Communicative English Grammar

COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PPG MODULE
_____________________________________
Inquire within, for your game is only as good as your practice.
MODULE
PUSAT PENATARAN ILMU DAN BAHASA
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
A FOREWORD
Assalamualaikum and a very pleasant day to all. Welcome to UB00102
Communicative English Grammar (PPG Module). Before I go on, allow me
to quote Gaberino,
The real contest is always between what youve done and what youre
capable of doing. You measure yourself against yourself and nobody else.
- Geoffrey Gaberino
Learning a second language can be a disheartening and arduous journey for the
disinterested but a joyful and eventful one for those who wish to empower themselves
with the right qualities in their quest to secure a better and colorful future. Diligent
learners are both intrinsically and extrinsically rewarded. They are not only going to be
better able in securing a rewarding career in the future but they are also able to
appreciate the language more meaningfully allowing them to open more doors of
knowledge.
A conscientious learner does not only measure and compare his or her abilities to those
of others but also against his or her own perceived potential, as a result he or she
diligently seeks to improve and achieve greater command of the language.
Learning a second or a foreign language requires a profound interest and passion for
the language, which come from deep within oneself. These qualities are often
stimulated by a persons perception of the objectives of learning the language in the
first place. Students who fail to realize the objectives will most likely suffer as a result.
It is our hope that as we go along we can share our experiences and expectations
together and continue to develop and nurture the right aptitude and qualities for
effective second language learning. And it is our pleasures to assist you achieve these
through UB00102 Communicative English Grammar (PPG Module). Once again, A
Warm Welcome. We hope you enjoy our class.
Success is never final. Failure is never fatal. Courage is
what counts - Sir Winston Churchill
PPG MODULE WRITERS WARDATUL AKMAM DIN, AMALI
AHMAD KHIR, DR SUYANSAH SWANTO & JUWAHIR KAYAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT
PAGE
Foreword
Table of Contents
1. Course Overview
2. Course Objectives
3. References / Suggested Readings
4. Course Assessments & Details of Course work
5. Dates for Submission of Assessments
6. Course Requirements
6.1 Attendance
6.2 Assignments
6.3 Other Requirements
7. Scheme of Work
8. Topics to be covered (F2F & Online Lessons)
9. Grammar Enrichment
9.1 Sentences
9.2 Subject Verb Agreement
9.2 Parts of Speech
9.2.1 Nouns
9.2.1.1 Pronouns
9.2.1.2 Adjectives
9.2.2 Verbs
9.2.2.1 Adverbs
9.2.3 Prepositions
9.2.3.1 Conjunctions
10. A / an / the
11. Tenses
12. Study Skills Dictionary Skills
13. Bibliography
14. Appendices
UB 00102
COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PPG MODULE
1.0 COURSE OVERVIEW
This one semester course is programmed and designed to remedy students weaknesses in the
use of English and to raise their proficiency level. It covers the major aspects of grammar.
Grammar is an essential component of the course and will be incorporated into the 4 skills and
taught in context. It aims to consolidate students knowledge of English Grammar; to equip
students with good English language that will help them in their respective courses; and to
upgrade students communicational skills in English. The course will adopt a learner-centered
approach in which students will be actively involved in various situations requiring
communication in English during face-to-face sessions and online practices are also provided.
2.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES

Upon the completion of this course, students should be able to:
Develop their English skills with particular emphasis on correct use of English
grammar.
Use English in everyday situations
Understand various grammatical items and use them appropriately in speech and
written work.
Use a dictionary as a reference in order to ascertain or confirm words and
pronunciation, meaning, spelling and grammar effectively and independently.
3.0 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READINGS:
A. Seaton, 2007. Focus on Grammar, Learners Publishing.
A.Seaton, 2007. Focus on Grammar, Learners Publishing.
Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999. The Grammar Book, Heinle Cengage

Learning.
Fuchs, Bonner & Westheimer, 2006. Focus on Grammar-an integrated skills approach
3,Longman.
Fuchs, Bonner & Westheimer, 2006. Focus on Grammar-an integrated skills approach
3,Longman.
J. Sinclair, 2007. Collins Coubuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publishers.
J. Sinclair, 2007. Collins Coubuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publishers.
Swan & Walter,2001. The Good Grammar Book, Oxford University Press.
Tiberio, 2006. Focus on Grammar-an integrated skills approach 3, Longman.
Tiberio, 2006. Focus on Grammar-an integrated skills approach 3, Longman
*The list of references above serves as a guide. Please also refer to other reading materials (e.g.
journals, newspapers and websites) that are related to this course.
4.0 COURSE ASSESSMENT

Quiz 1
10%
Quiz 2
10%
Quiz 3
15%
Quiz 4
15%
Quiz 5
20%
Assignment 1 (Group)
20%
Assignment 2 (Individual)
10%
TOTAL
______
100%
5.0 DETAILS OF THE ASSESSMENTS
A. Online Assessment (21 hours):

1. Quiz 1 (5%) Simple Present / Present Continuous
2. Quiz 2 (5%) Simple Past / Past Continuous
3. Quiz 3 (5%) Simple Past / Present Perfect
4. Quiz 4 (5%) Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect
5. Quiz 5 (5%) All verb tense
6. Assignment 2 (10%) Write an essay describing what made you decide to
become a teacher, your life as a teacher now and what is aspiration for your
future as a teacher. Students are encouraged to integrate all the grammar points
that they have learnt so far. The writing should be between 300-400 words.
B. F2F Assessment:
1. Assignment 1 (20%) In groups of 10 students, analyse the errors found the

works produced by group members during Lesson 1- Lesson 5. Students are:
i. to compile all the written exercises done from Lesson 1-Lesson 5,
ii. categorise the types of errors and
iii. provide corrections.
iv. Students are also required to include their own reflection on the practicality
and benefits of this assignment.
All the Quizzes will be conducted online will cover 21 hours of contact time.
6.0 COURSE REQUIREMENTS
6.1 Attendance
A.
100% attendance for the face-to-face sessions. You are required to SIGN on
the attendance sheet for each class you attend. Initials are not allowed. In
other words, you must attend 21 class hours because there will be
assessments in every lesson, failing which will result in FAILING THE
COURSE.
B.
A student who misses out on one or more assessments will be awarded a

grade E (FAIL).
6.2 Assignments
A. Please do all the online Quizzes according to specified schedule. Assignments

should be submitted according to the deadlines that have been set by your
instructors. It is the duty of the student to ensure that deadlines are met and all
assigned work finished.
6.3 Other Requirements
A. Be punctual for all your classes.
B. Read all textbook assignments and do all take-home tasks that your instructor
may ask you to do BEFORE coming to class. Be prepared for class discussions
at all times.
C. You are strongly encouraged to bring your own dictionary to class to help you
with the lessons
D. Copying will NOT be tolerated. Stern action will be taken against those who
allow their work to be copied.
REMINDER:
There will be NO REPLACEMENT for missing the class assessments. If you miss any of
these, you FAIL the course.
Please adhere to the deadlines to avoid any penalty.
Attendance is taken until the last day of class.
WARNING:
ANY FORM OF ACADEMIC DISHONESTY WILL NOT BE TOLERATED.

DISHONEST
ACTIONS
OF
THIS
SORT
ARE
THE
MOST
SERIOUS
INFRACTIONS WHICH STUDENTS CAN COMMIT AS STUDENTS, FOR SUCH

ACTIONS CHALLENGE THE VERY IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY AS A PLACE OF
LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT.
7.0 SCHEME OF WORK

UB00102 COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR
LESSON
1
1ST HOUR
Course Overview
Reading-Grammar-Writing
(RGW)1:
R (Text 1) Subject-Verb ;
G - Tree Diagram 1;
W Writing paragraph using
correct Subject-Verb agreement.
R (Text 3) Past Tense
(Simple/Continuous/Perfect);
G - Tree Diagram 3;
past tense.
R (Text 4) Future Tense;
G - Tree Diagram 4;
future tense.
R (Text 5) Parts of Speech
(Article/Noun/Pronoun/Adjectiv
e);
G - Tree Diagram 5;
correct Noun/Pronoun/Adjective.
Sentence structure & word order

Subject-Verb Agreement
Tree Diagram

(Verb/Adverb);
G - Tree Diagram 6;
correct Verb/Adverb.
2ND & 3rd HOUR

The meaning of Grammar;
Grammatical rules & concepts
(time reference in tenses); and
Introduction to Tree Diagram.
Cont.:
Sentence structure & word order
Subject-Verb Agreement
Tree Diagram
Reading-Grammar-Writing (RGW)1:
R (Text 2) Present Tense
G - Tree Diagram 2;
W Writing paragraph using present
tense.
R (Text 3) Past Tense
G - Tree Diagram 3;
past tense.
R (Text 4) Future Tense;
G - Tree Diagram 4;
future tense.
R (Text 5-Cont.) Parts of
Speech
(Article/Noun/Pronoun/Adjectiv
e);
G - Tree Diagram 5;
correct
Noun/Pronoun/Adjective.
(Preposition/Conjunction);
G - Tree Diagram 7;
correct Verb/Adverb.
8.0 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

TOPIC
1. Grammar
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2. Writing
LECTURES
Sentences Types & Basic sentence structure
Parts of Speech
A/An/The
Tenses
Common Errors in English Subject-Verb-Agreement
5.1How to Write Grammatical sentences

5.2 Punctuation
5.3Spelling
5.4 Style
5.5How to write a short grammatical paragraph
9.0 GRAMMAR ENRICHMENT
9.1 Sentences
9.2 The Copula and Subject-Verb Agreement
9.3 Parts of Speech
9.3.1 Nouns
9.3.1.1 Pronouns
9.3.1.2 Adjectives
9.3.2 Verbs
9.3.2.1 Adverbs
9.3.3 Prepositions
9.2.3.1 Conjunctions
9.4 A / an / the
9.5 Tenses
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INTRODUCTION
Grammar tells us what words do in sentences and about the way sentences are made. It is
important for us to learn Grammar in order to write and speak clear and correct English because
Grammar deals with rules that all educated people know and recognize. Just as we cannot play a
game without observing the rules, we cannot speak or write properly without paying attention to
the rules of Grammar.
9.1 Sentences
When we talk or write we use words. With words we try to make people understand everything
that we wish to say. We try to make our meaning very clear to them. When a group of words, that
is some words put together makes our meaning clear, we call that group of words a sentence. So,
we say that a sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. The word complete means
full and the word sense means meaning. We speak and write in sentences.
The following sentences are samples taken from students essays. Which ones are standard
sentences in written English and which ones are not? Write a correct version of each that is not a
sentence. You can correct the grammar or punctuation. When you have finished, list what you
consider the requirements of a sentence to be.
1. the sun is shining.

2. They walk slowly and quietly
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3. Watching themselves make steps on the white sand.

4. You can hardly see any sand.
5. Because there are so many people and so many umbrellas.
6. You can imagine walking on the white glittering sand.
7. The feeling of cool sand running through your toes.
8. There is a big coconut tree.
9. some leaves on the sand.
10. Is a St Croix beach in the Virgin Islands.
11. The tree on the beach it is very big.
12. Shade from the sun some umbrellas provide.
13. On that beach two people who are enjoying the beautiful weather.
14. The sun shining.
15. The people who are sitting on the beach feel very relaxed.
Write a correct version of each that is not a sentence. You can correct the grammar or punctuation.
When you have finished, list what you consider the requirements of a sentence to be.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE TREE DIAGRAM

SENTENCE
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
VERB
COMPLEMENT
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SENTENCE
S
P
V
SENTENCE
Example 1:
SENTENCE
Joe is tall.
SUBJECT
Joe
PREDICATE
is tall.
VERB
Is
COMPLEMENT
tall (adjective).
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SENTENCE
S
P
V
SENTENCE
Present
Joe
is
Adj
tall.
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Example 2:
SENTENCE
Joe is in Kota Kinabalu.
Present
Prep P
Prep
Joe
is
in
Kota
Kinabalu
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Example 3:
SENTENCE
Joe and Emily are in Kota Kinabalu.
NP
Prep
NP
Joe
and
Prep P
Present (plural)
Conjunction
Emily
are
in
Kota
Kinabalu
TYPES OF SENTENCES
There are several types of sentences:

Types of sentences:
Simple sentence has one independent clause, such as,
He visited his sister in Ipoh.
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(Independent clause)
A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating

conjunction, such as:
I visited my mother in London, but I didnt have time to see my sister in Boston.
A complex sentence has an independent clause and a dependent clause
introduced by a
*subordinator, such as:

Because I had no time, I couldnt visit anyone.
(dependent clause)
(independent clause)
*Subordinators of:
Contrast: - although, even though, though, while, whereas
Cause & effect: - because, now that, since
Time: - before, after, as soon as, since, until, when, whenever, while
Condition: - if, only if, even if, unless, whether or not, in case
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A complex sentence can also be formed by joining two independent clauses with *transitions
assisted by semi-colon, a comma or a full stop.
*Transitions of:
Contrast: - however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand
Cause and effect: - therefore, thus
Addition: - also, in addition, moreover, furthermore, besides
Examples:
Living near an active volcano is dangerous; however, it can also be beneficial.
Living near an active volcano can be dangerous. However, it can also be beneficial.
Living near an active volcano can be dangerous. On the other hand, it can be beneficial.
Subject and predicate
Every sentence has 2 parts.
a. The Subject (topic) which is the person or thing spoken about.

b. The Predicate (comment of topic) which is what is said about the person or thing, or what
the person or thing does.
Example:
Subject
1. Jamil
2. The owl
3. The boy
Predicate
is sleeping.
is hooting
stole some money.
c. However, the Subject is not always place at the beginning of a sentence.
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Example: Under the tree the girl sat.

Subject
d. A sentence other than a command must contain a subject and a predicate. The predicate
must contain a complete verb, one that indicates time. For example:
She has been working.

They will work
He has worked.
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EXERCISE 1:
Divide the following sentences into Subject and Predicate and draw the tree diagram for
each of them.
1. He is a good man.
2. The boys ate all the food.
3. That new car runs fast
4. Interesting indeed are all the books I bought.
5. Beauty attracts; ugliness repels.
6. Honesty is the best policy.
7. Appearance is deceptive.
8. John has nothing interesting to say.
9. Into the bush the tiger disappeared.
10. Up went the balloon.
11. He reads.
12. Mother taught at the school
EXERCISE 2:
Supply a Subject to each Predicate given below.

Example: Question:
runs.
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Answer:
A horse runs.
1. .. roar.
2. .. sleeps.
3. .. stings.
4. .. hiss.
5. .. has told a lie.
6. .. works.
7. .. has gone.
8. .. weeps.
EXERCISE 3:
Supply a Predicate to each Subject given below.

Example: Question:
Answer:
A girl ..
A girl sings.
1. Who ?
2. A fish ..
3. A tiger ..
4. They ..
5. Dogs ..
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6. The moon ..
7. Lightning ..
8. Boys ..
Avoiding Sentence Fragments
A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. It can occur when a subject is missing,

when there is not a complete verb or when there is no subject-verb predicate structure. A complete
sentence has the following requirements:
A capital letter at the beginning.
A period, a question mark, or an exclamation point at the end.
A subject, stated only once.
A complete verb phrase that is, any auxiliaries, such as is, were, has, had, will, can,
might, would, should, have, would have, and will be, along with the verb forms used to
form the verb phrase.
Standard word order: in English, the regular sequence is S + V + O (subject + verb +

object ), with insertions possible at several points in the sequence.
An independent core idea that can stand alone. (This is known as a main clause or, an
independent clause)
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9.2 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
9.2.1 Copula Verb be
The forms of be and third person singular inflection commonly pose problems for learners at all
level. Due to this, it is essential that learners are exposed to the forms, i.e. the structural roles of
be, the reason why it is different from other verbs, its use and also the learning problem.
Form: The Structural Roles of Be
Present Time
Singular Verb
to be
Singular Verb
to be
Past Time
Joe is in Kota Kinabalu.
Joe was in Kota Kinabalu.
Joe and Emily are in Kota Kinabalu.
Joe and Emily were in Kota Kinabalu.
Why be is different from other verb?
There are four good reasons for this:

1. It has more distinct forms with respect to person, number and tense; compared to any other
verbs in English.
23
The many forms explain why learners sometimes use the wrong forms of verb be in their speech
or writing.
You is late.
We was on time.
24
2. Although be is the most frequent copula, there are three other types of copulas:
a. Perception copulas (mental or sensory). The perceiver is sometimes expressed.
They
appear
seem
feel
look
smell
taste
strange (to me).
b. State copulas (tend to take participial adjectives)
They
lie
remain
rest
stand
protected.
c. Change-of-state copulas (often only one or two adjectives go with a given copula)
They
become
come
fall
get
go
grow
run
turn
tall.
true.
ill.
wild.
The copula be can be followed not only by adjective phrases but also noun phrases and
adverbial prepositional phrases (i.e. it is the grammatically most flexible copular verb):
Emily is
attractive.
a lecturer.
in Kota Kinabalu.
standing next to her mother-in-law.
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3. Third, the syntactic behaviour of the copula be, which behaves like an auxiliary verb and
has operator function with regard to question formation, negation, etc. For example, the verb
walk, it needs the addition of do auxiliary as the operator if no other auxiliary verb is present.
Similarly, copular verbs other than be take a do auxiliary in questions and negatives:
Did he get taller?

I dont feel well.
9.2.2 Subject-Verb Agreement

COMMON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING
Subject Verb Agreement
WHAT IS AN ERROR IN ENGLISH?
Refers to deviations from the standard use of English.
The aim of this lesson is to help you improve the way you write or speak in English.
Study the following sentences. What can you tell about them?
1.The man with two wives are fat.
2. One of the girls are here.
3. His advice to all the boys were good.
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4. The cost of all these things is high.

5. The boys who stole the money is bad.
Subject Verb Agreement:
The verb of a sentence must agree with its subject in person and in number.
This means if the subject is in first person, the verb too must be in the first person; if the subject is
in the third person, the verb must be in the third person too.
Example 1:
I am a boy.
(I first person)
(Verb am first person)
You are good.
(You second person )

( are second person)
If the subject is in the singular number, the verb must be in the singular too; if it is in the plural
number, the verb must also be in the plural.
Example 2:
He is tall (Subject He singular)

(Verb is also in the singular)
We eat rice (Subject We - plural)

(Verb eat also in the plural)
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In summary:
PERSON
He
She
It
Ali
They
We
You
Ali and Emily
I
PRESENT
is
are
PAST
V+s/es
V-s
am
V-s
are
V-s
was
were
FUTURE
V+ed
V+ed
was
V+ed
were
V+ed
You
will + V
will be +Ving
is going to + V
will + V
will be +Ving
are going to + V
will + V
will be +Ving
am going to + V
will + V
will be +Ving
are going to + V
EXERCISE 4:
1.The cat and the snake is/are enemies.
2.John and I was/were in school together.
3.He and she are /is good friends.
4.You and I are/is good friends.
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EXERCISE 5:
1.My friend and neighbour is/are very clever.
2.The manager and owner of the shop is/are very rich.
3.Bread and butter is/are his only food.
EXERCISE 6:
1.The manager and owner of the shop was/were away.
2.The manager and the owner of the shop was/were away.
3.The old lady and mother of the child was/were very sad.
4.The old lady and the mother of the child was/were very sad.
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EXERCISE 7:
1.A hundred dollars is/are not a small sum.
2.A hundred cents is/are equal to one dollar.
3.Seventy pounds is/are my weight
4.The RM20 you gave her was/were not enough.
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9.3 PARTS OF SPEECH
The words that we use are divided into seven classes according to the kind of work they do in
sentences. These seven classes or words are known as PARTS OF SPEECH. There are therefore
eight Parts of Speech in English Grammar. They are:
NOUNS,
PRONOUNS,
ADJECTIVES,
VERBS,
ADVERBS,
PREPOSITIONS,
CONJUNCTIONS
9.3.1
NOUNS
A noun is the name of something. It is used to name a person, an animal, a place, a country, a
thing, the quality of something, etc.
Example: Samad, cat, Perlis, Malaysia, box, beauty, etc
To find a Noun in a sentence, we ask the question, What? or Who before or after the verb in
the sentence.
Look at these sentences:
Cows eat grass.
(What eat grass? Cows = Noun)
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SENTENCE
N (plural)
Present
Cows
eat
Salim saw a dog.
grass.
(Who saw a dog? Salim = Noun)

(Salim saw what? dog = noun)
SENTENCE
N (proper)
Past
NP
Article
Salim
saw
dog.
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There are 4 types of Nouns:
A Common Noun is a name that is common to all things or persons of the

same kind or class.
Example: town, boy, car, hat, river.
A Proper Noun is a name that belongs to only one person, or thing. It is the
own name of a particular person, thing or place. The first letter of Proper
Nouns is always a Capital.
Example : Ali, Perlis, Perak River, January

An Abstract Noun is the name of something that we cannot see or touch but
can only feel or think of. It is the name of a feeling, a quality)that shows how
good or bad a person or thing is), a condition or an action; as happiness,
anger, goodness, beauty, sweetness, sickness, movement, arrival, etc.
A collective noun - is the name of a number of things or persons taken together

as one thing; a group or collection of persons, animals or things.
Example: crowd, army, class, flock, fleet etc.
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EXERCISE 8:
In the following sentences, underline all Nouns as shown in these examples.
His hotel was near the casino

Mary is allergic to roses.
1. Pak Abu was a beloved comedian.

2. Charity begins at home.
3. Minah refused to knit the sweater for her father.
4. Johan changed the tire and got back into his car.
5. My neighbour drives a big car.
6. Our cat has black spots on its nose.
7. Love makes the world go round.
8. The boring speech lasted nearly one hour.
9. There are many chairs in this room.
10. Malaysia exports a large quantity of palm oil every year.
11. There is no water in the pail.
12. The children are making a lot of noise.
13. We have lots of story books.
14. My uncle bought a lot of durians.
15. Some of those apples have worms in them.
16. The girls helped to clean the house.
17. I bought flour to make curry puffs.
18. Ramlah bought a shirt for her brother.
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19. We only have a little sugar left.

20. All the pupils were present yesterday.
21. Rizal bought a bag of rice from the grocer.
22. I lost my ring.
23. My pen pal sent me a parcel from Italy.
24. The tiger came after us.
25. I have never been to Africa.
THE GENDER OF NOUNS
A noun can be of 4 genders:
Masculine (Male): man, boy, lion, father, etc

Feminine (Female): woman, girl, lioness, mother etc
Common (either male or female): baby, child, person, friend, parent etc
Neuter (neither male nor female, having no life): table, book, stone, etc
THE NUMBER OF NOUNS
A noun has 2 numbers
Singular shows only one person, animal, thing or place

Example: a book, a dog, a pencil etc
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Plural shows more than one person, animal, thing or place. We do not use a in
the plural number. The plural of most nouns is formed by adding s to the
singular.
Example: books, dogs, pencils etc
If the Noun ends with s , x, ch, or sh, the plural is formed by adding es.
Example: gas gases
box boxes
inch inches
brush brushes
If the Noun ends with y and the letter before the y is a consonant, the y is
changed to i and es is added to make the Noun a Plural.
Example: lady ladies
lorry lorries
army-armies
baby babies
If the Noun ends with f or fe, the Plural is usually formed by changing them to
ves.
Example: half halves
knife knifes
thief thieves
leaf leaves
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Note: Certain notes ending with f do not follow the above rule. The
Plural of
those Nouns is formed by adding s only to the singular.

Example: proof proofs
cliff cliffs
chief chiefs
The Plural of some words is formed by changing the Vowels

Example: tooth teeth
foot feet
louse lice
mouse mice
Some Nouns have 2 Plurals:

Example: penny pence, pennies
brother brothers, brethren
index indexes, indices
genius geniuses, genii
some nouns have no singular number. They are used only in the plural.
Example: shorts, pants, scissors, spectacles, clothes, goods, people etc
some nouns have no plural number.
e.g. advice, furniture, news, information, knowledge, progress, etc
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THE APOSTROPHE
The Apostrophe has 2 main uses:

It shows that a letter has, or letters have been left out.
Example: wont for will not
Im for I am
havent for have not
It shows the owner of something.
Example: a boys pencil
a mans coat
a womans shoe
NOTE THE FOLLOWING RULES:
i)
If the Noun is Singular, add an Apostrophe and an s

Example: a womans shoe
a boys shirt
ii)
If the Noun is Plural and end in s, add an Apostrophe, but not an s as well.
Example: the ladies bags
the girls parents
those boys shoes
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iii)
If the Noun is Plural, but does not end in s, add an Apostrophe and an s as
in the /singular.
Example: the mens hats, the womens dresses, the childrens clothes
EXERCISE 9:
Change the following into the Plural.
1. sisters pen -
..
2. thiefs trick -
..
3. mans muscles -
..
4. womans hat -
5. wolfs howl -
..
6. childs mother -
..
7. gooses cackling -
..
8. monkeys trick -
..
9. boys ball -
..
10. birds beak -
..
11. boys trousers -
..
12. womans dress -
..
13. mans hat -
..
14. cats tail -
..
15. boys shoe -
..
16. childs clothes
..
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17. girls scissors
..
18. mans spectacles
..
19. cows tails
..
20. ladys bag
..
21. boys pencil
..
22. girls parent
..
23. womans pants
..
24. mans behaviour
..
25. elephants tusk
..
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9.3.1.1 PRONOUNS
A Pronoun is a word used to take the place of a Noun.
For example instead of saying:
Jamil has a pencil. Jamil writes with the pencil.
We say:
Jamil has a pencil. He writes with it.
The words He and it stand for the Nouns Jamil and pencil. Such words, which are
used to replace Nouns, are called Pronouns. He is a Subject Pronoun and it is an
Object Pronoun.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS
Pronouns are divided into the following classes.
PERSONAL PRONOUN: I, we, you, he, she, it, they; which stand for specific people or
things. A Personal Pronoun replaces the subject of a sentence (it is called the subject
pronoun) and the object of a sentence(it is called the object pronoun).
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SINGULAR
Subject Pronoun
I
You
He
She
it
Object Pronoun
Me
Your
Him
Her
it
Example:
Lisa has a brush. She uses it to paint colours.
She refers to Lisa she is a subject pronoun
It refers to the brush - It is an object pronoun.
PLURAL
Subject Pronoun
You
We
They
Object Pronoun
You
Us
them
The table above shows plural subject and object pronouns.
EXERCISE 10:
In the following sentences, supply the missing personal pronouns.
1. The instructor graded the students paper.

.. graded the students paper.
The instructor graded ..
2. Has the cat made a mess again?

Has made a mess again?
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3. American ballet is particularly interesting since is not confined by tradition.
4. No one but Jasmine can do the job well.

No one but can do the job well.
5. The governor signed the proclamation.

signed ..
6. Does this book belong to Kassim and Chan?

Is this book ?
Does this book belong to ..?
7. The editor criticized Jones.

The editor criticized .
.. criticized Jones.
8. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had several children.

.. had several children.
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POSSESSIVE PRONOUN: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs; used to show that
something belongs to a person or an animal. Refer to the table below:
Singular Personal
Pronoun
I
You
He
She
It
Possessive pronoun
Before a noun
Without a noun following it.
My
Mine
Your
Yours
His
His
Her
Hers
Its
-
Examples:
This is my scarf
This is mine.
SENTENCE
Det
Present
(be)
NP
Pronoun
This
is
my
scarf.
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SENTENCE
Det
This
V
Present
(be)
is
That is your new shirt -
Possessive
Pronoun
mine.
That is yours.
45
SENTENCE
Det
Present
(be)
NP
Pronoun
That
is
your
Adj P
Adj
new
shirt.
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SENTENCE
Det
This
Plural Personal Pronoun

You
They
We
V
Present
(be)
is
Possessive
Pronoun
yours.
Possessive pronoun
Before a noun
Without a noun following it.
Your
Yours
Their
Theirs
Our
Ours
Example:
The lady mistakenly took their luggage The lady mistakenly took theirs.
EXERCISE 11:
In the following sentences, supply the missing possessive pronouns.
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1. What he calls his property is not really ..

2. The puppy whimpered and put .. head under the pile of rags.
3. We paid for the coffee table and the lamp. They are now
4. The teenagers did not steal the books. The books are ...
5. Did you leave these keys on the table? Are these .
6. The book which she is reading is .., not hers.
7. The hat which you wear is larger than ..
8. Take only what is .
9. My height is not the same as .; you are taller.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: myself, ourselves, yourself or yourselves, himself, herself,

itself, themselves; used to refer to a noun or personal pronoun which is both the subject
and the object of a sentence (The subject and object refer to the same noun or pronoun).
These pronouns are formed by adding self or -elves to the personal pronouns.
Example:
You are losing yourself in you work.
They told themselves only what they wanted to hear.
Ramesh supported himself by teaching karate.
EXERCISE 12:
48
Fill in the blanks with the correct Reflexive Pronouns.
1. Salleh helped to large piece of cake.

2. You owe a long vacation far from home.
3. She will end up hurting . If she is not careful.
4. Hashim taught French and Spanish.
5. Unfortunately, he excused .. early, leaving us without guidance.
6. He hurt .. badly.
7. That is her bicycle; she paid for it
8. They dressed .. out in all their best clothes.
9. He bought . a new hat.
10. Bees provide .. with honey during winter.
11. My brother made the chair ..
12. You are losing . in your work.
13. The giraffe found . in trouble after its habitat was thoroughly sprayed with
herbicide.
14. I am forcing to lose at least 30 pounds.
15. God is said to help those who help ..
RELATIVE PRONOUNS: who, whom, which , that etc; refers to a noun or pronoun in a
complex sentence.
Example:
Hang Tuah was a famous Malay warrior. Hang Tuah was from Malacca
- Hang Tuan, who was a famous Malay warrior, was from Malacca.
Who refers to the noun Hang Tuah
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The table below shows relative pronouns and their uses.
People
who
Things and Animals

that
whose
whom
which
that
whose
Uses
Refers to the subject and the
object of a sentence.
Indicates possession
Refers to the object of a
sentence.
Refers to the subject and
object of a sentence.
EXERCISE 13:
In the following sentences, supply the missing Relative Pronouns.
1. This essay, . is the worst she has ever written, will surely be judged
unworthy of publication.
2. The story I told you must not be repeated.
3. To . shall I address the letter of application.
4. .. of this masterpieces do you prefer?
5. The answer to is clearly beyond my limited knowledge.
6. You cannot object to
7. A woman wants to succeed in business must dedicate herself to that end.
8. I have had enough of ..
9. The people . visited the e-fair were mostly business men.
10. I read a story about a man ..visits prisoners weekly for decades.
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EXERCISE 14:
Fill in each blank with who or whom.
1. He is a boy works hard.
2. .. did you give the book to?
3. The man I thought was good cheated me.
4. shall I believe, you or him?
5. Do you know told me the story?
6. The boy I trusted proved innocent.
7. Ill tell you .. to talk to.
8. .. are you speaking to?
9. Princess Diana was called the Queen of Hearts, was loved for her genuine
concern for the less fortunate.
10. I sat next to a man in the aero plane is the Chief Executive Officer of a private
broadcasting company.
11. I recently become acquainted with Mr Yap .. is a Korean basketball coach.
12. He . hesitates is lost.
13. She . Fights and runs away will live to fight another day.
14. Jamil to .. I lent some money has asked me for some more.
15. The girl of you spoke won a prize.
16. He is the man you like.
17. Do you know the girl . cooks fish?
18. I know the man you dislike.
19. Musa is a boy .. reads a lot.
20. She is a girl .. you scolded.
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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN: who? whom? whose? what? ; Are used in asking

questions. Who is used for people. Which and what are used for things.
Example:
Who stole he books?
Which did you select?
What do you think of all day?
Whose did you take?
EXERCISE 15:
Fill in the missing Interrogative Pronouns
1. .. is your favourite composer?

2. .. can you see through the telescope?
3. . do you want me to do for you?
4. should we do about all the broken windows?
5. is the man Faizal praises so much?
6. of the three books is yours?
7. . is the book that I saw?
8. In .. school was your sister taught?
9. were you saying?
10. In help do you trust more?
11. .. of the many stories did you enjoy most?
12. Do you hear . I say?
13. . were you about to do when I interrupted you?
14. is going to happen to us if he leaves the company?
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15. . did you select?

16. . have you decided to do about the problem we all face?
17. . can I tell you about her situation?
18. . of those birds did my brother shoot?
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN: this, that, these, those; is used to point out a thing or
person. However , the words this, that , which (the one), the same, when used alone, are
pronouns; when used with Nouns, they are Adjectives:
Example:
This is what he told me Pronoun)

This house is mine. (Adjective, used with the Noun, house)
That is right. (Pronoun)
That boy is good. (Adjective; used with the Noun, house)
EXERCISE 16:
Fill in the blanks with the suitable Demonstrative Pronouns
1. suits me better than the previous choice.

2. He decided to sell me instead of these.
3. We ate a little of .. and a little of ..
4. The harsh weather killed last month.
5. We agreed to give . our full attention.
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6. . is more than I can possibly eat in one sitting.

7. Are .. ready to be washed?
8. Are . people in your class?
9. Is . your answer to my question?
10. Is man your father?
11. .. student tests are excellent.
12. . sandwiches are tasty.
13. My friend gave me .. painting.
14. Is your computer?
15. Bring me book!
16. Is your answer to my question?
17. dishes are dirty.
18. . movie is hilarious.
19. .. are tall buildings.
20. boys are in the soccer team.
9.3.1.2 ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word added to a Noun to tell more about the Noun. It is a describing
word. It tells you more about a person, an animal, a place or a thing.
Example:
A good girl.
Adjective = good
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Noun = girl
In a sentence, we can place an adjective:
Before a Noun
Example:
This is a hungry lion.
hungry = adjective
lion = noun
SENTENCE
Det
Present
(be)
NP
Article
Adj P
Adj
That
is
hungry lion.
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SENTENCE
Present
(be)
NP
Art
The
house
is
Adjective
small.
Alice went to an expensive restaurant to have dinner.

expensive = Adjective
restaurant = Noun
Sometimes After a Noun

Example:
The cow is black

The house is small
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black, small = Adjective

cow, house = Noun
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES
We sometimes use more than one adjective to describe a noun. When we use more than one
adjective to describe a noun, the adjectives normally follow a particular order. (See the table
below)
OPINION
Nice, happy,
beautiful,
dangerous, kind,
expensive, etc
SIZE & SHAPE

Small, big, long,
short,
round,
square, thin, etc
AGE
new, old,
young,
etc
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
COLOUR
ORIGIN/NATIONALITY
Red, blue,
Malaysian, African,
green,
American, etc
yellow, etc
MATERIAL
wooded, plastic,
tin, metal, glass,
gold, silver, etc
PURPOSE
bath(towel),
fishing (rod),
etc
*adjective of
SIZE comes
before SHAPE
EXERCISE 17:
Complete the sentences using the adjectives given in the box.
1. She gave Ahmad an .. clock for his old, antique
birthday.
2. Aiman and Aishah went for a
movie.
3. She wiped her tears on a
handkerchief.
romantic, English
. lacy, white
4. Mrs Johnson packed her . knife steel, stainless, bread
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carefully.
5. I prefer to wear a pair of jeans when I go branded, denim, blue
out.
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9.3.2 VERBS
The verb is the most important Part of Speech in a sentence. We cannot write or speak a
sentence without using the Verb. A Verb is a word that tells us what a person or thing
does. Verbs are categorized into:
transitive and intransitive verbs (action verbs verbs that expresses what someone
or something does. e.g. run, talk, eat, write, work, give)
be verbs and linking verbs (non-action verbs do not express any action. They are
used to refer to physical characteristics and conditions.)
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS:
A transitive verb (V) requires an object (O), and the object comes after the verb.
A transitive verb must have an object because without an object, the sentence with the transitive
verb is incomplete.
Example:
Sheela often buys presents for her family
My father built a tree-house.
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SENTENCE
Past
(build)
NP
Pron
NP
Article
NP
Adj
My
father
built
three
house.
An intransitive verb does not require an object. A sentence with an intransitive verb is complete
without an object.
Example:
V
He swam.
V
Raju sleeps like a log.
Diamonds gleam and sparkle.
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SENTENCE
VP
V
N
(plural)
Diamonds
CP
gleam and
sparkle.
EXERCISE 18:
Decide whether the verbs in the sentences below are transitive (T) or intransitive (I) in the
space provided. Circle the objects in the sentences with transitive verbs.
1. The technicians repaired the computer.

2. The jar of sweets fell and broke into pieces.
3.Leela danced wildly to the songs of Lenny Kravitz.
4. The students slept during Professor Grants long history lecture.
5. Babies cry when they are hungry or in pain.
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6. Sheila Majid sings beautifully.

7. The building collapsed
8. She gave money to the church.
9. The truck demolished the restaurant.
10. He breathed carefully.
11. She plays the saxophone beautifully.
12. She plays beautifully.
13. Jack opened the door slowly.
14. The door opened slowly.
15. We began the party with a song.
16. The party began with a song.
17. We won the game in overtime.
18. We won in overtime.
19. I read the book.
20. I usually read in the evenings.
21. She values your criticism.
22. Priestley discovered oxygen.
23. I sleep on a couch.
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BE VERBS AND LINKING VERBS:

Be Verbs are am, is, are, was, were, been, being.
A. Read about Danial
Im Malaysian. Im
from Perlis.
My names
Danial.
Im 24.
Im an engineer.
My father is a doctor and
my mother is a lecturer.
Im not married.
DANIAL
H
S
I
My favourite colour
is blue.
My favourite sports are
football and swimming.
B. Complete the text about yourself.

My names ___________________. Im Malaysian. Im from ____________. Im
_____________. Im a student at KUKUM. My father is a ______________ and my mother is
a _____________. Im not married. My favorite colour is ___________. My favorite sports
are _______________ and _________________.
(Students can memorise the text and use it to introduce themselves to the class . Use the same
model and ask students to introduce their friends, brothers and sisters to the class. Highlight the
pronouns used)
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W
Y
T
EXERCISE 19:
Write the short form (shes / we arent etc)
a. she is
d. that is
b. they are
e. I am not
c. it is not
f. you are not .
EXERCISE 20:
Fill in the blanks with am, is, are,
a. My name is. Salmah.
b. The weather . nice today.
c. I from Kangar.
d. Raju and Weng Tim . from Kelantan.
e. I .. a taxi driver. My sister .. a nurse.
f. Malaysia . a huge and fascinating country.
g. These bags .. heavy.
h. This bag . heavy.
EXERCISE 21:
Put in am, is or are in the blank spaces.
a. Either you or Jack to be appointed as class monitor.

b. He . a stern man. Everybody afraid of him.
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c. I . heavier than you but she .. the heaviest.

d. This . a wonderful sight. Look at those flowers! . They beautiful.
e. The one in front .. the manager while the two men behind him .. his
assistants.
f. All the boys to report to the headmaster at once! He . Very angry
about something.
g. Ali: Where .. my books?
Abu: They .. in your bag.
Ali: Yes, but where .. my bag?
Abu : .. it in your room?
Ali: No, it
Linking verbs
Linking verbs are used to link the subject of a sentence with a complement. A complement rather
than an object follows a linking verb. The table below lists the common linking verbs and their
functions:
Expressing Feeling and

Thought
appear,
seem
believe,
need
know,
mean
understand, hate
like,
prefer
love,
dislike
recognize, remember
want,
appreciate
Expressing Possession
own,
owe,
have,
possess,
belong
Expressing Sensory
Perception
feel
hear
look
see
smell
taste
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Examples:
The mandarin oranges look sweet.
He owns a fleet of cars.
She does not recognise me.
The boys do not recognize me.
EXERCISE 22:
Circle the Linking Verbs in the following sentences.
1. Zakiah owes her sister some money.

2. Ferhad appears to have something on his mind.
3. Her parents seem really strict and unfriendly.
4. The children looked bored and uninterested in that ping pong match.
5. Sharon looks trendy with her new haircut.
6. Sometimes he feels lonely because he lives on his own.
7. Geetha insists that the water in London tastes horrible.
8. My neighbours singing voice sounds horrible.
9. He became very restless when his son did not come home.
10. Your house looks very clean.
11. She seems all right.
12. This room smells funny.
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Agreement of the subject with the Verb
A Verb must agree with its Subject in Number and Person. As verbs have 2 numbers Singular
and Plural a Subject in the singular must also have a Verb in the singular; and if the Subject is in
the plural, the Verb must be in the plural.
Example:
That girl is clever.
Subject girl Singular
Verb is Singular
Those boys are naughty.
Subject boys Plural
Verb are Plural
EXERCISE 23:
Fill in the blanks with is or are.
1. The King with his ministers .. here.

2. The boy and his friends .. here.
3. The man with his cat . Here.
4. The jury .. made up of twelve persons.
5. The jury . having dinner together.
6. A glass of milk or a cup of tea .. enjoyable.
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7. The boy or his friends .. everyday.

8. His friends or the boy everyday.
9. The book or the pen .. in the drawer.
10. The woman with all the dogs .. down my street.
11. The team captain, as well as his players, . anxious.
12. one of the boxes . open
9.3.2.1 ADVERBS
An adverb gives additional information about a verb.

There are many types of adverbs, among them are:
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Manner Answer the question How? after the verb.
Example:
He speaks clearly
(speaks = Verb, Speaks how? clearly adverb)
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Normally Adverbs of Manner are placed in the following positions.
Before the verb e.g. Jamil quickly grabbed his wallet and left quietly.
SENTENCE
VP
CP
VP
N
(proper)
Jamil
Adv
quickly
grabbed and
VP
Adv
left
quietly.
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After the verb e.g. The dancers performed gracefully at the event.
SENTENCE
NP
Art
NP
PP
Adv
Prep
NP
Art
The
dancers performed gracefully at
the
event.
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After the object e.g. The children ate hungrily in the school canteen.
SENTENCE
Art
The
NP
VP
children
ate
PP
Adv
hungrily
Prep
at
NP
Art
the
School
canteen
We normally form adverb of manner by adding ly to an adjective.

Examples:
Adjectives
Slow
patient
sweet
careless
reluctant
Adverb
Slow + ly
Patient + ly
Sweet + ly
Careless + ly
Reluctant + ly
Sometimes, there are some words that can function as both as adjectives and adverbs.
Examples: deep,first,high, late,long,wide,last,low, fast, hard etc
fast - Jim is a fast driver (adjective)
He likes to drive fast. (adverb)
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EXERCISE 24:
Write the Adverb form for each of the following words
1. open
2. public
3. sincere 4. rapid
5. angry
6. merry
7. gentle
8. nervous
EXERCISE 25:
Circle the adverbs in the following sentences.
1.Hashim arrived late at his office yesterday.

2. The flood victims looked sadly at their submerged houses.
3. Newborn babies should always be carefully monitored
4.The sick girl waited impatiently for her turn to see the doctor.
5. The bottle will have to be closed tightly to ensure that it is airtight.
6. Do your job quickly.
7. He treated us all fairly; so we cant complain.
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8. She walks very feebly after an illness.

9. The old man walks slowly.
10. The children played noisily outside.
11. The girl sings loudly to the crowd.
12. She slowly agreed to cook.
Adverbs of Time Answers the question When? after the verb. It also tells us for how long, and
how often an action has happened.
Example:
When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
Normally, Adverbs of Time are placed in these positions:
at the beginning of a sentence: Yesterday, we went to the market.

at the end of a sentence: We will be at the exhibition tomorrow.
between the subject and a main verb: They recently moved to their new house.
immediately after the be verb or main verb: She was suddenly quiet, She arrived late for
the meeting.
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EXERCISE 26:
Underline the Adverbs of Time in the following sentences.
1. Bears always hibernate in the winter.

2. My neighbours occasionally come over to chat with my parents.
3. Shan always studies late at night.
4. We will discuss the matter further at lunchtime.
5. The book fair will start next week and be held for a month.
6. During Ramadhan, Muslims break their fast at dusk.
7. Mother lived in France for a year.
8. Later, Goldilocks ate some porridge.
9. I often eat vegetarian food.
10. I have never forgotten my first kiss.
11. She is never sea-sick.
12. This magazine is published monthly.
13. She visits her mother regularly.
Adverbs of place Answer the question When? after the verb. It explains where something
occurs.
Examples: here, everywhere, outside, inside, nearby ,elsewhere, anywhere, upstairs etc
Adverbs of Place are usually placed:

After the main verbs: Johan ran outside to get the mail.
After the object in a sentence: We posted our parcels overseas.
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EXERCISE 27:
Circle the Adverbs of Place in the following sentences.
1. Ive looked for my house keys all morning. I cant find them anywhere.
2. Mariam is fortunate to find accommodation nearby.
3. When the boat caught fire, several passengers jumped into the water and swam ashore.
4. Rashid lived abroad for many years after completing his degree before returning home.
5. This hand craved furniture is made locally.
6. The students are walking home.
7. The books are here.
8. He threw the towel downstairs.
9. I saw him at the cinema.
10. We left thee at midnight.
11. In the middle of the road there was a dead cat.
12. Do you come here often?
13. They met me here yesterday?
14. She has lived on the island all her life.
15. She often goes by herself.
16. I looked everywhere.
Adverbs of Frequency Answer the question How often? after the verb.
Examples: rarely, frequently, usually, always, often, never, hardly ever, sometimes etc
Adverbs of Frequency are usually placed:

Before main verbs : My sister sometimes goes cycling in the park.
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After be verbs, have and do: My son has never smoked in his life, Anuar is usually welldressed and clean, Atan did not usually tell the truth.
After modal auxiliaries(can/could, will/would, may/might, should etc.): The Malaysian
government will never allow Marilyn Manson to perform in this country.
EXERCISE 28:
Cross out the Adverbs of Frequency, which is in the wrong position in each sentence.
1. I met yesterday our former teacher in town yesterday.

2. We came early for the early opening of the hockey tournament.
3. Suddenly she suddenly was frightened of the dog.
4. He again was scolded for his rude behavior.
5. The referee already has already warned that player against foul play.
6. I rarely eat rarely meat.
7. They occasionally eat out occasionally.
8. Seldom she seldom speaks.
9. I often go often to the cinema
10. Often we often went camping when we were children.
11. I usually go to the gym at lunch time usually.
12. I will always love you always.
13. Never, I never work on weekends.
14. Occasionally, Prabu occasionally visits us on Sundays.
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9.3.3 PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are used to show the connection or relationship of a word with other words.
They are used after nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs.
Examples:
on, in , to, into, of, over, under, up, at, above, below, between, by, against, across,
until, upon, during etc.
The same word may be used as a Preposition or as an Adverb. To know the difference: the
Preposition always governs the Noun or Pronoun; the Adverb modifies the Verb.
Example:
Prepositions
1. His hat is on his head
(on = Preposition)
head = Noun)
2. He walked past the door.
(past = Preposition)
(door = Noun)
3. They were in the room.
(in = Preposition)
(room = Noun)
Adverbs
1. He put his hat on.
(put = Verb)
(on = Adverb)
2. He walked past.
(walked = Verb)
(past = Adverb)
3. He came in.
(came = Verb)
(in = Adverb)
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Tree diagram
Example 1:
SENTENCE
V
Present
(be)
NP
Pronoun
NP
Adj P
Pronoun
Adj
His
hat
is
on
his
head.
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Example 2:
SENTENCE
Pronoun
Past
(walk)
PP
Prep
NP
Art
He
walked
past
the
door.
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Usage of some Prepositions:

Prepositions are used in the following manner.
at, in, on - used to show position and time
i)
at to show specific addresses , places, events & specific locations, clock

time/meal-time, & with expressions like at present, at that time, at the moment,
at the same time etc
Examples:
The Professor lives at 89, Oxford Street, London. (specific address)
Please meet me at the theater. (place)
I saw Lisa at the funeral. (event)
The meeting is at two oclock.(clock time)
I will see you at dinner. (meal - time)
At the moment there are three patients waiting to see the doctor. (expressions at the moment)
ii)
in before buildings, towns, cities and countries, 3-dimensional spaces
like
cupboards and classrooms, part of the day, part of the week, a month/a year/a
season.
Examples:
Ahmad is studying medicine in Ireland. (country)
The box is in the storeroom. (3-dimensional spaces)
Aminah was born in the afternoon. (part of the day)
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Nurul will be here in a weeks time. (part of the week)

Zul was born in April. (month)
iii)
on before streets, roads, rivers and floors (1st , 2nd floor),

2-dimensional spaces like walls, ceilings and floors, special day/occasion,
day/date/a weekday, day + part of the day.
Examples:
The post office is on the second floor of this building. (floors)
The painting was hanging on the wall. (2-dimensional spaces)
Mother will serve ketupat and rendang on Hari Raya.(special occasion).
I am going to the mall on Sunday evening.(day + part of the day)
Zuraimee was born on the eight of April, 1969.(date)
EXERCISE 29:
Fill in the blanks with at, in, or on
1. He has arrived . Kuala Kangsar. He has arrived Malaysia.
2. Theres an interesting article page 15.
3. Maria isnt . this photograph of our class reunion.
4. The boy found a coin the sidewalk.
5. Nobody knows what will happen . the future.
6. The
staff
meeting
will
be
held
Monday,
2.30
p.m.
the meeting room.
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7. . present, I am living with my parents. I plan to move out next month.

8. Our country gained independence the 31st of August, 1957.
into, around used to show movement
Example:
The cat jumped into the box
The dog ran around the tree chasing the cat.
EXERCISE 30:
Fill in the blanks with into or around
1. The robber panicked and ran .. the vacant house.
2. The school children love to run in the field in the morning.
3. Do not get yourself . trouble by doing last minute work.
4. Ravi chased Meena .. the room.
5. Please key in these data the computer.
6. Sues bicycle was badly damaged when she rammed it a tree.
7. When I was walking the park, I saw a robbery.
8. Father looked .. for his car keys on his messy table.
until, fromto, by, before, after, ago used to indicate the concept of time or
duration of time.
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i)
until to show when an action ends

Example: Norina is on leave until Friday.
ii)
fromto to indicate the beginning and the ending of an action or a situation.

Example: The General will be at the main camp from January 17 to February
17, 2003.
iii)
By to show something takes place at or before a certain time or moment or

not later than.
Example: You have to return the book to the library by 2.00 p.m. tomorrow.
iv)
Before refers to an earlier time.

Example: I wake up before 6 a.m. every morning.
v)
After refers to a later time

Example: He only arrived at the party after everyone had left.
vi)
Ago shows that time has gone by (in the past)

Example: My grandmother died many years ago.
EXERCISE 31:
Fill in the blanks with until, fromto, by, before, after, or ago
1. Danial hopes to graduate May 2008.
2. The mall will be closed for renovation the first of February 2003
the first of March 2003.
3. Your husband called two minutes . you left.
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4. Perlis mangoes that are meant for export are picked .. they are fully ripened.
5. Anna started work as a lawyer soon .. she graduated.
6. The new KUKUM campus in Pauh will be ready the year 2009.
7. we reach the destination, it will be dawn.
8. When she received news of her husbands death, the old lady cried and cried .. her
tears ran dry.
9. I arrived . You.
10. If you are not home .. 11p.m., I will lock all the doors.
11. .. the time you read this letter, I shall be on a train to Singapore.
12. The boys played football six oclock.
9.3.3.1 CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are joining words. The most common conjunctions are:
And, but, because, since, if, so, although, before, until, unless, therefore, or, yet, etc
A Conjunction can join:
Words
i)
I saw a lady and a cat. (joining 2 nouns)
ii)
He spoke and laughed. (joining 2 verbs)
iii)
She was hungry and thirsty (joining 2 Adjectives)
iv)
He speaks gently and softly. (joining 2 Adverbs)
Phrases
Example: They started the journey full of hope and happy together
(Phrases: full of hope; happy together)
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Sentences
Example: He ate the food and we watched him.
Some conjunctions consist of more than one word.

Example: eitheror, neitheror, as well as.
EXERCISE 32:
Fill in the blanks with suitable Conjunctions.
1. The rain was falling . I did not give up my walk.
2. He worked very hard .. he did not get a scholarship.
3. We did not give up our walk the rain was failing.
4. You will be ignorant you do not read.
5. He is ignorant .. he has not studied.
6. She was humble his rank was high.
9.4 A / an / the
Part 1: When do we use a / an?
An is used before words with a vowel sound.
The vowels are a e i o u.
Examples:
an ant
an old man
an umbrella
an igloo
an ostrich
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A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
The consonants are b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t v w x y z

Examples:
a cabinet
a fish
a car
a hockey stadium
a brave soldier
We also use a vowel sound when we say the letters F, H, L, M, N, R, S, X

Examples:
an RTM programme
an X-ray
an SOS call
Sometimes we do not say the letter u with a vowel sound. In some words, we pronounce
u as yu. So we use a:
Examples:
a university
a united country
a European
a unicorn
We pronounce one with a w- sound. So for words which begin with one, we
use a:
Examples:
a one-sided match
a one-way ticket
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We do not pronounce the h in hour and honest. So we use an:

an hour, an honest man
We do not use a and an before plural nouns
We do not use a or an before uncountable nouns.
EXERCISE 33:
Put a/an before the following words
a. .. umpire
g. . unique experience
b. .. switch
h. . adventurous outing
c. .. diskette
i. .. MIC meeting
d. .. hourglass
j. .. one-cent coin
e. .. engineer
k. . useful reference book
f. .. icebox
l. . exciting day.
EXERCISE 34:
Complete the following sentences by filing in a or an.
1. He is doctor.
2. egg is not round.
3. Have you seen .. ant eater?
4. He is Englishman.
5. She will come in . hours time.
6. He is .. uncle of mine.
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7. He is . one-eyed man.
8. She is wearing uniform.
Part 2: a / an and one
A and An means ONE. But be careful we do not use one in the same way.
COMMON MISTAKE
She lives in one house beside the river
CORRECTED MISTAKE
She lives in a house beside the river
We use one only:

-
when the number is important when we mean one and not two;
or when we mean one in a group, but not the others.

Examples:
It costs only one dollar (not two or three dollars)
One girl in this class is from Sabah. (but the other girls are not)
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EXERCISE 35:
a/an or one?
a. Have you ever spoken to .. African?

b. Last night we saw Form 5 boy smoking .. cigarette.
c. Most of the team are from Pahang, but .. is Kelantanese.
d. Mr Lim has . car, and his wife has two. That makes three.
e. Please lend me . pen to do this exercise.
f. My aunty has just bought . new computer.
g. Lisa went to see . play last night.
h. . book in this box is mine, but the others are yours.
i. Now, Raju smokes . cigarette a day instead of fifteen.
j. Ive just bought skirt.
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Part 3: a / an and the

Study this example:
I had a sandwich and an
apple for lunch
Malik
The sandwich wasnt very

good but the apple was nice.
Explanation:
i)
Malik says a sandwich, an apple because this is the first time he talks about
them.
ii)
Malik now says the sandwich, the apple because we know which sandwich
and which apple he means the sandwich and the apple he had for lunch.
The is used :
to point out a thing or person already spoken of, that is a particular thing or person.
Example: Give me the pencil you found
I lost the book you lent me.
to describe things of which there is only one; as, the earth, the sun, the moon, the
world, the universe, the sky etc.
before the names of famous buildings.

Example: The Taj Mahal, The Great Wall of China, The Bank of England etc.
Before the names of holy or important books.

Example: The Koran, The Bible, The Ramayana etc.
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Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountains.

Example: The Perak River, The South China Sea, The Jerai mountain etc.
Before special names of certain organizations, political parties etc.

Example: The United Nations, The Barisan Nasional Party etc.
to a region where there are a number of islands.

Example: The Andamans, The West Indies etc.
We do not use A/the:

Before the name of a person.
Example: Badri came here, (not A or The Badri)
Before names of materials.

Example: Gold is found in Australia (not, A gold or The gold)
Before abstract nouns.

Example: We all love beauty. (not, a beauty or the beauty)
With names of games.

Example: Ong loves playing football.
With meals
Example: She invited me out for lunch at that Indian Restaurant.
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With plural nouns

Example: Soon Huat loves playing games to practising the violin.
EXERCISE 36:
Put in the where necessary. If you dont need the leave the space empty(-).
1. I havent been to for ages.

2. I lay down on . Ground and looked up at .. sky.
3. Sheila spends most of her free-time watching television.
4. television was on but nobody was watching it.
5.
Have you had .. dinner yet?
6. Mary and I arrived at same time.

7. Youll find .. information you need at ... top of page 15.
8. Peru is country in South America. capital is Lima.
9. There isnt airport near where I live. nearest airport is 70 miles away.
10. We had dinner in . most expensive restaurant in town.
11. Im going away for week in September.
12. Our train leaves from Platform 5.
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EXERCISE 37:
REVISION Fill in the blanks with a, an , the. Leave the space empty(-) where they
are not necessary.
1. The durian is . fruit with . Rough skin.

2. Tea is .. usual drink of Englishman.
3. They made .. united effort to keep streets clean.
4. He was elected with unanimous vote.
5. He is Indian leader with uncertain temper.
6. . educated person is .. useful member of society.
7. What . rotten luck.
8. They live in .. European country.
9. She is hospitable woman.
10. I have .. news about his whereabouts.
11. His room was in . mess.
12. They were married in . strict privacy.
13. .. dead were given .. honourable burial.
14. He sold his car at profit.
15. This is .. good news to us.
16. This is . work that I dislike.
17. He lived life of a recluse.
18. She washed her clothes with soap and water.
19. He fell into river.
20. This is not horse.
21. She has .. evil tongue.
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22. Is that .. car you sold?

23. Bring me kilogram of sugar from the shop.
24. . sun gives light.
25. They spent .night at hotel.
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9.5 TENSES
The word tense means time. There are three times at which something can happen or an
action take place. They are: present, past and future. Each of these times can be again
divided to show the continuousness or completeness and also the time of action.
9.5.1 THE PRESENT TENSE
The Present Simple/ The Simple Present:
I speak. (everyday)
The Present Continuous:
I am speaking(now)
The Perfect:
I have spoken (already)
The Perfect Continuous:
I have been speaking (since morning)
The Simple Present:
The Simple Present is used:
a) For a habitual or repeated action, that is, for something that we do always, every
day, often, usually, etc.
Example:
I sleep everyday
He comes every night
I go to the library once a week.
He plays football on Sundays.
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b) For a general truth or a fact, that is for something that is true.

Example:
The earth goes round the sun.
Night follows day.
Actions speak louder than words.
We eat to live.
c) For something or an action happening now.

Example:
See, how she walks
Look, my friend, it comes.
d) To introduce a quotation, that is to repeat words spoken or written by someone else,

e.g.
Example:
Shakespeare says: Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
History teaches us
The Koran tells us
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EXERCISE 38:
Complete the sentences below.
1. Aiman . German very well.

2. I never coffee.
3. The swimming pool .. at 9 a.m. and .. at 6.30 p.m. every day.
4. Bad driving . Many accidents
5. My parents in a very small flat.
6. The Olympic Games every four years.
7. We .. never been to Japan.
8. It . hot in summer.
9. Horses . Hay.
10. Turtles . to the Terengganu Beach.
11. He .. four languages.
12. .. she any stamps to give me?
13. Angus and Flora .. in Scotland.
14. They both .. their jobs.
15. They both in Edinburgh.
16. A carpenter things of wood.
17. A baby when he or she .. is hungry.
18. My parents .. me here once every semester.
19. Students of KUKUM from different states in Malaysia.
20. My room mate . from Perlis.
21. The Rector .. in a large bungalow up the hill.
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22. I usually .. in my assignments on time.

23. We . our lectures sometimes when the bus . late.
24. My room mate . up earlier than me.
25. Most birds ..
The Present Continuous

The present continuous is used for 2 main types of action.
A temporary action happening now something which is going right now (but
it will stop in the future)
Example:
Jo is wining the game right now, Jo is wining the game 9but the game
hasnt finished yet).
It is raining outside. Its raining right now (but it may stop soon.)
A definite plan for the future something we intend to do, usually in the near
future.
Example:
I am having a party next week.
I am playing soccer tomorrow.
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EXERCISE 39:
Simple Present or Present Continuous?
1. Look! Jimmy ________ into the water.
jumps
is jumping
2. I ________ lunch in the cafeteria every day.

have
am having
3. I ________ to Toronto next Thursday. Do you want to come?

go
am going
4. Don't give Jan any cheese. She ________ it!

hates
is hating
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5. You won't find Jerry at home right now. He ________ in the library.
studies
is studying
6. Once a week, I ________ to an art class at the college.

go
am going
7. I ________ you're crazy!

think
am thinking
8. It ________ quite hard -- perhaps we shouldn't go out tonight.

snows
Is snowing
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The Present Perfect
The present perfect tense is used:
a) For actions which happened at some unknown time in the past

Example:
I have finished reading the book
She has just gone out.
He has done it
I have seen the car that you have bought.
b) For actions which started in the past and are still continuing
Example:
He has come home.(This means that he came home and he is still at home.)
I have lived here for ten years
I have known him for years.
c) For actions which happened in the past, but have an effect in the present - In this
case, the action happened at some time in the past, but the effect of the action is
still important now.
Example:
Ive lost my keys I have not found the keys yet they are still missing
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EXERCISE 40:
Using the Present Perfect: Making Questions
1. I studied German at school.
2. I missed the last bus last night.
..
3. I had malaria when I was a child.
4. I fell into the sea while I was fishing.
5. I saw Antz yesterday.
..
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The Present Perfect Continuous
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense shows the continuousness of an action just
completed. We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now
The form of the Present Perfect Continuous
[HAS / HAVE] + [BEEN] + [VERB+ing]
Examples:
I have been waiting here for two hours.
She has only been studying English for two years.
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EXERCISE 41:
Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous
1. Robin: I think the waiter (forget)
us. We (wait)
here
for over half an hour and nobody

(take)
our order yet.
2. Michele: I think you're right. He (walk)
by us at least twenty times. He
probably thinks we (order, already)

.
3. Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only)
here for five or
ten minutes and they already

have their food.
4. Michele: He must realize we (order, not)
yet! We (sit)
here for over half an hour

staring at him.
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5. Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even)
us. He (run)
from table to table taking

orders and serving food.
9.5.2 THE PAST TENSE
The Past Simple/ The Simple Past:
I spoke. (yesterday)
The Past Continuous:
I was speaking
(while you
were listening)
The Perfect:
I had spoken (before he arrived)
The Perfect Continuous:
I had been speaking (before a

stone hit my nose.)
The Simple Past
The Simple Past is used:

a) To show something that happened in the past.
Example:
He broke his leg.
She came last night.
I visited India last year.
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b) To show that an action was wholly completed in the past.

Example:
They sang and danced all night.
I gave him some money and he bought a pen with it.
c) To speak politely.
Example:
Could you please do this for me? (instead of Can you.?)
Did you wish to see me? (Do you..?)
EXERCISE 42:
Put the following sentences in the Simple Past
1. We (buy) a new car on Tuesday.
2. Mei Ling not (do) her homework yesterday.
3. When you (meet) Johan?
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4. Why they (go) to London?
5. Where your parents (live) when they (be) young
The Past Continuous Tense
The Past Continuous Tense shows an action which was going on at a certain time in the
past i.e. when one action began before another, and finished after it
Example:
I was reading a book when he came.
He was catching fish when it began to rain.
EXERCISE 43:
Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple and/or the past continuous.
1. They (wait) for her when she finally (arrive).
2. I (see) Carol at the party. She (wear) a beautiful dress.
3. When she (get) a steady job, they (buy) a better house.
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4. I (read) the Economist, while my sister (watch) BBC 1.

5. He (burn) his hand when he (cook) dinner.
6. When I arrived, the lecture had already started and the professor (write) on the
overhead projector.
7. I (write) a letter when the lights went out.
8. I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my
untidiness.
9. He suddenly (realise) that he (travel) in the wrong direction.
10. You (look) very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)?
The Past Perfect Tense
The Past Perfect tense states an action was completed at a certain point of time in the
past. It refers to two periods of time, one action being completed before the other took
place. In short, we use the past perfect when we wish to stress that one action or
situation in the past occurred before another action or situation in the past.
Example:
I had left the house before he arrived.
She had gone to bed when I reached home.
He read the book that I had bought.
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Each of the above sentences shows two actions.
First action completed

I had left the house.
Second action took place

Before he arrived
She had gone to bed.
When I reached home.
I had bought the book.
He read it.
EXERCISE 44:
In this short exercise, you will practise recognizing the correct form of the past
perfect tense.
What is the correct past perfect form of "I do the laundry"?
I have done the laundry.

I did the laundry.
I had did the laundry.
I had done the laundry.
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What is the correct past perfect form of "She makes some delicious
cookies"?
She had made some delicious cookies.

She has made some delicious cookies.
She made some delicious cookies.
She had make some delicious cookies.
What is the correct past perfect form of "We visit Paris"?

We'd visit Paris.
We'd visiting Paris.
We'd visited Paris.
We've visited Paris.
What is the correct past perfect form of "We can rent a car"?
We had rented a car.
We had been able to rent a car.
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We could rent a car.

We 'd rent a car.
What is the correct past perfect form of "It is hot."?
It was hot.
It had hot.
It had be hot.
It had been hot.
The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense states that an action had been going on at, or before
some point in time past i.e. The past perfect continuous is used when to emphasize that
the earlier action continued until the later action began:
Example:
She had been doing her work when we saw her.
The tiger had been attacking the village before it was shot by a hunter.
I had been standing there for about five minutes when I heard the alarm bell.
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EXERCISE 45:
Present Perfect / Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous
1. It is already 9:30 pm and I (wait)
here for over an hour. If John does not get here
in the next five minutes, I am going to leave.
2. I was really angry at Zul yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait)
for
over an hour. I almost left without him.
3. Did you hear that Jefri was fired last month? He (work)
for more than ten years and he (work)
for that import company
in almost every department.
Nobody knew the company like he did.
4. I (see)
many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the
monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
5. May Lin (climb)
the Matterhorn, (sail)
around the world, and (go)
on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person. She (experience)

more by that age than most people do in their entire lives.
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9.5.3 THE FUTURE TENSE

The Future tense states that something will be done or will happen in time to come. The
forms of the Future Tense are:
Future Simple (shall/will)

The Future Simple (shall/will) are used:
1. Shall/will are used when we want to say that we are willing to do something in the
future:
Example: I shall/will give you the report
I shall/will inform the management.
2. Shall/will future is used to describe future speculations and possibilities. We use it for
future events about which we feel uncertain:
Example:
Sarah thinks she will get a raise.
I probably shant/wont get the job I applied for.
3. Will future describes instant decisions which had no previous plan:
Example:
We forgot to install Jits computer. Ill give him my notebook.
I don't know where to go this evening. Oh! I'll ring Maria and invite her
round
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Future Continuous
Future progressive tense shows that an action will happen. It shows an action that will be
continuing in the future. It uses the -ing form of the main verb.
The Future Continuous Tense is used
a) To show future activities.
Example:
I need money. I am going to sell my car this week.
b) Predictions based on foreseen and current situations.

Example:
Ahmad is a hardworking student. I am sure he is going to make it to the
deans list.
c) Strong intentions.
Example:
The twins room looks very messy. They are going to clean it up this
weekend.
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EXERCISE 46:
Simple Future / Future Continuous
1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?
Marcus: He (wait)
for us when our train arrives. I am
sure he (stand)
on the platform when we pull into the
station.
Sandra: And then what?
Marcus: We (pick)
Michele up at work and go out to dinner.
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch)

(make)
TV, Sam
drinks, Beth (dance)
herself, and Thad (complain)
by
about his day at work.
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do)
the same things;
they always do the same things.
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash)

all of those?
Jack: I promise I (do)
them when I get home from work.
Florence: Thanks.
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Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice
stacks of sparkling clean dishes (sit)
in the cabinets.
4. Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay)
at
the Hoffman Hotel.

Nancy: I (call)
you if there are any problems.
Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids.
Nancy: Don't worry, they (be)
fine.
Future Perfect
The future perfect is used to show that an action will have been completed at some point of
time in future before another action has begun i.e.The future perfect tense expresses
action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future.
For example:
The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you
arrive, the train will have left.
More Examples:
I shall have finished this job before he comes.
We shall have reached the station before the train goes.
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She will have gone by the time you arrive.

We shall have learned a great deal before we reach the end of this book.
EXERCISE 47:
Future Perfect verb tense exercises
Choose the correct answer for each question.
1 By the time she stops acting, Nicole Kidman (to perform) ___________ many times with
her husband Tom Cruise.
will performed
will have performed
had performed
have performed
will perform
2 I (to see) ____________ the movie twice by the time it comes out on video next week.
will had seen
will see
have seen
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will have seen

had seen
3 By July, I (to rent) _________ 30 movies from the video store already.
will rent
will be renting
have been renting
will have been renting
will have rented
4 Neve Campbell (to become) ____________ famous before she reaches 30 years old.
will have become
has become
will become
had become
became
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5 I (to watch) ____________ several John Travolta movies by the time I see Saturday Night
Fever.
will watch
have watched
is watching
will have watched
had watched
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Future Perfect Continuous

We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the
future.
Examples:
I will have been working here for ten years next week.
He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.
EXERCISE 48:
Present Perfect Progressive Verb Tense Exercises

Choose the correct answer for each question.
1 I (to watch) _______________ this movie for 2 hours and I still don't know what the story
is.
will watch
have been watching
have watching
has been watching
is watching
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2 Ben Affleck (to act) _____________ with his friend Matt Damon for many years.
have acted
have been acting
was acting
has been acting
acts
3 Roy Dupuis (to make) ___________ movies since 1986.

will make
had been making
made
has been making
had made
4 My friends and I (to sell) ______________ movie tickets for seven years.
are selling
had selling
were selling
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will have been selling

have been selling
5 I (to write) ______________ this movie review for the past 2 hours.
will write
had been writing
wrote
have been writing
had written
6 Keanu Reeves (to avoid) ______________ personal questions for a very long time.
have avoided
was avoiding
Has been avoiding
will have been avoiding
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STUDY SKILLS:
Dictionary skills
DICTIONARY SKILLS
There are numerous things a person can find in a dictionary. The first and obvious things in a
dictionary that people think of are definitions. The words are all in alphabetic or A-B-C order.
Words sometimes have more than one definition. There is also other information about words such
as their function or part of speech, their pronunciation, as well as origins, or roots, of words.
To use the dictionary properly, you need to know how to find the information you require
in it. It is easy to do this once you understand how the dictionary works. These exercises
will help you to learn how to use the dictionary and to understand the language points that
you need to know.
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The dictionary provides the following information about a word:
spelling
pronunciation (in phonetic symbols)
meaning(s)/definition(s)
part of speech or word class
grammar / example of use (common usage)
How to Use a Dictionary
First, think of the word to look up. Then open the dictionary to as close to the first letter or two of
the word as possible. Then either turn back or forward to find the word. To help the search,
dictionaries have guide words to help. Guide words are at the top of each page. The first guide
word is the first word on a page, and the second guide word at the top of the page is the last word
on the page. Using the guidewords, you should find the word you a looking for easily. It will be
between the words.
EXERCISE 49:
Read the sentences below and try to answer the questions which follow:
Spelling:
1. The technicians maintain the equipment every month to prevent breakdowns.
2. Preventive (maintainance / maintenance) is carried out every month.
Which is the correct spelling? Maintainance or maintenance?
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Pronunciation:
1. He was not present at the meeting.
2. The manager will present the prize to the winner.
How is the word present pronounced in the above sentences? Is it pronounced the same way?
Meaning:
1. The current is flowing in the opposite direction.
2. The current situation will soon change when the new boss comes.
Does the word current in the sentences above have the same meaning?
Part of Speech:
1. The pistons will not move smoothly without lubrication oil.
2. The (move / movement) of the pistons will be affected if there is no lubrication oil.
Which is the difference between move and movement? Which is the correct answer for question 2.
Grammar:
1. They will (raise / rise) the price this year.
2. Prices will (raise / rise) this year.
Which is the correct answer? How did you know?
3. Prices depend (on / to) the quality.

4. I dont mind (coming / to come) with you.
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5. They have moved a lot of new (equipments / equipment) in to the laboratory.

6. Let me give you (an / some) advice.
You can find answers to the above questions in a good dictionary.
EXERCISE 50:
Study the following entry mate and identify:
1. the headword
2. the phonetic symbols (which shows you how the word is pronounced)
3. the number of meanings the word has
4. the part of speech (How do you know?)
5. the first definition
6. the grammar of the word is it normally used as a countable or uncountable noun?
7. What is BrE, AustrE and AmE
mate /meIt/ n
1. schoolmate/roommate/workmate etc someone you study with, live with etc:

My flatmate and I aren't getting on very well!
see also running mate, soul mate
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2. FRIEND
a) [countable] BrE informal a friend: I'm going out with my mates tonight.
b) BrE and AustrE informal used by men as a friendly way to address a

man:
What's the time, mate?
3. ANIMAL [countable] the sexual partner of an animal
4. HUSBAND/WIFE especially AmE a word meaning your husband or wife,

used especially in magazines: Does your mate snore?
5. PAIR OF OBJECTS [countable] especially AmE one of a pair of objects: I

can't find the mate to my glove.
6. SAILOR [countable] a ship's officer who is one rank below the captain
7. NAVY OFFICER [countable] a US Navy petty officer
8. builder's mate/plumber's mate etc BrE someone who works with and helps
a skilled worker; assistant
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EXERCISE 51:
Find the headword for the following words:
1. bought
________________
2. fashionable
________________
3. flew
________________
4. kindness
_______________
5. thrown
________________
6. powdered
________________
8. peelings
________________
10. flowery
________________
7. collaboration
9. extremist
________________
________________
EXERCISE 52:
Write down the phonetic symbols for the above words as given in your dictionary and
practise pronouncing them using the phonetic symbol guide.
1. psychology
2. negotiate :
3. bargain
4. honour
/
/
/
/
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EXERCISE 53:
Find the different meaning of the word bear.
1. The polar bear lives at the North pole.

2. The rambutan tree will bear fruit after three years.
3. I cant bear his foolishness.
4. Please bear in mind that the dateline for your assignment is next Monday, said Pn. Ros.
5. Her insurance company will bear the costs of repairs.
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Communicative English Grammar

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COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES

3.0 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READINGS:

A. Seaton, 2007. Focus on Grammar, Learners Publishing.

A.Seaton, 2007. Focus on Grammar, Learners Publishing.

Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999. The Grammar Book, Heinle Cengage

J. Sinclair, 2007. Collins Coubuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publishers.

J. Sinclair, 2007. Collins Coubuild English Grammar, Harper Collins Publishers.

Tiberio, 2006. Focus on Grammar-an integrated skills approach 3, Longman.

Tiberio, 2006. Focus on Grammar-an integrated skills approach 3, Longman

4.0 COURSE ASSESSMENT

5.0 DETAILS OF THE ASSESSMENTS

A. Online Assessment (21 hours):

1. Assignment 1 (20%) In groups of 10 students, analyse the errors found the

6.0 COURSE REQUIREMENTS

A student who misses out on one or more assessments will be awarded a

A. Please do all the online Quizzes according to specified schedule. Assignments

6.3 Other Requirements

A. Be punctual for all your classes.

Please adhere to the deadlines to avoid any penalty.

Attendance is taken until the last day of class.

ANY FORM OF ACADEMIC DISHONESTY WILL NOT BE TOLERATED.

INFRACTIONS WHICH STUDENTS CAN COMMIT AS STUDENTS, FOR SUCH

7.0 SCHEME OF WORK

Sentence structure & word order

R (Text 6) Parts of Speech

2ND & 3rd HOUR

8.0 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

5.1How to Write Grammatical sentences

9.0 GRAMMAR ENRICHMENT

1. the sun is shining.

3. Watching themselves make steps on the white sand.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE TREE DIAGRAM

There are several types of sentences:

Simple sentence has one independent clause, such as,

He visited his sister in Ipoh.

A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating

A complex sentence has an independent clause and a dependent clause

*subordinator, such as:

Subject and predicate

Every sentence has 2 parts.

a. The Subject (topic) which is the person or thing spoken about.

c. However, the Subject is not always place at the beginning of a sentence.

Example: Under the tree the girl sat.

She has been working.

Supply a Subject to each Predicate given below.

Supply a Predicate to each Subject given below.

Avoiding Sentence Fragments

A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. It can occur when a subject is missing,

A capital letter at the beginning.

A period, a question mark, or an exclamation point at the end.

A subject, stated only once.

Standard word order: in English, the regular sequence is S + V + O (subject + verb +

9.2 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

9.2.1 Copula Verb be

Form: The Structural Roles of Be

Joe is in Kota Kinabalu.

Joe was in Kota Kinabalu.

Joe and Emily are in Kota Kinabalu.

Joe and Emily were in Kota Kinabalu.

Why be is different from other verb?

There are four good reasons for this: