of engineering design is
not of priority concern. And the public
construction was not compromise with
city that we often have seen the public
construction. For instance, nearly 80-90%
of Construction Company and Engineer
Office design while public construction
projects, unless the building and landscape
engineering. And the Construction
Company and Engineer Office do not have
artistic back ground. Their design can not
compromise with city. If this problem
can’t improve. The landscape of city have
not characteristic. (NOTE: I deleted these
sentences because they are redundant of
what you stated above.) The inability to
incorporate an aesthetic quality into
engineering design makes the urban
landscape bland Aand we can’t have a
beautiful andless comfortable to
liveresident place. Base on the above, we
should aAdditional artesthetic at planning
must be included in the public
construction projects. And then we can
improve to revitalize the city landscape of
city and instill in help the residents an
appreciation of to enjoy the art.
Hypothesis statement
Additional aesthetic planning must be
included in public construction projects to
revitalize the city landscape and instill in
residents an appreciation of art. Base on
the above, we should additional art at plan
in the public construction projects. And
then we can improve the landscape of city
and help the resident to enjoy the art. To
do so, we can set up the Investigate an
exploratory lLandscape Ggroup
ofgoverning public construction projects
can be established, whose members have
art-relatedthey must have the back
grounds of art. WeThose members can
then decide how to incorporate an
aesthetic quality in the public construction
projects need to have back ground of
company or not. Next, we can plan 、
ddesign and construction can be
undertaken by incorporating the group
recommendations if need not to have back
ground of company to plan.
Additionally,Moreover, the group can
function in an advisory role for if the
public construction projects need back
ground of company to plan, we must to
clearly plan out investigatethe landscape
settingof plan. We can design and
construct the engineering when have
investigated landscape of plan. As
anticipated, the proposed exploratory
landscape groupmethod can reduce
concerns of the incompatibileity between
as landscape setting and city construction
of city. And make a art city by integrating
an aesthetic quality in urban planning.
Doing so The proposed, we can
significantly improve the urban landscape
of city and instill in residents an
appreciation of help the resident to enjoy
the art. And we can make a characteristic
city. Next, we can educate resident taste in
art.
Research paper: Abstract
Responsible for 80-90% of all public
construction projects, construction
companies and engineering consultancy
firms lack personnel with art-related
backgrounds, explaining the absence of an
aesthetic quality in project design. The
lack of such design considerations can
prevent a city from emitting a unique
landscape or image. Therefore, this study
attempts to incorporate additional
aesthetic planning in public construction
projects to revitalize the city landscape
and instill in residents an appreciation of
art. An exploratory landscape group
governing public construction projects is
established, whose members have art-
related backgrounds. Those members then
decide how to incorporate an aesthetic
quality in public construction projects.
Next, design and construction are
undertaken by incorporating the group
recommendations. Additionally, the group
functions in an advisory role for public
construction projects to clearly plan out
the landscape setting. The proposed
exploratory landscape group can reduce
concerns of incompatibility between
landscape setting and city construction by
integrating an aesthetic quality in urban
planning. Doing so can significantly
improve the urban landscape and instill in
residents an appreciation of art..
231. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
Mostly theWhile damaging rail tracks
damage and raising the public concern,
mplaint are related with the vibration. The
railway vibration problemrailway
vibration is not only lowers the quality of
residential livinginferior the neighborhood
environment, but also requires
continuousshortens the maintenance
period and accelerates the structureal
replacements., leading to larger structural
damage if left unattended Furthermore,
the vibration would accumulate its defect
and expand its damage gradually. To
effectively address this concern, he
vibration behavior studies are diversified
and complicated, e.g.attempt to
distinguishing the between energy
resources, assessing the dynamic
characteristics, analyzeing the structureal
interaction and simulateing the effect
emission effects. Such investigations The
above studies must asensure that field
instrumentation their devices can monitor
and determine precisely capture and
measure the wave propagation precisely;.
The inability to do so would lead to
otherwise, their result would commit to be
scanty of verification errors. According
toThe ISO2631, standard mandates that it
suggests the human vibration sensitivity
threshold to sshould bereach 70dB,.
Furthermore, Gordon (1991) established a
more stringenteverely criteria for the high
precesision manufacturing, f. For
instanceexample, thea semiconductor
FABwafer fab should adopt either the VC-
D level in 48dB or VC-E level in 42 dB. If
the vVibration that exceeds these
restraints, would increase the production
defective rate would increasein
production. Usually, implyingAlthough
the massive retain wall is assumed to be
the most effective means of common
solution to decrease theing vibration; even
so, the poor soil propertyies could
exacerbateamplify the confined wave
magnitude as the overlapping effect
occurs. The aAn ambient vibration survey
can clarify the structure dynamic
propertyies of a structure,
additionally;while thean artificial neuroal
network would can analyze the in situ soil
interaction and help the engineer to derive
a termine their solution. Therefore, an
efficient neuroal network analysis
program must be developed to
facilitatesupport the engineering design
decisions on theinvolving vibration
control.
232. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
All countries, with Taiwan no exception,
emphasize The economic development to
ensure sustained national growthis a main
executive policy in a country,
consequently Taiwan is the same, such as
especially in its high -technology industry
sector. While science-based industrial
parks represent the hub of high tech
development in Taiwan, modern
transportation necessitates the
construction of a high -speed railway
infrastructure, which is infeasible for
transportation inside of such industrial
parks. Constructing such an infrastructures
may have some what adverse influences
onhinder science-based industrial park
operations in some ways. In addition to
interfering with manufacturing quality
within a science parks, vibrations from a
highgh -speed railway system may
subsequently discourage enterprises from
establishing their operations inside of such
parksfacilities. Governmental authorities
must strive to resolve this dilemma. But
the administration organizations in Taiwan
government must swish of the dreadful
night-mare. Therefore, a vibration
mitigation method must be developed to
mitigate the adverse impact of a high-
speed railway system.
Hypothesis statement
Therefore, this work presents a A
vibration mitigation method can be
developed to eliminatemitigate the
adverse influences incurred byimpact of a
high- speed railway system. Vibrations
induced by a high speed railway system.
To do so, Vvibrations induced by a high
-speed rail-way system can be observed in
all operational aspects of jobsite
operations. Vibrations arecan then be
observed all day long continuously at the
jobsite. W, with estimations
correspondingly made accordingly. Next,
the vibration properties arecan be
analyzed, including frequencies, velocities
and various vibration sources from the
ambient ground surface. Additionally,
properties involving the geology,
topography and related soil indexes arecan
be analyzed on all estimated lines.
Moreover, above data and related project
purposesobjectives arecan be integrated
and perused to design the intended
mitigation infrastructure. As anticipated,
tThe proposed vibration mitigation
method can ultimately paves the way for
achieving the effectiveness ofmitigate the
adverse impacts of vibrations mitigation
from a high -speed rail-way system, thus
eliminating concerns of administrators in
high -technology industrial-based parks.
Effectiveness of the proposed vibration
mitigation method can be helpful in
determining the feasibilityfacilitate the of
implementationing of vibration
phenomena-related projects.
Consequently, manufacturing production
will reach an acceptable rate and generate
projected revenues in high -technology
industrial-based parks. To aAchieveing
the intended purposes,above goals
requires that the accredited practitioners
and academics professional organizations
and the scholastic units must make
reunion and cooperate tightly to make a
short-cut integrate their efforts to reach an
efficient solution.
233. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
With the upcoming Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meeting
to 2007 will be hoeld in Bandun, i.e., the
provincial capital of West Java, province
oin May 2007., the Indonesian
government must needs a construct a
convenient and rapid freeway connecting
Jakarta and Bandun to serve APEC
activities. This undertaking will attempt
may ppromote the country’s image with
respect to technical accomplishmentsof
Indonesia. PT. Jasa Marga (Persero) (JM),
an Indonesia governmental enterprise,
won the bidding rights in 2005 to
construct for freeway had tendered to
buildthe Cikampek-Cipularang fFreeway
(CCF) forthat will connecting the Jakarta-
Bandun fFreeways. (JBF) since January
2005. Failure to complete Cconstruction
works of the CCF must be completed by
the ends of April 2007 will mean a lost
opportunity during otherwise the service
aim forthe APEC Meeting to showcase
Indonesia’s rise to the international
stagewill be failed. The most difficult
aspect of the CCF project is the Cikubang
Bridge (CB), which is located ing in a
mountainous region is the most difficult
and critical project of CCF. Construction
progress of CB and will largely
determinates whether the the completion
time of CCF project is completed on time.
However, construction work of the
Cikubang Bridge CB washad delayed
eight months delaybecause of ed because
of weakened financial standingtight
budgetary constraints and poor
construction management of contractor.
With the project facing a The construction
time for contract is only twelve months
remaining.deadline for completion, a new
For reaching the mission, changing
contractor is necessarymust be assigned
the task. ButHowever, ifthe
conventionally adopted construction
model is notmust be adjusted to comply
with already tight scheduling delay
constraintsthat is impossible to catch up
delayed schedule. The inability to make
such an adjustments may deal a blow to
Consequently, it can not fulfill the needs
for APEC. Furthermore it may strike the
image of Indonesia’s image, reflecting the
ineptitude of and harm the faith of people
to the governmental policy and a low
confidence level among the general
public. Therefore, an efficient and
urgentlytimely construction model must
be constructed to compensate for for
catching up scheduleing delays must be
developed.
234. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
The steel material price iInflated steel
costsion in Taiwan in the beginning ofover
the lpast two years hasve led to increased
the construction costs; relatively, to
decrease the and lower industrial profits.
Subsequent delays in At that time, the
owner of the steel bridge construction
projects have made it impossible for the
delayed to hand over the land within the
construction range. CEC (NOTE: Spell
out what the acronym stands for the to
couldn’t forecast the launching ofwhen
thea project started to erect., posing a high
The risk to new construction effortswas
evaluated very highly. Previously, the
CEC authorized a According to the
contract giving contractor the right, CEC
submitted the rescission of theto undertake
a steel bridge project., which It the owner
subsequentlywas rejected by the owner.
The owner claimed thataffirmed the
contractor made a breach of
contracttransgressing the treaty. They and
insisted on confiscating the performance
bond of the steel bridge project,
compensating for the difference in the fee
for rre-bidding fee and publicizing this
shing the transgressiong fact o in thea
government procuringement bulletin so
thatto prevent CEC cannotfrom bidding on
for the public projects withinfor a year.
The dispute need solve by the meditative
conference of Public Construction
Commission, of the Executive Yuan
served as a mediator to settle the dispute
to avert pendingor the litigation of law
court. A mediation method must therefore
be developed to enable the CEC to resolve
contractual disputes in the construction
industry.
Hypothesis statement
A mediation method can be developed to
enable the CEC to resolve contractual
disputes in the construction industry.
Based on the above, .CEC’s goal is to win
the dispute extremely.To do soFirst, CEC
staffs must study and clarify the contract’s
treaty contents can be carefully studied to
determine know the rights and obligations
of the contractor. Photographic evidence
can then be accumulated from the Next, to
take photos continuously in these days at
the jobsite and neighboring then reserve
the photos. AdditionallyNext, to bail the
lawyers can serve as representatives of
both parties to act as theresolve disputes
representative and discuss with him..
Finally, to win over the disputes can be
resolved via a on the meditativeon
conference or the litigation of law court.
The proposed mediation method can
letenable the project owner of the
projectto return the performance bond ofn
the steel bridge project and receiveget the
expended compensation. Moreover, Tthe
proposed method can orienttrain CEC’
staffs on how to enhance the professional
ability of contract management skills.
Abstract
235. (CivilEngineering)
The green house effect, accelerated
industrial growth and strong consumer
demand as exacerbated by elevated living
standards account for insufficient power
supply during the summer. While Taiwan
relies on water, fossil fuels and nuclear
power for its power supply, no adequate
water source is available to establish a
hydro power plant. As evidence of their
prohibitively high costs in operations,
operating costs for fossil fuel power plants
and nuclear power plants can run into the
billions of dollars such as the No. 4
Nuclear Power Plant. The inability to
devise a more economically means of
preventing power shortages during
summer will ultimately lower living
standards and industrial revenues owing to
frequent power lapses.
Based on the above, we should develop
morea wind power strategy for increasing
the power supply. For from a wind power
plant that does n'ot cause any CO2
pollution, alsoand low operatesion cost
economically. We can set planty ofThe
wind power plant can be established at a
location with a highstrong wind
currentforce place in Taiwan such as on
the west coast andor in the southern part
of the island. If allAn adequate wind
source ismust be available to establish a
wind power plant. The proposed wind
power strategy can provide about 10% of
all power requirements. Additionally, a
wind power plant can minimize the costs
of fuel demand and provide a cleaner
environment.
Abstract
The green house effect, accelerated
industrial growth and strong consumer
demand as exacerbated by elevated living
standards account for insufficient power
supply during the summer. While Taiwan
relies on water, fossil fuels and nuclear
power for its power supply, no adequate
water source is available to establish a
hydro power plant. Therefore, this work
presents a wind power strategy for
increasing the power supply from a wind
power plant that does not cause CO2
pollution, and operates economically. The
wind power plant can be established at a
location with a strong wind current in
Taiwan such as on the west coast or in the
southern part of the island. An adequate
wind source must be available to establish
a wind power plant. The proposed wind
power strategy can provide about 10% of
all power requirements. Additionally, a
wind power plant can minimize the costs
of fuel demand and provide a cleaner
environment.
236. (CivilEngineering)
S
Setting of work proposal (工作提案建構)
Predicting diaphragm wall deformation in
deep excavation has been extensively
studied.
Worwk objective(工作目標)
Based on the above, we should develop a
forecasting predict system (EFNIM).
(NOTE: You need to finish the sentence.
How does this system differ from
conventional ones so that yields better
results(accuracy)?)
Contribution to field(領域的貢獻)
Thise proposed forecasting method can
model allows contractors to utilize the
knowledge expertise and experience from
previousast projects to accurately predict
wall deformation ofin the future new
projects.
237. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal 工作提案建議
Time schedule is a very important issueof
priority concern in civil engineering
projects contract., with company Oowners
and contractors often struggling to reach a
consensus on always have the contention
to his schedule deadlines and constraints.
The, requiring that regulations,
standardconstruction practices and &
anorm schedule be clearly agreed upon in
the contract must be conferred.
Work problem 工作問題 While the tTime
schedule outlined in a contract is defined
according to have calendar dateys,
working days and mile stone.project
phases, Now, the works actual
construction tasks are often complex and
can often not comply with complicated.
Aantiquated time schedules can not handle
it. Quantitative specification of problem
問 題 的 量 化 For exampleinstance,
although scheduled for completion in
three years, the in Taipei Mass Rapid
Transit project, if the time schedule was 3
years, but it was finished lasted more
thean 4 or 5four years. Theis discrepancy
between forecasted and actual project
completion time required more capital and
resources that originally forecasted event
was made a great damage in cost and time.
Importantce of problem 問題的中心 The
inability to resolve constant contract Just
now, a disputes with contract constantly
occur. is owing to unacceptable A factor
was the contract time schedule admit on
unreasonable completion time.
238. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal (工作提案建構)
Problem statement
Slope mitigation efforts in many
countries, including Taiwan, have focused
on Rrainfall induced, shallow type
landslides of lateretic soil have been the
major task on the slope mitigation
objective in many countries such as
Taiwan. Work problem ( 工 作 問 題 )
Although saturated soil mechanics is
conventionally adopted to The analyzeses
on slope stability have been
conventionally carried out by saturated
soil mechanics. However, many slopes
remain maintain unsaturated condition
during the ordinary weather and stormy
conditions. Quantitative specification of
problem(問題的量化) The major fault of
cConventionally adopted saturated soil
mechanics procedures are limited applied
in slope analyses owing to the inability to
is that the analyses couldn’t explain why
the slope remains maintain stable under a
sharp slope angle during the dry season
and make a exact prediction on the failure
time of the slope during the stormy
conditions can be accurately predicted.
Importance of problem( 問 題 的 中 心 )
Theoretically, the inability of slope
stability analyses should considerto
determine the realactual degree of
saturation of soil slope during the dry and
wet seasons. makes it impossible The
slope stability analyses involved in to
incorporate unsaturated soil theory could
in order to simulate the real mechanism of
soil slope mechanism. Therefore, rainfall
induced shallow type landslides in Taiwan
must be investigated by adopting the
theory of unsaturated soil mechanics.
Work objective(工作目標)
Hypothesis statement
Rainfall induced shallow type landslides
in Taiwan can be investigated Based on
the above, this study appliedby adopting
the theory of unsaturated soil mechanics.
to investigate the rainfall induced shallow
type landslide in Twaiwan. Methodology
to avhieve objective(達成目標的方法) To
do so, his novel methodology with capable
of determining calculation the shear
strength of the soil during the dry and
rainy seasons, this novel methodology can
be used to estimate the safety factor of the
slope during different under various
conditions. Additionally, tThe rainfall
intensity and infiltration rate of slope
surface can then be simulated using the
SEEP/W. ThenNext, the distribution of
water pressure of soil slope during
different under various conditions willcan
be determinedcalculated via SEEP/W.
Finally, the results of SEEP/W will can be
used as an as one of the input to the
SLOPE/W in order to calculatedetermine
the slope stability during different under
various conditions. Anticipated results( 希
望 的 結 果 ) As anticipated, Uusing the
unsaturated soil theory, the process
proposed hereinmethod can evaluate the
failure mechanism and failure time of
nature soil slope. Additionally, the method
canould explain why the slope can
maintain a sharp slope angle during the
dry season. Contribution to field( 領 域 的
貢 獻 ) Importantly, the proposed
processmethod willcan increase the
accuracy of slope stability analyses
accurately. The failure mechanism and
mitigation methods for the shallow type
landslides will beare more confidently in
thereliable for future applications.
239. (CivilEngineering)
Hypothesis statement
Based on the above, we should develop a
A construction design scheme method that
adopts the shield method can be
developed to avoid a time delay in the
project schedules. To do so, a vertical
shaft can be constructed in a nearby
underground obstacle. A hole can then be
drilled to enable engineers to pass through
the underground obstacle via the vertical
shaft. Finally, an electric cable can be
constructed and placed in the hole. As
anticipated, the proposed construction
design method can pass through the
underground obstacle, eliminating the
need to move the pipeline. The proposed
method can provide a valuable reference
for governmental authorities or
construction companies when dealing with
underground obstacles.
241. (CivilEngineering)
Hypothesis statement
Work objectiveAn iIncreases ofin the
number of university and student
enrollment in Taiwan inover the past
decade the past ten years can be
determined based on the records released
by the Ministry of Education (MOE)
records. The minimum scores for the
students being admitted by the Colleges of
Science, Engineering and Liberal Arts at
some prestigious universities during theis
same period of time arecan tabulated for
comparison. Methodology to achieve
objective To do so, sStatistical models
arecan be established using the above
data, along with obtained above and the
annual change in the number of
universities, students being admitted and
minimum acceptance scores. Anticipated
results As anticipated, the proposed
modelanalysis results can show indicate a
rapid decline in the minimum scores for
the admitted students with timeover the
same period as the number of university
increasesd, though the rate of decrease in
scores mightdespite the possible varyiance
among with different Ccolleges and
Uuniversities with respect to the rate of
decrease in scores. Contribution to field
Results of this study can help theprovide a
valuable reference for the MOE to reform
its policy on higher education policy in
Taiwan to reverse the deteriorating
academic competenceworsening quality of
university students.
242. (CivilEngineering)
Implementation of Artificial Neural
Network System in Optimization of
Ventilation Control Using Artificial
Neural Network-based System
Hypothesis statement[Work objective]
Most pPublic venuesbuildings like such as
auditoriums, theaters, shopping malls and
mainsubway stations have the large a large
capacity containing space and unpredicted
people quantity, making therefore, the
ventilation operating and the energy
efficiency both equally saving are very
important. An economically efficient
ventilation system can should be
abledeveloped, capable of to
detecmonitoring the air circulation
requirements in relation the number of
highly mobile individuals in a public
spaceand the people mobilizing,
additionally, the equipment operation
would be monitor in the most economic
performance. [Methodology to achieve
objective] To do so,An artificial neural
network (ANN) system can be
implemented to analysis the
environmental data which is
detectedacquired by thea sensor array
system can be analyzed using an artificial
neural network (ANN) system. In the
ANN algorithm procedures, the control
system wouldcan then be trained and
learned to adjust the parameters based on
the analysisfrom each results. EspeciallyIn
particular, the sensors wouldcan survey
the ambient temperature in real time and
feedback that data to the ANN system to
make thefor assessment. [Anticipated
results] As anticipated, the proposed
ANN system with thea senor array can
automatically control the air ventilation
system., in which operational efficiency is
ensured with the automatic data Moreover,
the instantly feedback procedure would
assist the equipment operating efficiently.
[Contribution to field] The proposed
model In addition to contributing to can
provide a valuable reference for the
research on smart design architecture
technology., the proposed system can By
minimizinge the time in which the
ventilation system respondings to changes
in a defined public space period, enabling
engineers canto further enhance their
ventilation design.
Research paper: Abstract
244. (CivilEngineering)
National The infrastructure projects of a
country is one of thereflect a country’s
global competitivenesson-symbols in the
world, and commitment to engineeringthe
quality of the infrastructure is also one of
the development-symbols in a country too.
In specialty, the publicAmong the many
benefits that civil engineering offer to the
general public includes is so relevant to
people benefits, such as: safety, comfort
and so on, that the construction industry is
defined as an accredited profession, and it
must be performed bycompliance with
legally and professional standardsworkers.
The cConstruction engineering is a
professional and qualified work, and it is
very important in profoundly impacts
successful implementation of the
prosecuting construction-stage of life
cycle engineering (LCE). However, But
something must be spoken out that the
construction engineering is constantly
under public scrutinyqualities are still not
so reliable for common sense of society
that the engineer’s professional positive
abilities are doubted nowadays. We,
necessitating a reconsideration of
potentially adverse situations and how to
avoid them must think over above-
mentioned adverse phenomenon deeply
and try to eliminate it.
In order tTo facilitate such a discussion
among arouse engineering-field
participants thinking much of it
professionals, how to enhance
professional status of the parties
concerned focuse the attention of the
study on showing a construction-
supervision engineers should be
emphasized, as achieved under the into
professionalism in advantage of finding
the proposals, as following, to bring up
professional supervisor. aims:
tTo clarify the role assure the awareness
of a construction-supervision engineer’s
proper position that can make him
fulfilled his capabilities and
responsibilities by self-respect and heart-
whole.;
Tto understand the activitieons of both
the workeremployees and occupations in
every stage of LCE is good for engineers
so as to distinguish the construction-
supervision role from the planning-
designing role around the engineering
circumstances in areas such as: personnel,
subject, period, site,and materials and so
forth. Such an understanding makes one
aware of Then he can be conscious of
dueavailable professional abilitiesskills
and seeking the short cutapproaches to
enhance one’s competencyhis techniques.
Tto advance bring up engineering skills
of ability offor each generation, of new
engineers, increasing their to control the
vocational education period in efficiency
is needed.
Tto create build up a reasonable
employment opportunitiescircumstance
for mental and laboring construction-
supervision engineers to ensure that
construction projects are is needed in
advantage ofimplemented smoothly
running of engineering.
To enable relevant horoughly
completing and implementing above-
mentioned conditions, the parties to
determine which concerned can predict
that the engineering qualities will be better
than they are of priority concern.,
increasing their competitiveness to
international levels such as that of And
the professional engineers will have more
competitive potentialities in WTO, too.
To get more comprehensivelyacquire a
more objective and fairer points of view in
this thesis, there is an inquiry
toperspective regarding the current status
of field engineersing-field workers. It can
be reliable to support the proposals.
245. (CivilEngineering)
Problem statement
With the upcoming Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) Meeting to be held
in Bandun, i.e., the provincial capital of
West Java, in May 2007, the Indonesian
government must construct a convenient
and rapid freeway connecting Jakarta and
Bandun. This undertaking will promote
the country’s image with respect to
technical accomplishments. PT. Jasa
Marga (Persero) (JM), an Indonesia
governmental enterprise, won the bidding
rights in 2005 to construct the Cikampek-
Cipularang Freeway (CCF) that will
connect the Jakarta-Bandun Freeways.
Failure to complete construction of the
CCF by the end of April 2007 will mean a
lost opportunity during the APEC Meeting
to showcase Indonesia’s rise to the
international stage. The most difficult
aspect of the CCF project is the Cikubang
Bridge, which is located in a mountainous
region and will largely determine whether
the CCF project is completed on time.
However, construction of the Cikubang
Bridge was delayed eight months because
of tight budgetary constraints and poor
construction management. With the
project facing a twelve month deadline
for completion, a new contractor must be
assigned the task. However, the
conventionally adopted construction
model must be adjusted to comply with
already tight scheduling delay constraints.
The inability to make such an adjustments
may deal a blow to Indonesia’s image,
reflecting the ineptitude of governmental
policy and a low confidence level among
the general public. Therefore, an efficient
and timely construction model must be
constructed to compensate for scheduling
delays.
Hypothesis statement
An efficient and timely construction
model can be constructed to compensate
for scheduling delays. To do so,
aadjusting modified construction model
can be considered from four aspects of the
project. The four aspects are: changing
switching to a different contractor,
revising structureal design, altering
construction methodapproaches and
adding equipment. For girder structureal
design of girders, continuous box type can
be changesd to a simple supported beam
type. In the construction method, usingan
automatic slip-form system can be
implemented instead of a conventional
form system for erecting twenty pier
columns which are, i.e., over forty meters
height; to erecting and a girder by means
ofusing the horizontal pushing method
substitutesto replace the cantilever
method. For piling work, at least three sets
of boring rig must be added to the job site.
Re-contracting a clarified well-informed
contractor is the most urgent task. Despite
this responsibility, the clarifiedinformed
contractor must have powerfustrongl
financeial supporter and ample
construction resources such as, e.g.,
experiences of with similar projects,
abundant construction equipment and
manpower,personnel, reliable good
construction management; cap and the
ability in to reduce shorten time of
mobilization time . An anticipated, the
proposed construction model can save
three months forof piling work, four
months for pier columns construction and
three months for girders erection. Totally,
the overall schedule may savecut down at
least eight and half months. Hopefully, the
proposed ing the new model can be
excused immediately then thefacilitate on
time or ahead of time completion of a
project may complete on time or ahead the
schedule. JM has to take themust be
responsibilitye for limiting thepotential
on-site harm to settled policy. Moreover,
Tthe proposed model can admire for catch
up the goal of the achieve project goals,
although overall construction cost of this
proposed model might be increased six
percentages of6% in terms of the total
construction cost. IfThe ability of JM can
to effectively responsed to quickly for this
this challenge will gain public crisis then
he may strengthen the confidence of
people to government and upgrade theand
bolster Indonesia’s international image of
Indonesia.
Research paper: Abstract
With the upcoming Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) Meeting to be held
in Bandun, i.e., the provincial capital of
West Java, in May 2007, the Indonesian
government must construct a convenient
and rapid freeway connecting Jakarta and
Bandun. This undertaking will promote
the country’s image with respect to
technical accomplishments. PT. Jasa
Marga (Persero) (JM), an Indonesia
governmental enterprise, won the bidding
rights in 2005 to construct the Cikampek-
Cipularang Freeway (CCF) that will
connect the Jakarta-Bandun Freeways.
Failure to complete construction of the
CCF by the end of April 2007 will mean a
lost opportunity during the APEC Meeting
to showcase Indonesia’s rise to the
international stage. Therefore, this work
presents an efficient and timely
construction model to compensate for
scheduling delays. A modified
construction model is considered from
four aspects of the project: switching to a
different contractor, revising structural
design, altering construction approaches
and adding equipment. For structural
design of girders, continuous box type is
changed to a simple supported beam type.
In the construction method, an automatic
slip-form system is implemented instead
of a conventional form system for erecting
twenty pier columns, i.e., over forty
meters high and a girder by using the
horizontal pushing method to replace the
cantilever method. For piling work, at
least three sets of boring rig are added to
the job site. Re-contracting a well-
informed contractor is the most urgent
task. Despite this responsibility, the
informed contractor must have strong
financial support and ample construction
resources, e.g., experience with similar
projects, abundant construction equipment
and personnel, reliable construction
management and the ability to reduce
mobilization time. The proposed
construction model can save three months
of piling work, four months for pier
columns construction and three months for
girders erection. The overall schedule may
cut down at least eight and half months.
Hopefully, the proposed model can
facilitate on time or ahead of time
completion of a project. JM must be
responsibile for limiting potential on-site
harm. Moreover, the proposed model can
achieve project goals, although overall
construction cost might be increased 6%
in terms of the total construction cost. The
ability of JM to effectively respond to this
challenge will gain public confidence and
bolster Indonesia’s international image.
246. (CivilEngineering)
Inflated The steel material prices inflation
in Taiwan in the beginning of the lastover
the past two years hasve led to increased
the construction costs; relatively, to and
lowered decrease the contractor’s
profitrevenues. ConsequentlyAt that time,
the owner of thea construction company
responsible for completing a steel bridge
project has delayed its time schedule,
making it impossible for to hand over the
land within the construction range.the
CEC couldn’to forecast when the project
started to erectwill commence. The,
ultimately creating a highly risky situation
was evaluated very highly. According to
the contract givingthat contractor the right
to undertake this project, the CEC
submitted the rescission of the steel bridge
project. It, which was rejected by the
construction company owner. The owner
affirmed, which claimed that the
contractor had breached the
contracttransgressing the treaty. They
construction company demanded insist on
confiscating the performance bond (nearly
14 million $US 14 milliondollars) of the
steel bridge project, compensating the
difference fee for rebidding and
publishicizing the transgressing fact
onbreach of contract in the governmental
procuringement bulletin so that CEC
cannot bid for the public projects within
for a year. The dispute need solve by the A
mediatativeion dispute panel held by
conference ofthe Public Construction
Commission, Executive Yuan and the
litigation of law court. litigation
subsequently ensued to resolve this
dilemma. Based on the above, .CEC’s goal
intends to win the dispute extremely. First,
CEC staffs by closely must studying and
clarifying the contract’s treatycontents to
become fully aware of its know the rights
and obligations. Next, to take
pPhotographs continuously inare also
taken these days at the jobsite and
neighboring then reserve the photos as to
proveas proof of non-compliance.
Additionally, to bail thea lawyer to acts as
thea dispute representativemediator and
discuss with him. Finally, to ultimately
win over the dispute on thethrough either
meditativeon or conference and the
litigation of law court. The proposed
method can let theallow construction
project owners of the projectto return the
performance bond (nearly $US 14 million
US dollars) of the steel bridge project and
get the receive expended compensation.
Moreover, Tthe proposed method can
trainorient CEC’ staffs on how to enhance
the professional competence of contract
management.
247. (CivilEngineering)
Setting of work proposal (工作提案建構)
The Sshield method is adopted to comply
with budgetary and time constraints in
completing the 345 kv Cable Line of the
Taipei Daam 345 kv Cable Line Project.
Work problem (工作問題)
However, Cconventional constructs, e.g.,
the open excavation pipeline method, on
urban roadways often require constant
movement or scaffolding to protect the
pipeline.
Quantitative specification of problem( 問
題的量化)
Completion time of a pipeline project is
extremely difficult to estimate when
constant movement or scaffolding is
involved.
Importance of problem(問題的中心)
The inability to forecast such estimates
project completion will make costs
involving design and construction
technologyies adopted of shield
prohibitively high.
Work objective(工作目標)
Based on the above, we should develop a
construction design method that adopts the
shield method to avoid a time delay in the
project schedule.
Methodology to achieve objective ( 達 成
目標的方法)
To do so, a vertical shaft can be
constructed in a nearby underground
obstacle. A hole can then be drilled to
enable engineers to pass through the
underground obstacle via the vertical
shaft. Finally, an electric cable can be
constructed and placed in the hole.
Anticipated results (希望的結果)
As anticipated, the proposed construction
design method can pass through the
underground obstacle, eliminating the
need to move the pipeline.
Contribution to field (領域的貢獻)
The proposed method can provide a
valuable reference for governmental
authorities or construction companies
when dealing with underground obstacles.
Technological advances in Dives the
shield method to have unceasingly to
research and develop the breakthrough
towill expand its serviceability, will dive
the shield methodespecially in facilitating
promotion for the metropolistan
underground projects technology, the
correlation research including
theinvolving cross section diversification,
the biglarge cross sections, the and greats
depth and so on.
Abstract
The shield method is adopted to comply
with budgetary and time constraints in
completing the 345 kv Cable Line of the
Taipei Dam Project. However,
conventional constructs, e.g., the open
excavation pipeline method, on urban
roadways often require constant
movement or scaffolding to protect the
pipeline. Therefore, this work presents a
construction design method that adopts the
shield method to avoid a time delay in the
project schedule. A vertical shaft is
constructed in a nearby underground
obstacle. A hole is then drilled to enable
engineers to pass through the underground
obstacle via the vertical shaft. Finally, an
electric cable is constructed and placed in
the hole. The proposed construction
design method can pass through the
underground obstacle, eliminating the
need to move the pipeline. Technological
advances in the shield method will expand
its serviceability, especially in facilitating
metropolitan underground projects
involving cross section diversification,
large cross sections and greats depth.
Additionally, the proposed method can
provide a valuable reference for
governmental authorities or construction
companies when dealing with
underground obstacles.
248. (CivilEngineering)
Abstract
Contribution to field(領域的貢獻)
Thise proposed EFNIM forecasting
system model a can allows contractors to
utilize the knowledge and expertisence
from previousast projects to accurately
predict wall deformation of new projects.
ABSTRACT
As indispensable actuators for auto-
focusing (AF) and zooming, stepping
motors are extensively adopted in digital
video cameras (DVCs). However,
conventional AF actuators in DVCs are all
steeping motors, subsequently limited by a
slow dynamic AF speed, high power
consumption and low operational
efficiency. Moreover, noise interference
from a steeping motor in a DVC is easily
recorded into the digital films during AF
operation. Therefore, this work presents a
sliding mode control (SMC) method based
on the position estimation algorithm
(PEA) for use in AF of the linear actuator
in a DVC to achieve low power
consumption, high operational efficiency
and fast dynamic AF access
characteristics. A concrete and efficient
linear actuator with low power
consumption and high operational
efficiency is manufactured for AF in a
DVC. A magneto-resistive (MR) encoder
in the linear actuator is then adopted for
use as a position feedback sensor to
acquire the position of the moving part of
the linear actuator in AF operation. Next,
an interpolation chip is embedded to
enhance the resolution of a linear actuator
in a DVC, attain an enhanced image and
avoid an increasing prime cost of a DVC.
Additionally, the PEA is developed from
the MR encoder to determine accurately
the position of the moving part of the
linear actuator in a DVC. The proposed
SMC method can be adopted to
manufacture a linear actuator with low
power consumption and high operational
efficiency for AF operation in a DVC. The
proposed PEA can accurately determine
the position of the moving part of the
linear actuator in a DVC. Additionally, the
SMC method based on use of the PEA in
AF operation in a DVC can reduce AF
access time by several microseconds and
avoid the recording of acoustic noise
interference into the digital films. The
proposed method is highly promising for
use in manufacturing an efficient linear
actuator with low power consumption and
high operational efficiency for AF
operation in a DVC rapidly. Moreover,
The AF system with a linear actuator has a
fast dynamic AF speed and limited
acoustic noise interference.
INTRODUCTION
As indispensable actuators for auto-
focusing (AF) and zooming, stepping
motors are extensively adopted in digital
video cameras (DVCs). Following rising
consumer demand for DVCs in the
electronic products markets, enhanced
properties and advanced functions play an
increasingly pivotal role in luring new
customers. Despite their fast dynamic AF
access, even the most advanced DVCs are
limited in terms of low power
consumption and inadequate operational
efficiency to satisfy consumer demand.
Conventional AF actuators in DVCs are
all steeping motors, subsequently limited
by a slow dynamic AF speed, high power
consumption and low operational
efficiency. Moreover, noise interference
from a steeping motor in a DVC is easily
recorded into the digital films during AF
operation. For instance, the operational
time for a typical AF linear actuator in a
DVC is only 1/6th that of a conventional
stepper motor. Additionally, the power
consumption by using a linear actuator in
a DVC is only 1/3rd of that when using a
conventional steeping motor for AF.
Moreover, the operational efficiency by
using a linear actuator in a DVC is only
1/2 that of a conventional steeping motor.
Furthermore, the acoustic noise
interference caused by using a linear
actuator for AF in a DVC is lower than
that when operated by a conventional
stepper motor. Therefore, linear actuators
are highly promising alternatives to
conventional stepping motors in DVCs.
Theoretically, conventional steeping
motors are limited in terms of their fixed
resolution, possibly incurring errors when
using open-loop control in AF operation.
Such limitations lead to unclear CCD
images in a DVC. In practice, a
conventional steeping motor is larger than
a linear actuator owing to the simple
structure of the latter. Additionally, the
conventional steeping motor for AF
system in a DVC leads to a slow dynamic
AF speed, high power loss and low
operational efficiency. Moreover, noise
interference from a steeping motor is
easily recorded into digital films during
AF operation.
CONCLUSIONS
This paperwork presents a novel proposes
the sliding mode control (SMC) method
based on the position estimation algorithm
(PEA) to obtainachieve fast dynamic auto-
focusing (AF) characteristics, high
operational efficiency, and low power
consumption of the a linear actuator in a
digital video cameras (DVC). The PEA
has been developed herein can accurately
determine to calculate the position of thea
moving part of the linear actuator
accurately. The fact thatImportantly, the
proposed SMC method based on the PEA
is insensitivitye to parameter variations
and, disturbance rejection and a fast
dynamic response, thus compensateing
rapidly for the moving part of the linear
actuator in various different operational
postures rapidly. Simulation results
involving The experiments with extreme
cases of theminimum and maximum and
minimum loadings were conducted. The
experimental results showdemonstrate that
the control performance matches
thecomplies with design requirements.
251. Chemistry
Research proposal
Setting of work proposal:
Widely assumed to be essential for
releasing newly formed viruses from
infected cells and for efficiently spreading
viruses in the respiratory tractI, influenza
neuraminidase (NA) catalyzes the
cleavage of the terminal sialic acid
attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids.
This process is believed to be necessary
for the release of newly formed virus from
infected cells and for efficient spread of
virus in the respiratory tract. Therefore,
NA is thus recognized as a potential target
for developing agents against influenza
infection. As is postulated, It has been
proposed that the sialic acid cleavage by
NA might proceed via the oxonium cation
transition state. Carbocyclic NA inhibitors
have been designed Aiming atto
developing oral agents against influenza
infection, new carbocyclic NA inhibitors
has been designed.
Avian influenza is one ofa NA type
caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu)
viruses. The influenza viruses, which
occur naturally among birds. Wild birds
worldwideAlthough carrying the viruses
in their intestines, wild birds travelling
worldwide normally do not become illbut
usually do not get sick from them.
However,Still, avian influenza is
veryhighly contagious among birds and
can make some domesticated birds,
including chickens, ducks, and turkeys,
often leading to very sickness and kill
them.fatality. Avian influenza outbreaks
usuallytypically occur induring the winter
about once a yearannually, when the
influenza virusoften spreads widely in
theing community wide and in frequency.
Asian bird flu has become serious
increasingly.
Infected birds have been are the
primarymajor source of influenza A
(H5N1) infections in humans inamong the
Asian human population. Although
tTransmission betweenamong humans is
very limited at present, butthe current
situation must be continuedously
monitoring is requireded to identify any
increase indetermine whether viral
adaptation to human hosts increases.
Recent human isolates are fully resistant to
M2 inhibitors, and increased doses of oral
oseltamivir may be warranted for theto
treatment of severe illnesses. Despite
recent progress, knowledge of the
epidemiology, natural history, and
management of influenza A (H5N1)
disease in humans is
incomplete(necessitates OR warrants)
further investigation. There is an urgent
need for more coordination in cClinical
and epidemiological research among
institutiones worldwide must coordinate
their efforts in countries with cases
ofidentifying and treating influenza A
(H5N1) and internationallyoutbreaks.
The H5N1 virus that has caused human
illness and death in Asia is resistant to
amantadine and rimantadine, i.e., two
antiviral medications commonly used
(administered OR prescribed) for
influenza. Two other antiviral
medications, i.e., oseltamavir and
zanamavir, could possibly be
w(administered OR prescribed) forould
probably work to treating influenza caused
by H5N1 virus, but additional studies still
need to be done to demonstrate .
However, their effectiveness must be
further demonstrated in clinical studies.
There currently is nNo commercially
available vaccine is currently available to
protect humans against the H5N1 virus
that is being seenoutbreaks in Asia and
Europe. Now TAMIFLU areis the only
prescription medications that can
prescribed for treating the flu.
Oseltamivir phosphate (s, old
commercially under the name available as
Tamiflu), is an antiviral medication that
can be used to treat cases of influenza and
to prevent influenzarelated infection in
adults. This inhibitor treats the cause of
influenza infection by
inhibitingsuppressing the critical
neuraminidase protein on the virus surface
of the virus.
Work problem:
In addition to that Now tthe amount of
Tamiflu vaccine for treatmenting
influenza is limited. S, some synthesizing
steps of Tamiflu vaccines are dangerous
and difficult to purify. So now it is
difficult to produce on a, explaining the
difficulty of large scale production and
theinadequate storage capacity in Taiwan
is not enough.
Quantitative specification of
problem:
The most efficient synthesis
method of Tamiflu vaccine
needsrequires twelve steps.
Additionally the starting material
is veryprohibitively expensive and
difficult to obtain. The
mManufacturing of Tamiflu is complex
and involves 10ten main steps, some of
which have been identified as complicated
(e.g. azide chemistry). So it spends a lot,
explaining why a significant amount of
time is required for to synthesizes.
Importance of problem:
Therefore, the inability to get acquire
sufficient quantities of Tamiflu vaccine as
soon as possible will lead to many people
dead,immediately will leading to a high
mortality rate among humans whenever
the bird flu outbreak occursare happened
in Taiwan.
Work objective:
Based on the above, we should develop a
simplified chemical synthetic method to
produce the Tamiflu vaccine in order to
decrease the mortality rate in Taiwan.
Methodology to achieve object:
To do so, a chiral compound can be
regarded as the starting material. The
chiral center can then be established by
using chiral reagent. TNext, the size and
geometry of side chains can be modified
systematically in order tto investigate
structure-activity relationships of this
compound class of compound.
Additionally, Ffunctional groups can be
transferred by using some nucleophilic
reagents. Moreover, Tthe product can be
purified by column chromatography. and
then. followed by determination of the
bioactivities need to be measured by using
X-ray crystallographicy.
Anticipated results:
As anticipated, we must to obtainthe
Tamiflu vaccine can be produced in two
months. After finishing the procedure the
product can be in sufficiently quantities
for furnished immediately use.
Contribution to field:
AThe proposed new synthesis
ofprocedure for the promising
antiinfluenza drug has been completed.
achieves pProcessing efficiency has been
achieved by (containing OR possessing )
having no chromatography and only three
isolated crystalline intermediates. We can
provide tAdditionally, the new chemical
synthetic method tocan increase the
product improve the yield, and streamline
the et up a more quickly process
efficiently, enabling use of thus patients
can use the Tamiflu vaccine at an
economicwith low price.
253. (Finance)
Research proposal
Setting of work proposal
AmeriBank, As a medium-sized bank
with branches throughout the United
States, AmeriBank is encountering headed
for dire economic circumstancesstraits.
The bank, which provides transactions,
savings, and, investment and loan
services, has been experienced shrinking
profits in ing a steady decline in its net
income over the pastthe recent year,
andwith trends forecasting a
continuousshow that the decline will
continue., as attributed to a large The bank
is simply losing customers turnover rate to
non-bank and foreign bankoverseas
competitors.
Work problem
However, one strategy for
distinguishing AmeriBank can distinguish
itself from its competitors is to improveby
enhancing services that non-financial
institutionsbank and foreign bankoverseas
competitors do not (easily OR readily)
provide:, i.e., transaction services. A more
feasibleconvenient transaction method
must logically surpass the functions of
succeed the automatic teller machine, and
that. Additionally, electronic banking
services over the Internet allows this
convenientsuch feasible transactions
method. Over the Internet, customers are
able tocan perform transactions (via OR
on) their desktop computers either at
home or at workwithout location
constraints. The explosion of the Internet
explosion impliesmeans that many
potential customers understand and use
the World Wide Web.Internet regularly.
Therefore that ifthe ability of AmeriBank
to offers Web Internet banking services (as
the practice of Internet banking is
commonly called), will attract new the
bank will attract many new customers.
Work objective
Based on the above, we should attempt
before undertakes the project to make Web
banking possible, however, needs to
understand the market for WebInternet
banking services that and the services
AmeriBank shouldcan provide onlineover
the Internet. For exampleinstance, should
the bank only allow customers to access
account balances and historical transaction
information over the Internet?, or
Additionally, should the banks develop a
strategy to allow customers to make
deposits and withdrawals over the
Internet? Moreover, sShould the banks
tryattempt to recapture a portion of the
investment market by continuously
running fluctuating stock prices and
allowing customers to make stock
transactions over the Internet for a
minimal fee? BecauseGiven that
AmeriBank idoes not in the business of
performing surveys, outsource the
surveythe project can be outsourced to a
professional surveyor company. Opened
the pProject up for bidding is open to by
several surveyors, with companies and
will award the project awarded to the
company which is willing to perform the
survey for the most economicallyleast
cost. Finally, formulate a linear
programming model can be formulated to
minimize costs while meetingcomplying
with all survey constraints imposed by
AmeriBank.
Anticipated results
As anticipated, Define 12twelve
decision variables, one for each age group
surveyed in each region, can be defined.
All restrictions are easily modeled as
constraints. For exampleinstance, the
condition that at least 20 percent% of the
surveyed customers have to bemust come
from the first age group, which requires
that the sum of thalle variables for the age
group” 18 to 25” years old across all three
regions is at least 400.All the other
requirements are modeled similarly.
Therefore, the sum of all variables has
tomust equal 2000,, i.e., because that is
the number of customers wants to have
interviewed. Finally, the cost of
conducting the survey to comply
withmeeting all constraints imposed by
AmeriBank incurs cost of is $11,200. The
above spreadsheet displays the mixture of
customers is displayed in the spreadsheet
above.
Contribution to field
Results inof this study can contribute to
efforts among enhance that the banks can
face the daunting challenge of
distinguishing themselves from non-
banking institutions and foreign
bankoverseas competitors.
254. (Chemistry)
Tazer, a pharmaceutical
manufacturering company, entered the
pharmaceutical sector over a decade
agomarket 12 years ago with the by
introduction ofmarketing six new drugs.
Five of the six drugs were generic forms
of commercially available simply
permutations of existing drugs and, thus,
were not that profitable therefore did not
sell very heavily. The sixth drug, however,
addressedwas administered for
hypertension and was a tremendous
commercialhuge success. Since Tazer had
a patenting on the hypertension drug,
itTazer has had experienced no
competition, and profits from the
hypertensionis drug alone kepthave kept
Tazer in businessprofitable.
For more than a decadeDuring the past
12 years, Tazer has continued a moderate
amount of research and development, but
ithas not achieved commercial never
stumbled upon a drug as successful as it
did with the hypertension drug. One
reason is that tThe company has never
been had the motivatedion to invest
heavily in innovative research and
development. The company, largely owing
to its was riding the profits wave
generated byfrom its hypertension drug
and did not feel the need to commit
significant resources to finding new drug
breakthroughs.
Now Tazer is increasingly experiencing
beginning to fear the pressure of
competitionve pressure. With itsThe
patent for the hypertension drug
expiresing in 5five years, and Tazer
realizesknows that, upon its once the
patent expiresation, generic drug
manufacturersing companies will compete
for swarm into the market sharelike
vultures. Historical trends show that
gGeneric drugs generally reduce the
revenues of decreased sales of branded
name drugs by 75% percent.
Tazer is therefore looking tothus intends
to invest significant amounts of money
R&D capital into research and
development this year to begin the search
for a newpioneer breakthroughs drug that
would yield ill offer the company the
samesimilar success as the hypertension
drug. Tazer believes that if theA company
committed to begins extensive research
and development now,R&D hopes to
achieve the above aspirationthe
probability of finding a successful drug
shortly after the expiration of the
hypertension patent will be high.
A head of research and development at
Tazer is responsible for choosselecting
potential R&D projects and assigning
project directors to lead each of
theexecute such projects. Closely
examining After researching the needs of
the market, trends reveals the limitations
analyzing the shortcomings of current
drugs, and. Additionally, closely
consulting with interviewing numerous
scientists regarding concerning the
promising areas of medical research,
trends he has revealed decided that his
department will pursuethe following five
separate projects, which are listed below:
Project Up: Ddevelop an antidepressant
that does not causeincur serious mood
swings.;
Project Stable: Ddevelop a drug that
addressescopes with manic
depression.;
Project Choice: Ddevelop a less intrusive
birth control method for women.;
Project Hope: Ddevelop a vaccine to
prevent HIV infection.; and
Project Release: Ddevelop an more
effectiveenhanced drug to lower blood
pressure.
For eEach of the five projects, he is
only able to can specify thea specific
medical ailment the research should
address; since he does not know what
compounds can not be identifiedwill exist
and be effective without research.
He also has fFive senior scientists to lead
the five projects. He knows that
sScientists are very temperamental
individuals who excel when people and
will work well only if they are challenged
and motivated by the project. To ensure
that the sSenior scientists are motivated by
assigned to projects they find motivating,
he has establishedonce a bidding system is
established for the projects. He has given
eEach of the five scientists are given 1000
bid points. They , which are assigned bids
to each project, giving a. A higher
number of bid points are given to
preferred projects they most prefer to lead.
257. (Chemistry)
Introducing a technology 科技介紹
Introduction of antibody microarray
Work problem:工作問題
One of the main questions concerning the
use of tThis reactor is the limitedation for
with respect to its technical application in
terms of organic loads to be-related
applicationsed.
A short-fill cycle operation could
endanger the system’sposes a threat to the
stability and performance of the system,
particularly when the reactor is fed with
easily degradable wastewater containing
rapidly acidified substrate as glucose.
Importance of problem:問題的中心
(IUnstabilities in thee OR Fluctuating)
values of the influent and effluent
monitoring parameters weare observed
under the second operating condition. An
accumulation of microorganisms in the
feeding pipe explaineds the oscillation in
the influent values of the monitoring
parameters, (primarily OR mainly)
glucose and COD. A portionPart of the
glucose wais degraded in the pipe,
subsequently producing VFA (acetic,
propionic and butyric acids) and other
intermediate compounds. ThisSuch
degradation wais minimized bythrough
changing the pipes (biweekly OR twice a
weekly). FollowingAfter this procedure,
COD removal efficiencies increased,
reaching values of 75–90% . However,
the operation remained is unstable, since a
viscous material similar to EPS wais
formed and adhered to the reactor’s wall,
basket surface, shaft and impeller. This
material may have been the cause be a
result of the operational instability,
interfering in the hydrodynamic behavior
and in mass transfer fluxes from the bulk
liquid to the core of the bioparticle.
Hence, the equilibrium between the
populations of anaerobic microorganisms
wais (likely OR probably) affected.
However, the accumulation of EPS
appears to have been the main factor
largely responsible for this performance,
ultimately triggering a series of events
involving mainly mass transfer limitations
and creatingresulting in an imbalance of
the anaerobic degradation process. One of
theA functions of EPS is to form a
protective barrier that increases the
cells’ular resistance to aggressive effects.
The sStress caused by starvation may be
one of the factors that caused
thecontribute to excessive EPS
production.
Work objective:工作目標
Based on the above, Here we should
develop a hope to the short-fill cycle
operation method forof an ASBBR fed
with an easily degradable wastewater
containing glucose as the main carbon
source. The influence ofExactly how
increased organic loading rates
oninfluences the reactor’s performance
and stability can also be examined.
Anticipated results:預期結果
As anticipated, Tthe reactor operateds for
twenty days (, i.e., 65 consecutive
cycles), under the first condition,
achieving an average COD removal
efficiency of 95% . The influent and
effluent total VFA concentrations were
very similarclosely resemble each other.
The reactor’s oOperationgal stability of
the reactor wais confirmed by consistently
higher values of effluent BA than the
influent values . The reactor’s
performance was stronglyheavily
dependsent on the production and
accumulation of EPS. The production of
sucSuch material may can be produced
largely owing ascribed to several factors
involving the survival strategies of
microorganisms under adverse conditions.
Contribution to field:領域的貢獻
1. Formation of a viscous material
resembling EPS that accumulates inside
the reactor inhibits Ththe e ttreatment of
easily degradable wastewater (glucose-
based) in the stirred ASBBR was impaired
by the formation of a viscous material
resembling EPS that accumulated inside
the reactor, subsequently interfering in the
hydrodynamic behavior and in mass
transfer fluxes from the bulk liquid to the
core of the bioparticle core.
2. Operating instabilities, with
accumulation of VFA, awere (largely
owing OR mainly attributed) to the
accumulation of EPS,which subsequently
affecteding the equilibrium between the
populations of anaerobic microorganisms.
3. A first-order kinetic model
suitably(appropriately OR adequately)
representeds the consumption of glucose
and intermediate products in the reactor.
4. The accumulated EPS largely affectsed
mainly the degradation of intermediate
products, since the apparent first order
kinetic constant for intermediate product
degradation dropped decreases when a
large amount of this viscous material
accumulateds in the reactor.
5. The pProduction and accumulation of
EPS seemed to beapparently dependent
ofn the OVL applied to the reactor.
Abstract
While Taiwanese hospitals dispose of large
amounts of medical waste to ensure
sanitation and personal hygiene, doing so
inefficiently creates potential
environmental hazards and increases
operational expenses. However, hospitals
lack an objective criterion to select the
most appropriate waste disposal firm and
evaluate its performance, instead relying
on their own subjective judgment and
previous experiences. Therefore, this
work presents an AHP-based method to
select objectively medical waste disposal
firms based on the results of interviews
with experts in the field, thus reducing
overhead costs and enhancing medical
waste management. An AHP-based
framework is constructed based on
interviews with hospital administrators. A
questionnaire is then designed and
submitted to experts that handle medical
waste issues. Next, those questionnaire
results are analyzed using the AHP
method to identify the most important
factors in selecting medical waste disposal
firms. Additionally, candidate medical
waste disposal firms are evaluated based
on the criteria. The proposed AHP-based
method offers a more efficient and precise
means of selecting medical waste firms
than subjective assessment methods, thus
reducing the potential risks for hospitals.
By providing hospitals with an effective
means of evaluating medical waste
disposal firms, the proposed AHP method
can reduce overhead costs and enable
medical waste management to understand
the market demand in the health sector.
the proposed method can enhance the way
in which administrators manage medical
waste matters , enabling hospitals to
clearly classify and define the contents of
potentially dangerous medical waste, thus
establishing precise guidelines for medical
waste disposal firms to provide a better
service.
Introduction
Taiwanese hospitals must effectively cope
with not only severe budgetary constraints
in the national health insurance scheme,
but also stringent mandates on medical
waste treatment from the Environmental
Protection Administration. While hospitals
dispose of large amounts of medical waste
to ensure sanitation and personal hygiene,
doing so inefficiently creates potential
environmental hazards and increases
operational expenses. The environmental
protection sector is just beginning to
address harmful waste that the waste
treatment sector is emitting, largely owing
to the lack of effective management
experience in closely monitoring daily
operations. The scope of services that
medical waste disposal firms provides
does not always match the needs of
individual hospitals. According to the
Environmental Protection Administration,
although 456 medical waste disposal firms
were operating by the end of 2000, their
small-scale size limited its scope of
services in handling certain wastes.
Therefore, the ability to efficiently handle
medical waste depends on the ability of
hospitals to adopt sound waste
management practices and coordinate
their efforts with waste disposal firms.
However, Taiwanese hospitals lack an
objective criterion to select the most
appropriate waste disposal firm and
evaluate its performance, instead relying
on their own subjective judgment and
previous experiences. According to
Department of Health statistics, with
approximately 17,500 hospital clinics
operating domestically with a bed capacity
of roughly 120,000 beds, nearly 300
metric tons of medical waste are produced
daily; among which, 15% is infectious,
with its amount increasing as well. Given
the growth trend of increasing medical
waste, the inability of hospitals to adopt
an objective means of evaluating a waste
disposal firm and its performance may
lead to an inappropriate selection and
higher operational costs, necessitating the
development of an effective means of
evaluating the performance of waste
disposal firms objectively, thus reducing
overhead costs and enhancing medical
waste management. Owing to that either
hospital staff or contracted waste firms
must handle the medical waste, such a
mechanism would set an allocated budget
for medical waste disposal and closely
monitor expenditures. Previously, while
most hospitals had facilities to process
medical waste, expenses incurred were
must higher than contracting a firm to
perform the task. Therefore, as most
hospitals contract waste disposal firms to
handle their waste, administrators need a
reliable method to select the most
appropriate contracted firm in order to
closely monitor and reduce expenditures
associated with this process.
Abstract
Market liberalization policies of the
Taiwanese government since 1992 have
led to the emergence of several banks,
with financial organizations springing up
quickly, thus intensifying market
competition. Rapid growth of this market
sector has produced some adverse impacts
such as banks lowering their criteria for
loan approvals in order to remain
competitive, subsequently leading to an
increasingly higher incidence of defaulted
loans. Although attempting to reform the
financial market, financial-related
research does not directly focus on market
developments. In practice, while financial
organizations adopt the Experience Rule
to upgrade their competitiveness, doing so
often leads to the wrong investments and
subsequent defaulted loans. This work
presents an investment risk model that
analyzes the features of credit
cooperatives in Taiwan. A questionnaire is
designed for loan officers in credit
cooperatives to accumulate relevant loan
information and background information
of credit cooperatives. Features of credit
cooperatives are then analyzed using
factor analysis. Next, factors influencing
whether or not financial officers approve
loans are analyzed using SPSS statistical
software. Additionally, potential areas of
defaulted loans are identified using MDS.
Moreover, factors that distinguish credit
cooperatives from banks are analyzed
using cluster analysis. The proposed
investment risk model can enable loan
officers in banks and credit cooperatives
to identify potentially defaulted loans by
directly focusing on market developments
that previous financial research neglected.
In addition to compensating for limitations
of previous financial research and the
Experience Rule, the proposed model can
provide a valuable means of
understanding current market
developments in financial organizations,
as well as assisting credit cooperatives in
making secure loan decisions to maintain
its market competitiveness.
Introduction
工作提案
Research proposal
Given rapid Because the changesing fast
of in Taiwan’s health-care environment
environment, how with limited medical
resources to make efficient distribution
essential, nowadays the health-care
question perplexedwhich is of priority
concern among most of institutehealth
organizations. State level Agency
aadministrators at the state level should
analyze the productivity of each hospital’s
production Performance to determine the
effectiveness ofwhether resources are
utilizedation effectively. In many
countries, the state-ownedpublic sector
rather than non-profit organizations is a
major providers the majority of both
commercial and social services, and is not
non-profit organizations. So even
moremaking their contribution extremely
difficult to measure in terms of
traditionalconventional aggregative
performance indicators such as return on
investment (ROI), residual income (RI),
and profitability. All hospitals utilizse
resources to provide many types of
services, which isi.e., a measure of the
output for health-care organizations.
ComparativeThus, assessing the efficiency
assessment of how well input is used to
produce these services, then, becomes is
an important measure of performance. Of
the 14,474 public and private medical
institutions operating in Taiwan as of the
end of 1992, public and private medical
care institutions comprised ninety seven
hospitals as well as 479 clinics and 728
hospitals as well as 13,170 clinics,
respectively. Given the substantial amount
of resources that governments invest in
healthcareThe country puts into many
resources, so understand state-
ownedefficiency of public hospitals are
reasonably efficiency is also one of
contemporaryof priority concern. The
inability to do so makes it nearly
impossible to allocate determinants of
hospital efficiency, the government is
unable to find out about the performance
of every hospital, do effective medical
resources to hospitals effectively from a
governmental levelallocation.
摘要
Abstract
Given rapid changes in Taiwan’s healthcare
environment, limited medical resources
make efficient distribution essential,
which is of priority concern among health
organizations. State level administrators
should analyze the productivity of each
hospital to determine whether resources
are utilized effectively. In many countries,
the public sector rather than non-profit
organizations provides the majority of
commercial and social services, making
their contribution extremely difficult to
measure in terms of conventional
aggregative performance indicators such
as return on investment (ROI), residual
income (RI) and profitability. Therefore,
this study analyzes not only the efficiency
of healthcare services that public
hospitals offer using data envelopment
analysis (DEA), but also those factors to
enhance the performance of hospitals so
that administrators can revise directions in
management accordingly. The efficiency
of a central government-owned hospital in
Taiwan between 2002 and 2004 is
evaluated using data envelopment analysis
(DEA). As public hospitals in Taiwan are
categorized as either central government-
owned, state-owned or county-owned, the
sample in this study includes central
government-owned hospitals only. A
multiple regression model is then adopted
in which the efficiency score obtained
from the DEA computations is used as the
dependent variable; several operating
characteristics of hospitals are chosen as
the independent variable. Analysis results
indicate that DEA constructs for the
underlying production technology of
organizations are analyzed from observed
outputs and inputs using mathematical
programming methods.. Additionally,
efficiency is assessed relative to the
computed production capacity. Results of
this study provide a valuable reference not
only for hospital administrators, but also
policy planners. Assessing the
performance of non-profit organizations
should include, in addition to efficiency,
the ability to identify and evaluate
relevant operating characteristics owing to
their importance in organizational
performance. Results of this study further
demonstrate that inter-temporal efficiency
gains can be attained in the healthcare
sector as hospital administrators and
policy planners strive to revise
management directions to increase
efficiency.
Introduction
Given rapid changes in Taiwan’s healthcare
environment, limited medical resources
make efficient distribution essential,
which is of priority concern among health
organizations. State level administrators
should analyze the productivity of each
hospital to determine whether resources
are utilized effectively. In many countries,
the public sector rather than non-profit
organizations provides the majority of
commercial and social services, making
their contribution extremely difficult to
measure in terms of conventional
aggregative performance indicators such
as return on investment (ROI), residual
income (RI) and profitability. All hospitals
utilize resources to provide many services,
i.e., a measure of the output for healthcare
organizations. Thus, assessing the
efficiency of how well input is used to
produce these services is an important
measure of performance. Of the 14,474
public and private medical institutions
operating in Taiwan as of the end of 1992,
public and private medical care
institutions comprised ninety seven
hospitals as well as 479 clinics and 728
hospitals as well as 13,170 clinics,
respectively. Given the substantial amount
of resources that governments invest in
healthcare, efficiency of public hospitals is
of priority concern. The inability to do so
makes it nearly impossible to allocate
medical resources to hospitals effectively
from a governmental level.
Research proposal
A rapidly growing The elderly population
increase rapid andposes a major challenge
for long-term care management has
become problematic, needs to be
addressed, and requiresing immediate
solutions in the modern society due to
thegiven changing family structures, aging
population, and the tendencyfrequency of
chronic illnesses. Employees in Hhospital
subsidizedary Rrespiratory care centers,
Rrespiratory care wards and Nnursing
homes, the worker are almostnearly all
Nnursing care- attendants. The Nursing
care- attendants areBelong to a sub-
specialized field inof a medical
department, nursing care attendants do not
hold specialized license certification nor
have a certain academic leveland provided
any education,. These workers simply just
need require basic healthcare training base
skills and knowledge byof hospital or
governmental infrastructure apparatus or
authorize apparatus, through qualification
to establish somebody’s identity then can
carry out their workperform their tasks
efficiently. Playing an important role in
Taiwanese society, The Nnursing care-
Aattendants quire are important. The
patient or family pay the money ask to
accompany disabled individuals and
inability person. The Nursing care-
Attendants provided assistance in daily
living care. For example, activities such as
takeing a bath, feeding foodtaking meals,
managermonitoring urinary or stool
incontinencespecimens, changechanging
the posture of incapacitated stroke
victims, keep body clear and providing
general comfortable, find abnormal
condition, etc. Despite their contributions,
most Conventional employ Nnursing care-
Aattendants mode lack a uniform
managerment approach to ensure the
quality of rule, don’t keep service quality.
given that these workers have no
restrictions on The Nursing care-
Attendants training don’t limit age,
education, or experience - just that they
are mentally and physically soundnormal,
not disable. Despite the abundance of
Even through have Nursing care-
Attendants outsourcing agencies for
nursing care attendants, the lack of but
don’t continue training standardized
training makes it impossible to control the
quality of service provided island wide
induce lack quality consist. Moreover,
Cchanges in Taiwan’s National Health
Insurance scheme police have led to an
emphasis on controlling personnel
manpower costs while maintaining and
provide highly service quality servicesto
explore strategy, further contributing to
thetherefore outsourcing produced. of
nursing care attendants.
Abstract
Playing an important role in Taiwanese
society, nursing care attendants
accompany disabled individuals and
provide assistance in daily activities.
Despite their contributions, most nursing
care attendants lack a uniform
management approach to ensure the
quality of service given that these workers
have no restrictions on age, education or
experience - just that they are mentally
and physically sound. Despite the
abundance of outsourcing agencies for
nursing care attendants, the lack of
standardized training makes it impossible
to control the quality of service provided
island wide. Therefore, this work presents
an effective selection model for use in
evaluating outsourced nursing care
attendants to help hospital administrators
select the most productive outsourcing
agencies. Evaluative criteria for hospital
administrators to select among agencies
that outsource nursing care attendants are
established using a nominal group
technique-based method. The relative
weights of evaluative criteria are then
determined using fuzzy theory and the
analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to rank
alternatives and select the most
appropriate outsourcing agencies.
Consequently, hospital administrators
have objective evaluative criteria to make
decisions optimally. The proposed
selection model based on fuzzy theory and
the AHP method can provide an objective
means of evaluating the quality of nursing
care attendants, thus enhancing the quality
of service, increasing customer
satisfaction and lowering personnel costs.
Via an objective evaluative criteria,
optimum alternatives to outsource nursing
care needs in Taiwan can be selected
efficiently.
Introduction
A rapidly growing elderly population poses
a major challenge for long-term care
management, requiring immediate
solutions given changing family structures
and the frequency of chronic illnesses.
Employees in hospital subsidized
respiratory care centers, respiratory care
wards and nursing homes are nearly all
nursing care attendants. Belong to a sub-
specialized field of a medical department,
nursing care attendants do not hold
specialized license certification nor have a
certain academic level. These workers
simply require basic healthcare training
skills and knowledge of hospital or
governmental infrastructure to perform
their tasks efficiently. Playing an
important role in Taiwanese society,
nursing care attendants accompany
disabled individuals and provide
assistance in daily activities such as taking
a bath, taking meals, monitoring urinary
or stool specimens, changing the posture
of incapacitated stroke victims and
providing general comfort. Despite their
contributions, most nursing care
attendants lack a uniform management
approach to ensure the quality of service
given that these workers have no
restrictions on age, education or
experience - just that they are mentally
and physically sound. Despite the
abundance of outsourcing agencies for
nursing care attendants, the lack of
standardized training makes it impossible
to control the quality of service provided
island wide. Moreover, changes in
Taiwan’s National Health Insurance
scheme have led to an emphasis on
controlling personnel costs while
maintaining highly quality services,
further contributing to the outsourcing of
nursing care attendants. Generally,
relatives or the patient directly employ
nursing care attendants without adequate
evaluative criteria to select the most
appropriate care provider. Additionally,
outsourcing firms also lack objective
criteria in selecting nursing care
attendants, leading to widespread
customer dissatisfaction and increasing
management difficulty. Given the twenty
two hospital subsidized nursing homes
and eighteen respiratory care wards
currently operating in Taiwan, the
importance of nursing care attendants is
obvious. The inability to manage
effectively the quality of service that
nursing care attendants provide will lead
to a further decline in hospital revenues,
eventually leading to a reduction in
personnel and community services.
Abstract
Unforeseeable circumstances in the
constantly fluctuating business climate
necessitate that enterprises adopt effective
inventory management practices to
strengthen their competitive edge.
However, while focusing on specific stock
inventory systems to achieve the most
appropriate design, previous studies have
seldom addressed the supplying chain
strategy for stock inventory of multiple
products and many suppliers. Therefore,
this work presents an inventory stock
management model that coordinates the
efforts of suppliers and retailers, in which
the inventory stock model of distribution
for the normality is adopted to determine
the minimum total cost via the metering
method. The (s, Q) policy of the
inventory stock between the supplier and
the manufacturer is adopted to reduce the
amount of minimum stock required to
reduce the total cost when ordering larger
quantities. Problems encountered between
the supplier and the manufacturer in
predicting the required amount of
inventory stock is addressed individually.
Next, the stock model (s , Q) is utilized to
derive the inventory stock models for the
supplier and manufacturer without
complex mathematical equations For the
inventory stock cost, sales volume and
orders in short supply, the most
appropriate control channel is adopted by
the supplier and the manufacturer,
followed by mathematical analysis and
estimation. The proposed inventory
management model can determine the
most economic purchasing amount,
purchasing opportunity and inventory
stock policy for both the supplier and the
manufacturer. Using random and the most
appropriate control measures, the
proposed management model can
determine precisely the demand between
the supplier and the manufacturers, reduce
overhead costs and enable enterprise
managers to select the most effective
inventory stock policy to enhance overall
operations.
Introduction
Research Proposal
Setting of work proposal
Work problem
Importance of problem
Work objective
Anticipated results
As anticipated, the proposed IMC-based
strategy can WHAT?This research through
passing out expert's question survey and
AHP industry question survey, after twice
question survey, generate optimal
marketing resource allocation model key
factor weight ratio priority sequence . The
relevant weight ratio of each level and
priority are analyzed as follows:
Contribution to field
Abstract
Introduction
Credit cards are used pervasively
worldwide, encouraging consumer
behavior while alleviating security
concerns and offering convenience. Credit
card issuing companies, retailers, the
receiving bank and credit card agencies
have become the mainstream means of
societal transactions. In a cashless century,
credit cards encourage consume spending
by borrowing the cash for a purchase in
advance. However, given rapid changes
in consumer trends, credit card issuing
companies often lose their
competitiveness owing to a high consumer
turnover rate. As estimated, the economies
of scale for the credit card issuing sector is
approximately 500,000 credit cards.
However, with the increasing number of
credit card issuing companies, that figure
will increase to 700,000. While Taiwan
currently has 54 credit card issuing
companies, forty of those have not
achieved economies of , explaining the
fierce competition in this sector. The
inability of credit card issuing companies
to enhance communication with
consumers through effective procedures
such as integrated marketing
communication makes it impossible to
promote the brand recognition of the
banking sector in issuing credit cards.
Importance of problem
The inability to adopt In the event of that
sciencetific methods to cannot extract the
valid compounds of traditional Chinese
medicine valid compound. In the theory,
the Chinese medicine could not become
makes it unfeasible for modern. clinical
practice owing to its inefficiencyIn a fact,
take the Chinese medicine is unhandy.
Research objective
Based on the above, we should develop an
in order to extraction method for the valid
compounds of the traditional Chinese
medicine valid compound to applythrough
clinical trials in animals for eventual use
for humans experiment and actuality to
put in use in men.
Methodology
To do so, (NOTE: Add three or four
sentences that describes your
methodology.)
Anticipated results
As anticipated, Tthe proposed method can
reduce nearly half the time required by
conventional approaches in
extractingnovel the valid compounds of
Chinese medicine valid compound can
reduce a half time or more to arrangement.
In the end, take the Chinese medicine will,
making it a more economically viable
processze time.
Contribution to field
Additionally, the proposed extraction
method novel the Chinese medicine valid
compound can significantly reduce the
time required to prepare Chinese medicine
for consumption, as well as eliminate the
time waste, providingensure safe and
modern applications for clinical medicine
scientific Chinese medicine.
Work problem
Importance of problem
*Work problem
While mMultidrug resistance to
chemotherapy isposes a major obstacle in
the treatment ofing cancer patients., the
lack of alternative However, is it the only
methods to aggravate medicine dosage or
radiotherapy or excise the part organ?
makes it impossible to resolve this
dilemma Are there other treatment ways to
object to these tumour cells?.
*Importance of problem
The inability to enhance the effectiveness
of conventional se methods are
maintherapeutic treatment methods on
medical science at present, there is not
very ideal methods. But if does not use
these to treat, the makes it impossible to
over drug resistance in tumour cells of
drug is not only unable to dispel , creating
an adverse impact towards the metastasis
of it may cause the serious effect that
these cells metastasis even more.
Ps. chemotherapy is usually used after
Radiotherapy and excise organ.
276. (Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Setting of work proposal
The World Health Organization
(WHO) classified Taiwan as a serious
epidemic-stricken area when the extent of
severe acute respiratory syndrome during
the severe acute respiratory syndrome
((SARS)) in Taiwan became clear health
crisis. As of July 11, 2003, 671 probable
SARS cases werehad been identified in
Taiwan; and seven health care workers
had died as wellfrom the disease.
Radiographers were especially prone to
easily infected by SARS infection owing
to their because they had close contact
with suspected or probable cases while
conducting during chest Xx-ray
examinations., resulting in the contraction
of SARS by Tthree radiographers had
been infected by the end of May 2003.
Given this potential threatBecause of the
impact of SARS on the Radiology
Department, theradiology departments
established a SARS emergency infection
control team andto redesigned the
department's infection-control and
emergency-management procedures based
on the concept of risk-grade protection.
This effort included establishinglaunching
a radiographic room atin the fever-
screening station, reallocating human
resources in new personnel to the
Rradiology Ddepartment, training the
departmental staff in infection control, and
drafting new operational procedures for
radiographers conducting X-ray
examinations on SARS patients. The goal
of this program wasattempted to reduce
the infection rate and distribute materials
efficiently in the department. This article
introduces the emergency-management
procedure of the Radiology Department
during the SARS outbreak and the
infection-protection experience of the
department staff.
Problem
The pathogen that causesing severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a
coronavirus mutation. When the human
body is infected with this pathogen,
diffuse pneumonia and respiratory failure
occur, possibly leading toand infection can
lead to death fatality. SARS originated
fromin the Canton province of mainland
China and then rapidly spread to Hong
Kong, Taiwan, Canada, Singapore, and
other countries in 2003. Taiwan's first
SARS case was diagnosed in February
2003, after whichfollowed by a massive
SARS infectious event broke out outbreak
in the Municipal Hoping Municipal
Hospital ofin Taipei during in April 2003.
The World Health Organization (WHO)
classified Taiwan as a serious epidemic-
stricken area because ofowing to the high
prevalence of SARS infection in this area.
On April 24, 2003, the government
ordered a quarantine of the hospital to be
isolated. However, the absence of because
infection controls were not in place at the
beginning of the outbreak, led to internal
infections occurred in 6six Taiwanese-area
hospitals from April to June 2003. These
hospitals were also quarantinedclosed and
stopped receiving new patients. Assistance
from Thanks toWHO specialists sent by
the WHO to help improve protection,
contributed to stabilization of the SARS
situation crisis in Taiwan has stabilised.
As of July 30, 2003, a total of 671
probable cases werehad been diagnosed.
Quantitative specification of problem
The latent period of SARS islasts
from 2 to 7 days. The initial sign of
infection is usuallynormally a fever
(>38ºC), which is often accompanied by
headaches, muscleular pain, and
weakness. Most SARS patients have local
pulmonary infiltrates in the early stages.
Some have focal consolidation on chest
X-ray images in the late stage. According
to previous studies, Research has shown
that the SARS virus spreads through
physical contact with patients, via
secretions and a fecal material. Because
theAs health care workerspersonnel who
diagnosed and managed SARS werehad
directly in contact with patients, those
without unprotected personnelion were
easily infected. Some staff members were
infected when diagnosing patients, and as
of mid-June 2003, ; seven health care
workers have died offrom SARS as of
mid-June 2003.
As suggested by the Upon the
recommendation of WHO, the Health
Department of Health of the Republic of
China classified categorized SARS into
suspected, probable, and confirmed cases.
Because As pulmonary infiltrate is an
important indicator by which to judge
index to determine the condition and
progress of SARS, chest X-ray
examination plays an important role in the
diagnosis ofng SARS cases. Because
radiographers had Owing to their close
contact with patients when they conducted
during chest X-ray examinations, their
radiographers were highly prone to
infectionus potential was high. As of By
the end of May 2003, three Taiwan-area
radiographers were infected with SARS.
The Disease Control Bureau of the
Republic of China classified hospital
departments into 3three risk levels: high
level, mid-level, and low levels., with
Tthe radiology department was considered
a high-level risk department. Facing a
shortage of personnel and material
resources, Because the Radiology
Department was required to serve the Xx-
ray imaging of SARS-suspected patients
at fever-screening stations and negative
pressure isolation rooms, it faced a
shortage of manpower and materials. The
department had to internallysubsequently
reallocated its staff and protection
materials, leading to the and establishment
of a complete emergency-management
program to maximize infection control
efforts and allow the rest of the
department to run ensure normally
departmental operations.
Importance of problem
During the SARS- outbreak period,
the department's emergency-management
and infection-control plan included 4
pointsfour priorities: (1) distributeing
protective materials based on the concept
of risk-grade protection to use resources
efficiently; (2) checking the operating load
during the SARS period, reallocateing
departmental personnel manpower to use
human resources efficiently, and
letallowing staff have days off by turns
work leave in sequence to reduce the
potential of cross-infection in the
department; and (3) drafting the
Ooperational Pprocedures for
Rradiographers Cconducting Xx-ray
Eexaminations for in SARS Ppatients to
reduce the likelihood of infectionus
potential in the Radiology Department;
and (4) planning emergency management
procedures to ensure normal make the
department departmental operationsrun
normally if some staff members personnel
were infected bywith SARS and
quarantined. segregated.
During the SARS- outbreak period in
Taiwan, Cheng-Hsin hHospital actively
participated actively in the efforts to
combat SARS. FirstInitially, the hospital
set upestablished a SARS emergency
infection-control team in charge of
responsible for SARS protection control
forof the wholeentire hospital. It began
establishing nNegative pressure isolation
rooms were then established with 48 beds
in April 2003 to receive suspected,
probable, and confirmed SARS cases. A
fever-screening station was also createdset
up outside the emergency room in May
2003 to protect its staff personnel and
patients from SARS infection.
Research problem
A lLinear accelerator can accelerate
electrons to producegenerate high energy
electrons or x-ray with different energy
regions. , thus producing a Pphotonuclear
reaction is produced by this accelerator
with when the energy exceedsabove 10
MeV. Thise above-mentioned reaction
subsequently emits neutrons. When the
human tissue is irradiated by
bremmsstrahlung photon, created in a
linear accelerator, the patient will receives
a significant dose of photo-produced
neutrons. However, the calculation and
experimental investigation of tissue
equivalent proportional counter for a
linear accelerator with one or more
products and neutrons of microdosimetry
has not been investigated
experimentallyremain unknown.
Importance of problem
Neutron response will depends on
construction of the tissue equivalent
proportional counter construction and
atomic composition of materials, which
are used in a counter design. Therefore,
given various radiation types,
measurement methods and angles for the
linear accelerator, enhancing improvement
of the counter design and materials,
response to some types of radiation,
measurement methods and angles for
linear accelerator makes this research
difficult is problematic.
Work problem
Wounded hen skin is wounded, the
damage often destroys itsthe structure of
collagen in the skin., necessitating that for
this reason , the composition of the wound
dressing to contain collagen, in general
the. cCollagen extract from thean animal
organism, often needrequires to adding the
other materials helping to facilitate
extraction, possiblymay causeing the user
to become allergic to the wound dressing
concern with safety.
Importance of problem
The inability to resolve the possibility of
If the worry of the anaphylaxis can't
solve , may cause other adverse side
effects and reduce the effectiveness of
therapeutic treatingment.
284. (Nuclear Science-Radiotechnology)
Setting of work proposal The cancer cell
occurrence from a person, to use as
cCurcumin can inhibit the activation of
human cancer cells in humans activation.
Work problem However, departed merely
to discuss to have plenty merely
consuming plenty of natureal foods such
as .vegetables、 and fruits does not ensure
a etc., but without concrete expression to
circumvent the activation of cancer cells.
Quantitative specification of problem For
instance, the inability to consistently
consume To use as 10μM of curcumin
consistency add to cancer cell that get will
not prevent activation of cancer cellsto
decrease.
Importance of problem Theory inability
of proper amounts of curcumin to be
capable inhibit of cancer cell, growth
makes it impossible to if not have inhibit
the cancer cell to get ensure sustained
growth.
Research problem
In present report, Although Llocalized
SPR (LSPR) is more sensitively and
accurately than the conventionally
adoptedtraditional SPR. But, LSPR haves
many different kinds nanostructures.,
explaining why So that, discover the most
sensitivelyity and accuratelycy are of
priority concern is required.
Importance of problem
Work problem:
Psoas major muscle’s The MRS signal for
the major muscles of Psoas is varyied and
complex. Examinations will be performed
at 1.5T magnetic and do not yield a clear
obtain MRS signal will not vary clear.
How to, explaining why the in vivo
detection of Psoasthe major muscles of
Psoas in a qualitative analysis is the major
problematic.
Quantitative specification of problem:
Earlier investigations in muscle
biochemical analysis have many impose
and most investigations use the biopsy
technique in muscle biochemical analysis.
Given advances in Today medical
modalities are progress than pastin recent
years. Moreover, characterization of MRS
is with not invadesis (and survey
continuity: NOTE: I have no idea what
you mean by “and survey continuity” in
the context of this sentence.). This finding
can help differentiate between the
percentage of normal and abnormal Psoas
major muscle’s per centin Psoas.
Importance of problem:
(NOTE: This is not the importance of the
problem. This is the contribution of the
study.)
287. (Biotechnology)
Setting of work proposal
In recent years Bacuolvirus expression
system has been extensively adopted in
was common using on the protein
expression engineeringin recent years.
Work problem
OIn the conventionally adopted
procaryote expression system, this system
posttranslational modification cannot be
compared with the baculovirus expression
system.
Work problem
Radiation therapy is a widely used option
in the curativeextensively adopted to
treatment of localized prostate cancer.
Although local control may be improved
by an increase ining the delivered
radiation dose can enhance local control, a
randomized dose escalation study
comparing 67.2 vs. 75.6 Gy was unable to
show can not demonstrate a clear benefit
in this matter. A high dose may therefore
be needed necessary to improve local
control. However, maximal treatment dose
may be limited by the relatively low
radiation tolerance of surrounding organs
(, i.e., rectum, bladder, and femur heads).
Increase ofing the prescribed dose beyond
70-74 Gy is associated with an
unacceptable of long term complications
(ex:, e.g., rectal bleeding, hematuria). 3D-
CRT is the initialwas first step towards
improveding the spatial dose distribution
in prostate cancer. Presently, oOptimized
IMRT delivery methods further improve
3D-CRT by more accuratelybetter
tailoring the high dose volume to the
target. However, in-depth conformation is
only possible with a high-energy proton
beam with their finite and energy
dependent range. Proton Bragg peak can
be modulated both across the treatment
plan in depth and improved in dose
distribution in IM proton methods. All
those steps towardsin precision therapy
have common the aim attempt to escalate
the dose to the prostate and reduceing the
dose delivered to organs at risk.
Quantitative specification of problem
Results of Thea study for 50of fifty
patients can be used to estimatewould
compute for four therapeutic treatment
plans, in which and used the inverse
treatment planning system is used. For the
purpose of the study, oOn further dose
escalation to 99 Gy , the two IM plans
were recalculated with the same
optimization procedure as described
above, but with the tolerance dosages of
the various organs at risk scaled
accordingly. Relative weights for the
rectum and bladder were also adjusted
sucho that the absolute DVHs (in Gy) of
both organs matched those of the 81 Gy
plan, thus ensuring a similar complication
probability in these organs as for the 81
Gy plans. Four treatment plans were
compared in a prostate cancer patient
aiming to deliver 81 Gy to the tumor
target. Dose-volume histograms (DVH)
were used to physically compare the
treatment plans. DVH data were also used
to obtain normal tissue complication
probabilities (NTCP) and tumor control
probabilities (TCP).
Importance of problem
Conventional radiotherapy has proven
unsuccessful in controlling prostate
cancer, even in an its early stages,
with<70 Gy. This resultoutcome will
likely results in the have tumor
recurrentce of a tumor of risk. The patient
modeled in the presentis study was
planned in a supine position. This was,
which is in contrast with the usual prone
position for patients treated. The prone
position is preferable to the supine
position position in order to reduce the
irradiation dose of the rectal wall.
Conventional radiotherapy canould
destroy normal organs. This result will can
these organs for any function.
SoTherefore, the foure treatment plans
provide dose distributions capable toof
complying with the goal of delivering the
highest dose to the target while reducing
the treatment toxicity to acceptable levels.
Work objective
Based on the above, we should assess the
potential benefits of intensity modulated
proton beams in optimizing the dose
distribution to safely escalate the tumor
dose in prostate cancer radiotherapy.
Methodology
To do so, four treatment plans can be
compared in a prostate cancer patient
aiming to deliver 81Gy to the tumor
target. A dose escalation study can then be
performed to compare the two intensity
modulated (IM) methods when the target
dose is raised to 99 Gy.
Work objective
Based on the above, we should examine
the feasibility of using alternative
chemotherapy medicine or non-
therapeutic chemistry methods A after the
cancer cell becomes drugproduces the
resistantce of a drug to the chemotherapy
medicine of a regular dosage., we should
use other chemotherapy medicine or not
methods therapeutically in chemistry.
Relatively to therapeutically cCancer
patients receiving therapeutic treatment of
by only uses thea single kind of
medicines, can avoid aggravating dosages
used in conventional methods in the past
in order to copedeal with the drug
resistance of cancer cells of resistance of a
drug , and can, thus preventing injury to
the human body's normal cell's to suffer
the serious injuryin the human body.
Anticipated results
As anticipated, Tthese alternative
approaches to are not chemotherapy
medication methods; hope to be utilized to
can alleviate the clinical patients from
receiving who avoids accepting toohigh
dosage levels of much chemotherapy
medicine dosage.
Contribution to field
Results of this study contribute to efforts
to provide a viable alternative for cancer
In theory, the method can be to the
patients unable to fullytotally recover,
after undergoing following chemotherapy
medication, especially given the resistance
of and continue massacring the cancer
cells towards such medication that has
already produced the resistance of drug to
the medicine in the body at this moment..
In fact, on theWith respect to clinical and
therapeutically effect outcomes, the
alternative approaches presented herein
can reach and kill allterminate cancer cells
without the high dosage of chemotherapy
medicine that has all already produced in
the body.
Abstract
Ranking first globally among major causes
of fatality, cancer also causes the
immunity of patients to become resistant
to therapeutic drugs. Restated, as cancer
cells develop a tolerance towards
chemotherapy, multi-drug resistance
forms in tumor cells. While multi-drug
resistance to chemotherapy poses a major
obstacle in treating cancer patients, the
lack of alternative methods to aggravate
medicine dosage or radiotherapy or excise
the part organ makes it impossible to
resolve this dilemma. This study
examines the feasibility of using
alternative chemotherapy medicine or
non-therapeutic chemistry methods after
the cancer cell becomes drug resistant to
chemotherapy medicine of a regular
dosage. Cancer patients receiving
therapeutic treatment of only a single
medicine can avoid aggravating dosages
used in conventional methods to cope with
the drug resistance of cancer cells, thus
preventing injury to normal cells in the
human body. The resistance of cancer
cells towards an anticancer drug
attempting to terminating tumor cells in
vitro is identified. The resistant cancer
cells of the anticancer drug are then
isolated. Once isolated, drug resistant
cancer cells are then terminated using
alternative chemotherapy medicine. Next,
non-medication methods such a high
temperature, high pressure or radioactive
rays are used to either terminate cancer
cells or block the transformation leading
to cancer cell apotosis. Analysis results
indicate that these alternative approaches
to chemotherapy can alleviate patients
from receiving high dosage levels of
chemotherapy medicine. Results of this
study contribute to efforts to provide a
viable alternative for cancer patients
unable to fully recover following
chemotherapy, especially given the
resistance of cancer cells towards such
medication. With respect to clinical and
therapeutic outcomes, the alternative
approaches presented herein can terminate
cancer cells without the high dosage of
chemotherapy medicine.
Problem statement
Developed by Professor Rossi for
microdosimetric investigation of radiation
in 1960, a dosimetric method based on a
low pressure tissue equivalent
proportional counter has been extensively
adopted in radiation dosimetry. According
to the International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements,
microdosimetric parameters consist of
energy deposited, specific energy and
energy imparted. This counter is a
spherical chamber with a tissue equivalent
wall and filled with tissue equivalent gas.
As the principal instrument of
microdosimetry based on the Bragg-Gray
cavity principle, this gas-filled counter
determines the dose and dose equivalent
to small volumes of human tissue when
high energy radiation is behind the
shielding of high energy accelerator and
spacecraft. A linear accelerator can
accelerate electrons to generate high
energy electrons or x-ray with different
energy regions, thus producing a
photonuclear reaction when the energy
exceeds 10 MeV. This reaction
subsequently emits neutrons. When
human tissue is irradiated by the
bremmsstrahlung photon, as created in a
linear accelerator, the patient receives a
significant dose of photo-produced
neutrons. However, the tissue equivalent
proportional counter for a linear
accelerator with one or more products and
neutrons of microdosimetry has not been
investigated experimentally. Additionally,
the neutron response of a tissue equivalent
proportional counter depends on the
atomic composition of gas in a neutron
energy region below 300 keV. The neutron
response depends on the atomic
composition of the counter for neutrons
above 300 keV. While the regular
spherical shape of the counter was
selected so that its response would be
more or less independent of the direction
from which the radiation emits, the
spherical shape is a challenging task for
design purposes. Neutron response
depends on construction of the tissue
equivalent proportional counter and
atomic composition of materials used in a
counter design. Therefore, given various
radiation types, measurement methods and
angles for the linear accelerator,
enhancing the counter design and
materials is problematic. Moreover,
measuring the equivalent dose of high
energy neutrons is problematic for
radiation protection dosimetry and
microdosimetry owing to the lack of
standard devices for investigating the
mixed radiation field. Therefore, a
spherical or right cylindrical tissue
equivalent proportional counter must be
developed to measure all particles
composed of thermal neutrons, fast
neutrons, high energy charge particles and
photons for a high energy linear
accelerator. Using such a microdosimeter,
the energy deposited in volumes
resembling critical tissue components
such as cells or cell nuclei must be
determined as well.
Hypothesis statement
Research proposal
Introduction
Developed by Professor Rossi for
microdosimetric investigation of radiation
in 1960, a dosimetric method based on a
low pressure tissue equivalent
proportional counter has been extensively
adopted in radiation dosimetry. According
to the International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements,
microdosimetric parameters consist of
energy deposited, specific energy and
energy imparted. This counter is a
spherical chamber with a tissue equivalent
wall and filled with tissue equivalent gas.
As the principal instrument of
microdosimetry based on the Bragg-Gray
cavity principle, this gas-filled counter
determines the dose and dose equivalent
to small volumes of human tissue when
high energy radiation is behind the
shielding of high energy accelerator and
spacecraft. As is well known, a linear
accelerator can accelerate electrons to
generate high energy electrons or x-ray
with different energy regions, thus
producing a photonuclear reaction when
the energy exceeds 10 MeV. This reaction
subsequently emits neutrons. When
human tissue is irradiated by the
bremmsstrahlung photon, as created in a
linear accelerator, the patient receives a
significant dose of photo-produced
neutrons. However, the tissue equivalent
proportional counter for a linear
accelerator with one or more products and
neutrons of microdosimetry has not been
investigated experimentally. Additionally,
the neutron response of a tissue equivalent
proportional counter depends on the
atomic composition of gas in a neutron
energy region below 300 keV. The neutron
response depends on the atomic
composition of the counter for neutrons
above 300 keV. While the regular
spherical shape of the counter was
selected so that its response would be
more or less independent of the direction
from which the radiation emits, the
spherical shape is a challenging task for
design purposes. Neutron response
depends on construction of the tissue
equivalent proportional counter and
atomic composition of materials used in a
counter design. Therefore, given various
radiation types, measurement methods and
angles for the linear accelerator,
enhancing the counter design and
materials is problematic. Moreover,
measuring the equivalent dose of high
energy neutrons is problematic for
radiation protection dosimetry and
microdosimetry owing to the lack of
standard devices for investigating the
mixed radiation field.
Work problem
Wounded skin often destroys its collagen,
necessitating that the wound dressing
contain collagen. Also, cCollagen
extracted from an animal organism often
requires adding other materials to
facilitate extraction, possibly causing the
user to become allergic to the wound
dressing.
Importance of problem
The inability to resolve the possibility of
anaphylaxis may cause other adverse side
effects and reduce the effectiveness of
therapeutic treatment.
Work objective
Based on the above, we should develop a
nnovel composition from the plants that is
more effectivebatter than the animal
collagen in and reducinge the
possibilitylikelihood of anaphylaxis,
furthermore, to employ. Additionally, the
proper carrier can be used to
carrytransport the composition for the
convenience ofin order to maintain the
effectiveness ofits therapeutic
effectiveness.
Anticipated results
As anticipated, the stable formation of the
novel composition can be servefunction as
an entrapping reservoir for active
ingredients that can be sustained andto
ensure a prolonged released.
Contribution to field
In addition to its economic benefits, and
proposed athe novel composition
proposed herein can not only treatprovide
the wounds treatment, more important
thatbut, more importantly, reduce the
possibilityincidence rate of anaphylaxis.
Abstract
A wound dressing attempts to ensure
optimal healing by easing pain and
preventing trauma infection. Composition
of the wound dressing and its adherence to
the skin largely determines its therapeutic
effectiveness. Additionally, composition
of the medicine enables the wound to heal,
while the medicine carrier ensures the
staying power of the wound dressing on
the skin. However, wounded skin often
destroys its collagen, necessitating that the
wound dressing contain collagen. Also,
collagen extracted from an animal
organism often requires adding other
materials to facilitate extraction, possibly
causing the user to become allergic to the
wound dressing. Therefore, this work
describes a novel composition from plants
that is more effective than animal collagen
in reducing the likelihood of anaphylaxis.
Additionally, the proper carrier can be
used to transport the composition in order
to maintain its therapeutic effectiveness.
Cysteine protease is extracted and purified
from sesame. The polysaccharide is then
purified from the fruiting body of an
edible Jew’s Ear mushroom. Next, the
complex is applied to the wound through
the interaction between cysteine protease
and polysaccharide. Analysis results
indicate that the stable formation of the
novel composition can function as an
entrapping reservoir for active ingredients
that can be sustained to ensure a
prolonged release. In addition to its
economic benefits, the novel composition
proposed herein can not only treat
wounds, but, more importantly, reduce the
incidence rate of anaphylaxis.