1.

Nya Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg, Sweden

Summer 1985
People on the pitch and inside the stadium building experienced excessive vibrat
ions. The upper parts of the stands moved so violently that some
of the audience left their places. The stands closest to the stage vibrated subs
tantially. Beneath the stands in the north east part of the stadium
where the organisers offices were located some people left the rooms for fear of
structural collapse. Damage was limited to three items.
One of the plates in the ceiling supporting an attachment for the wires was defo
rmed . A window frame in the wall below the upper
stands was broken . The window had to be repaired immediately. A waste pipe was
believed to have been broken during the concerts.
1)A. Bodare and S. Erlingsson, "Rock music induced damage and vibration at NYA U
llevi stadium" ( June 1, 1993). International
Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Paper 7.
2.Armand Csari Stadium, Bastia, Corsica
5 May 1992
Before the game, the stand collapsed, killing 18 and leaving over 2,300 injured.
Structural problems, such as instability, were noticeable in the hour
before the match. An investigation was opened into the disaster. The investigati
on concluded there had been a number of violations of rules
concerning the construction of the temporary terrace, and in the management of t
icketing, and that the attitude of sporting and municipal
executives had been problematic.
1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Cesari_Stadium_disaster
3.Solferino in Paris, 1999
Until the beginning of the new millennium, engineering consultants and scientist
s were only concerned with vertical response of footbridges
subject to pedestrian crowds. In The British Standard, BS 5400 (BS 5400, 1978),
which was the first code to deal specifically with serviceability
of pedestrian structures due to walking excitation, did not have any provisions
for checking lateral responses and to the author s knowledge,
neither did any other international codes of practice.Pont de Solfrino in Paris s
uffered from excessive lateral vibrations and had to be closed for
public shortly after their inauguration in 1999.
1)Einar Thr Inglfsson; Pedestrian-induced lateral vibrations of footbridges :Exper
imental studies and probabilistic modelling; DTU Civil
Engineering Report R-231 (UK); January 2011
4.Millenium Bridge in London, 2000
On the opening of the Millennium Bridge in 2001, the bridge began to sway latera
lly. The hundreds of people walking over the bridge at that moment
had to adjust their pace to be able to stand in equilibrium. At first the wobble
was attributed to people walking synchronously with
the motion of the bridge - the phenomenon was called Synchronous Lateral Excitat
ion. However simple models of the human gait as an inverted pendulum
with instantaneous transfer of supprt from one foot to the other have shown that
the wobbles can be explained with no synchronisation between the
movement of the bridge and the walking frequency of pedestrians.
1)http://www.bristol.ac.uk/civilengineering/bridges/Pages/NotableBridges/LondonM
illennium.html#What1
2)Iemke Roos; HUMAN INDUCED VIBRATIONS ON FOOTBRIDGES - Application and comparis
on of pedestrian load models;
5.Fernbank Science Center, Atlanta
The existing vibration level produces an image distortion of about 0.2 percent.

The higher level of vibrations due movement of trucks on proposed

highway could increase the image distortion to about 8 percent. A topographic ba
rrier to reduce the vibration levels was also considered. it was
found that even the largest practical topographic barrier will not be adequate t
o bring down the estimated vibration levels to acceptable values.
The proposed highway was not built.
Case Histories Man-Made Vibrations
Vijay K. Puri
James P. Lee
6.Qwest Field, Seattle, Washington
January 8, 2011
When New Orleans Saints met Seattle Seahawks at Qwest Field, Seattle, Washington
on January 8, 2011, it was later determined that crowd activity
and noise was so great, specifically during game-clinching touchdown run, that a
nearby Pacific Northwest Seismic Network station registered a
small tremor located at Qwest Field.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_Quake#cite_note-4
7.Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
October 8, 1988
The Earthquake Game is the name given to a college football game when LSU tigers
met Auburn Tigers on Oct 8, 1988.The game's name resulted from
the reaction of the crowd after the final pass. It registered as an earthquake b
y a seismograph located in LSU s Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex
around 1,000 feet (305 m) from the stadium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Game
8.Williams-Brice Stadium, Columbia, SC
The new east upper deck created some controversy during the 1983 season. To this
day, the east upper deck still sways when fans jump up and down.
In addition, several parts of the stadium have been known to vibrate due to the
decibel levels generated during a typical game.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams-Brice_Stadium
9.Morumbi stadium, Sao Pauo, Brazil
In Morumbi stadium, a arrangement composed by a servo hydraulic shaker with 4.20
0 kg fixed on it, displacement limit of 400
mm was adopted. The natural frequencies were in the range from 1 to 9 Hz, that i
s the same band induced by
rooters on football stadium structures. This fact explains partially vibration
induced on these structures during the football games
where rooters develop movements like jumping synchronously, which caused relativ
e discomfort
to football spectators.
10.Maracan stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
On Maracan stadium a hammer was used to develop free vibration tests on the struc
ture and structural response
was measured with micro-accelerometers. The natural frequencies were in the rang
e from 2 to 10 Hz, that is the same band induced by
rooters on football stadium structures. This fact explains partially vibration
induced on these structures during the football games
where rooters develop movements like jumping synchronously, which caused relativ
e discomfort
to football spectators.
Rodrigues, J. F. S. & Almeida P. A. O.; MODELING OF ACTION INDUCED BY CROWDS ON

BRAZILIAN FOOTBALL STADIUM; LSE

Laboratrio de Sistemas Estruturais
Ltda Conference: 2006 IMAC-XXIV: Conference & Exposition on Structural Dynamics
http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2007-11-30/news/stadium30_1_stadium-ucf-loui
e