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Chase Stodden
Lab Partner: John Patrick ODonnell
1251L-911
10/18/2015
Introduction: In the experiment, the preparation of
2+
solutions of known concentrations
Cu
2+
Cu
solutions of different concentrations was prepared with the use of the dilution technique.
Concentration is the amount of a solute (dissolved substance) contained in a unit of
solvent. Concentration comes in the unit of molarity (M). The molarity of a substance is found
by dividing the number of moles of the solute by the volume of the solution. The volume must be
in Liters. The formula should look like this:
Molarity ( M )=
moles of solute
volume of solutionliters
A new instrument was introduced called the Spec 20, a spectrophotometer instrument.
The Spec 20 was used to measure the amount of light that passed through a solution. This could
be measured in absorbance or the percent transmittance. The relationship between the two is
demonstrated in the Beer-Lambert law:
A=2log ( %T )
or
A=log ( T )
Procedure: There were four parts to this experiment. Part 1 was the calibration of the Spec 20
and began with the Spec 20 that was allowed to be warmed up for 15 minutes and then was set to
2+
solutions was
Cu
600 nm. Ten small test tubes were then obtained and cleaned. A piece of label tape was wrapped
around each of the test tubes to be labeled as well as for a vertical straight line that was drawn to
be aligned with a similar mark on the Spec 20. Back to the Spec 20, the well was emptied and
closed and then the left hand adjustment knob was used to set the transmittance to 0%. One of
the labeled test tubes was then filled to about full of a blank solution (distilled water). Before
being place into the Spec 20, test tube was carefully wiped with a cloth to remove any solution or
fingerprints. The test tube with the blank solution was then placed into the empty well of the
Spec 20 and the well was then closed. The pointer was set to 100% transmittance with the use of
the right-hand adjustment knob.
Part 2 was measuring the absorbance of standard
2+
solutions with the use of a
Cu
Spec 20. It began by the preparation of the Spec 20 and it was set to the wavelength for
2+
(600 nm). The percent transmittance was measured for the
Cu
0.500 M, 0.200 M, 0.100 M, and 0.050 M Cu SO 4 standard solutions. From the data that was
gathered, the absorbance was found and a plot was created from the data in order to create the
calibration curve.
2+
solutions of different concentrations. 20.0 mL of a
Cu
0.500 M solution was needed to be created from solid Cu SO 4 5 H 2 O. The solid was weighed
using a 100 mL beaker. About 15 mL of water was then added. After the water and the solid were
mixed, the mixture was then transferred back and forth between the graduated cylinder and the
beaker so that all of the crystals were dissolved and the final solution ended up in the cylinder.
The solution was less than 20 mL in the cylinder. A pipette was used to fill the cylinder with
water until it was at the 20 mL mark. Then, the 0.500 M solution was diluted and 20.0 mL of a
0.200 M Cu SO 4 solution was created. This was done by using the formula:
M 1 V 1=M 2 V 2
The 0.200 M solution was then placed in the Spec 20 and the percent transmittance was then
checked and recorded. The process was repeated to create 20.0 mL of a 0.100 M Cu SO 4
solution from the 0.200 M solution and then the 20.0 mL of a 0.050 M Cu SO 4 solution from
the 0.100 M solution and all solutions were placed in the Spec 20 and the percent transmittance
was measured.
Part 4 was finding the concentration of an unknown solution of
2+
solution. A test tube was
Cu
cleaned and an unknown concentration of Cu SO 4 was placed into the test tube. The test tube
was then placed into the Spec 20 and the percent transmittance was measured.
Results: Part 1 of results is the determination of the calibration curve. To find the calibration
curve, the concentration and the absorbance is needed. The concentration is given and the
absorbance was found by the Beer-Lambert law and the following equation:
A=2log ( %T )
In the equation, the variable A is the absorbance and %T is percent transmittance. The
percent transmittance was found using the Spec 20. The data is represented in Table 1.
2+
solution obtained in the Spec 20 and
Cu
Concentration of
Standards (M)
0.05 M
0.1 M
0.2 M
0.5 M
%T
Absorbance
87.4%
72.4%
57.2%
23.6%
.874
.724
.572
.236
.058488
.140261
.242604
.627088
To represent a calibration curve, the data in Table 1 must be placed into a Beer-Lambert law plot
as seen in Figure 1.
0.5
0.4
Absorbance
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Concentration (mol/l)
Figure 1: Beer-Lambert law plot and calibration curve based on standard solutions.
Part 2 of results is the determination of the actual concentration of the prepared
2+
Cu
2+
were placed in the Spec 20 to obtain the data for Table
Cu
2.
2+
and the conversion into
Cu
absorbance.
Concentration of
Standards (M)
0.05 M
0.1 M
0.2 M
0.5 M
%T
Absorbance
87.4%
75.2%
59.2%
27.8%
.874
.752
.592
.278
.058488
.123782
.227678
.555955
Figure 2: Beer-Lambert law plot and calibration curve based on made solutions.
The molarity was then to be found of the made
2+
solutions was found by using the
Cu
following equation:
y=1.2469 x+ .0021
The equation was given by the graph made in Excel for the calibration curve where y is the
absorbance and x is the actual concentration, or molarity. To find the molarity, solve for x in
the equation. The results are in the following table, Table 3.
Concentration of
Standards (M)
Absorbance
Actual Concentration
0.05 M
.058488
0.045
0.1 M
.123782
0.098
0.2 M
.227678
0.180
0.5 M
.555955
0.444
Part 3 of results determined the concentration of the unknown solution. This was done using both
the equation found in the calibration curve and the Beer-Lambert law. The results are in Table 4.
%T
43.4%
Absorbance
0.362510
Concentration (M)
0.289044
Discussion: The significance of the data that was gathered is that it shows the relationships
between molarity, volume, absorbance, and transmittance all in one experiment. By
understanding the relationships and being able to perform in the lab, the objectives of the
experiment were met.
The main determining factor of this experiment was the spectrophotometer, Spec 20. The
Spec 20 instruments throughout the lab all gave different results; therefore, leaving a person to
question which one is giving the most accurate readings. For the experiment to be better
performed, an accurate spectrophotometer is needed.
In the experiment, there was a part where an unknown was used and through using a Spec
20, the Beer-Lambert law and the calibration curve, the molarity was to be determined. After
doing so, it can be concluded that the molarity of the unknown was 0.3 M.
The standard solution results and the made solution results did differ. The differences are
calculated by the percent error equation. The percent error varied amongst the solutions by being
as little of an error as 2% or as high as 11.2%. The solutions differed because of many possible
reasons; such as a Spec 20 instrument that was not very accurate, or because the solid in the
made solution did not dissolve completely. The following tables represent percent error:
Table 5: Percent error of concentration of standard and made solutions
Concentration of
Concentration of
Solution Number
Calculated % Error
Standard Solution
Made Solution
1
0.05 M
0.045 M
10%
2
0.1 M
0.098 M
2%
3
0.2 M
0.180 M
10%
4
0.5 M
0.444 M
11.2%
Table 6: Percent error of absorbance of standard and made solutions
Absorbance of
Absorbance of Made
Standard Solution
0.058
0.140
0.243
0.627
Solution
0.058
0.124
0.228
0.556
Solution Number
1
2
3
4
Calculated % Error
0%
11.4%
6.17%
11.3%
Conclusion: The purpose of this experiment was to become more familiar with using a
spectrophotometer, to be able to apply and understand Beer-Lambert law, and to be able to
perform dilution processes. The results of this experiment fully support the objectives that were
presented.
Based on the percent error of the experiment, the accuracy of this technique was not as
high as it should be. The experiment relied to heavily on the spectrophotometer and if it is hard
to determine if the instrument gave correct measurements. Other possible errors could be that the
test tubes that were placed into the Spec 20 were not all filled to the same amount, leading to
errors.
Calculations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
error =
actual value
100 =
|0.0980.1|
0.1
100 =2