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STRUCTURAL LOADS
SECTION 1601
GENERAL
1601.1 Scope. Provisions of this chapter shall govern the
structural design of buildings, structures and portions thereof.
Exception: Buildings and structures located within the
High Velocity Hurricane Zone shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1611 through 1626.
1601.2 Structural safety
1601.2.1 Every building and structure shall be of sufficient
strength to support the loads and forces encountered, or combinations thereof, without exceeding in any of its structural
elements the stresses prescribed elsewhere in this code.
1601.2.2 Buildings and structural systems shall possess
general structural integrity to reduce the hazards associated with progressive collapse to levels consistent with good
engineering practice. The structural system shall be able
to sustain local damage or failure with the overall structure remaining stable. Compliance with the applicable
provisions of ASCE 7 shall be considered as meeting the
requirements of this section.
1601.3 Restrictions on loading. It shall be unlawful to place,
or cause or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a
building or other structure a load greater than is permitted by
these requirements.
1601.4 Occupancy permits for changed loading. Plans for
other than residential buildings filed with the building official
with applications for permits shall show on each drawing the
live loads per sq ft of area covered, for which the building is
designed, and occupancy permits for buildings hereafter
erected shall not be issued until the floor load signs, required
by 106.4, have been installed.
1601.5 Items not specifically covered. Loads and forces for
occupancies or uses not covered in this chapter shall be subject to the approval of the building official.
SECTION 1602
DEFINITIONS
For definitions, see Chapter 2.
SECTION 1603
DEAD LOADS
1603.1 Weights of materials and construction. In estimating dead loads for purposes of design, the actual weights of
materials and constructions shall be used, provided that in the
absence of definite information, values satisfactory to the
building official may be assumed. For information on dead
loads, see Appendix A.
16.1
OCCUPANCY OR USE
16.2
150
50
100
60
40
75
100
100
100
100
100
40
50
100
60
40
40
80
60
125
80
100
150
75
50
100
80
Public rooms
Corridors serving public rooms
Corridors
Reviewing stands and bleachers2
Schools:
Classrooms
Corridors
Sidewalks, vehicular driveways and yards,
subject to trucking
Skating rinks
Stairs and exitways
One-and two-family dwellings
Storage warehouse:
Light
Heavy
Stores:
Retail:
First floor, rooms
Upper floors
Wholesale
Theaters:
Aisles, corridors and lobbies
Orchestra floors
Balconies
Stages and platforms
Catwalks
Followspot, projection and control rooms
Yards and terraces, pedestrians
40
40
80
200
100
100
40
125
250
75
75
100
100
50
50
125
40
50
100
30
30
10
40
100
100
80
100
40
100
40
100
80
LIVE LOAD
(psf)
OCCUPANCY OR USE
LOAD
(lb)
1604.4-1604.7.2
2. Floors in garages or portions of buildings used for the storage of
motor vehicles shall be designed for the uniformly distributed live
loads of Table 1604.1 or the following concentrated loads: (1) for passenger cars accommodating not more than nine passengers, 2,000 lb
acting on an area of 20 sq in. (2) mechanical parking structures without slab or deck, passenger cars only, 1,500 lb per wheel; (3) for
trucks or buses, maximum wheel load on an area of 20 sq in.
TABLE 1604.6
MINIMUM ROOF LIVE LOAD
(LBS PER SQ FT OF HORIZONTAL PROJECTION)
TRIBUTARY LOADED AREA (sq ft)
FOR ANY STRUCTURAL MEMBER
ROOF SLOPE
0 to 200
20
16
12
16
14
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
For SI: 1 in/ft = 83.33 mm/m, 1 psf = 47.8803 Pa, 1 sq ft = 0.0929 m2.
16.3
1604.8-1606.1.2
crane. The force shall be assumed to be applied at the top
of the rails acting in either direction normal to the runway
rails and shall be distributed with due regard for lateral
stiffness of the structure supporting these rails. The longitudinal force shall, if not otherwise specified, be taken as
10% of the maximum wheel loads of the crane applied at
the top of the rail.
1604.8 Supports for walkway. Where walkways are to be
installed above ceilings, supports shall be designed to carry a
load of 200 lb (890 N) occupying a space 2 1 / 2 sq ft (0.23 m2),
so placed as to produce maximum stresses in the affected
members.
1604.9 Sidewalks. Sidewalks shall be designed to carry either
a uniformly distributed load of 200 psf (9.6 kPa) or a concentrated load of 8,000 lb (35.6 kN) on a space 21/2 sq ft (0.58 m2)
and placed in any position, whichever will produce the greater
stresses. This does not apply to sidewalks on grade.
SECTION 1605
SNOW LOADS
All buildings and structures are exempt from snow load provisions.
SECTION 1606
WIND LOADS
1606.1 Applications. Buildings, structures and parts thereof
shall be designed to withstand the minimum wind loads prescribed herein. Decreases in wind loads shall not be made for
the effect of shielding by other structures. Wind pressures
shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction and
to act normal to the surfaces considered.
1606.1.1 Determination of wind forces. Wind forces on
every building or structure shall be determined by the provisions of Chapter 6 of ASCE 7.
Exceptions:
1. Provisions of 1606.2 shall be permitted for buildings 60 ft (18.3 m) high or less.
2. Wind tunnel tests together with applicable sections of 1606.2.
3. Subject to the limitations of 1606.1.1.1,
1606.1.4, and 1606.1.6, the provisions of SBCCI
SSTD 10 shall be permitted for applicable Group
R2 and R3 buildings for a basic wind speed of
130 mph (58 m/s) or less in Exposure B and 110
mph (49 m/s) or less in Exposure C in accordance with Figure 1606 and Section 1606.1.8.
4. Subject to the limitations of 1606.1.1.1,
1606.1.4, and 1606.1.6, Provisions of AF&PA
Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and
Two-Family Dwellings - 1995 SBC High Wind
Edition 1996 shall be permitted for applicable
wood framed buildings of Group R3 occupancy
for a basic wind speed of 146 mph (65 m/s) or
less in Exposure B and 124 mph (55 m/s) or less
in Exposure C in accordance with Figure 1606
and Section 1606.1.8.
16.4
1606.1.3-TABLE 1606.1.4
Exception: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 inch (11.1 mm) and maximum panel span of 8 feet (2438 mm) shall be
permitted for opening protection in one- and
two-story buildings. Panels shall be precut to
cover the glazed openings with attachment hardware provided. Attachments shall be designed to
resist the components and cladding loads determined in accordance with Table 1606.2B.
Attachment in accordance with Table 1606.1.4 is
TABLE 1606.1.4
WIND-BORNE DEBRIS PROTECTION FASTENING SCHEDULE
FOR WOOD STRUCTURAL PANELS
FASTENER SPACING (in.) 1 ' 2
FASTENER
TYPE
Panel Span
2 1/2 #6 Wood Screw3
3
Double-Headed Nails4
2 ft
16
12
16
16
16
12
12
16
16.5
1606.1.6-1606.1.7
Agj =
3 sec.
gust
fastest
mile
85
90
70
75
80 85
90
1606.1.7 Information on drawings. The following information related to wind loads shall be shown on the construction drawings:
1. Basic wind speed, mph, (m/s).
1606.1.8-1606.2.2.1
2. Wind importance factor (1) and building category.
3. Wind exposure - if more than one wind exposure is
used, the wind exposure and applicable wind direction shall be indicated.
4. The applicable internal pressure coefficient.
5. Components and Cladding. The design wind pressures in terms of psf (kN/m2), to be used for the
design of exterior component and cladding materials not specifically designed by the registered design
professional.
1606.1.8 Exposure Category. For each wind direction
considered, an exposure category that adequately reflects
the characteristics of ground surface irregularities shall be
determined for the site at which the building or structure
is to be constructed. For a site located in the transition
zone between categories, the category resulting in the
largest wind forces shall apply. Account shall be taken of
variations in ground surface roughness that arise from natural topography and vegetation as well as from constructed features. For any given wind direction, the exposure in
which a specific building or other structure is sited shall
be assessed as being one of the following categories:
1. Exposure A. Large city centers with at least 50% of
the buildings having a height in excess of 70 feet
(21.3 m). Use of this exposure category shall be limited to those areas for which terrain representative of
Exposure A prevails in the upwind direction for a
distance of at least one-half mile (0.8 km) or 10
times the height of the building or other structure,
whichever is greater. Possible channeling effects or
increased velocity pressures caused by the building
or structure being located in the wake of adjacent
buildings shall be taken into account.
2. Exposure B. Urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be assumed
unless the site meets the definition of another type
exposure.
3. Exposure C. Means, except in the high velocity
hurricane zone, that area which lies within 1500 feet
of the coastal construction control line, or within
1500 feet of the mean high tide line, whichever is
less. On barrier islands, exposure category C shall
be applicable in the coastal building zone set forth in
s. 161.55(5), Florida Statutes.
4. Exposure D. Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to
wind flowing over open water (excluding shorelines
in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at least
1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines in Exposure D include
inland waterways, the Great Lakes and coastal areas
of California, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. This
exposure shall apply only to those buildings and
other structures exposed to the wind coming from
FLORIDA BUILDING CODE BUILDING
16.7
FIGURE 1606
FIGURE 1606
STATE OF FLORIDA
WIND-BORNE DEBRIS REGION & BASIC WIND SPEED
16.8
TABLE 1606
IMPORTANCE FACTORS FOR BUILDINGS AND
OTHER STRUCTURES
Nature of Occupancy
All buildings and structures except those listed below
Buildings and structures where the occupant
load is 300 or more in any one room.
Buildings and structures designated as essential
facilities, including, but not limited to:
(1) Hospital and other medical facilities having
surgery or emergency treatment areas
(2) Fire or rescue and police stations
(3) Primary communication facilities and disaster
operation centers
(4) Power stations and other utilities required in an
emergency
Buildings and structures that represent a low hazard to
human life in the event of failure, such as agricultural
buildings, screen enclosures, certain temporary facilities,
and minor storage facilities
a
Importance
Factor lw
1.0
1.15
1.15
0.87a
1606.3.3 Rigid tile. Wind loads on rigid tile roof coverings shall be determined in accordance with the following
formula:
where:
Ma = qhCLbLLa[1.0-GCp]
In hurricane-prone regions with V > 100 mph (45 m/s), Iw shall be 0.77.
CL = The lift coefficient shall be 0.2 or shall be determined by testing in accordance with 1707.5.
b = exposed width of the roof tile, feet (mm).
L = length of the roof tile, feet (mm).
La - moment arm [feet (mm)] from the axis of rotation to the point of uplift on the roof tile. The
point of uplift shall be taken at 0.76 L from the
head of the tile and the middle of the exposed
width. For roof tiles with nails or screws (with
or without a tail clip), the axis of rotation shall
be taken as the head of the tile for direct deck
applications and as the top edge of the batten
for battened applications. For roof tiles fastened only by a nail or screw along the side of
the tile, the axis of rotation shall be determined
by testing. For roof tiles installed with battens
and fastened only by a clip near the tail of the
tile, the moment arm shall be determined
about the top edge of the batten with consideration given for the point of rotation of the tiles
16.9
Horizontal loads2
End Zone
Wind
Velocity
(mph)
Load
Direction
90
Transverse
Longitudinal
Transverse
100
Longitudinal
Transverse
110
Longitudinal
Transverse
120
Longitudinal
Transverse
130
Longitudinal
Transverse
140
FLORIDA BUILDING CODE BUILDING
Longitudinal
Transverse
150
Longitudinal
Interior Zone
End Zone
Roof
angle
(degrees)
Wall
Roof
Wall
Roof3
0-5
20
30 < anqle
45
All angles
12.8
17.8
14.4
12.8
-6.7
-4.7
-6.7
8.5
11.9
11.5
8.5
-4.0
-2.6
7.9
-4.0
-15.4
-15.4
5.6
-15.4
0-5
20
30 < anqle
45
All Angles
15.9
22.0
17.8
15.9
-8.2
-5.8
12.2
-8.2
10.5
14.6
14.2
10.5
-4.9
-3.2
9.8
-4.9
0-5
20
30 < anqle 45
All Angles
19.2
26.6
21.6
19.2
-10.0
-7.0
14.8
-10.0
12.7
17.7
17.2
12.7
0 -5
20
30 < angle
45
All Angles
22.8
31.6
25.7
22.8
-11.9
-8.3
17.6
-11.9
0-5
20
30 < anqle
45
All Angles
26.8
37.1
30.1
26.8
0-5
20
30 < anqle
45
All Angles
0 -5
20
30 < anqle
45
All Angles
Windward
Overhang
Zone
Windward
Roof
Leeward
Roof
End
Zone
Interior
Zone
1E
4E
-8.8
-10.7
-8.8
-8.8
-10.7
-10.7
-10.7
-6.8
-8.1
-7.5
-6.8
-21.6
-21.6
-5.1
21.6
-16.9
-16.9
-5.8
-16.9
10.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
-7.5
-10.1
-8.1
-7.5
7.2
8.8
9.1
7.2
-5.8
-7.5
-6.8
-5.8
-19.1
-19.1
6.9
-19.1
-10.8
-13.3
-10.8
-10.8
-13.3
-13.3
5.9
-13.3
-8.4
-10.1
-9.3
-8.4
-26.7
-26.7
-6.3
-26.7
-20.9
-20.9
-7.2
-20.9
12.0
15.0
13.0
12.0
-9.3
-12.5
-10.1
-9.3
8.8
10.8
11.3
8.8
-7.2
-9.3
-8.4
-7.2
-5.9
-3.9
11.8
-5.9
-23.1
-23.1
8.3
-23.1
-13.1
-16.0
-13.1
-13.1
-16.0
-16.0
7.2
-16.0
-10.1
-12.2
-11.3
-10.1
-32.3
-32.3
-7.6
-32.3
-25.3
-25.3
-8.7
-25,3
15.0
18.0
16.0
15.0
-11.3
-15.1
-12.2
-11.3
10.7
13.1
13.7
10.7
-8.7
-11.3
-10.1
-8.7
15.1
21.1
20.4
15.1
-7.0
-4.6
14.0
-7.0
-27.4
-27.4
-19.1
-19.1
-27.4
-15.6
-19.1
-15.6
-15.6
-19.1
-12.1
-14.5
-13.4
-12.1
-38.4
-38.4
-9.0
-38.4
-30.1
-30.1
-10.3
-30.1
17.0
22.0
19.0
17.0
-13.4
-18.0
-14.5
-13.4
12.7
15.6
16.2
12.7
-10.3
-13.4
-12.1
-10.3
-13.9
-9.8
20.6
-13.9
17.8
24.7
24.0
17.8
-8.2
-5.4
16.5
-8.2
-32.2
-32.2
11.6
-32.2
-18.3
-22.4
-18.3
-18.3
-22.4
-22.4
10.0
-22.4
-14.2
-17.0
-15.7
-14.2
-45.1
-45.1
-10.6
-45.1
-35.3
-35.3
-12.1
-35.3
20.0
25.0
22.0
20.0
-15.7
-21.1
-17.0
-15.7
14.9
18.3
19.1
14.9
-12.1
-15.7
-14.2
-12.1
31.1
43.0
35.0
31.1
-16.1
-11.4
23.9
-16.1
20.6
28.7
27.8
20.6
-9.6
-6.3
19.1
-9.6
-37.3
-37.3
13.4
-37.3
-21.2
-26.0
-21.2
-21.2
-26.0
-26.0
11.7
-26.0
-16.4
-19.7
-18.2
-16.4
-52.3
-52.3
-12.3
-52.3
-40.9
-40.9
-14.0
-40.9
24.0
29.0
26.0
24.0
-18.2
-24.5
-19.7
-18.2
17.3
21.2
22.1
17.3
-14.0
-18.2
-16.4
-14.0
35.7
49.4
40.1
35.7
-18.5
-13.0
27.4
-18.5
23.7
32.9
31.9
23.7
-11.0
-7.2
22.0
-11.0
-42.9
-42.9
15.4
-42.9
-24.4
-29.8
-24.4
-24.4
-29.8
-29.8
13.4
-29.8
-18.9
-22.6
-20.9
-18.9
-60.0
-60.0
-14.1
-60.0
-47.0
-47.0
-16.1
-47.0
27.0
34.0
30.0
27.0
-20.9
-28.1
-22.6
-20.9
19.9
24.4
25.4
19.9
-16.1
-20.9
-18.9
-16.1
9.9
Windward Leeward
Roof
Roof
Interior Zone
9.9
4.8
8.6
For SI: 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2, 1 mph = 0.447 m/s, 1 degree of angle = 0.01745 rad, 1 psf = 47.88 N/m2.
Notes:
1
2
3
4
Pressures for roof angles from 5 to 20 degrees shall be interpolated from the table.
Pressures are the sum of the windward and leeward pressures and shall be applied to the windward elevation of the building in accordance with Figure 1606.2(a).
If pressure is less than 0, use 0.
Pressures shall be applied in accordance with Figure 1606.2(b).
TABLE 1606.2A
16.10
TABLE 1606.2A
MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM WIND LOADS FOR A BUILDING WITH A MEAN ROOF HEIGHT OF 30 FEET LOCATED IN
Exposure B Note 1
TABLE 1606.2B
TABLE 1606.2B
COMPONENT AND CLADDING WIND LOADS FOR A BUILDING WITH A MEAN ROOF HEIGHT
OF 30 FEET LOCATED IN EXPOSURE B (psf)
Effective
wind
area
Zone3
(ft2)
85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
10.0
> 10-30 degrees
-13.0
10.0
-12.7 10.0
-12.2
10.0
-11.9
10.0
-21.8
10.0
-19.5
10.0
-16.4
10.0
-14.1
10.0
-32.8
10.0
-27.2
10.0
-19.7
10.0
-14.1
10.0
-14.6
-14.2
-13.7
-13.3
-24.4
-21.8
-18.4
-15.8
-36.8
-30.5
-22.1
-15.8
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
-18.0
-17.5
-16.9
-16.5
-30.2
-27.0
-22.7
-19.5
-45.4
-37.6
-27.3
-19.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
-21.8
-21.2
-20.5
-19.9
-36.5
-32.6
-27.5
-28.1
-55.0
-45.5
-33.1
-23.6
10.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
-25.9
-25.2
-24.4
-23.7
-43.5
-38.8
-32.7
-33.0
-65.4
-54.2
-39.3
-28.1
12.4
11.6
10.6
10.0
12.4
11.6
10.6
11.4
12.4
11.6
10.6
10.0
-30.4
-29.6
-28.6
-27.8
-51.0
-45.6
-38.4
-38.2
-76.8
-63.6
-46.2
-33.0
14.3
13.4
12.3
11.4
14.3
13.4
12.3
11.4
14.3
13.4
12.3
11.4
-35.3
-34.4
-33.2
-32.3
-59.2
-52.9
-44.5
-38.2
-89.0
-73.8
-53.5
-38.2
16.5
15.4
14.1
13.0
16.5
15.4
14.1
13.0
16.5
15.4
14.1
13.0
-40.5
-39.4
-38.1
-37.0
-67.9
-60.7
-51.1
-43.9
-102.2
-84.7
-61.5
-43.9
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
Roof Angle
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
100.0
10.0
> 30-45 degrees
-11.9
-11.6
-11.1
-10.8
-25.1
-22.8
-19.7
-17.4
-25.1
-22.8
-19.7
-17.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
-13.3
-13.0
-12.5
-12.1
-28.2
-25.6
-22.1
-19.5
-28.2
-25.6
-22.1
-19.5
10.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
-16.5
-16.0
-15.4
-14.9
-34.8
-31.5
-27.3
-21.1
-34.8
-31.5
-27.3
-24.1
12.5
11.4
10.0
10.0
12.5
11.4
10.0
10.0
12.5
11.4
10.0
10.0
-19.9
-19.4
-18.6
-18.1
-42.1
-38.2
-33.0
-29.1
-42.1
-38.2
-33.0
29.1
14.9
13.6
11.9
10.5
14.9
13.6
11.9
10.5
14.9
13.6
11.9
10.5
-23.7
-23.0
-22.2
-21.5
-50.1
-45.4
-39.3
-34.7
-50.1
-45.4
-39.3
-34.7
17.5
16.0
13.9
12.4
17.5
16.0
13.9
12.4
17.5
16.0
13.9
12.4
-27.8
-27.0
-26.0
-25.2
-58.7
-53.3
-46.1
-40.7
-58.7
-53.3
-46.1
-40.7
20.3
18.5
16.1
14.3
20.3
18.5
16.1
14.3
20.3
18.5
16.1
14.3
-32.3
-31.4
-30.2
-29.3
-68.1
-61.8
-53.5
-47.2
-68.1
-61.8
-53.5
-47.2
23.3
21.3
18.5
16.5
23.3
21.3
18.5
16.5
23.3
21.3
18.5
16.5
-37.0
-36.0
-34.6
-33.6
-78.2
-71.0
-61.4
-54.2
-78.2
-71.0
-61.4
-54.2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
11.9
11.6
11.1
10.8
11.9
11.6
11.1
10.8
11.9
11.6
11.1
10.8
-13.0
-12.3
-11.5
-10.8
-15.2
-14.5
-13.7
-13.0
-15.2
-14.5
-13.7
-13.0
13.3
13.0
12.5
12.1
13.3
13.0
12.5
12.1
13.3
13.0
12.5
12.1
-14.6
-13.8
-12.8
-12.1
-17.0
-16.3
-15.3
-14.6
-17.0
-16.3
-15.3
-14.6
16.5
16.0
15.4
14.9
16.5
16.0
15.4
14.9
16.5
16.0
15.4
14.9
-18.0
-17.1
-15.9
-14.9
-21.0
-20.1
-18.9
-18.0
-21.0
-20.1
-18.9
-18.0
19.9
19.4
18.6
18.1
19.9
19.4
18.6
18.1
19.9
19.4
18.6
18.1
-21.8
-20.7
-19.2
-18.1
-25.5
-24.3
-22.9
-21.8
-25.5
-24.3
-22.9
-21.8
23.7
23.0
22.2
21.5
23.7
23.0
22.2
21.5
23.7
23.0
22.2
21.5
-25.9
-24.6
-22.8
-21.5
-30.3
-29.0
-27.2
-25.9
-30.3
-29.0
-27.2
-25.9
27.8
27.0
26.0
25.2
27.8
27.0
26.0
25.2
27.8
27.0
26.0
25.2
-30.4
-28.9
-26.8
-25.2
-35.6
-34.0
-32.0
-30.4
-35.6
-34.0
-32.0
-30.4
32.3
31.4
30.2
29.3
32.3
31.4
30.2
29.3
32.3
31.4
30.2
29.3
-35.3
-33.5
31.1
-29.3
-41.2
-39.4
-37.1
-35.3
-41.2
-39.4
-37.1
-35.3
37.0
36.0
34.6
33.6
37.0
36.0
34.6
33.6
37.0
36.0
34.6
33.6
-40.5
-38.4
-35.7
-33.6
-47.3
-45.3
-42.5
-40.5
-47.3
-45.3
-42.5
-40.5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
13.0
12.4
11.6
11.1
13.0
12.4
11.6
11.1
-14.1
-13.5
-12.7
-12.2
-17.4
-16.2
-14.7
-13.5
14.6
13.9
13.0
12.4
14.6
13.9
13.0
12.4
-15.8
-15.1
-14.3
-13.6
-19.5
-18.2
-16.5
-15.1
18.0
17.2
16.1
15.3
18.0
17.2
16.1
15.3
-19.5
-18.7
-17.6
-16.8
-24.1
-22.5
-20.3
-18.7
21.8
20.8
19.5
18.5
21.8
20.8
19.5
18.5
-23.6
-22.6
-21.3
-20.4
-29.1
-27.2
-24.6
-22.6
25.9
24.7
23.2
22.0
25.9
24.7
23.2
22.0
-28.1
-26.9
-25.4
-24.2
-34.7
-32.4
-29.3
-26.9
30.4
29.0
27.2
25.9
30.4
29.0
27.2
25.9
-33.0
-31.6
-29.8
-28.4
-40.7
-38.0
-34.3
-31.6
35.3
33.7
31.6
30.0
35.3
33.7
31.6
30.0
-38.2
-36.7
-34.6
-33.0
-47.2
-44.0
-39.8
-36.7
40.5
38.7
36.2
34.4
40.5
38.7
36.2
34.4
-43.9
-42.1
-39.7
-37.8
-54.2
-50.5
-45.7
-42.1
Wall
For SI: 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2, 1 mph = 0.447 m/s, 1 psf = 47.88 N/m2.
1
For effective areas or wind speeds between those given above the load may be interpolated, otherwise use the load associated with the lower effective area.
2
Table values shall be adjusted for height and exposure by multiplying by adjustment coefficients in Table 1606.2D.
3
See Figure 1606.2(c) for location of zones.
4
Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the building surfaces.
16.11
TABLE 1606.2C
ROOF OVERHANG COMPONENT AND CLADDING DESIGN WIND PRESSURES
FOR A BUILDING WITH MEAN ROOF HEIGHT OF 30 FEET LOCATED IN
EXPOSURE B (psf)
Basic Wind Speed v (mph - 3 second gust)
Effective
Wind
Area
(ft2)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
-21.0
-20.6
-19.8
-34.6
-27.1
-10.0
-25.9
-25.5
-24.4
-42.7
-33.5
-12.2
-31.4
-30.8
-29.5
-51.6
-40.5
-14.8
-37.3
-36.7
-35.1
-61.5
-48.3
-17.6
-43.8
-43.0
-41.2
-72.1
-56.6
-20.6
-50.8
-49.9
-47.8
-83.7
-65.7
-23.9
-58.3
-57.3
-54.9
-96.0
-75.4
-27.4
-27.2
-27.2
-27.2
-45.7
-40.5
-28.4
-33.5
-33.5
-33.5
-56.4
-50.0
-35.1
-40.6
-40.6
-40.6
-68.3
-60.5
-42.4
-48.3
-48.3
-48.3
-81.2
-72.0
-50.5
-56.7
-56.7
-56.7
-95.3
-84.5
-59.3
-65.7
-65.7
-65.7
-110.6
-98.0
-68.7
-75.5
-75.5
-75.5
-126.9
-112.5
-78.9
-24.7
-24.0
-22.2
-24.7
-24.0
-22.2
-30.5
-29.6
-27.4
-30.5
-29.6
-27.4
-36.9
-35.8
-33.2
-36.9
-35.8
-33.2
-43.9
-42.6
-39.5
-43.9
-42.6
-39.5
-51.5
-50.0
-46.4
-51.5
-50.0
-46.4
-59.8
-58.0
-53.8
-59.8
-58.0
-53.8
-68.6
-66.5
-61.7
-68.6
-66.5
-61.7
Zone
OJ
CM CM CO CO CO
For SI: 1 psf = 47.88 N/m2, 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2, 1 mph = 0.447 m/s.
Note: For effective areas between those given above the load may be interpolated, otherwise use the load may be interpolated, otherwise use the load associated with the lower effective area.
TABLE 1606.2D
HEIGHT AND EXPOSURE ADJUSTMENT COEFFICIENTS
Mean
Roof
Height
Exposure
B
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.05
1.09
1.12
1.16
1.19
1.22
L.21
1.29
.35
1.40
.45
.49
.53
.56
.59
1.62
1.47
1.55
1.61
1.66
1.70
1.74
1.78
1.81
1.84
1.87
Note: All table values shall be adjusted for other exposures and heights by multiplying by the above coefficients.
16.12
TRANSVERSE ELEVATION
LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION
FIGURE 1606.2a
APPLICATION OF MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM
LOADS FOR SIMPLE DIAPHRAGM BUILDINGS
4 LONGITUDINAL
4E LONGITUDINAL
ROOF
ANGLE
1 LONGITUDINAL
1E LONGITUDINAL
WIND DIRECTION
RANGE
FIGURE 1606.2b
MAIN WIND FORCE LOADING DIAGRAM
16.13
FIGURE 1609.6.2(c)
FIGURE 1606.2(c)
COMPONENT AND CLADDING LOADING DIAGRAMS
16.14
1607-1608.2.2.2
based on straight bond or broken bond and the tile
profile.
GC p = roof coefficient for each applicable zone determined from ASCE 7. Roof coefficient shall not
be adjusted for internal pressure.
Concrete and clay roof tiles complying with the following
limitations shall be designed to withstand the wind loads
prescribed in this section.
1. The roof tiles shall be either loose laid on battens or
mechanically fastened or mortar set or adhesive set.
2. The roof tiles shall be installed on solid sheathing
which has been designed as components and
cladding in accordance with 1606.2.
3. An underlayment shall be installed in accordance
with 1507.4.
4. The tile shall be single lapped interlocking with a
minimum head lap of not less than 2 inches (51 mm).
5. The length of the tile shall be between 1.0 and 1.75
ft (305 and 533 mm).
6. The exposed width of the tile shall be between 0.67
and 1.25 ft (203 and 381 mm).
7. Maximum thickness of the tail of the roof tile shall
not exceed 1.3 inches (33 mm).
8. Roof tiles using mortar set or adhesive set systems
shall have at least 2/3 of the tile's area free of mortar or adhesive contact.
SECTION 1607
(Reserved)
SECTION 1608
SPECIAL LOADS
1608.1 Soil Pressures
1608.1.1 Foundation and retaining walls. Foundation
walls and retaining walls shall be designed to resist applicable lateral soil loads and applicable fixed or moving surcharge loads. When a geotechnical soil analysis is not
available, the soil loads of Table 1608.1.1 shall be the
design lateral soil load. The design lateral soil loads given
in Table 1608.1.1 are for moist conditions for the specified
soils at their optimum densities. Submerged or saturated
soil pressures shall include the weight of the buoyant soil
plus the hydrostatic loads.
1608.1.2 Basement floors. In the design of basement
floors and similar approximately horizontal constructions
below grade, the upward pressure of water, if any, shall be
taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the
entire area. The hydrostatic head shall be measured from
the underside of the construction.
SOIL DESCRIPTION
UNIFIED SOIL
CLASSIFICATION
DESIGN
LATERAL
SOIL LOAD,
PSF PER FOOT
GW
30
GP
30
GM
45
GC
45
SW
30
SP
30
SM
45
SM-SC
45
SC
ML
ML-CL
60
45
60
CL
60
CL
MH
CH
CH
Note 1
60
Note 1
Note 1
1608.2 Railing
1608.2.1 Handrail design and construction
1608.2.1.1 Handrails shall be designed and constructed
for a concentrated load of 200 lb (890 N) applied at any
point and in any direction.
1608.2.1.2 Handrails located other than within
dwelling units shall also be designed and constructed
for a load of 50 plf (730 N/m) applied in any direction.
1608.2.1.3 Loading conditions in 1608.2.1.1 and
1608.2.1.2 shall not be applied simultaneously, but
each shall be applied to produce maximum stress in
each of the respective components or any of the supporting components.
1608.2.2 Guardrail system design and construction
1608.2.2.1 Guardrail systems shall be designed and
constructed for a concentrated load of 200 lb (890 N)
applied at any point and in any direction at the top of
the guardrail.
1608.2.2.2 Guardrail systems located other than within
dwelling units shall be designed and constructed for a
load of 50 plf (730 N/m) applied horizontally at the
16.15
1608.2.2.3 -1609.4.3
1610-1611.2.2
tions of this code or a referenced standard shall not be used
with these load combinations except that a duration of load
increase shall be permitted in accordance with Chapter 23.
Exception: Increases in allowable stress shall be permitted in accordance with ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402
provided the load reduction of 1609.4.3 shall not be
applied.
SECTION 1610
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections of structural members shall not exceed those
shown in Table 1610.1.
TABLE 1610.1
DEFLECTION LIMITS 1 ' 2 - 3 - 4 ' 5
CONSTRUCTION
LL
DL + LL
L/360
L/240
L/180
L/240
L/180
L/120
L/240
L/120
_
-
_
L/180
L/120
L/60
LL = Live load
DL = Dead load
L = Length of member in same units as deflection
Notes:
1. Concrete structural members shall be governed by ACI 318.
2. For structural roofing and siding made of formed metal sheets, the
total load deflection shall not exceed L/60. For secondary structural
members to which formed metal roofing or siding is attached, the live
load deflection shall not exceed L/150 for roofs and L/90 for walls.
For roofs, this exception applies only when the metal sheets have no
roof covering.
3. The above deflections do not ensure against ponding. Roofs not having sufficient slope or camber to assure adequate drainage shall be
investigated for ponding.
4. Flexible, folding, and portable partitions under 6 ft in height are not
governed by the provisions of this section.
5. See 2406 for glass supports.
6. Screen surfaces shall be permitted to include a maximum of 25% solid
flexible finishes.
SECTION 1611
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
GENERAL
1611.1 General design requirements
1611.1.1 Any system, method of design or method of construction shall admit of a rational analysis in accordance
with well-established principles of mechanics and sound
engineering practices.
16.17
1612- 1614.2.1
SECTION 1612
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
DEFLECTION
1612.1 Allowable deflections. The deflection of any structural member or component when subjected to live, wind and
other superimposed loads set forth herein shall not exceed the
following:
1. Roof and ceiling or components
supporting plaster
L/360
L/240
L/360
L/30
L/80
L/180
SECTION 1613
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
VOLUME CHANGES
L/360
1613.1 Volume change. In the design of any building, structure or portion thereof, consideration shall be given to the
relief of stresses caused by expansion, contraction and other
volume changes.
L/180
SECTION 1614
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
MINIMUM LOADS
L/180
L/80
L/80
TABLE 1614
MINIMUM UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LIVE LOADS
OCCUPANCY OR USE
LIVE LOAD
POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT
60
80
100
1616.1 Roof drainage. Where parapets or curbs are constructed above the level of the roof, provision shall be made
to prevent rain water from accumulating on the roof in excess
of that considered in the design, in the event the rain water
drains or leaders become clogged.
50
80
100
RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
Including bowling centers, pool rooms and
similar uses
STORAGE:
Light
Medium
Heavy
100
SECTION 1616
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
ROOF DRAINAGE
75
75
125
250
(1) (2)
SECTION 1615
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
ROOF LIVE LOADS
Exceptions.
1. Glass areas of greenhouse roofs shall be designed
for a live load of not less than 15 pounds per square
foot (718 Pa).
2. Ordinary pitched and curved roofs, with a slope of
1-1/2:12, or greater, where water is not directed to
the interior of the roof, without parapet or other
edge of roof drainage obstructions, may be
designed for an allowable live load of not less than
20 pounds per square foot (958 Pa).
3. Utility sheds shall be designed for a live load of not
less than 15 pounds per sq foot (718 Pa).
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
FIGURE 1616.3
REQUIRED AREA OF OVERFLOW SCUPPERS
16.19
1616.4-1617.4.6.1
1616.4 All roofs shall be designed with sufficient slope or
camber to assure adequate drainage after the long term
deflection from dead load, or shall be designed to support
maximum loads including possible ponding of water caused
by deflection.
1616.5 Ponding loads. Roofs shall be designed to preclude
instability from ponding loads.
1616.6 Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the
loads of all rainwater that could accumulate on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is obstructed. Ponding
instability shall be considered in this situation. If the overflow drainage provisions contain drain lines, such lines shall
be independent of any primary drain lines.
SECTION 1617
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
SPECIAL LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
1617.1 Floors. In the design of floors, consideration shall be
given to the effect of known or probable concentration of
loads, partial concentrations of loads, partial load, vibratory,
transitory, impact and machine loads. Design shall be based
on the load or combination of loads that produces the higher
stresses.
1617.2 Below grade structures.
1617.2.1 In the design of basements, tanks, swimming
pools and similar below grade structures, provisions shall
be made for the forces resulting from hydrostatic pressure
and lateral pressure of adjacent soil.
1617.2.2 For the lateral loads of soil on below grade structures, unless substantiated by more specific information,
the angle of repose of fragmental rock and natural confined sand shall be 30 degrees and the angle of repose of
filled soil and muck shall be 15 degrees to a horizontal
line.
1617.2.3 For the hydrostatic pressure on any floor below
a ground water level, calculations shall be based on full
hydrostatic pressure, and such floors shall be designed for
live load without hydrostatic uplift, and hydrostatic uplift
without live load.
1617.2.4 Private swimming pools may be designed with
an approved hydrostatic relief valve or other device capable of preventing the pool water from being pumped to a
level lower than the surrounding ground water but such
device shall not be credited for more than 2'-0-inch (610
mm) of the difference of head between the pool bottom
and the flood criteria.
1617.3 Helistops/Heliports. In addition to other design
requirements of this chapter, heliport and helistop loading or
touchdown areas shall be designed for the maximum stress
induced by the following:
1. Dead load plus actual weight of the helicopter.
2. Dead load plus two single concentrated impact loads
16.20
1617.4.6.2-1618.1
enced uniform and concentrated loads shall be considered not be acting simultaneously.
1617.4.6.2 Intermediate rails, balusters and panel
fillers shall be designed for a uniform horizontal load
of not less than 25 pounds per square foot (1197 Pa)
over the gross area of the guard, including the area of
any openings in the guard, of which they are a part
without restriction by deflection. Reactions resulting
from this loading need not be added to the loading
specified in 1617.4.6.1 in designing the main supporting members of guards.
1617.4.6.3 Safety glazing will be permitted as an equal
alternate to pickets, if tested by an accredited laboratory to satisfy the resistance requirements of this code for
wind, live and kinetic energy impact loading conditions. The kinetic energy impact loading shall comply
with ANSI Z97.1-1984 using a 400 ft-lb (542 N-m)
energy impact. The safety requirements of the impact
test shall be judged to have been satisfactorily met if
breakage does not occur or numerous cracks and fissures occur but no shear or opening through which a 3in. (76 mm) diameter sphere may freely pass. The glass
panel shall remain within the supporting frame.
1617.4.7 Areas in all occupancies from which the public
is excluded requiring such protection may be provided
with vertical barriers having a single rail midway between
a top rail and the walking surface.
1617.4.8 The last sentence of the first paragraph in 4.4.2
of ASCE 7 is hereby deleted.
1617.5 Vehicle safeguard barriers. Vehicle safeguard barriers are required in parking garages whenever there is a difference in level exceeding 1' - 0" (305 mm).
1617.5.1 Unless separate pedestrian safeguards are provided vehicle safeguard barriers shall, in addition to the
requirements of this section, meet all other requirements
of Section 1617.4.
1617.5.2 The requirement of 1617.4.3 for the rejection of
a 6-inch (152 mm) diameter object shall be met when the
barrier is subjected to a horizontal load of 25 pounds per
square foot (1197 Pa), applied as specified in 1617.4.6.2.
1617.5.3 Vehicle safeguard barriers shall be capable of
resisting a minimum horizontal ultimate load of 10,000 lb
(44.5 kN) applied 18 inches (457 mm) above the floor at
any point in the barrier system. This load need not be
applied in combination with loads specified in 1617.4.6.1
and 1617.4.6.2. Vehicle safeguard barrier systems of metal
framing, concrete or masonry may be designed by allowable stress design for a concentrated horizontal load of
7500 lb (33 361 N) in lieu of the 10,000 lb (44.5 kN) ultimate load specified above.
16.21
1618.2-1623.1.1
1623.1.2-1625.4
1623.1.2 Such notices shall not be removed or defaced
and where defaced, removed or lost, it shall be the responsibility of the owner to cause replacement as soon as possible.
1624.2.1 Where this percentage exceeds 25 percent, foundations shall be so designed that the pressure resulting
from combined dead, live and wind loads shall not exceed
the allowable soil bearing values or allowable loads per
pile by more than 25 percent.
SECTION 1625
HIGH VELOCITY HURRICANE ZONES
LOAD TESTS
1625.1 Application. Whenever there is insufficient evidence
of compliance with the provisions of this code or evidence
that any material or any construction does not conform to the
requirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claims
for alternate materials or methods of construction, the building official may require testing by an approved agency, at the
expense of the owner or his agent, as proof of his compliance. Testing methods shall be as specified by this code for
the specific material.
1625.2 Testing method. Such testing shall follow a nationally recognized standard test, or when there is no standard
test procedure for the material or assembly in question, the
building official shall require that the material or assembly
under dead plus live load shall deflect not more than as set forth
in 1612, and that the material or assembly shall sustain dead
load plus twice the live load for a period of 24 hours, with a
recovery of at least 80 percent or a 100 percent recovery after
1/2 test load.
1625.3 Alternate test methods. When elements, assemblies
or details of structural members are such that their load-carrying capacity, deformation under load, or deflection cannot
be calculated by rational analysis, their structural performance shall be established by test in accordance with test
procedures as approved by the building official based on
consideration of all probable conditions of loading.
1625.4 Fatigue load testing. Where cladding assemblies
(including cladding and connections) or roofing framing
assemblies (including portions of roof structure and connections) are such that their load-carrying capacity or deformation under load cannot be calculated by rational analysis, the
assemblies may be tested to resist the fatigue loading
sequence given by Table 1625.4.
16.23
TABLE 1625.4
FATIGUE LOADING SEQUENCE
Range of test
0 to 0.5p2
0 to 0.6p
0 to 1.3p
1
Number of cycles1
600
70
1
f. Storage sheds that are not designed for human habitation and that have a floor area of 720 square feet or
less are not required to comply with the mandatory
windborne debris impact standards of this code.
g. Louvers as long as they properly considered ASCE7 in the design of the building.
h.
1626.2.5.2-1626.3.5.2
types of glass or different types of glazing infill,
each separate thickness or type shall be impacted
twice in accordance with 1626.2.5.
1626.2.5.2 For doors, wall cladding and external protection devices, both impacts shall be to the thinnest
section through the assembly. For doors, wall cladding
and external protection devices with horizontal and/or
vertical bracing, both impacts shall be within a single
area that is not reinforced and shall be in accordance
with 1626.2.5.
1626.2.5.2.1 For doors with glass, the glass shall be
impacted twice and the thinnest section through the
assembly that is not glass shall be impacted twice in
accordance with 1626.2.5.
1626.2.6 In the case of glazing, if the three test specimens
that comprise a test successfully reject the two missile
impacts, they shall then be subjected to the cyclic pressure
loading defined in Table 1626.
1626.2.6.1 If external protection devices are employed
to protect windows, fixed doors or skylights, they must
resist the large missile impacts specified in 1626.2.3
and 1626.2.4 without deformations which result in
contact with the windows, fixed glass, glass block, and
doors or skylights they are intended to protect.
1626.2.6.2 If external protection devices are not
designed to be air tight, following the large missile
impact test, they must resist an application of force
corresponding to those listed in Table 1625.4 (fatigue
load testing) without detaching from their mountings.
The acting pressure cycles shall be simulated with
loads applied through a mechanical system attached to
the shutter specimen to apply uniformly around the
shutter perimeter a force equal to the product of the
required pressure and the area of the shutter specimen.
1626.2.7 If air leakage through the test specimen is excessive, tape may be used to cover any cracks and joints
through which leakage is occurring. Tape shall not be
used when there is a probability that it may significantly
restrict differential movement between adjoining members. It is also permissible to cover both sides of the entire
specimen and mounting panel with a single thickness of
polyethylene film no thicker than 0.050 mm (2 mils). The
technique of application is important in order that the full
load is transferred to the specimen and that the membrane
does not prevent movement or failure of the specimen.
Apply the film loosely with extra folds of material at each
corner and at all offsets and recesses. When the load is
applied, there shall be no fillet caused by tightness of
plastic film.
1626.2.8 A particular system of construction shall be
deemed to comply with this recommended practice if
three test specimens reject the two missile impacts without penetration and resist the cyclic pressure loading with
FLORIDA BUILDING CODE BUILDING
1626.3.5.2.1 -1626.4
2.
3.
4.
5.
1626.3.7 If air leakage through the test specimen is excessive, tape may be used to cover any cracks and joints
through which leakage is occurring. Tape shall not be used
when there is a probability that it may significantly restrict
differential movement between adjoining members. It is
also permissible to cover both sides of the entire specimen
and mounting panel with a single thickness of polyethylene film no thicker than 0.050 mm (2 mils). The technique
of application is important for the full load to be transferred to the specimen and to insure the membrane does
not prevent movement or failure of the specimen. Apply
the film loosely with extra folds of material at each corner
and at all offsets and recesses. When the load is applied,
there shall be no fillet caused by tightness of plastic film.
1626.3.8 A particular system of construction shall be
deemed to comply with this test if three test specimens
reject the small missile impacts without penetration and
resist the cyclic pressure loading with no crack forming
longer than 5 inches (127 mm) and 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) in
width through which air can pass.
1626.3.9 If only one of the three test specimens in a test
fails to meet the above listed criteria, one retest of the system (another test sequence with three specimens) of construction shall be permitted.
1626.4 Construction assemblies deemed to comply with
Section 1626
1. Exterior concrete masonry walls of minimum nominal
8-inch (203 mm) thickness, constructed in accordance
16.26
TABLE 1626
TABLE 1626
CYCLIC WIND PRESSURE LOADING
Inward acting pressure
Range
Number of cycles1
Range
0.2 P M A X to 0.5 P M A X 2
3,500
300
600
100
0.3 P M A X to 1.0 P M A X
0 0 P M A X to 0.6 P M A X
0.5 P M A X to 0.8 P M A X
0.3 P M A X to 1.0 P M A X
0.5 P M A X to 0.8 P M A X
0.0 P M A X to 0.6 P M A X
0-2 P M A X to 0.5 PMAX
Number of cycles1
50
1,050
50
3,350
Notes:
1
Each cycle shall have minimum duration of 1 second and a maximum duration of 3 seconds and must be performed in a continuous manner l.
P M A X denotes maximum design load in accordance with ASCE 7. The pressure spectrum shall be applied to each test specimen beginning with
inward acting pressures followed by the outward acting pressures in the order from the top of each column to the bottom of each column.
16.27
16.28