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INTRODUCTION
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Objectives
In order to improve the Sub-transmission and Distribution (ST&D) system for
reducing Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses and improving reliability and
quality of power supply to consumers, it is necessary to take up strengthening
and improvement of the system in a scientific and methodical manner. Planning
studies may cover a distribution circle/ or an urban area as may be required. The
objectives of formulation of project report for up-gradation of ST&D system are as
under:
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Planning and design of distribution system to meet load growth and to ensure
o Voltage conditions to be within permissible levels
o Optimum energy losses
o Least overall cost system
Improvement in reliability / security of power supply
Improvement in quality of power supply
Safety of operation
Evolving a scientific automation and load management system
Better customer service
Strategy
The scheme for improvement and strengthening of system should be based on
detailed study. Planning for system improvement is data intensive. With the
availability of computer based tools and software, it is possible to study a number
of alternatives to evolve optimum system development plans.
However, considering the present general data status, it becomes imperative that
initially the improvement and strengthening of system may be taken up in two
phases Short Term and Long Term. During the implementation of short term
measure, data base for long term studies is to be built up.
In the short-term, priority attention needs to be given to the objective of loss
reduction, especially the commercial losses. For this, to begin with short-term
report may be formulated. While short term measures are under implementation,
for strengthening the system to meet future load demand, long term plans may
be formulated.
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Anticipated Achievement
The expected benefits from the study are:
Reduction of technical and commercial losses in the system
Strengthening of the system to meet the future load growth with least cost
Improvement of quality and reliability of power supply
Improvement of metering, billing and revenue collection
Development of management information system
Customer Satisfaction through improvement in power supply and access to
on-line information of the energy consumption/ billed
B.
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Network Documentation
Single Line Diagram and Geographical Map upto 11 kV shall be prepared. In
case of low voltage network emanating from distribution transformers, the sample
map for typical high, medium and low load density areas covering various
category of consumers may be prepared.
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Proper monitoring and reduction of commercial losses is the main key for
improving the financial performance of the utility. The huge investment proposed
to upgrade the sub-transmission and distribution system with a view to reduce
technical losses may not result in overall reduction of T&D losses unless an
action is initiated simultaneously for reduction of commercial losses. The utility
should work out and formulate the strategy of reduction of commercial losses.
For this, the suggested steps are:
Estimate the total commercial losses in the circle and also category-wise tariff
details
Formulates a scheme for classification of consumers based on ABC analysis
Comparison of consumption of high value consumers
Provide check meters outside the high value consumers premises
Computerize the billing of energy sale and analyze the billing data
Regularize unauthorized connections
Simplified procedure for release of new connection to consumers
Implement on-line Billing/ Revenue Collection system for High Value
Consumers
Prepare a strategy plan for liquidation of arrears
Crash procurement and installation of good quality energy meters
Adoption of Time of Day (T.O.D) metering coupled with incentive for
consumers to utilize off-peak energy
Action plan for tackling theft/ pilferage of energy through legislative and
governance reforms
Set up Vigilance Squad (where these have not been set up)
Launch prosecution against persons indulging in theft of energy to secure
convictions in the courts
The LT feeders should be inspected periodically by the special vigilance
group for tracing the unauthorized consumers and direct tapping from line
Severe penalties may be imposed for tampering with metering seals etc.
Initiate publicity to depict theft of electricity as a social and economic crime
and inform regarding provisions in electricity laws in this regard.
To improve customer relations, consumer billing should be based on scientific
approach and record of energy consumed provided through Internet to
consumers.
o Establishment of computerized complaint center
o Meter checking for accuracy and detecting of tampering/ by passing
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The short term project report apart from covering the network and consumers
load details, total peak and energy loss in the circle, estimated technical and
commercial losses, should include measures to reduce technical losses and
minimize commercial losses as well as other administrative measures
proposed to be taken to eliminate pilferage of energy and organizational changes
for creation of profit centers and fixing of individuals accountability and
responsibility.
C.
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Category wise number of consumers and connected load including the Bulk
Consumers details such as
o Contract Demand
o Maximum Demand
o Energy Consumption
o Supply Voltage
Peak demand MW/ MVAR simultaneous and non simultaneous
Annual Energy Consumption Energy balance sheet
Geographical Map (to scale) of the area depicting Transmission and Subtransmission System
Source(s) of power supply/ Grid sub-station(s) supplying power to the area
o Existing Substations
o Existing lines
Sub-transmission System
o Existing 66-33/11 kV Sub-stations & Existing 66-33 kV lines
o Under Construction Sub-stations
o Under Construction 66/33/11 kV lines
Distribution System
o 11 kV lines
o Distribution Transformers
o LT lines
Operational Parameters
o Substation equipment status
o 66/33 kV Feeder breakdowns
o Failure of distribution transformers
o Tripping on 11 kV Feeders/ lines
o Consumer outages
LV Network
The LV network starts from the low voltage terminals of the distribution
transformer. The following information is essential for modeling of the lowvoltage network.
o Section Length
o Conductor size of each section
o Connected load for each group of consumer
o Number of consumers in each group
o Total connected load on the transformer
Sample LV network emanating from distribution transformer located in high,
medium and low load density pockets of the circle and covering different
categories of consumers may be modeled which can form the basis for
determining the improvement in the entire LV network.
Load Data
The load data should cover the monthly, daily and hourly details of energy/
peak power in the electrical system of the circle. The various operational and
load data required are :
o Peak load on each transformer/ feeder and corresponding actual
voltage
o Diversity factor at various voltage levels
o Power factor at various voltage levels
o Load factor and loss load factor at various voltage levels
The load data could be obtained from the log sheets maintained at each
33/11 kV sub-station. The data could also be obtained more accurately from
logging type electronic energy meters, if available in the system.
The planning studies should be based on actual feeder load conditions and
measurement taken at various points in the system. Load data in respect of
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System Load Factor and Loss Load Factor (LF & LLF)
The annual load duration curve for the circle may be derived by aggregating
the typical hourly spot reading of system power demand at grid substation(s)
feeding the Distribution circle for typical working days and holidays in each
month during the year so as to take into account the seasonal variations as
well.
The system power losses are proportional to the square of the system load.
An annual loss load duration curve may accordingly be derived from the load
duration curve by squaring the ordinates.
The load factor and loss load factor for the system may be computed from
load duration and loss load duration curve respectively.
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Data Validation
The data compiled for existing system has to be validated for correctness and
consistency especially in respect of load and network data. In the case of
meters supplies, metering deficiencies in the form of non-functioning /
defective meters have an impact on the correctness of loading / consumption
figures. The proportion of non-working and defective meters should be
identified. Check metering has to be done periodically on random sample
basis. In case of unmetered supplies, the data would have to be worked out
by sample metering and field studies. These measures would help in evolving
suitable mechanisms for data validation.
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Sub-Transmission System
i)
ii)
II.
Sub-Transmission Sub-stations
Sub-Transmission lines
Distribution System
i)
ii)
iii)
Distribution transformers
11 kV feeders
LT feeders
Load Forecast
The Distribution system planning involves siting of sub-stations, routing of
feeders and many other decisions relating to both locations and amounts of
capacity additions. Therefore, the Distribution load forecast refers to forecast of
geographical location as well as quantum of future load growth. The Distribution
load forecast of urban areas is relatively more complex due to high-density, high
growth rates, variation intensity in a small geographical area and rapid transition
of suburban are form rural to urban characteristics. The three step procedure
involved in Distribution load forecast is:
Analysis of past trends of growth in electricity demand and energy
consumption.
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System load forecast viz. Forecasts of load for the entire study area.
Spatial or small area load forecast viz. Divide the utility service area into
sufficiently large number of small areas and forecast for each small area.
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the 33/11 kV substation and the other one may be called upon to supply in
emergency.
4. The sitting of Primary substation i.e. 33/11 kV substation should be on the
basis of load forecast, demographic factors, space availability, right of way
considerations, existing network configuration etc.
5. Power Transformer: The preferred transformer capacities for Primary Substations (i.e. 66/11 kV or 33/11 kV) should be of 6.3, 8, 10, 16 MVA for Urban
areas and 1, 1.6, 3.15, 5 MVA for Rural areas.
6. Distribution Transformer: The Distribution transformers to be installed in the
circle should preferably have standard rating of 25, 50, 63, 100, 250, 315,
400, 500 and 630 kVA. The higher capacity (i.e. larger than 250 kVA) shall be
used for concentrated loads or area with high load density and lower capacity
(less than 100 kVA) may be used for Rural areas. In high rise building having
concentrated loads, higher capacity distribution transformers such as 1000
kVA may be used. 33/0.415 kV distribution transformers of appropriate rating
630 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1600 kVA, 2000 kVA, may also be used based on
techno-economic considerations. Lower ratings could be used for rural areas/
far flung urban areas. Standardization of ratings would help in achieving
reduction in inventory for purposes of Procurement & Maintenance and
reduction in price on account of bulk purchase.
The distribution transformers in urban areas should operate at an initial
capacity factor of about 65%-75% of their rated capacity and would have to
be augmented when the maximum demand on the transformer is near its
rating. In case of Rural areas, a higher loading based on the assessment of
load growth could be considered for adoption.
7. Choice of Conductor: Standard conductor sizes should be adopted for 66 kV,
33 kV, 11 kV and LT lines. ACSR and AAAC conductors for overhead lines
and XLPE and PVC/ PILC cables can be used. Most power utilities use ACSR
on account of price considerations although AAAC conductors are lighter in
weight, have a longer life an account of higher resistance to corrosion.
Rated System
Voltage
33 kV
11 kV
LT
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Conductor Type
ACSR Panther, Wolf, Dog or equivalent AAAC. Core
XLPE cables of 150, 185, 240, 300 and 400 sq.mm
ACSR Dog, Racoon, Rabbit or equivalent AAAC.
Equivalent Aerial Bunched Cable (ABC) 3-core XLPE
cables of 120, 150, 185, 240 and 300 sq.mm
ACSR Dog, Racoon, Rabbit AAC, Ant, Grasshopper,
Wasp or equivalent AAAC. Equivalent Aerial Bunched
Cable (ABC) 3 core or 4 -core PVC cables of 95, 120,
150, 185, 240 & 300 sq. mm
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
13. Maximum Fault Levels : The three phase fault levels may not exceed the
following except where the system is nearer to the generating source where
actual short circuit value may be used to decide switchgear specifications:
i)
ii)
33 kV Systems
11 kV Systems
750 MVA
350 MVA (Urban Area)
250 MVA (Rural Area)
Augmentation of sub-stations
Establishment of new sub-stations
Power Finance Corporation Ltd.
(A Govt. of India Undertaking)
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c)
d)
New 11 kV lines
Reconductoring of 11 kV lines
New distribution transformers / augmentation of distribution transformers
Reconductoring of LT lines
New LT lines
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Cost Estimates
The detailed cost estimates for each item of work has to be prepared. The
estimates shall be prepared based on prevailing market rates.
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Financial Analysis
The design and sustainability of project is to take into account the level of
incentive for undertaking and maintaining a project investment. The financial
incentive takes the form of the increased income the investment generates with
the execution of project.
A financial statement can be drawn up by showing the net income generated by
the project investment after allowing for loan inflow and loan payment etc.
The works proposed for strengthening, up-gradation and improvement of
substations and distribution system shall help in bringing down the technical and
commercial losses by the horizon year. The system shall also be able to meet
the load demand in the Horizon year with resultant increase in sale of energy.
The up-gradation would also enable larger amount of energy to be delivered to
consumers, which will result in higher sales. This approach however, assumes
that the existing network would continue to operate at the present level of
efficiency (and inefficiency) without any up gradation. That is to say that without
any network up-gradation, the prevailing level of technical losses would not
increase and / or the capacity to deliver energy would not diminish in (i.e. in the
horizon year).
It would also be reasonable to distinguish between technical losses vs.
commercial losses. So, careful consideration should also be given to determine
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