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Nov. 29, 2013

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE // VITAL RATES AND RATIOS

Vital Rates and Ratios | Dr. Cruz

Transcribed by: Val Gonzaga & Job Cabral

OBJECTIVES
__________
OBJECTIVES

Identify various measures of disease

frequency to describe a communitys
health status
Compute for vital rates and ratios
Interpret computed rates
RATIO, PROPORTION, AND RATE

Ratio shows relationship of one subgroup

with another subgroup of the same
population group
Proportion relationship of one subgroup
with the entire population
Rate frequency of occurrence of events
over a given interval of time
o Crude Rate denominator is total
population
o Specific Rate denominator is
corresponding population segment
FERTILITY

Actual reproductive capacity/ability of a

population
Depends on size and characteristics of the
representative age group(15-44y/o)
Crude Birth Rate and General Fertility Rate
CRUDE BIRTH RATE(CBR)

How fast people are added to the

population through birth
Affected by:
o Fertility and marriage patterns
o Sex and Age composition of
population(more 15-44 y/o, higher
birth rate)
o Birth registration practice(under
reporting can falsely reduce birth
rate)
o Accessibility of family planning
services

CBR Formula
CBR =

Can be used in comparing fertility of

different age groups
Womens reproductive age group is 1544yo

GFR Formula
GFR =
MORTALITY

Reflects the health status and quality of life

of a population
CRUDE DEATH RATE

The rate with which mortality(death)

occurs in a given population
Affected by:
o Age and sex composition(greater
number of old people, higher death
rate;
individuals
are
more
predisposed to acquire a certain
disease because of their sex)
o Adverse environmental conditions
(calamaties can increase CDR)
o Occupational Conditions (high risk
works like mining and construction)
o Peace and order conditions (war
increases CDR)
*CDR does not take into account the
populations age composition therefore caution
should be exercised when using this to compare
two or more populations differing in
structure
CDR Formula
CDR =
SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE(SMR)

Rate of dying in specific population groups

High SMR, J-shaped or U-shaped(graph)
meaning high mortality rates in infancy
and among the elderly

SMR Formula
GENERAL FERTILITY RATE

More specific > CBR because births are

related to the population deemed to be
capable of giving birth

SMR =
E.g. no. of deaths of Male PLM employees age 20[male,
20 yo SPECIFIC]
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FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE // VITAL RATES AND RATIOS

Mortality rate from specific disease

Affected by:
o Epidemic(CoDR)
o Immunity status against vaccinepreventable disease
o Lifestyle
o Calamities
o Time of the year
o Degree of ascertainment of
diagnosis(physicians
expertise,
availability of diagnostic tests)

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO(MMR)

CoDR Formula
CoDR =

xF

F = multiplier(should be multiples of 10)

Number of deaths due to diseases directly

related to pregnancy, delivery, puerperium
per 1000 live births
Affected by:
o Maternal health practices(clothing,
hilot, etc)
o Diagnostic ascertainment(is it
really due to labour/pregnancy)
o Completeness of registration of
births

MMR Formula
MMR =

INFANT MORTALITY RATE(IMR)

Number of deaths among infants <1yo in a

calendar year per one thousand live births
in the same period
Sensitive index of the health status of a
community
High IMR
o Poor maternal and neonatal health
care
o Poor prenatal health care
o Poor delivery of health service
o Malnutrition
o Poor environmental sanitation

IMR Formula

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY RATIO(PMR)

PMR Formula
PMR =

SWAROOPS INDEX(SI)

IMR =

Neonatal Mortality Rate(NMR)

o Usu. due to Genetic & congenital
causes

NMR Formula

Percentage of deaths due to specific

causes
Epidemic increases PMR

Special kind of proportionate mortality

ratio
Sensitive indicator of standards of health
care(reflects delivery of health services)
SI of developed countries > SI of less
developed nations

SI Formula
SI =

NMR =
CASE FATALITY RATE(CFR)

Post-natal Mortality Rate

o Usu.
due
to
environment,
sanistaion, malnutrition, pre-natal
care, etc

NMR Formula
NMR =

Proportion of cases which end up fatally

Affected by:
o Virulence of disease(killing power)
o Diagnostic ascertainment
o Level of reporting
Reflects whether treatment/management
is succeeding or has succeeded

CFR Formula
CFR =
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FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE // VITAL RATES AND RATIOS

MORBIDITY

Measure of the occurrence of illness in a

community
Two types: Incidence rate and Prevalence
proportion
INCIDENCE RATE (IR)

Measures disease development in a group

exposed to the risk of the disease in a
period of time
Considers person-time of exposure
Used to describe acute illnesses
Influenced by:
o Diagnostic
capabilities
of
community
o Levels of notification
o Age and sex composition

IR Formula
IR =

PREVALENCE PROPORTION (PP)

Measures proportion of existing cases of

disease in the population(existing old and
new cases of the disease)
Used to describe chronic disease
Indicator and basis for decisions on
administering health services
Influenced by:
o Diagnostic
capabilities
of
community
o Levels of notification
o Age and sex composition

PP Formula
PP =

OTHER MEASURES OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES

Life expectancy
Average of length of stay of patients in
hospitals

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