Structure Question Answers

(a) Average rate =

0.0125 0.800
mol s1 = 0.00219 mol s1 [1] (The negative sign means a
(6 0) 60

decrease in the amount of A.)

OR
Average rate of decrease in the amount of A =
(b)

Amount of A (mol)

Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]
(c)

0.800 0.0125
mol s1 = 0.00219 mol s1 [1]
(6 0) 60

Amount of A (mol)

Time (min)
Initial rate =

0.50 0.80
mol s1 = 0.0125 mol s1 [1]
(0.4 0) 60

Amount of A (mol)

(d)

Time (min)

Instantaneous rate =

0.030 0.16
mol s1 = 0.00120 mol s1 [1]
(4.0 2.2) 60

(a) The average rate of formation of hydrogen =

(b) (i)

The average rate of decrease of HCl =

48.0
cm3 s1 = 4.80 cm3 s1 [1]
10
2.0
M s1 = 0.200 M s1 [1]
10
10.0
1000 mol s1 = 2.00 103 mol s1 [1]
10

2.0

(ii) The average rate of decrease of HCl =

(c) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)

From the equation, the mole ratio between HCl and MgCl 2 is 2 : 1.
i.e. rate of decrease of HCl = 2 rate of increase of MgCl 2 [1]
The average rate of formation of magnesium chloride =

2.0 10 3
mol s1 = 1.0 103 mol s1.
2

[1]
3

(a) Number of moles of NaHCO 3 =

3.5
mol = 0.0417 mol
23.0 1.0 12.0 16.0 3

Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 3.0

25.0
mol = 0.0750 mol [1]
1000

From the equation, the mole ratio of NaHCO 3 to H 2 SO 4 is 2 : 1.

0.0750 mol of H 2 SO 4 needs 0.150 mol of NaHCO 3 to react completely.
H 2 SO 4 is in excess. [1]
(b) The average rate of decrease of sodium hydrogencarbonate =

3.5
g s1 = 0.0194 g s1 [1]
180

(c) From the equation, the mole ratio of sodium hydrogencarbonate to sulphuric acid is 2 : 1.
Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 reacted =
Change in concentration of H 2 SO 4 =

Average rate of decrease of H 2 SO 4 =

0.0417
mol = 0.0209 mol
2
0.0209
M = 0.836 M [1]
25.0
1000
0.836
M s1 = 4.64 103 M s1 [1]
180

(d) From the equation, the mole ratio of sodium hydrogencarbonate to carbon dioxide is 1 : 1.
Number of moles of CO 2 produced = Number of moles of NaHCO 3 reacted = 0.0417 mol [1]
Change in mass of CO 2 = 0.0417 (12.0 + 16.0 2) g = 1.83 g
Average rate of production of CO 2 =

1.83
g s1 = 0.0102 g s1 [1]
180

(a) Number of moles of Cr 2 O 7 2 = 0.25

Number of moles of I = 0.50

25.0
mol = 6.25 103 mol
1000

25.0
mol = 0.0125 mol [1]
1000

The mole ratio of Cr 2 O 7 2 to I is 1 : 6.

0.0125 mol of I can only react with 2.08 103 mol of Cr 2 O 7 2 completely.
Acidified Cr 2 O 7 2 is in excess. [1]
(b) Since iodide is the limiting reagent, its concentration equals zero when the reaction is complete.
25.0
1000 M = 0.250 M [1]
Initial concentration of I(aq) =
25.0 25.0
1000
0.50

Average rate of decrease of I(aq) concentration =

0.250
M s1 = 6.25 103 M s1 [1]
40

(c) From the chemical equation, the mole ratio of Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) to I(aq) is 1 : 6.
6 rate of decrease of Cr 2 O 7 2 concentration = rate of decrease of I [1]
Average rate of decrease of Cr 2 O 7

6.25 10 3
(aq) concentration =
M s1 = 1.04 103 M s1
6

[1]
(d) From the chemical equation, the mole ratio of I(aq) to I 2 (aq) is 2 : 1.
rate of decrease of I concentration = 2 rate of increase of I 2 concentration [1]
Average rate of increase of I 2 (aq) concentration =

(a) Average rate of change in the amount of A =

6.25 10 3
M s1 = 3.13 103 M s1 [1]
2

(0.0125 0.8)mol
[1]
(6 0)min

= 0.13 mol min1 [1]

(b)

Amount of A (mol)

Time (min)
For correct labelling of axes [1]
For correct plot of graph [1]

Amount of A (mol)

(c)

Time (min)

Initial rate of reaction =

(d)

(0.38 0.8)mol
[1] = 0.42 mol min1 [1]
(1 0)min

Amount of A (mol)

Time (min)
Instantaneous rate of reaction at the third minute =

(0.04 0.17)mol
[1]
(4 2)min

= 0.065 mol min1 [1]

(a) This is because the concentration of the reactant is the highest at the beginning of the reaction, thus
the reaction rate is also the highest. [1]
(b) Yes. The concentration of the reactant drops to zero from Y to Z, which shows the completion of
reaction. [2]
(c)

Concentration of a product

W
V

Y Z Time

For correct drawing [1]

For correct labelling [1]
7

(a) The change in concentration of Br 2 (aq) can be monitored by colorimetry. [1] Initially, the colour of

Br 2 (aq) is brown. [1] When the reaction proceeds, the brown colour fades out. [1] The colour
intensity measured by the colorimeter is proportional to the concentration of Br 2 (aq). [1]

Colour intensity

(b)

Time
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling of x-axis and y-axis [1]
8

(a) NaHCO 3 (s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]

(b)

suction flask
dilute
hydrochloric
acid

baking soda

to data-logger
interface and
computer

Correct diagram [1]

Correct labelling [1]
(c) (i)

30
mol= 0.060 mol [1]
1000
5.0
No. of moles of NaHCO 3 =
mol = 0.0595 mol [1]
23.1 1.0 12.0 16.0 3

No. of moles of HCl = 2.0

From the equation, the mole ratio between HCl and NaHCO 3 is 1 : 1.
No. of moles of NaHCO 3 < no. of moles of HCl [1]
NaHCO 3 is the limiting reactant. [1]
1.2 1.0
(ii) Average rate of the reaction =
atm s1 = 1.67 103 atm s1 [1]
2 60
9

(a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]

(b)

gas syringe

magnesium ribbon

dilute hydrochloric acid

Volume of hydrogen gas

(correct diagram [1] correct labelling [1])

One of the products is in the gaseous form. [1]
(c) There can be a continuous monitoring of the progress of the reaction./It causes little disturbance to
the reaction. [1]
(d)

Time
Correct graph trend [1]
Correct axes labels [1]
10

11

(a) 2NaN 3 (s) 3N 2 (g) + 2Na(s) [1]

(b) High. [1] Car accidents can happen instantaneously. The airbag must inflate almost simultaneously
upon a car crash. [1]
(c) Nitrogen is chemically inert. [1] It does no harm to passengers when an accident occurs.
(d) To fasten the seat belts in cars. [1] (Accept other reasonable answers.)
(a) Rate =

0.30 0.027
g s1 = 0.0137 g s1 [2]
20 0

(b) Rate =

0.0137
mol s1 = 5.64 104 mol s1 [2]
24.3

(c) Decrease [1]

(d) No change [1]
(e)

Mass of Mg (g)

Time (s)

(f)

Correct plotting [1]

Correct labelling of axes [1]
Since hydrogen gas is formed in the reaction, [1] the volume of hydrogen gas can be collected by a
gas syringe at different instants. [1]
OR
The pressure of the reaction system at different instants can be measured if the reaction occurs in a
closed container. [2]

Volume of hydrogen

(g)

Time
OR

Pressure in the container

Time
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling of axes [1]
12

(a) Pour the sodium thiosulphate solution into the beaker. Then place the beaker over a black cross
marked on the white tile. [1] Pour the hydrochloric acid quickly into the thiosulphate solution and
start the stopwatch at the same time. [1] Stir the mixture gently and observe the cross vertically
down through the solution. Record the time taken for the blot out of the cross. [1]

beaker
sodium thiosulphate solution +
hydrochloric acid
cross
Correct diagram [1]
Correct labelling [1]
(b) S 2 O 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) H 2 O(l) + SO 2 (g) + S(s) [1]
(c) Sulphur dioxide/SO 2 [1]
(d) (i)

rate

1
[1]
time taken for the ' blot out' of the cross

OR
The time for blot out is inversely proportional to the average rate of reaction. [1]

(ii) Rate =

1
s1= 0.00400 s1 [1]
250

(e) (i)

Since sulphur dioxide is formed as a gaseous product in the reaction, [1] the volume of
sulphur dioxide collected can be measured by a gas syringe at different instants. [1]
(ii) The creamy yellow precipitate of sulphur makes the solution cloudy and affects the
transmittance of light through the solution, which is easily to be observed. [1] Since sulphur
dioxide is quite soluble in water, the volume of SO 2 (g) collected is not accurate. [1]

13

(a) Egg shells dissolve. [1]

Effervescence/Colourless bubbles evolve. [1]
(b) CaCO 3 (s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) [1]
(c) It is used to measure the change of pressure in the container during the reaction. [1]
(d) We can collect and store data over very short time intervals by using a data-logger. It can record
hundreds of readings for more accurate analysis at a later time. This is impossible or impractical
for a human operator. [2]
(e) (i) The initial increase in pressure of the flask is small since the reaction mixture has to be first
saturated with the CO 2 formed. [1] After that, the curve is the steepest as the rate of reaction
is the highest. The curve then becomes less steep with time due to the decrease in rate of the
reaction. [1] Finally it becomes horizontal which indicates that the reaction stops. [1]
(ii) This pressure is the same as the pressure of the reaction system before the reaction starts. [1]
(f) Weigh the mass of the egg shells before the experiment. [1] Mix an excess known amount of HCl
with the egg shells. [1] When the reaction is complete, titrate the reaction mixture against standard
KOH(aq)/NaOH(aq). [1] The amount of unreacted HCl can be found and the mass of CaCO 3
reacted can be calculated from the titration result. [1] The formula below is used to calculate the
percentage by mass of CaCO 3 :
Mass of CaCO 3
100% [1]
Mass of egg shells

14

(a) Adding excess HCl immediately removes all NaOH in the reaction mixture [1] to quench the
reaction. [1]
(b) Titrate the mixture containing excess HCl against standard NaOH. [1] Number of moles of NaOH
present in the reaction mixture equals the difference between number of moles of excess HCl
added and that of NaOH required to neutralize the remained acid. [1]
(c) (i) Pour the small portion of reaction mixture into ice-cold distilled water. [1]
(ii) The reaction does not stop as both reactants are still present in the mixture. [1]

15

(a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]

(b) X is hydrogen gas. [1] It gives a pop sound when a burning splint is brought near the mouth of a
test tube containing it. [1]
(c) Any TWO of the following: [2]
Friction between the piston and the syringe body slightly compresses the gas inside.
The gas syringe might not be air-tight.
Not all hydrogen gas released from the conical flask goes into the gas syringe.

Leakage of gas might occur through connections between any two apparatus.
Heat change of the reaction heats up the gas and expands it.
(Accept other reasonable answers)
(d) Measure the change of pressure in the container with a pressure sensor connected to a data-logger
in a closed system. [1] Hydrogen gas is the only gas among the reactants and products, the
pressure in the container increases as the reaction proceeds. [1]
OR
Measure the change in mass of the reaction mixture in an open system. [1] Hydrogen gas produced
can escape from the reaction mixture, so the mass of the reaction mixture decreases during the
reaction. [1]
(e) Yes. [1] There was no further increase in volume of gas after t = 5 min. [1]

Volume of X collected (cm3)

(f)

Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]

Mass of magnesium strip

(g)

Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct sketching [1]
16

(a) As the reaction proceeds, the solution changes from deep purple to pale pink (or colourless). [1]

(b) He is incorrect. The colour change from purple to pale pink (or colourless) is mainly due to the
formation of Mn2+ from MnO 4 . [1] The amount of water formed has a negligible volume in this
reaction. [1]
[Remarks:
Suppose 20 cm3 of solution is inside the test tube and the initial concentrations of MnO 4 and
C 2 O 4 2 are 0.20 M and 0.50 M respectively.
Number of moles of MnO 4 present = 0.20

20
mol = 0.00400 mol
1000

Number of moles of C 2 O 4 2 present = 0.50

20
mol = 0.0100 mol
1000

Mole ratio of MnO 4 : C 2 O 4 2 = 0.00400 : 0.0100 = 2 : 5

both reactants just react completely.
Number of moles of H 2 O produced = 0.0160 mol
Molar mass of H 2 O = 1.0 2 + 16.0 g mol1 = 18.0 g mol1 and density of H 2 O = 1.0 g cm3

the volume of H 2 O formed =

18.0 0.0160
cm3 = 0.288 cm3, which is insignificant when
1.0

compared with the total volume of the solution.]

Concentration of MnO 4

(c)

Time
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct sketching [1]
17

(a) Use a colorimeter to follow the change in colour intensity [1] since MnO 4 is purple in colour,
while other species in the reaction is colourless. [1]
(b) Hydrochloric acid. [1] HCl is a much stronger acid than ethanoic acid, so it can provide more H+
ions in aqueous medium, [1] which can better fulfil the high H+ ion concentration requirement of
MnO 4 (ratio of MnO 4 to H+ is 1 : 8). [1]
(c) The method is not suitable. [1] The main problem of this method is that the change in colour at the
end point is not obvious enough [1] since the colour of MnO 4 is much more intense than that of
phenolphthalein. [1]

18

(a) Collect the oxygen formed by gas syringe, [1] and record the volume collected at regular time
intervals. [1]

(b) Manganese(IV) oxide [1]

(c) At regular time intervals, [1] withdraw a small portion of the reaction mixture and filter out the
catalyst. [1] Then titrate the small portion of the reaction mixture against standard acidified
potassium permanganate solution. [1]
(d) 5H 2 O 2 (aq) + 2MnO 4 (aq) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H 2 O(l) + 5O 2 (g) [1]
(a) X should be the total mass of container and its contents. [1]
(b) Measure the change in mass of the reaction mixture by electronic balance. [1]
(c)

Total mass of container and contents

19

Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct points [1]
Correct curve [1]
(d) Connect a gas syringe to the set-up [1] to measure the change in volume of gas with time. [1]
OR
Connect a pressure sensor with a data-logger to the set-up [1] to measure the change of pressure
inside the container with time. [1]
20

(a) Measure the change in colour intensity. [1]

(b) Measure the change in colour intensity. [1]
Measure the change in volume of the gas. [1]
Measure the change in pressure of the reaction system. [1]

Titrimetric analysis [1]

(c) Measure the change in pressure of the reaction system. [1]
Titrimetric analysis. [1]
21

(a) Adding excess HCl immediately removes all NaOH in the reaction mixture [1]. Since one of the
reactants is removed, the reaction can be quenched. [1]
(b) The reaction mixture can be poured into ice-cold distilled water to slow down the reaction
progress. [1]
(c) The reaction is not completely stopped by pouring the reaction mixture into an ice-cold distilled
water. [1]
(d) Titrate the mixture with excess HCl against standard NaOH solution. [1] The number of moles of
NaOH present in the reaction mixture before quenching is the difference between the number of
moles of excess HCl added and the number of moles of NaOH required to neutralize the excess
acid. [1]
(a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(b) X is hydrogen gas. [1] It burns with a pop sound when it is tested with a burning splint. [1]
(c) Friction between the plunger and the gas syringe slightly compresses the gas inside. [1]/There may
be leakage of gas through junctions between any two apparatus. [1]/Heat given out by the reaction
heats up the gas and expands it. [1]
(d) Yes. With a pressure gauge, the gas produced will not be allowed to expand but rather builds up a
pressure inside the flask. [1] The increase in pressure is directly proportional to the amount of gas
present. [1]
(e) Yes. Since there is no further increase in volume of gas X after the sixth minute, we can deduce
that the reaction has completed. [1]
(f)

Volume of X collected (cm3)

22

Time (min)
For correct labelling of axes [1]

For correct plot of graph [1]

Mass of magnesium ribbon (g)

(g)

Time (min)

For ability to sketch an upside down graph of (f) [1]

23

(a) As the reaction is going on, the solution turns gradually from purple to pale pink (or colourless).
[1] There is effervescence due to the formation of carbon dioxide gas. [1]
(b) No. The colour change of the solution from purple to pale pink (or colourless) is mainly due to
formation of Mn2+(aq) ions from MnO 4 (aq) ions instead. [1] The volume of water formed in this
reaction is too small to give an observable dilution effect. [1]
Further explanation
Suppose the test tube contains 20 cm3 of solution, with initial [MnO 4 (aq)]
and [C 2 O 4 2(aq)] of 0.2 M and 0.5 M respectively.
20
dm3 = 0.01 mol
Number of moles of C 2 O 4 2 present = 0.5 mol dm3
1000
20
Number of moles of MnO 4 present = 0.2 mol dm3
dm3 = 0.004
1000
mol
Consider the mole ratio of MnO 4 to C 2 O 4 2, the amount of C 2 O 4 2 is just
enough for reacting with all MnO 4 .
Hence, no. of moles of H 2 O produced = 0.016 mol
Since molecular mass of H 2 O = 1.0 2 + 16.0 g mol1 = 18.0 g mol1, and
density of water = 1 g cm3; therefore the volume of H 2 O formed =
18.0 g mol 1 0.016 mol
= 0.288 cm3 which is insignificant with respect to
3
1 g cm
the total volume of the reaction mixture.
(c)

Concentration of MnO 4 (aq) (mol) dm3)

Time (min)
For correct sketch of graph [1]
For correct labelling of axes [1]
24

(a)
rubber connecting tubing

cotton
thread
magnesium
ribbon

gas collected

plunger

gas syringe

stopwatch

dilute acid (in excess)

Correct diagram [1]

Correct labelling [1]
(b) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(c) All the magnesium metal was dissolved./No more gas bubbles were evolved. [1]
(d) (i) The initial rate of experiment I is higher than that of experiment II [1] since HCl is a stronger
acid than CH 3 COOH. [1]
(ii) The total volume of hydrogen collected in experiment I is equal to that in experiment II [1]
since the amount of the limiting reactant (magnesium) in both experiments is the same. [1]
(e)

Volume of H 2 (g)

II

Time

(f)

25

Correct labelling of axes [1]

Correct sketching of curve I [1]
Correct sketching of curve II [1]
The reaction time is shorter than that of experiments I and II. [1]
This is because sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid, thus the concentration of H+ is higher than that in
HCl and CH 3 COOH. [1] Therefore, the reaction rate would be higher when sulphuric acid was
used. [1]

(a) S 2 O 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) S(s) + SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]

(b)
Trial

1 1
(s )
t

0.0278

0.0208

0.0175

0.0147

0.00826

0.00633
[2]

(c)

1/t (s1)

[HCl] (mol dm3)

Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]
(d) As [HCl] increases,

1
also increases. [1] The relationship between rate of reaction and [HCl]
t

should be similar because

1
rate of reaction . [1]
t

(e) An increase in [HCl] will increase the frequency of effective collisions, [1] so the reaction rate will
be higher. [1]
(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) [1]
(b) The rate decreases with time. [1]
The concentration of the reactants decreases with time so the number of effective collisions
decreases. [1]
Draw a tangent to the curve at time t.
Rate of reaction at time t = slope of the tangent [1]
(c)

Volume of CO 2

26

original
(ii)
(i)

Time
Correct sketching of curve (i) [1]
Correct sketching of curve (ii) [1]
(i) Volume of CO 2 produced is smaller as the amount of HCl is halved. [1]

The curve is less steep since the concentration of HCl is lower. [1]
(ii) Equal volume of CO 2 is produced since amount of HCl is unchanged. [1]
The curve is less steep since the concentration of HCl is lower. [1]
27

(a) It is incorrect. [1] When the pressure inside the container is higher than 1 atm, the temperature of
boiling water exceeds 100C. [1]
(b) The boiling point of water is raised (>100C) when the the pressure inside the container is higher
than atmopheric pressure. [1] An increase in temperature raises the average kinetic energy of the
reactant particles. [1] The higher chance of collisions increases the number of effective collisons
and hence the reaction rate. [1] Thus the cooking time is shortened.
(c) At a higher temperature, a larger portion of viruses and bacteria can be killed. [1]

28
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

MnO 2

2H 2 O 2 (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g) [1]

Catalyst. [1]
To increase the surface area, [1] so the reaction rate can be increased. [1]
It can be reused [1] since a catalyst remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. [1]
(i.e. it still has the catalytic activity.)

(e)
wool
MnO 2
H 2 O 2 (aq)

electronic balance

(f)
29

Correct diagram [1]

Correct labelling [1]
The reaction should involve the release of a gaseous product. [1]
There is a change in mass of the reaction mixture. [1]

(a) 4H+(aq) + 4I(aq) + O 2 (g) 2I 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) [1]

(b) Add a few drops of starch solution into a test tube containing a certain amount of potassium iodide
solution and a fixed volume of sodium thiosulphate. [1] Add a certain amount of sulphuric acid to
another test tube. [1] Place both test tubes at room temperature for 15 minutes. [1] Then pour the
sulphuric acid into the test tube containing sodium thiosulphate, potassium iodide and starch
solution quickly. Start the stopwatch at the same time. [1] The time taken for the occurrence of a
dark blue colour is measured. Repeat the steps at different temperatures. [1]
(c) (i)

Reaction rate

Temperature
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling of axes [1]
(ii) It is an exponential curve. [1]
This is because the reaction goes much faster at higher temperature. [1]
30

(a) (i)

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b) (i)

(ii)

(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2CH 3 COOH(aq) (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b)

Decrease in mass

31

The rate is decreasing. [1]

Concentrations of the reactants decrease with time. Effective collisions become less frequent.
[1]
Reactant(s) was/were used up./Reaction is complete. [1]
140 cm3 [1]
60 s [1]
The rate will increase. [1] An increase in temperature raises the average kinetic energy of the
reactant particles. They have more energy and move faster. [1] The number of effective
collisions increases so the reaction rate becomes higher. [1]
The rate will be lower [1] since large lumps of solid ammonium chloride have a smaller
surface area. [1]

3
2
1

Time
Correct curves [3]

(c) (i)

Experiment 2 gives a higher initial rate than experiment 1. [1] The powder provides a larger
surface area than the fragments. [1] The higher chance of collision increases the number of
effective collisions and hence the reaction rate. [1]
(ii) Experiment 3 gives a higher initial rate than experiment 2. [1] The increase in temperature
raises the average kinetic energy of the reactant particles. [1] They have more energy and
move faster. [1] The higher chance of collision increases the number of effective collisions
and hence the reaction rate. [1]

32

(a) Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H 2 (g) [1]

(b) The reactant particles become more crowded when the concentration increases. [1] They have a
higher chance to collide and this increases the number of effective collisions. [1] As a result, the
reaction rate is higher. [1]
(c) (i) Sodium carbonate will react with some of the sulphuric acid. [1] The concentration of
hydrogen ions decreases. [1] Therefore, the rate of production of hydrogen gas decreases. [1]
(ii) Potassium sulphate solution dilutes the reaction mixture, [1] so the concentration of hydrogen
ions decreases. [1] Therefore, the rate of production of hydrogen gas decreases. [1]
(iii) Hydrogen chloride gas will dissolve into the reaction mixture to give H+ and Cl ions, [1] so
the concentration of hydrogen ions increases [1] and the rate of production of hydrogen gas is
higher. [1]
(d) The reaction rate will be lower [1] since the surface area of zinc granules is smaller than that of
zinc powder. [1]
(a) Amount of limestone/Concentration of hydrochloric acid/Experimental temperature (Any TWO)
[2]
(b)

Volume of gas (cm3)

33

Time (min)

(Correct labelling of axes [1] Correct curve A [1] Correct curve B [1])
Experiment A [1]
(c) (i) The surface area of aluminium dust is much larger, [1] so it is much easier to react with air to
form the corresponding oxide, by which enormous heat is given out in a short time. [1]
(ii) Twigs have larger surface area than logs. [1]

Volume of CO 2

(a) Any TWO of the following:

Measure volume of carbon dioxide/CO 2 /gas produced. [1]

Time

pH

Measure pH of the reaction mixture. [1]

Time
[1]
Measure mass of the chemicals/apparatus. [1]

Mass

34

Time
[1]
(b) Any TWO of the following:
Use powdered MgCO 3 . [1]
Surface area of MgCO 3 is increased. [1]

[1]

Increase (reaction) temperature/heat. [1]

Average kinetic energy of reactant particles is increased, so effective collisions occur more
frequently. [1]
Increase acid concentration. [1]
The reactant particles become more crowded, so the number of effective collision increases. [1]
(c) (i) Remain unchanged. [1]
MgCO 3 was already in excess. [1]
(ii) Remain unchanged. [1]
The same quantities of reactants are used. [1]
35

(a) 2S 2 O 3 2(s) + I 2 (aq) S 4 O 6 2(aq) + 2I(aq) [1]

(b) Number of moles of Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) =
Number of moles of I 2 (aq) = 0.50

30
23.0 2 32.1 2 16.0 3

mol = 0.190 mol [1]

250
mol = 0.125 mol [1]
1000

The mole ratio of S 2 O 3 2 to I 2 is 2 : 1.

0.190 mol of S 2 O 3 2 only needs 0.095 mol of I 2 to react completely.
I 2 is in excess and Na 2 S 2 O 3 is the limiting reagent. [1]
(c) Use I 2 solution with a higher concentration./Use powdered Na 2 S 2 O 3 ./Increase the temperature.
(Any TWO) [2]
(d) Colour intensity. [1]
(a) Sodium reacts with hydrochloric acid explosively [1] so the experiment is very difficult to control.
[1]
(b)
3
4
Volume of H 2 (g)

36

5
2

Time
Correct assignment of five curves [5]
(c) (i) Powdered slaked lime has a much larger surface area, [1] so it can neutralize acid soils much
faster. [1]

(ii) The surface area of the ingredients increases, [1] so the cooking process can be faster. [1]
(iii) The temperature inside the refrigerator is low, [1] so the reactions that lead to deterioration of
food proceed slower. [1]
37

(a) The initial rate is lower since the concentration of acid is lower. [1] Half the amount of hydrogen is
formed since half the amount of acid is used. [1]
(b) The initial rate is higher as the temperature of acid is raised. [1] Equal amount of hydrogen is
produced since the amount of acid is unchanged. [1]
(c) The initial rate is higher as copper(II) ions act as a catalyst to the reaction. [1] Equal amount of
hydrogen is formed since the amount of acid is unchanged. [1]
[Remarks: The addition of copper(II) sulphate promotes the release of electrons from zinc. Zn(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e]
(d) The initial rate is lower since the surface area of zinc decreases. [1] Equal amount of hydrogen is
produced since the amount of acid is unchanged. [1]

38
New condition

Change in
rate, if any

reaction

Reason

Using 5 g of powdered
zinc

Increased [1]

Surface area of the solid

reactant increased. [1]

Using 3 g of zinc
granules
[Remarks: Assume that
the size of granules
remains unchanged.]

Decreased [1]

Surface area of the solid

reactant decrease. [1]

Decreased [1]

A weaker acid was used

instead, so the ionization
was less completed. [1]

Increased [1]

Increase in temperature
will speed up the reaction.
[1]

Using 100 cm3 of 2.0 M

ethanoic acid
Changing the temperature
to 40C

Adding a few drops of

aqueous copper(II) nitrate

Increased [1]

CuSO 4 acted as a catalyst

to speed up the reaction.
[1]
[Remarks: The addition of
copper(II) nitrate promotes
the release of electrons
from zinc. Zn(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e]

39

(a)

Amount of X (mol)

Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct curve [1]
0 0.010
Initial rate =
mol s1 = 6.94 105 mol s1 (The negative sign means a decrease
(2.4 0) 60
in the amount of X) [1]

Amount of X (mol)

(b)

Time (min)
Correct sketching [1]
The reaction rate is higher when a catalyst is used, so the new curve is steeper initially and
becomes horizontal earlier. [1] The amount of X remained is unchanged since a catalyst has no
effect on the yield of the product. [1]
(c) Use powdered catalyst [1] to increase the surface area of the catalyst [1] and hence the reaction
rate.
40

(a) Colorimetry. [1] Since the reaction mixture changes from colourless to brown as the reaction
proceeds, [1] there is a change in colour intensity. [1] A colorimeter can be used to follow the
progress of the reaction.
OR
Titrimetric analysis. [1] A small portion of the reaction mixture can be extracted and quenched by

ice-cold distilled water at regular time intervals. [1] Then the amount of iodine in it can be found
out by titration against standard S 2 O 3 2. [1]
(b) Increase the concentration of S 2 O 8 2(aq)/Increase the concentration of I(aq)/Increase the
temperature of the reaction mixture (Any TWO [2])
(c) (i) It is because the reaction involves collisions of ions of the same charge. [1]
(ii) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I 2 (aq) [1]
(iii) Peroxodisulphate ions are reduced by Fe(II) ions. [1]
2Fe2+(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]
(iv) It can increase the reaction rate. [1]
It remains chemically unchanged at the end of a reaction. [1]
(d) (i) Zymase [1]
(ii) Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
(iii) Manganese(IV) oxide/MnO 2 [1]
(a) The rate of production of oxygen gas can be monitored by measuring the change in mass of H 2 O 2 (aq) with time when it undergoes decomposition./by measuring the change in volume of oxygen
gas collected with time. [1]
(b) Any TWO of the following:
Increase the concentration of the H 2 O 2 (aq) solution. [1]
Increase the temperature of the H 2 O 2 (aq) solution. [1]
Add a catalyst (MnO 2 ) to the reaction mixture. [1]
(c)
Volume of oxygen gas

41

c
original

Time
Correct sketching [1]
(d) The biological catalyst involved in the decomposition is called enzyme. [1] Initially, the activity of
enzyme increases with temperature. [1] Its activity is the highest at 37C. After 37C, its activity
decreases with further increase in temperature. [1] At a high temperature of 80C, the enzyme is
denatured and its activity becomes zero. [1]
42

(a) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)

2NH 3 (g) [1]
Finely divided iron [1]
(b) The collision theory states that a chemical reaction only occurs when the reactant particles undergo
effective collisions. [1] Effective collisions can only be caused by reactant particles colliding at
high speed [1] and in the right orientation. [1]

(c) The rate of reaction is proportional to the number of effective collisions per unit time [1] between
reactant particles.
(d) Reactant particles carry different kinetic energies/are moving at different speeds. [1] Lowering the
minimum energy barrier would allow larger proportion of particles carrying enough kinetic energy
to cause effective collisions. [1] This increases the number of effective collisions per unit time and
hence the reaction rate. [1]
(e) He is partly correct. [1]
A catalyst can increase the rate of reaction so time can be saved and cost of production can be
reduced. [1] However, a catalyst has no effect on the yield of a reaction. [1]
43

(a) Catalyst is a substance that changes (usually increases) the reaction rate, [1] but itself remains
chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. [1]
(b) To increase the surface area of the catalyst [1] and hence the reaction rate. [1]
(c) Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
Oxidation state = +5 [1]
(d) The student is partly correct. [1]
The presence of enzymes can cause browning of some fruits and vegetables. [1] However, the
enzymes only speed up the chemical reactions which lead to the formation of a brown substance in
fruits and vegetables. [1]
(e) Manufacture of beer/wine/cheese/soy sauce/yogurt. [2] (Any TWO)

44

(a) 1. [1] The curve is the steepest at the start. [1]

(b) 1. [1] The more concentrated the acid, the higher will be the rate of reaction. [1]
(c) 2. [1] The curve is flattened at the highest level, indicating the largest amount of hydrogen gas
evolved. [1]
(d) (i)

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)

Number of moles of HCl used in Experiment 2 = MV mol
Since the volume of H 2 produced is halved in Experiment 3, number of moles of HCl used is
also halved, i.e. equal to

MV
mol. [1]
2

MV
volume of HCl needed = 2 cm3 = V cm3 [1]
M
2
(ii) Higher temperature of HCl/Mg with larger surface area/Higher concentration of HCl but
using less volume to keep the number of moles of HCl halved (Any TWO) [2]
45

(a) (i)

Decomposition is a process in which a compound breaks down into two or more substances,
usually as a result of heating. [1]
(ii) It should be regenerated at the end of the reaction [1] and it is used in only trace amount. [1]
(iii)

gas syringe

oxygen gas

manganese(IV)
oxide

H 2 O 2 (aq)

Correct diagram [1]

Correct labelling [1]
(b) (i)

Number of moles of hydrogen peroxide =

100
2.0 mol = 0.200 mol [1]
1000

(ii) Mole ratio of H 2 O 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1

Number of moles of oxygen (O 2 ) formed =

0.200
mol = 0.100 mol [1]
2

(iii) Volume of oxygen produced = 0.100 24.0 dm3 = 2.40 dm3 [1]
46

(a) C 2 H 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) [1]

(b) From the equation, volume ratio of C 2 H 4 (g) : O 2 (g) = 1 : 3
C 2 H 4 (g) was the limiting reactant.
Volume ratio of C 2 H 4 : CO 2 = 1 : 2
Volume of CO 2 produced = 2 100 cm3 = 200 cm3 [1]
Volume of O 2 remained = 400 3 100 cm3 = 100 cm3 [1]

47

2C 2 H 2 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 4CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l)

C 2 H 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l)
Let the volume of C 2 H 2 (g) be x cm3, then the volume of C 2 H 4 (g) is (10.0 x) cm3.
Volume of O 2 (g) reacted with C 2 H 2 (g) =

5x
cm3 = 2.5x cm3 [1]
2

Volume of O 2 (g) reacted with C 2 H 4 (g) = 3 (10.0 x) cm3 = 30.0 3x cm3 [1]
Therefore, 30.0 2.5x (30.0 3x) = 2.0 [1]
x = 4.0 [1]
3
Volume of C 2 H 2 (g) = 4.0 cm
Volume of C 2 H 4 (g) = 6.0 cm3
48

C x H y (g) + (x +

y
y
)O 2 (g) xCO 2 (g) +
H 2 O(l) [1]
4
2

Volume of carbon dioxide formed = 110 30.0 cm3 = 80.0 cm3

C x H y (g) was the limiting reactant.
Volume ratio of C x H y : CO 2 = 1 : 4
Mole ratio of C x H y to CO 2 should be 1 : 4.

Therefore, x = 4 [1]
Volume of O 2 reacted = 150 30.0 cm3 = 120 cm3
Mole ratio of O 2 to CO 2 = volume ratio of O 2 to CO 2

y
4 = 120
4
80.0

Solving the equation, y = 8 [1]

the molecular formula of A is C 4 H 8 . [1]
49

4.80  103
mol = 200 mol [1]
(a) Number of moles of H 2 present =
24.0
(b) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) From the equation, mole ratio of H 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
By Avogadros Law, volume ratio of H 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
Volume of oxygen consumed =

4.80  103
dm3 = 2.40 103 dm3 [1]
2

Mole ratio of H 2 : H 2 O = 1 : 1
Number of moles of water formed = 200 mol
Mass of water formed = 200 (1.0 2 + 16.0) g = 3600 g [1]
Volume of water formed =

3600
cm3 = 3600 cm3 [1]
1.0

2.40  103
(d) Volume of air required =
dm3 = 11 429 dm3 [1]
21%
50

(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]

(b)
Time (s)
No. of moles of gas produced
(104 mol)

(c)

10

4.17 6.25

15
7.5

20

25

30

35

7.92 8.33 8.33 8.33

[2]

Number of moles of gas (cm3)

Time (s)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]
51

(a) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) [1]

(b) From the equation, mole ratio of H 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1 [1]
Volume ratio of H 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1 [1]
The volume of oxygen needed = 100 cm3
the excess volume of oxygen = 200 cm3 100 cm3 = 100 cm3 [1]

52

(a) NH 3 (g) + HBr(g) NH 4 Br(s) [1]

(b) From the equation, mole ratio of NH 3 : HBr = 1 : 1 [1]
Volume ratio of NH 3 : HBr = 1 : 1 [1]
The volume of HBr needed = 45 cm3
the excess volume of HBr = 60 cm3 45 cm3 = 15 cm3 [1]

53

(a) The initial rate =

0 12
cm3 min1 = 13.3 cm3 min1 (The negative sign means the rate of
0.9 0

decrease in amount of reactant.) [1]

(b) The reaction took 7 minutes to complete. The final volume of oxygen was 1.41 cm3. [1]
1.41 12.0
The average rate =
cm3 min1 = 1.51 cm3 min1 (The negative sign means the rate of
70
decrease in amount of reactant.) [1]
(c) (i) From the equation, the mole ratio of H 2 : O 2 is 2 : 1.
Volume of O 2 reacted = 12.0 1.41 cm3 = 10.6 cm3
volume of H 2 reacted = 2 10.6 cm3 = 21.2 cm3
Volume of H 2 remained = 24.0 21.2 cm3 = 2.80 cm3 [1]

Mole ratio of H 2 O : O 2 is 2 : 1.
Volume of H 2 O formed = 2 10.6 cm3 = 21.2 cm3 [1]
total volume of gases = 21.2 + 1.41 + 2.80 cm3 = 25.4 cm3 [1]
25.4 24.0 12.0
(ii) Percentage change of volume =
100% = 29.4% [1]
24.0 12.0
54

(a) Collect the oxygen formed using a gas syringe [1] and record the volume collected at regular time
intervals. [1] A graph of volume of oxygen collected against time is plotted. [1]
OR
At regular time intervals, pipette a small portion of the reaction mixture to a conical flask and
quench the small portion with ice-cold distilled water. [1] Then titrate it with standard potassium
permanganate solution. [1] A graph of concentration of hydrogen peroxide against time is plotted.
[1]
(b) Number of moles of H 2 O 2 = 1.0

100
mol = 0.100 mol
1000

Mole ratio of H 2 O 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
theoretical yield of oxygen =

0.100
mol = 0.0500 mol [1]
2

Actual yield of oxygen = 0.0500 86.7% mol = 0.0434 mol [1]

Volume of oxygen produced = 0.0434 24.0 dm3 = 1.04 dm3 [1]
(c) Manganese(IV) oxide/MnO 2 (s) [1]
55

(a) SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 3 (aq) [1]

H 2 SO 3 (aq)
2H+(aq) + SO 3 2(aq) [1]
(b) CaCO 3 (s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
Marbles contain calcium carbonate, which can react with acid and be washed away by rain water.
[1]
(c) Number of moles of SO 2 (g) =

1600
mol = 66.7 mol [1]
24.0

Number of moles of CaCO 3 (s) = Number of moles of SO 2 (g) = 66.7 mol [1]
Mass of CaCO 3 (s) = 66.7 (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g = 6680 g [1]
56

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 (g) + 4O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2CO(g) + 4H 2 O(l) [1]

4.95
mol = 0.113 mol [1]
(ii) Number of moles of CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 (g) =
12.0 3 1.0 8

(a) (i)

Mole ratio of CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 (g) to CO(g) is 1 : 2.

number of moles of CO(g) = 2 0.113 mol = 0.226 mol [1]
Volume of CO(g) produced = 0.226 24.0 dm3 = 5.42 dm3 [1]
(b) 2CO(g) + O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) [1]
(c) (i) Mole ratio of CO(g) : O 2 (g) = 2 : 1
Number of moles of O 2 (g) =

0.226
mol = 0.113 mol [1]
2

Volume of O 2 (g) = 0.113 24.0 dm3 = 2.71 dm3 [1]

(ii) Mass of O 2 (g) = 16.0 2 0.113 g = 3.62 g [1]

57

(a) 2NaN 3 (s) 2Na(s) + 3N 2 (g) [1]

(b) Number of moles of nitrogen gas =

5.20 10 4
mol = 2.17 mol [1]
24 000

(c) Mole ratio of NaN 3 : N 2 = 2 : 3

Number of moles of NaN 3 =

2.17 2
mol = 1.45 mol [1]
3

Mass of NaN 3 needed = 1.45 (23.0 + 14.0 3) g = 94.3 g [1]

5.20 10 4
1000
(d) Average rate =
dm3 s1 = 1300 dm3 s1 [1]
40 10 3

58

(a) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) [1]

2CO(g) + O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) [1]
(b) Concentrated KOH is used to absorb carbon dioxide.
Volume of carbon dioxide produced = 51.0 41.0 cm3 = 10.0 cm3 [1]
(c) Mole ratio of CO : CO 2 = 1 : 1
Volume of carbon monoxide in Town gas = 10.0 cm3 [1]
(d) V = 51.0 (40.0 + 40.0) cm3 = 29.0 cm3 (negative sign means a decrease in volume) [1]
(e) (i) 10.0 cm3 of carbon monoxide reacted with 5.00 cm3 of oxygen to form 10.0 cm3 of carbon
dioxide.
Decrease in volume caused = 10.0 + 5.00 10.0 cm3 = 5.00 cm3 [1]
(ii) Decrease in volume caused by H 2

(f)

(i)

= total decrease in volume decrease in volume caused by CO

= 29.0 5.00 cm3
= 24.0 cm3 [1]
Method 1:
Let the volume of H 2 be x cm3.
Volume of unreacted oxygen + volume of unreacted town gas + volume of carbon dioxide
formed = total volume of final gaseous mixture
(40.0

x
5.00) + (40.0 x 10.0) + 10.0 = 51.0 [1]
2

x = 16.0 [1]
volume of H 2 = 16.0 cm3
Method 2:
Decrease in volume caused by H 2 = 24.0 cm3
Since water existed as liquid, this volume was contributed by H 2 and O 2 only.
Mole ratio of H 2 to O 2 = 2 : 1
Volume ratio of H 2 to O 2 = 2 : 1 [1]
volume of H 2 = 16.0 cm3 [1]
(ii) Volume of N 2 = 40.0 16.0 10.0 cm3 = 14.0 cm3 [1]

(a)
gas syringe

hydrogen gas

water

calcium ribbon
Correct diagram [1]
Correct labelling [1]
(b)

Volume of H 2 (g) (cm3)

59

Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct curve [1]
(c) The concentration of H+ ions is the highest and the surface area of calcium is the largest, [1] so the
reaction rate is the highest [1] and the curve is the steepest.
(d) The limiting reactant, Ca, was used up [1] and the reaction rate became zero. [1]
(e) 1.1 min. [1]
(f)

Volume of H 2 (g) (cm3)

(i)

(ii)

Time (min)
Correct curve (i) [1]
Correct curve (ii) [1]
(g) Ca(s) + 2H 2 O(l) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
60
Number of moles of hydrogen gas =
mol = 0.00250 mol [1]
24 000
Since the mole ratio of Ca(s) : H 2 (g) = 1 : 1,
Number of moles of Ca(s) = 0.00250 mol
Mass of Ca(s) = 0.00250 40.1 g = 0.100 g [1]

60

(h) Ca(s) + 2HCl(l) CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)

Since the amount of the limiting reactant (Ca) and the mole ratio of Ca to H 2 remain unchanged,
volume of hydrogen gas formed is still 60 cm3. [1]
Hydrochloric acid is more reactive than water towards metal as it is completely ionized to give H+
ions but water only ionizes slightly to give H+ ions. [1]
116.6
mol = 2.00 mol
(a) Number of moles of magnesium hydroxide produced =
24.3 16.0 2 1.0 2
[1]
From the equation, the mole ratio of magnesium nitride to magnesium hydroxide is 1 : 3.
Number of moles of magnesium nitride needed =

2.00
mol = 0.667 mol [1]
3

Mass of magnesium nitride = 0.667 (24.3 3 + 14.0 2) g = 67.3 g [1]

(b) The mole ratio of magnesium nitride to ammonia is 1 : 2, so the number of moles of ammonia =
0.667 2 mol = 1.33 mol [1]
Volume of ammonia = 1.33 24.0 dm3 = 31.9 dm3 [1]
(c) NH 3 (g) + HCl(aq) NH 4 Cl(aq) [1]
The mole ratio of ammonia to hydrochloric acid is 1 : 1.
number of moles of HCl needed = 1.33 mol [1]

Volume of 2.0 M HCl needed =

61

1.33
dm3 = 0.665 dm3 [1]
2.0

(a) CaC 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) C 2 H 2 (g) + Ca(OH) 2 (s) [1]

650
(b) Number of moles of ethyne =
mol = 0.0271 mol [1]
24 000
From the chemical equation, the mole ratio of calcium carbide to ethyne is 1 : 1.
Number of moles of calcium carbide needed = 0.0271 mol [1]
Mass of calcium carbide needed = 0.0271 (40.1 + 12.0 2) g = 1.74 g [1]

62

(c) C 2 H 2 (g) + 2H 2 (g) C 2 H 6 (g) [1]

The mole ratio of ethyne to hydrogen is 1 : 2, so the volume ratio of ethyne to hydrogen is 1 : 2.
Volume of hydrogen gas required = 650 2 cm3 = 1300 cm3 [1]
144
(a) Number of moles of hydrogen gas =
mol = 6.00 103 mol
24 000
The mole ratio of sodium hydroxide to hydrogen is 2 : 1.
Number of moles of sodium hydroxide formed = 2 6.00 103 mol = 0.0120 mol [1]
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
The mole ratio of HCl to NaOH is 1 : 1, so 0.0120 mole of HCl is needed.
Volume of HCl needed =

0.0120
dm3 = 0.0240 dm3 = 24.0 cm3 [1]
0.5

(b) From the given equation, the mole ratio of the alloy to sodium hydroxide is 1 : 1, so 0.0120 mole
of sodium exists in the alloy. [1]
Mass of sodium = 0.0120 23.0 g = 0.276 g [1]
(c) Percentage by mass of lead =
63

3.00 0.276
100% = 90.8% [1]
3.00

(a) The mass of sulphur burnt each day = 25 000 0.6 % = 150 tonnes [1]
(b) S(s) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g) [1]
(c) (i) Mass of Sulphur = 150 1 106 g = 1.5 108 g [1]
1.5 108
mol = 4.7 106 mol
32.1
From the equation, mole ratio of S : SO 2 = 1 : 1
No. of moles of SO 2 = 4.7 106 mol
No. of moles of sulphur =

Mass of SO 2 produced = 4.7 106 mol 64.1 g mol1 = 301.3 tonnes [1]
(ii) Volume of SO 2 produced = 4.7 106 mol 24.0 dm3 mol1 [1]
= 1.13 108 dm3 [1]
64

(a) 2C 8 H 18 (l) + 25O 2 (g) 16CO 2 (g) + 18H 2 O(l) [1]

C 2 H 5 OH(l) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) Number of moles of octane present =
Number of moles of ethanol present =

100 75%
12.0 8 1.0 18

mol = 0.658 mol [

100 25%
12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0

1
]
2

mol = 0.543 mol [

1
]
2

Mole ratio of C 8 H 18 : O 2 = 2 : 25
Number of moles of oxygen required to burn octane = 0.658

25
1
mol = 8.23 mol [ ]
2
2

Mole ratio of C 2 H 5 OH : O 2 = 1 : 3
1
Number of moles of oxygen required to burn ethanol = 0.543 3 mol = 1.63 mol [ ]
2
Total number of moles of oxygen required to completely burn 100 g of the fuel = 8.23 + 1.63 mol
= 9.86 mol [

1
]
2

Volume of oxygen needed to completely burn 100 g of the fuel = 9.86 24.0 dm3 = 237 dm3 [
65

(a) Mole ratio of N 2 to H 2 is 1 : 3.

Number of moles of H 2 (g) reacted =

72.0
mol = 3.00 103 mol [1]
24 000

3.00 10 3
Number of moles of N 2 (g) used =
mol = 1.00 103 mol [1]
3
(b) Mole ratio of NH 3 (g) to N 2 (g) is 2 : 1.
Number of moles of NH 3 (g) = 2 1.00 103 mol = 2.00 103 mol [1]
Volume of NH 3 (g) produced = 2.00 103 24.0 dm3 = 0.0480 dm3 [1]
(c) No. [1]
The reaction is reversible. [1]
66

(a) Effervescence occurred./The metal dissolved./Gas bubbles were evolved. (Any ONE) [1]
(b) Mg(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(c) He is incorrect. [1]
Mole ratio of Mg to H 2 is 1 : 1.
Number of moles of Mg =

0.70
mol = 0.0288 mol
24.3

Number of moles of H 2 = number of moles of Mg = 0.0288 mol [1]

Volume of H 2 = 0.0288 24.0 dm3 = 0.691 dm3 [1]
67

(a) C 5 H 12 (g) + 5H 2 O(g) 5CO(g) + 11H 2 (g) [1]

2CO(g) + 2H 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + CH 4 (g) [1]
2.8
mol = 0.100 mol
(b) Number of moles of CO =
12.0 16.0
Number of moles of H 2 =

1.5
mol = 0.750 mol [1]
1.0 2

2CO(g) + 2H 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + CH 4 (g)

Mole ratio of CO : H 2 : CH 4 = 2 : 2 : 1
CO is the limiting reactant.
Number of moles of CH 4 formed =

0.100
mol = 0.0500 mol [1]
2

1
]
2

Mass of CH 4 formed = 0.0500 (12.0 + 1.0 4) g = 0.800 g [1]

Volume of CH 4 produced = 0.0500 24.0 dm3 = 1.20 dm3 [1]
Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3H 2 (g) 2Fe(s) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]
100
mol = 0.627 mol [1]
(ii) Number of moles of Fe 2 O 3 =
55.8 2 16.0 3

(c) (i)

Mole ratio of Fe 2 O 3 : H 2 = 1 : 3
Number of moles of H 2 required = 0.627 3 mol = 1.88 mol [1]
Volume of H 2 needed = 1.88 24.0 dm3 = 45.1 dm3 [1]
(iii) Volume of town gas needed =
68

45.1
dm3 = 92.0 dm3 [1]
49%

(a) 2NH 3 (g) + 3CuO(s) N 2 (g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]

100
(b) (i) Number of moles of NH 3 used =
mol = 4.17 103 mol [1]
24 000
(ii) Mole ratio of NH 3 : N 2 = 2 : 1
4.17 10 3
number of moles of the gaseous product formed =
mol = 2.09 103 mol [1]
2
3
Volume of the gaseous product formed = 2.09 10 24.0 dm3 = 0.0502 dm3 [1]
(c) Mole ratio of NH 3 : CuO = 2 : 3
4.17 10 3 3
mol = 6.26 103 mol [1]
Number of moles of CuO reacted =
2
3
Mass of CuO reacted = 6.26 10 (63.5 + 16.0) g = 0.498 g [1]
(d) Number of copper atoms reacted = 6.26 103 6.02 1023 = 3.77 1021 [1]

69

(a) 3Cu(s) + 8HNO 3 (aq) 3Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H 2 O(l) [1]

(b) Number of moles of copper =

100
mol = 1.57 mol
63.5

Mole ratio of Cu to NO is 3 : 2.
Number of moles of NO =

1.57 2
mol = 1.05 mol [1]
3

Volume of NO = 1.05 24.0 dm3 = 25.2 dm3 [1]

(c) Number of copper atoms reacted = 1.57 6.02 1023 = 9.45 1023 [1]
(d) (i) Nitrogen monoxide reacted with oxygen in air to form nitrogen dioxide.
2NO(g) + O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g) [1]
(ii) Mole ratio of NO : NO 2 = 1 : 1
Volume ratio of NO : NO 2 = 1 : 1 [1]
Volume of NO needed = 500 cm3 [1]
(iii) Mole ratio of O 2 : NO 2 = 1 : 2
Volume ratio of O 2 : NO 2 = 1 : 2 [1]
Volume of O 2 needed =

500
cm3 = 250 cm3 [1]
2

250
cm3 = 1250 cm3 [1]
20%

Volume of air needed =

70

(a) Number of moles of CO 2 =

1.75 10 23
mol = 0.291 mol [1]
6.02 10 23

Volume of CO 2 = 0.291 24.0 dm3 = 6.98 dm3 [1]

(b) (i) From the equation, mole ratio of ethane : oxygen = 2 : 7
15.0
7 dm3 = 52.5 dm3 of oxygen to react completely.
2
oxygen is in excess and ethane is the limiting reagent. [1]
15.0 dm3 of ethane needs

(ii) On half way, volume of ethane used =

Number of moles of ethane =

15.0
dm3 = 7.50 dm3
2

7.50
mol = 0.313 mol [1]
24.0

By mole ratio, number of moles of water formed = 0.313 3 mol = 0.939 mol [1]
(iii) There is no ethane remained as it is the limiting reagent.
Volume of oxygen remained = 53.0 52.5 dm3 = 0.5 dm3 [1]
From the equation, volume ratio of carbon dioxide : ethane = 2 : 1
Volume of carbon dioxide formed = 15.0 2 dm3 = 30.0 dm3 [1]
Total volume of gases = 30.0 + 0.5 dm3 = 30.5 dm3 [1]
Total number of moles of gases =
71

30.5
mol = 1.27 mol [1]
24.0

(a) One nitrogen molecule contains two atoms.

3.24 10 24
= 1.62 1024
Number of nitrogen molecules =
2
1.62 10 24
Number of moles of nitrogen molecules =
mol = 2.69 mol [1]
6.02 10 23
Volume of nitrogen gas = 2.69 24.0 dm3 = 64.6 dm3 [1]
40
mol = 0.557 mol [1]
(b) Number of moles of FeO =
55.8 16.0
Mole ratio of FeO to CO 2 is 2 : 1.
Number of moles of CO 2 produced =

0.557
mol = 0.279 mol [1]
2

Volume of CO 2 produced = 0.279 24.0 dm3 = 6.70 dm3 [1]

(c) Number of moles of atoms in 67.0 dm3 of carbon dioxide
=

67.0
3 mol
24.0

= 8.38 mol [1]

Number of moles of atoms in 36.0 dm3 of methane
=

36.0
5 mol
24.0

= 7.50 mol [1]

67.0 dm3 of carbon dioxide possesses more atoms. [1]
72

(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2CH 3 COOH(aq) (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) The decrease in mass was caused by the escape of CO 2 (g).
9.59
mol = 0.218 mol [1]
Number of moles of CO 2 (g) =
12.0 16.0 2
Volume of CO 2 (g) evolved = 0.218 24.0 dm3 = 5.23 dm3 [1]
(c) Mole ratio of CaCO 3 (s) : CO 2 (g) = 1 : 1
Number of moles of CaCO 3 (s) reacted = 0.218 mol
Mass of CaCO 3 (s) reacted = 0.218 (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g = 21.8 g [1]
Percentage of purity =

21.8
100% = 87.2% [1]
25

(d) Aluminium forms a thin oxide layer (Al 2 O 3 ) [1] when exposed to oxygen in air. This layer is quite
resistant to vinegar. [1]
73

(a) 2H 2 O 2 (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g) [1]

(b) Number of moles of H 2 O 2 =

102
mol = 3.00 mol
1.0 2 16.0 2

Mole ratio of H 2 O 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
Number of moles of gas collected =

3.00
mol = 1.50 mol [1]
2

Volume of gas collected = 1.50 24.0 dm3 = 36.0 dm3 [1]

(c) Mole ratio of H 2 O 2 : H 2 O = 1 : 1
Number of moles of H 2 O = 3.00 mol
Mass of H 2 O = 3.00 (1.0 2 + 16.0) g = 54.0 g [1]
Volume of H 2 O =

54.0
cm3 = 54.0 cm3 [1]
1.0

OR
Mass of O 2 produced = 1.50 16.0 2 g = 48.0 g
By conservation of mass,
Mass of H 2 O = 102 48.0 g = 54.0 g [1]
Volume of H 2 O =

54.0
cm3 = 54.0 cm3 [1]
1.0

(d) Total number of moles of O 2 and H 2 O = 1.50 + 3.00 mol = 4.50 mol [1]
Total number of molecules = 4.50 6.02 1023 = 2.71 1024 [1]