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ThermodynamicseBook:IdealRegenerativeRankineCycle
Ch10.RankineCycle
Rankine
Cycle
Thermodynamics
Chapter
1.Basics
2.PureSubstances
3.FirstLaw
4.EnergyAnalysis
5.SecondLaw
6.Entropy
7.ExergyAnalysis
8.GasPowerCyc
9.BraytonCycle
10.RankineCycle
Reheat
Regeneration Cogeneration
IdealRegenerativeRankineCycle
CaseIntro
eBooks
Dynamics
Fluids
Math
Mechanics
Statics
Thermodynamics
Theory
CaseSolution
Simulation
Steampowerplantsgeneratemostoftheelectric
powerintheworld.Tosavefuel,effortsareconstantly
madetoimprovetheefficiencyofthecycleonwhich
steampowerplantsoperate.Thegeneralideaisto
increasethefluidaveragetemperatureduringheat
additionanddecreasethefluidtemperatureduringheat
rejection.Thissectionwillintroduceonesuchcycle
theidealregenerativeRankinecycle,whichincreases
thefluidaveragetemperatureduringtheheataddition
process.
Appendix
BasicMath
Units
ThermoTables
Search
MultimediaEngineeringThermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICSTHEORY
Regeneration
InasimpleRankinecycle,heatisaddedtothecycle
duringprocess22'3(seetheTsdiagramontheleft).
Duringthisfirststage(process22'),thetemperatureof
thewaterislow.Thatreducestheaveragetemperature
duringheataddition(process22'3).Toremedythis
shortcoming,increasingthetemperatureofthe
feedwater(waterleavingthepumpandenteringthe
boiler)canbeconsidered.Thisisaccomplishedby
extractingstreamfromtheturbinetoheatthe
feedwater.Thisprocessiscalledregenerationandthe
heatexchangerwhereheatistransferredfromsteamto
feedwateriscalledaregenerator,orafeedwater
heater.Thereareactuallytwomaintypesoffeedwater
heaters.Ifthesteammixeswiththecompressedwater
TsDiagramofLoweringtheCondenser
fromthepump,itisanopenfeedwaterheater.Ifthe
Pressure
steamdoesnotmixwiththecompressedwaterfrom
thepump,itisaclosedfeedwaterheater.
Author(s):
MeirongHuang
KurtGramoll
KurtGramoll
AnOpenFeedwaterHeater
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OpenFeedwaterHeaters
Anopenfeedwaterheaterisbasicallyamixing
chamber,wherethesteamextractedfromtheturbine
mixeswiththewaterexitingthepump.Inanideal
condition,thewaterleavestheheaterasasaturated
liquidattheheaterpressure.Theschematicofasteam
powerplantwithoneopenfeedwaterheaterisshown
ontheleft.InanidealregenerativeRankinecyclewith
anopenfeedwaterheater,steamfromtheboiler(state
5)expandsintheturbinetoanintermediatepressure
(state6).Atthisstate,someofthesteamisextracted
andsenttothefeedwaterheater,whiletheremaining
steamintheturbinecontinuestoexpandtothe
condenserpressure(state7).Saturatedwaterfromthe
condenser(state1)ispumpedtothefeedwater
pressureandsendtothefeedwaterheater(state2).At
thefeedwaterheater,thecompressedwaterismixed
withthesteamextractedfromtheturbine(state6)and
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ThermodynamicseBook:IdealRegenerativeRankineCycle
exitsthefeedwaterheaterassaturatedwateratthe
heaterpressure(state3).Thenthesaturatedwateris
pumpedtotheboilerpressurebyasecondpump(state
4).Thewaterisheatedtoahighertemperatureinthe
boiler(state5)andthecyclerepeatsagain.TheTs
diagramofthiscycleisshownontheleft.
Notethatthemassflowrateateachcomponentis
different.If1kgsteamenterstheturbine,ykgis
extractedtothefeedwaterheaterand(1y)kg
continuestoexpandtothecondenserpressure.Soif
themassflowrateattheboileris ,thenthemass
flowratefromothercomponentsare:
SchematicofaPowerPlantRunningan
IdealRegenerativeRankineCyclewithOne Condenser: (1y)
OpenFeedwaterHeater
Pump : (1y)
FeedwaterHeater:
Pump :
y+
(1y)=
Forconvenience,heatandworkinteractionsfor
regenerativeRankinecycleisexpressedperunitmass
ofsteamflowingthroughtheboiler.Theyare:
HeatInput:qin=h5h4
HeatOutput:qout=(1y)(h1h7)
WorkOutput:W turb,out=(h5h6)+(1y)(h6h7)
Workinput:W pump,in=(1y)(h2h1)+(h4h3)
TSDiagramofanIdealRegenerative
RankineCyclewithOneOpenFeedwater
Heater
Openfeedwaterheatersaresimpleandinexpensive,
andcanalsobringthefeedwatertosaturatedstate.
However,eachfeedwaterneedsaseparatepump
whichaddstothecost.
AClosedFeedwater
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ClosedFeedwaterHeaters
Closedfeedwaterheatersareshellandtubetype
recuperatorsinwhichfeedwatertemperatureincreases
astheextractedsteamcondensesontheoutsideof
thetubescarryingthefeedwater.Thetwostreamscan
beatdifferentpressuressincethetwostreamsdonot
mix.Theschematicofasteampowerplantwithone
closedfeedwaterheaterisshownontheleft.Inan
idealregenerativeRankinecyclewithaclosed
feedwater,steamfromtheboiler(state4)expandsin
theturbinetoanintermediatepressure(state5).Then
someofthesteamisextractedatthisstateandsent
tothefeedwaterheater,whiletheremainingsteamin
theturbinecontinuestoexpandtothecondenser
pressure(state6).Theextractedstream(state5)
condensesintheclosedfeedwaterwhileheatingthe
feedwaterfromthepump.Theheatedfeedwater(state
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ThermodynamicseBook:IdealRegenerativeRankineCycle
3)issendtotheboilerandthecondensatefromthe
feedwaterheater(state7)isallowedtopassthrougha
trapintoalowerpressureheaterorcondenser(state8).
Anotherwayofremovingthecondensatefromthe
closedfeedwaterheaterispumpthecondensate
forwardtoahigherpressurepointinthecycle.TheTs
diagramofthiscycleisshownontheleft.
HeatandworkinteractionsforregenerativeRankine
cyclewithoneclosedfeedwaterheaterisexpressed
perunitmassofwaterflowingthroughtheboiler.They
are:
SchematicofaPowerPlantRunningan
IdealRegenerativeRankineCyclewithOne HeatInput:qin=h4h3
HeatOutput:qout=(1y)(h1h6)+y(h8h1)
ClosedFeedwaterHeater
WorkOutput:W turb,out=(h4h5)+(1y)(h5h6)
Workinput:W pump,in=(h2h1)
Comparedwithopenfeedwaterheaters,closed
feedwaterheatersaremorecomplex,andthusmore
expensive.Sincethetwostreamsdonotmixinthe
heater,closedfeedwaterheatersdonotrequirea
separatepumpforeachheater.Mostpowerplantsuse
acombinationofopenandclosedfeedwaterheaters.
TSDiagramofanIdealRegenerative
RankineCyclewithOneClosedFeedwater
Heater
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