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D
C
c
C
D
B
A
n
(a,n)
lcm(a,n)
.
a
ii)5,7,-7 in the multiplicative group Z12 .
Proof. We have Zn = {a Zn : (a, n) = 1}. Actually, Zn contains those elements
which have multiplicative inverse.
So, Z12 = {1, 5, 7, 11}
a. 5k = 1 k = 2.
b. 7k = 1 k = 2.
c. Since 7 = 5, so o(7) = o(5) = 2.
Note that we do not have to use symbol though we work with an integer say
a, but it represents the class [a] = {. . . , a n, a, a + n, . . . }. For our convenience
1
we work with a instead of [a]. So, we can directly use a = b which is actually
[a] = [b] and not use a b mod(n).
For example, 2k 0 mod (36) is not required, just write 2k = 0 for k = 18.
iii)2 in the multiplicative group Z13 .
Proof. 2k = 1 k = 13.
Let a + 2b, c+ d, x + 2y G.
is closed under
ii)((a + 2b) + (c + 2d)) + (x + 2y) = = (a + 2b) + ((c + 2d)) + (x + 2y))
(associative)
+ 2b (identity exists)
iii)(a + 2b) + 0 = a
iv)a + 2b + (a) + 2(b) = 0 (inverse exists)
Hence, G is a group under addition.
ii)Prove that the non-zero elements of G are a group under multiplication.
2(b)
a
iv) (a + 2b)(c + 2d) = 1 (a + 2b)1 = a2 2b
+
(inverse).
2
a2 2b2
(4) Let S be the set of all real numbers except 1. Define an operation on S by
a b = a + b + ab
(9) Show that if H and K are subgroups of a group G then their intersection H K is
a subgroup.
Proof. Since H, K G 1 H K. So, H K 6= .
Now, Let x, y H K x, y H and x, y K xy 1 H and xy 1 K.
Thus, we get xy 1 H K x, y H K. So, H K is closed.
Hence, H K G.
(10) Prove that if x2 = 1 for all x G then G is abelian.