Q1.

Derive Bowrings correlation explaining the theory of dry out and DNB in flow
boiling in brief.

Critical heat flux is that value of heat flux at which boiling crisis occurs. Boiling crisis in
flow boiling is of two types, as follows,
i)

Departure from Nucleate boiling: - This phenomenon is observed at high heat flux
and low quality. Here due to high heat flux number of bubble nucleation sites
are high. After reaching a certain heat flux value this density becomes so high that
adjacent bubbles coalesce to form a continuous film on the wall, preventing
further nucleation. Due to this reason cooler water from surroundings cannot
come in contact with hot wall causing wall temperature to rise and heat transfer
coefficient to fall.

ii)

Dry out:- This phenomenon is observed at relatively lower heat flux and very high
quality. This is because in higher vapour mass fluxes, the flow regime becomes
annular and at a certain tube length water dries out from the walls.

Bowring assumed CHF to be linear function of quality, as follows

q c =C1 +C 2 x ..i)
Where
C1 , C2=f ( G ,d , p )
G = mass flux;

d = tube diameter;

p = system pressure

Applying energy balance at inlet and outlet of the tube we get

ME11M037

Page 1

q c d Z =m
( h ( z )h i)

b)

m
( h f + x h fg hi )

q c d Z =m
C pl T + m
x hfg
hi

Z is the tube length,

x

is enthalpy of water at inlet

h( z)

is quality at Z,

is local fluid enthalpy at Z

T =hf hi=degree of subcooling at inlet

m=Mas
s flow rate=G /4 d 2
x =

q c Z 4 C pl T

G d h fg
hfg

Substituting the value of

q c =C1 +C 2(

qc Z 4 C pl T

)
G d h fg
hfg
C T
Z 4
)=C1C 2 pl
G d hfg
h fg

q c (1C2

C
C pl T
( 1C 2
)
h fg
Z 4
(1C2
)
G d h fg
qc =

ME11M037

x in equation i) we get

q c=

C1
hfg C pl T
C2

hfg Z 4

C2 G d

Page 2

qc=

(B h GZ d4 )
fg

A=

Where

( A hfgC pl T )

C1
C2

B=

1
C2

A and B are given as follows

A=2.317

F1
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
F 3/(hfg )

B=0.308

1+0.347 F 4 (

G
)
1356

F1, F2, F3 and F4 are constants dependent on pressure.

Q2.

Water is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube of 1 m length and ID 25

mm with mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s. amount of sub cooling is 30K and system
pressure is 10 bar. Calculate
a) Critical heat flux at exit and
b) Local quality x* at exit and hence determine the type of boiling crisis.
From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 10 bar we get
F1=0.478,

F2=0.662,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0166,

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-.0.0072510 = 1.9275

G=
Mass flux

d2
4

0.1
kg
=203.72 2
2
0.25 0.025
m s

From Bowrings correlation we get CHF :-

ME11M037

Page 3

qc=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

Where

h fg =2013.6 KJ /kg

h =C pl T =4.45 103 30=133.56 Kj /kg

A=2.317

B=0.308

qc =

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.848
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 0.662 0.025 203.72
0.4 /(2013.6 103 )
=0.308

=6.117 108
n
1.9275
G
203.72
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0166 (
)
1356
1356
F 3/( hfg )

( 2013 103 0.848+ 133.56 103 )

3

(2013 10 6.11710 +1

4
)
203.72 0.025

=2.03 MW /m2

a)

q c d Z =m
( h ( z )h i)

c)

=
x =

m
( h f + x h fg hi ) =mC

x h fg
pl T + m

q c d Z C pl T 2.03 106 0.025 1 133.56 103

h fg
m
h fg
0.1 2013.6 103
2013.6 103

x =0.725 Here CHF leads DRY OUT

Q3.

Suppose the tube in Q1 is maintained at constant wall temperature of 120 oC and

delivering same exit quality. Calculate whether heat flux now is more or less than
that calculated in previous problem.
As the flow is in annular region, convective heat transfer dominates over nucleate boiling
heat transfer. From Chens correlation we get
h2 =h nb+ hconvection
Where

hnb=S hFZ

0.00122 T sat 0.24 Psat 0.75 P sat 0.75 C pl 0.45 l0.49 k l0.79
Here h FZ =
0.5 h fg0.24 l0.29 g0.24

ME11M037

Page 4

Now

2 =l F

Where

l =

1.25

G
203.72

( 1x ) d=
( 10.725 ) 0.025=4949
l
28.3 105

Lockhart-Martinelli parameter is given by

1x
X tt =
x

0.9

l
g

0.1

g
l

0.5

) ( ) ( ) (

From F vs

1/ X tt

10.725
0.725

0.9

) (

28.3 10
6
12.06 10

0.1

0.5

) ( )

0.6
958

=0.0143

graph we get F=75

2 =l F 1.25=4949 75 1.25=1.09 106

S vs

2 graph we get S 0

So for the given condition we can safely neglect

hnb

term from total heat transfer term.

h2 =h convection =F h conv

Convective coefficient can be determined by Dittus-Boelter equation

hconv =k l 0.023 0.8 Pr 0.4 /d

1.750.4
W
0.8
0.68
0.023

4949

=706.52 2
=
0.025
m K

h2 =F hconv =75 706.52=52.989

KW
m2K
3

Heat flux q=h2 ( T wallT sat ) =52.989 10 ( 150100 )=1.06 MW /m

In this case the heat flux will be less than the critical heat flux. Thus to get the
same quality 2nd arrangement is safer from design considerations.

ME11M037

Page 5

Q4.

A horizontal tube of 1m length and 25 mm ID contains flow of water at 1atm

pressure with mass flux = 1000 kg/m^2s. Initial sub cooling is 50K.
a) Find maximum

x at CHF below which stratification is inevitable. Find the

corresponding CHF.

b) Find minimum x at CHF above which stratification is avoided. Find the

corresponding CHF.
a) Stratification is inevitable at Fr 3

g ( l g) g d
1

Fr=x cr G

3
( l g) g d=
0.6 (9580.6) 9.81 0.025=0.036
1000
g
Fr
x cr =
G

qc=

Gd
10 3 0.025 (
( C pl T + x h fg ) =
4.18 50+0.036 2257 ) 103=1.81 MW /m2
4Z
41

b) Stratification is avoided at Fr 7

g ( l g) g d
1

Fr=x cr G

( l g) g d=

qc=

ME11M037

7
0.6 (9580.6) 9.81 0.025=0.083
1000
g
Fr
x cr =
G

Gd
10 3 0.025 (
( C pl T + x h fg ) =
4.18 50+0.083 2257 ) 10 3=2.48 MW /m2
4Z
41

Page 6

Q5.

Water is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube of 1 m length and ID 10

cm with mass flux of 10^3 kg/m^2-s. Find the required amount of inlet sub cooling
to avoid DNB at exit where the flow is saturated. Saturation temperature 200 oC.
P = 15.549 bar at Tsat = 200 oC
From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 15.549 bar we get
F1=0.478,

F2=0.506,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0346

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-.0.0072515.549 = 1.887

Where

h fg =1938.5 KJ /kg

A=2.317

B=0.308

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.1456
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 0.506 0.1 103
0.4 /(1938.5 103 )
=0.308

=6.313 108
n
1.887
G
1000
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0346 (
)
1356
1356
F 3/( hfg )

q c d Z =m
C pl T + m
x hfg .here x* = 0
qc=

m
C pl T
=7.85 h
dZ

Now,

qc =

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
=7.85 h
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

( 1938.5 10 3 0.1456+ h )
4
(1938.5 10 6.313 10 + 1
)
1000 0.1
3

=7.85 h

Solving the above equation we get :- h =24029.08

T =

ME11M037

h 24029.08
=
=5.34 K
C pl 4.5 103

Page 7

Q6.

Water is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube of 1 m length and ID 25

mm with mass flux of 10^3 kg/m^2-s. Degree of inlet sub cooling 20K. Find out the
heat flux required to get outlet quality of x* = 0.2. If boiling crisis occurs then find
out the distance at which it starts. System pressure = 1 bar. Also find out quality at
boiling crisis (if any).

From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 1 bar we get

F1=0.478,

F2=1.782,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0004

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-.0.007251 = 1.99275

Where

h fg =2257 KJ /kg

A=2.317

B=0.308

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.22
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.782 0.025 103
3

F 3/( hfg )

0.4/(2257 10 )
=0.308
=5.45 108
n
1.99275
G
1000
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0004 (
)
1356
1356

Critical heat flux

qc =

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

( 2257 10 3 0.22+ 4.18 103 20 )

(2257 103 5.45 108 +1

4
)
1000 0.025

=2.05 MW /m

Heat flux required to obtain given quality at exit :qx=

G d
( C pl T +x h fg )
4Z
3

ME11M037

10 0.025 (
4.18 103 20+0.2 2257 103 )=3.34 MW /m2
41

Page 8

q x >CHF Therefore boiling crisis occurs

Let H be the height at which DNB occurs for the heat flux

( 2257 103 0.22+ 4.18 103 20 )

4
(2257 103 5.45 108 + H
)
1000 0.025

qx

=3.34 MW /m2

Solving the above equation we get H = 0.3156 m

Therefore quality at H

x =

Q7.

4 q x H C pl T

G d h fg
hfg
4 3.34 103 0.3156
4.18 103 20

=0.038
1000 0.025 2257 103
2257 103

Water is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube of 1 m length with mass
flux of 10^3 kg/m^2-s. Degree of inlet sub cooling 50K. Find out the tube diameter
required to avoid dry out if saturated steam is to be obtained at outlet. System
pressure = 5 bar.

From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 5 bar we get

F1=0.478,

F2=1.019,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0053

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-.0.007255 = 1.96375

Where

h fg =2107 KJ /kg

A=2.317

ME11M037

F1
0.478
1.107526
=2.317
=
3
1+14.57
d
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.019 d 10

Page 9

F 3/( hfg )

0.4/(2107 10 )
B=0.308
=0.308
=5.84 108
n
1.99275
G
1000
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0053 (
)
1356
1356

Critical heat flux

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

Again we know that,

qx=

G d
103 d (
( C pl T + x h fg )=
4.316 50+2107 ) 103
4Z
4 1
6

580.7 10 d

qc =

1.107526
+4.18 103 20
1+14.57 d
=580.7 106 d
4
2257 103 5.45 108 +1
1000 d

2257 103

Rearranging the above equation we get

2
0.033
d i+1=((
1)/14.57)
0.0295+ di

di

d i+1

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
4.4110^-3
3.41810^-6
6.61610^-5
6.35410^-5
6.36410^-5

4.4110^-3
3.41810^-6
6.61610^-5
6.35410^-5
6.36410^-5
6.36410^-5

The required diameter is 0.0636 mm.

In practical engineering purposes the tube diameters are much higher. Therefore
dry out always occurs under given conditions.

ME11M037

Page 10

Q8.

Water is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical brass tube ( 1 m length, inlet
diameter 25 mm) with mass flux of 10^3 kg/m^2-s. Degree of inlet sub cooling 50K.
Determine the maximum degree of sub cooling required to avoid dry out if
saturated steam is to be obtained at outlet. System pressure = 10 bar. Heat transfer
coefficient = 10KW/m^2 and melting point of brass = 930 oC.

For this we have to find CHF at Z=1 for Tw(z=1) = 930

Tsat = 180 oC at P = 10 bar
Inlet temperature T i=18050=130
From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 5 bar we get
F1=0.478,

F2=1.019,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0053

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-.0.007255 = 1.96375

Where

h fg =2107 KJ /kg

A=2.317

B=0.308

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.335
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.019 0.025 103
3

F 3/( hfg )

0.4/(2107 10 )
=0.308
=5.84 108
n
1.96375
G
1000
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0053 (
)
1356
1356

Critical heat flux

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

Again minimum heat flux required to raise the wall temperature to 930 is

ME11M037

Page 11

qx=

Now,

(T w ( z )T 1)
(T ( z ) + T )
=
4
4
(1/h+ Z
) (1/h+ Z
)
G d C pl
G d C pl
q c =q x

( 2107 103 0.335+4.316 103 T )

(2107 10 5.84 10
3

+1

4
1000 0.025

) (

( 750+ T )
1
4
+1
4
10
1000 0.025 4.316 103

2107 0.335+ 4.316 T =2.063 T +1547.98

T =373.8 K

This makes T i =193.8 K

193.8 K
In practice T i

Q9.

; so the tube will never fail under given conditions.

A 1m long and 25 mm diameter uniformly heated vertical tube delivers water at 1

bar and mass flux of 1000 kg/m^2-s with outlet quality is to be kept at 10%. Degree
of inlet sub cooling 50K. Keeping other parameters same, find out up to what
pressure limit the system can work without causing burnout.
Heat flux required to produce the given quality of steam at the outlet at 1bar:-

G d
10 0.025 (
qx=
( C pl T + x h fg )=
4.18 50+2257 ) 103=2.717 MW / m2
4Z
4 1
For the given problem we have to find out the operating pressure at which
q x = 2.717 MW/m^2 is the CRITICAL HEAT FLUX

ME11M037

Page 12

A=2.317

B=0.308

F1
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
F 3/(hfg )

G n
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1356

n=20.00725 P

Critical heat flux

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

h =C pl T =4.18 103 50=209 KJ /kg

1
5
2.83

F1

0.478
0.478
0.478

F2

1.782
1.019
1.433

F3

0.4
0.4
0.4

F4

0.0004
0.0053
0.0026
4

0.22
0.335
0.261

B10^-8

5.45
5.84
5.67

h fg

qc

KJ/kg

MW/m^
2
2.49
3.256
2.74

2257
2107
2170

2
Linearly interpolating between P = 2.83 and P = 1 bar we get q c =2.717 MW /m

at P = 2.66 bar.

Q10. Saturated water flows through a vertical tube of 1m length and ID of 25 mm. Mass
flux is 1000kg/m^2-s. Calculate
a) Exit quality at critical heat flux.
b) Heat transfer coefficient at DNB.

ME11M037

Page 13

From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 1 bar we get

F1=0.478,

F2=1.782,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0004

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-0.007255 = 1.99275

Where

h fg =2257 KJ /kg

A=2.317

B=0.308

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.22
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.782 0.025 103

0.4/(2257 103 )
=0.308

=5.46 108
n
1.99275
G
1000
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0004 (
)
1356
1356
F 3/( hfg )

Critical heat flux

qc=

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

( 2257 103 0.22+0 )

(2257 103 5.46 108+1

x =

Again,

4
)
1000 0.025

=1.753 10 6 W /m2

4 q x H C pl T
4 1.753 106 1

=
0=0.124
3
G d h fg
hfg
1000 0.025 2257 10

For saturated boiling heat transfer coefficient is given by the sum of nucleate boiling and
h2 =h nb+ hconv
convection, as follows
Convective coefficient can be determined by Dittus-Boelter equation
Nu=

hconv
d =0.023 0.8 Pr 0.4
kl

Where =

ME11M037

G
1000
( 1x ) d=
( 10.124 ) 0.025=77385.16
l
28.3 105

Page 14

0.4

0.4

Pr
1.75
=0.6804 0.023 77385.160.8
d
0.025

hconv =k l 0.023 0.8

= 6378.13 W/m^2-K
h2
=29 0.3 Fr0.2
hnb

Again for nucleate boiling

2

Where Fr=

G
10
2
2
( 1x ) =
( 10.124 )
2
2
l g d
958 9.81 0.025

2
0.3

hnb=

29

Fr

0.2

h2
29 77385.160.3 3.4090.2

= 3.409

=0.79 h2

h2 =0.79 h2 + 6378.13
>h 2=

Q11.

6378.13
KW
=30.384 2
10.79
m K ..Ans

Water is flowing through a uniformly heated horizontal tube ( 1 m length, inlet

diameter 50 mm) with mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s. Degree of inlet sub cooling 30K.
Determine the condition of the flow at CHF = 3 MW/m^2. System is at 1 bar.
At 1 bar, Tsat = 100 ,
g =0.6 kg /m3 ;

l=958 kg/m3 ;

h fg

Applying energy balance at inlet and outlet of the tube

q c d Z =m
C pl T + m
x hfg

ME11M037

Page 15

= 2257 KJ/kg

x =

q c d Z m
C pl T 3 10 6 0.05 1 0.1 4.18 103 30
=
=0.153
6
hfg
m
0.1 3 10

g ( l g) g d
1

Fr=x cr

d2

Again,

0.153

0.1
1

2
0.6 (9580.6)9.81 0.025
0.05

= 4.65

3 < Fr < 7

i.e. Both inertia an buoyancy forces are comparable.

=>

Not very prominently stratified.

Q12. R113 is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube ( 1 m length, inlet diameter
25 mm) with mass flux of 100 kg/m^2-s. Degree of inlet sub cooling 50K. Determine
CHF. System pressure = 1 bar.
Given,
g =7.38 kg /m3 ;
g =1.1 105

kg
ms ;

l=1511 kg/m3 ;
l=5.14 104

h fg

kg
ms ;

=15.9 103 N /m

ME11M037

= 147 KJ/kg

Page 16

C pl

= 983.8 J/kg;

Here we use Ahmads scaling law. We assume the tube dimensions to be same.
g
l

g
l

( ) ( )

i)

water

=4.884 103

refr

g
l

( )

From steam tables we get this ratio

for water occurs at P ~ 8.6 bar

( Tsat = 173.4

From Bowrings table we get

F1=0.478,

F2=0.681,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0125

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-0.007258.6 = 1.93765

h fg = 2036.2 KJ/kg
gw =4.35 kg /m

lw =890 kg /m

;
4

lw =1.54 10

ii)

h
h fg

kg
ms ;

h
hfg

water

w =0.05 N /m

refr

h
hfg

( )

( [(

refr

( h fg )water =68.14 10 KJ /kg

l
Gd
=

l
d l

(
ME11M037

kg
ms ;

( ) ( )
=

> ( h )water =

iii)

gw =7.55 105

[(

2 /3

1 /5

) ( )
g

]) ( [(

l
G d
=

l
d l
refr

) ( ) ])
2

( 5.14 104 )
3
100 0.025
1.1

4
3
51.4
5.14 10
15.9 10 0.025 1511

Page 17

2 /3

1/ 5

) ( )

1
5

refr

])

water

[(

) ( ) ])
2

( 1.54 104 )
3
G 0.025
7.55

4
0.05 0.025 890
15.4
1.54 10

Gwater =134.23

1
5

water

kg
2
m s

iv)

A=2.317

B=0.308

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.918
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 0.681 0.025 134.23
3

F 3/( hfg )

0.4 /(2257 10 )
=0.308
=6.05 108
n
G
134.23 1.99275
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0125 (
)
1356
1356

Critical heat flux

( q c ) water=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

( 2036.2 103 0.918+ 0 )

(2036.2 103 6.05 108 +1

( q c ) refr =( q c ) water

iv)

q c=

4
)
134.23 0.025

=5.20 10 W /m

( G h fg ) refr
( 100 147 )refr
=5.20 105
( 134.23 2036.2 )water
( G h fg) water

2.79 104 W /m2 ...........................Ans

Q13. Water is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube ( 1 m length, inlet
diameter 25 mm) with mass flux of 1000 kg/m^2-s. Degree of inlet sub cooling 50K.
q0
and system pressure = 1 bar. Amount of heat flux
= 500KW/m^2. Due to some
failure in the control system heat flux starts to increase uniformly by

ME11M037

Page 18

q t=q 0 (1+0.08 t) ,where t is time elapsed from the inception of failure in

minutes . Calculate
a) The time required to reach the CHF and
b) % change in exit quality over that period.

a) From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 1 bar we get

F1=0.478, F2=1.782,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0004

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-0.007255 = 1.99275

h fg =2257 KJ /kg

Where

A=2.317

F1
0.478
=2.317
=0.22
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.782 0.025 103

0.4/(2257 103 )
=0.308

=5.46 108
n
1.99275
G
1000
1+0.347 F 4 (
)
1+0.347 0.0004 (
)
1356
1356
F 3/( hfg )

B=0.308

Critical heat flux

qc=

ME11M037

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

( 2257 103 0.22+0 )

4
3
8
(2257 10 5.46 10 +1
)
1000 0.025

t=

b)

x 0=

=1.753 10 6 W /m2

q
1
1
1.753
c 1 =

1 =31.38 min
0.08 q 0
0.08
0.5

( )

5
q0 Z 4
5 10 1 4
C pl T =
4.18 103 50 =0.056
Gd
1000 0.025

)(

Page 19

x c =

6
qc Z 4
1.753 10 1 4
C pl T =
4.18 10 3 50 =0.0315
3
G d
10 0.025

)(

Change in exit quality =

xc x 0
100 =156
x 0

Q14. Steam-Water mixture is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube ( 1 m

length, inlet diameter 25 mm) with exit quality 0.9. Degree of inlet sub cooling 30K.
and system pressure = 1 bar. Find the mass flux at which the exit quality is obtained
at CHF. What happens to CHF if mass flux is doubled? Compare the result with
theoretical observation.
q x=

G d
G 0.025

3
( C pl T + x h fg )=
( 4.18 30+ 0.9 2257 ) 10 = 13.48 G
4Z
41

From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 1 bar we get

F1=0.478,

F2=1.782,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0004

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-0.007255 = 1.99275

Where

h fg =2257 K J /kg

A=2.317

h fg B=0.308

F1
0.478
1.107526
=2.317
=
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.782 0.025 G 1+4.03 103 G
F3

1+0.347 F 4

G
( 1356
)

=0.308

1.99275

1+0.347 0.0004

4
4
160
=1
=
G d
G 0.025 G

ME11M037

0.4

Page 20

G
( 1356
)

0.1232
11
2
1+7.94 10 G

Critical heat flux

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

h =C pl T =4.18 103 30=125400

1.107526
2257 10
+125400
(
)
1+4.03 10 G
q=
3

0.1232
160
+
)
11
2
G
1+7.94 10 G

q c =q x

Given,

1.107526
2257 10
+ 125400
(
) =13.48 10 G
1+ 4.03 10 G

0.1232
160
(
+
)
11
2
G
1+ 7.94 10 G

Rearranging and neglecting very small terms we get

Gi+1=

ME11M037

2.5 10 6
103 /4.03
2031.4+1.66 Gi

Gi

Gi+1

103

-80.09

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

-80.09
78.68
38.8
47.85
45.75
46.23
46.12

78.68
38.8
47.85
45.75
46.23
46.12
46.15

Mass flux is G =

46.15

kg
m2 s

Page 21

q c =13.48 G 10 =13.48 46.15 10 =6.22 10

When G = 2 G=92.30

kg
m2s

1.107526
+125400
1+4.03 103 92.30
q c=
0.1232
160
+
3
11
3 2
1+ 7.94 10 ( 92.30 10 ) 92.30 10

2257 103

x c =

W/m^2

= 1.04 10

W/m^2

6
qc Z 4
1.04 10 1 4
C pl T =
4.18 103 30 =0.74
G d
92.3 0.025

)(

Therefore heat flux increases with decrease in exit quality.

This in accordance with theory which states that CHF in high quality zone is inversely
proportional to exit quality, other parameters being constant. This also shows that CHF is
a strong function of exit quality in this zone.

Q15. Steam-Water mixture is flowing through a uniformly heated vertical tube ( 1 m

length, inlet diameter 25 mm) with exit quality 0.05. Degree of inlet sub cooling 30K.
and system pressure = 1 bar. Find the mass flux at which the exit quality is obtained
at CHF. What happens to CHF if mass flux is doubled? Compare the result with
theoretical observation.
q x=

G d
( C pl T +x h fg )
4Z

G 0.025
( 4.18 30+0.05 2257 ) 10 3=1.49 103 G
4 1

ME11M037

Page 22

From chart for Bowrings correlation for P = 1 bar we get

F1=0.478,

F2=1.782,

F3=0.4,

F4=0.0004

n= 2-.0.00725P = 2-0.007255 = 1.99275

Where

h fg =2257 KJ /kg

A=2.317

F1
0.478
1.107526
=2.317
=
1+0.0143 F 2 d G
1+0.0143 1.782 0.025 G 1+4.03 103 G
F3

h fg B=0.308

1+0.347 F 4

G
( 1356
)

0.4

=0.308

1.99275

1+0.347 0.0004

4
4
160
=1
=
G d
G 0.025 G

Critical heat flux

q c=

(h fg A+ h )
4
(hfg B+ Z
)
G d

h =C pl T =4.18 103 30=125400

1.107526
+125400
3
1+4.03 10 G
0.1232
160
(
+
)
11
2
G
1+7.94 10 G

2257 10

Given,

q c =q x

qc=

1.107526
+ 125400
3
1+ 4.03 10 G
3
=1.49 10 G
0.1232
160
(
+
)
11
2
G
1+ 7.94 10 G

2257 10

Rearranging and neglecting very small terms we get

ME11M037

Page 23

G
( 1356
)

0.1232
1+7.94 1011 G2

Gi+1=

Starting with

2.5 10
103 /4.03
113+0.1836 Gi
Gi=1000 @i=1

Mass flux is G =

1415

, after 30 iterations we get converged value G = 1415

kg
m2s

q c =1.49 G 103=1.49 1415 103 =2.11 106 W/m^2

When G = 2 G=2830

kg
2
m s

1.107526
2257 10
+125400
(
)
1+4.03 10 2830
q=
3

x c =

0.1232

160
+
3
11
3 2
1+7.94 10 ( 2830 10 ) 2830 10

6
= 1.82 10 W/m^2

qc Z 4
1.82 106 1 4
C pl T =
4.18 103 30 =0.01
G d
2830 0.025

)(

Therefore heat flux decreases with decrease in exit quality.

This in accordance with theory which states that CHF in low quality zone is directly
proportional to exit quality, other parameters being constant. This also shows that CHF is
a weak function of exit quality in this zone, change in CHF with change in quality is not
so strong.

ME11M037

Page 24