Multiple Choice Answers

D In D, the combustion of ethane is the fastest. In A, B and C, the reactions are photosynthesis,
rusting and fermentation respectively. They all take hours, days, weeks or even years to show
observable changes.

C Neutralization of HCl and NaOH is almost instantaneous. Potassium reacts vigourously with water.
Mg can displace Cu2+(aq) with a moderate rate.
0.161
B The rate of reaction is equal to the rate of production of S produced =
g s1 = 1.34 103 g
2 60

s1.
5

D The instantaneous rate at t = 2 min is about 11.0 cm3 min1.

D Rate curve is a graph plotting the amount of a reactant or product against time. The slope of the
tangent to the curve at a particular instant is the instantaneous rate of a reaction. The average rate of the
whole reaction equals the total change in amount of a product/reactant divided by the total time taken
for the reaction.

B For (1) and (3), some reactions might show an increase in reaction rate after the reaction begins.
Examples include those reactions which have an increase in surface area at the start of the reaction. For
(2), the slope is dependent on the reaction rate. If the slope equals zero, it indicates that the reaction
stops.

5
40.0 12.0 16.0 3
mol s1 = 2.0 104 mol s1.
C Average reaction rate of the reaction =
250

B Average reaction rate of the reaction =

1
M s1 = 0.025 M s1.
40

10

A The rate of reaction is determined by the slope of the tangents. It is the fastest at the start of the
reaction since the tangent drawn is the steepest. As the reaction proceeds, the magnitude of the tangents
decreases until it becomes zero, i.e. the graph is horizontal.

11

B Instantaneous rate equals the slope of tangent to the concentration-time graph.

0.16
mol = 5.00 103 mol; average rate of
A Number of moles of oxygen gas released =
16.0 2

12

reaction =

5.00 10 3
mol s1 = 8.33 106 mol s1.
10 60

13

A Adding a catalyst can increase the rate of reaction.

14

C From the equation, mole ratio of O 2 to O 3 is 3 : 2. Therefore, 2 rate of decrease of O 2 = 3 rate

3 2.0 10 7
mol dm3 s1 = 3.0 107 mol dm3 s1.
2
0.12 0.22
M s1
B Draw a tangent touching the curve at the 20th second, the slope of the tangent =
20 0

of increase of O 3 . Rate of decrease of O 2 =

15

= 5 103 M s1. The negative sign of the slope indicates the rate of decrease in concentration.
16

C The rate of reaction at a particular time can be determined from the slope of the tangent of a rate

curve. A positive slope shows the rate of formation of products while a negative slope represents the
rate of decrease of reactants.
17

B Initial rate = slope of tangent at t = 0

0 0.4
=
mol dm3 s1
50
= 0.08 mol dm3 s1
The negative sign of the slope indicates the rate of decrease in concentration.

18

D By definition, rate of reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.

19

B From the equation, mole ratio of P to Q is 4 : 1. Therefore, rate of decrease of P = 4 rate of

increase of Q.

20
21

B Average rate of the reaction =

0.68
mol dm3 min1 = 0.34 mol dm3 min1.
2

2 10 2
mol dm3 s1 = 2 mol dm3 s1.
0.01
From the equation, 1 mole of carbon dioxide is produced from 2 moles of oxygen. Therefore the rate of
decrease of O 2 (g) concentration equals twice the rate of increase of CO 2 (g) concentration. So, the rate
D The average rate of increase of CO 2 (g) concentration =

of decrease of O 2 (g) concentration equals 4 mol dm3 s1.

22

C From the equation, 1 mole of the complex is produced from 4 moles of ammonia. Therefore, the
rate of decrease of ammonia concentration equals four times of the rate of increase of complex
1.6 10 2
mol dm3 s1 = 4.0
concentration. So, the rate of increase of complex concentration =
4
3
3 1
10 mol dm s .
Total change in concentration of A = (0.15 30) mol dm3 = 4.5 mol dm3

23

24

C The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the tangent to the rate curve. The tangent is usually the
steepest at the start of the reaction as the concentrations of the reactants are the highest. As the reaction
proceeds, magnitude of the slope of the tangents decreases, until it becomes zero which indicates that
the reaction stops.

25

B No. of moles of Mg and HCl used are 0.144 mol and 0.0100 mol respectively. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Only 0.0500 mol of Mg is needed to react with HCl completely. Thus, hydrochloric
acid is the limiting reagent.

26

A Reaction rate = change in amount (or concentration) of the substance/time taken for the change
The change can be volume change, mass change, concentration or even pressure change in the reaction.

27

D Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 SO 4 Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O + CO 2
Mole ratio of Na 2 CO 3 : H 2 SO 4 = 1 : 1
Number of moles of Na 2 CO 3 =

10.6
mol = 0.100 mol
106.0

Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 present = 1.0

So, H 2 SO 4 is in excess.
A:

200
mol = 0.20 mol
1000

Rate of reaction =
=

change in mass
time

10.6
= 15.9 g min1.
40


60

B:
Initial concentration of H 2 SO 4 was 1.0 M and it was in excess. After the reaction only 0.1 mol of
H 2 SO 4 remained in 200 cm3 of the solution, the final concentration of the acid is

0.1
M = 0.5 M.
200
1000

Change in concentration of the acid = (1.0 0.5) M = 0.5 M

Rate of reaction =
=

change in concentration
time

(1.0 0.5)
= 0.0125 mol dm3 s1
40

C:
Rate of reaction =
=
28

change in volume
time

2400
= 60 cm3 s1.
40

A The slope at point A is greatest and hence rate is fastest because rate =

change in concentration
.
time

Initially the concentration of acid is highest so the reaction rate is highest.

29

C A and B are wrong because there should be no change in the amount of products when the reaction
has stopped. D is wrong because the amount of product will not increase infinitely with time.

30

B Since nitric acid is in excess, the reaction will stop when there is no more magnesium carbonate to
react with.

31

B MgCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)

As the reaction proceeds, CO 2 evolves. Hence the reading of the syringe increases with time. Also, as
time passes, the concentration of HCl decreases, the rate of reaction therefore decreases and the increase
in reading slows down.

32

C The temperature increases since heat is released by this exothermic reaction.

33

C Section PQ is horizontal and this shows that no more carbon dioxide is being produced. B is not
correct because calcium carbonate is in excess.

34

35

A
Number of moles of oxygen gas released =

0.16
mol = 5 103 mol
32.0

5 10 3
mol s1 = 8.33 106 mol s1
Average rate of reaction =
10 60

36

All of the above methods can be used to slow down or stop the reaction.

37

D This reaction is regarded as alkaline hydrolysis of ester.

38

D Concentration of H+ can be measured by acid-base titration. MnO 4 is the only coloured species in
the reaction. O 2 is the only gaseous species in this reaction. Therefore, all of the above methods are
possible.

39

C The reaction mixture has to be cooled rapidly.

40

A For (2), quenching is required for titration so the concentration of a reactant can be determined. For
(3), in the titrmetric analysis, a fixed volume of reaction mixture is withdrawn at regular time intervals
for titration so it is not a continuous monitoring.

41

C The reaction in C involves the production of SO 2 , which is readily soluble in the reaction mixture.

42

D For A, the transmittance of light through the solution is affected by the formation of creamy yellow
precipitate of sulphur. For B, a data-logger is not needed as the transmittance of light is observed by
human eyes. For C, the rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for the blot out of
the cross.

43

D For (1), CO 2 is a gaseous product, so its volume can be measured. For (2), Cr 2 O 7 2 is acidified, pH
of the reaction mixture will change when the reaction proceeds. For (3), the colour of Cr3+ and Cr 2 O 7 2
are green and orange respectively so the time for the occurrence of green colour can be measured.

44

B During the reaction, the mass of marble chips decreases and carbon dioxide gas is given off. The
carbon dioxide gas cannot escape from the flask as it is stoppered. Therefore, the mass of the reaction
mixture remains unchanged.

45

C For A, the colour of Fe3+ and SCN are yellow and colourless respectively. The product, FeSCN2+,
is dark red in colour, so measuring the change in colour intensity is possible. For B, CO 2 is formed and
causes an increase in gas pressure of the reaction system. For C, I 2 is formed and the change in colour
intensity should be measured instead of the change in mass of the reaction mixture. For D, the
concentration of iodine is proportional to the volume of standard sodium thiosulphate used.

46

D The volume of CO 2 produced can be measured by a gas syringe. The loss of mass due to the escape
of CO 2 can be measured by using an electronic balance. The decrease in colour intensity of the mixture
over time due to consumption of bromine molecules can be measured by a colorimeter.

47

A A small portion of the reaction mixture can be quenched at regular time intervals by pouring it into
ice-cold distilled water. Then it can be titrated against a standard acid. Since there is no colour change
and no mass loss in the solution, options (2) and (3) are not feasible.

48

B SO 2 is a colourless gas.

49

D To quench a reaction, we can remove the catalyst from the reaction mixture. Among the 4
chemicals, only sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrogen ion.

50

A 2HCl(aq) + MgCO 3 (s) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g). CO 2 gas is evolved, so X must be cotton
wool plug, which allows the escape of CO 2 gas but at the same time prevents loss of acid spray due to
spurting.

51

A Methods (1), (2) and (3) can slow down or even stop a reaction. Removing the product cannot be
used to quench a reaction.

52

C H 2 is produced in this reaction, so the change in mass of the reaction mixture can be measured if an
open system is used. Moreover, there will be an increase in gas pressure if a closed system is used.
Since there is no colour change during the reaction, we cannot measure the change in colour intensity of
the reaction mixture.

53

C The progress of the reactions involving the production of a gas can be followed by measuring the
change in mass of the reaction mixture. For A and D, both reactions do not involve the production of
gases. For B, the reaction involves the production of two gases. Measuring the change in mass of the
reaction mixture due to the formation of one gas is not appropriate. Only the reaction in C produces a
gas (H 2 ) as the only gaseous product.

54

D For A, a creamy yellow precipitate of sulphur is produced so the transmittance of light through the
solution is affected. For B, the reaction in a small portion of reaction mixture can be quenched by
pouring it into ice-cold distilled water and then titrated against standard acid. For C, hydrogen gas is
produced as the only gas among the reactants and products. For D, two gases are produced so
measuring the change in volume of a gas is not appropriate.

55

B Only the reaction in B involves a change in colour intensity. The reaction occurred is SO 2 (g) +
2H 2 O(l) + Br 2 (aq) SO 4 2(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2Br(aq) Bromine is the only coloured species in the
reaction. As the reaction proceeds, the brown colour of bromine fades out and this can be followed by a
colorimeter.

56

57

C ZnO reacts with HNO 3 but does not form any gas in the reaction.

58

B When sodium thiosulphate solution reacts with dilute HCl(aq), a yellow precipitate of sulphur is
formed slowly. As the amount of sulphur increases in the reaction, the solution becomes more and more
turbid and eventually blots out the cross.

59

D CaCO 3 + 2HNO 3 Ca(NO 3 ) 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O

For the first apparatus, CO 2 produced is collected over water. As CO 2 is quite soluble in water, the
actual volume of CO 2 produced cannot be measured accurately.
The second one measures the decrease in mass per unit time as CO 2 is escaping. The third one measures
volume of CO 2 evolved per unit time.

60

D Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g)

As the reaction proceeds, hydrogen gas is released and the mass of the system declines. The initial rate
of reaction is faster because of more reactants.

61

A The change in volume of H 2 O(l) is difficult to measure as the amount of H 2 O(l) produced is very
small. SO 2 (g) is very soluble in water, so the volume of SO 2 is difficult to measure. The change in
pressure of the system is also difficult to measure because SO 2 (g) is very soluble in water.

62

D The volume of CO 2 produced can be collected by a gas syringe. The loss of mass of the reaction
mixture due to the escape of CO 2 can be measured by using an electronic balance. The discoloration of
the mixture over time due to the decrease of concentration of bromine can be measured by a
colorimeter.
A The reaction can be quenched at intervals, e.g. by pouring the mixture into ice-cold distilled water,

63

and the concentration of NaOH in the quenched mixture can be determined by titrating it against an

acid. Since there is no colour change or mass loss of the solution, options (2) and (3) are not feasible.
64

65

66

C Zn and Cu do not react with water.

67

68

B Both statements are correct. The initial rate is the highest because there are greatest amounts of
unreacted reagents at the start of the reaction.

69

C The first statement is incorrect. The instantaneous rate of a reaction at a particular instant is the
slope of the tangent to the curve at that specific time. The slope of the tangent at t = 0 indicates the
initial rate. The second statement is correct. Most reactions proceed faster at the start and become
slower with time, so the rate curve is the steepest at first and becomes less steep with time.

70

C The first statement is wrong. Instantaneous rate of reaction is not necessarily higher than the
average rate of reaction. For example, the instantaneous rate of reaction is zero at the end of a reaction
but the average rate of reaction is larger than zero. The second statement is correct. Average rate of
reaction equals total change in amount of a product (or a reactant) over total time taken for the reaction
and both data can be obtained from a rate curve.

71

A Both statements are correct. Apart from cooling, ice water can also dilute the reaction mixture so as
to quench the reaction.

72

A Creamy yellow precipitate of sulphur is produced and it makes the solution cloudy and affects the
transmittance of light through the solution. The higher the reaction rate, the shorter is the time taken for
the blot out of the cross.

73

A Sodium carbonate can be used to remove the acid catalyst so that the reaction can be quenched.

74

B (2) is incorrect since particles have to collide at high speed and in the right orientation to give
effective collisions.

75

A According to the collision theory, chemical reactions occur when reactant particles with high
enough speed collide in the right orientation.

76

D Options A, B, C are only possible reasons for an increase in effective collisions per unit time.

77

C According to the Collision Theory, a reaction may occur only when molecules with high enough
speed collide in a proper orientation.

78

A For the most concentrated acid, the reaction took the shortest time to complete. The volume of H 2
gas produced depends on the amount of magnesium, which is the limiting reagent. Since the amount of
magnesium was fixed, the same amount of H 2 gas was produced although different concentrations of
acid were used.

79

C The three reactions gave the same volume of hydrogen because equal amount of zinc was used
(zinc was the limiting reactant). (iii) has the steepest curve because it has the highest concentration of
H+ ions.

80

B Rusting occurs in the presence of oxygen. The oil coating decreases the concentration of oxygen in
contact with the iron gears. This slows down the rusting reaction.

81

C The average kinetic energy of reactant particles only depends on temperature. The fraction of

effective collisions remains the same at the same temperature.

82

A The time required is inversely proportional to the reaction rate. When time is halved, reaction rate is
doubled.

83

C Increasing surface area and concentrations of the reactants will increase the rate of reaction, but
change in quantities of reactants affects the yield only.

84

A By Collision Theory, increasing concentration will increase the frequency of the molecular
collisions.

85

C The total heat energy released from a reaction and the total volume of gas collected depends on the
amount of the limiting reagent, magnesium ribbon. Changing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid
changes the rate of the reaction, so the time taken for the reaction to complete is not the same as before.

86

B The reaction rate is affected by the concentration of the H+ ion instead of the acid. Since H 2 SO 4 is
dibasic, 0.3 M H 2 SO 4 will give 0.6 M H+ ions, which is the highest among the 4 options. Therefore, it
will give the highest reaction rate.

87

D Magnesium powder gives a larger surface area than magnesium granules, so it will give a higher
reaction rate. H 2 SO 4 is a dibasic strong acid so 0.6 M H 2 SO 4 can give 1.2 M H+ ions in the reaction. A
warm water bath has a higher temperature so it can increase the reaction rate. Therefore, (3) will give
the highest reaction rate. HCl is a strong acid while CH 3 COOH is a weak acid and the temperature in
(2) is higher than that in (1), so (2) has a higher reaction rate than (1). Since the concentration of
CH 3 COOH in (1) is higher than that in (4), (1) gives a higher reaction rate.

88

C (2) is incorrect because the rate of reaction is the same as before when the concentrations of the
reagents are kept unchanged. Time required for the cross to disappear is the same as before.

89

D An increase in temperature raises the average kinetic energy of the reactant particles. They have
more energy and move faster. As a result, the reactant particles will have a greater chance to collide at a
higher temperature. The number of effective collisions increases. Thus the reaction goes faster.

90

C The reaction rate depends on the concentrations of the reactants and the reaction temperature. The
solution in C has the highest concentrations of reactants (1.0 M OH ions and 1.5 M H+ ions) and
reaction temperature (30C). Thus C gives the highest initial rate.

91

A For A, concentration of Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) =

Concentration of H 2 SO 4 (aq) =

0.15 5
mol dm3 = 0.05 mol dm3.
5 10

0.15 10
mol dm3 = 0.10 mol dm3. For B, C and D, concentration
5 10

of Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) = 0.05 mol dm3 and concentration of H 2 SO 4 (aq) = 0.05 mol dm3. Concentrations of
H 2 SO 4 (aq) in A are the highest, so A has the highest reaction rate.
92

D The number of collisions increases as temperature increases. Both the number of effective
collisions and ineffective collisions increase at the same time.

93

C The average kinetic energy of reactant particles only depends on temperature. The fraction of
effective collisions remains the same at the same temperature.

94

A Powdering a solid reactant can increase the surface area of the reactant. The number of collisions
between reactant particles will increase and hence the frequency of effective collisions. Finally, the
reaction rate increases.

95

B As temperature increases, average kinetic energy of particles increases, leading to an increase in the
number of effective collisions. A is incorrect because the size of reactant particles is independent of
temperature. C is also incorrect as the number of collisions per second increases with higher
temperature. D is incorrect since temperature would not have much effect on the volume of solution.

96

D The motion of the reactant particles is random. Increase in temperature would not have effect on the
moving path of the reactant particles.

97

C Potential energy of the reactant particles does not depend on the temperature alone. Changes in
temperature do not alter the intrinsic energy difference between reactants and products. Moreover, this
energy difference has no effect on the rate of reaction. Increase in temperature does not change the
contribution from orientation factor.

98

B The amount of the reactant is fixed. The higher the temperature, the higher the reaction rate, and the
shorter is the reaction time.

99

This is the principle behind a pressure cooker. When the pressure is higher than 1 atm, the boiling

point of water is higher than 100C.

100

B The rate of reaction is independent of the molar mass of a reactant but dependent on its size,
temperature and concentration which affect the number of effective collisions.

101

D Rate of reaction depends on the surface area of the solid reactant, but not the molar mass of the
solid reactant.

102

C The increase in temperature by chewing is not significant. On the other hand, the surface area is
increased a lot once the tablet is chewed. This increases the rate of reaction between antacid and
stomach acid significantly.

103

D For reactions involving gaseous reactants, increase in pressure has the same effect as increase in
concentration, so the reaction rate increases.

104

D The higher the concentration and temperature, the faster will be the reaction. Also, the rate of
reaction will increase with surface area of the solid particles.

105

B Since magnesium is used in excess, there is no change in the final mass if equal mass of magnesium
is used. Therefore, (1) is incorrect. The same volume of a more concentrated acid (i.e. larger number of
moles) will give a steeper curve and lower final mass, so (2) is correct. A lower temperature will give a
less steep curve, (3) is thus incorrect.

106

D UV light can supply energy to chlorine and dissociate them to form more reactive chlorine atom.
Raising the temperature and increasing the concentration of the reactant will speed up the reaction.
However, the addition of an inert gas increases the total pressure of the system but has no effect on the
concentrations of the reactants.

107

D Concentration is a factor affecting the rate of reaction instead of the molar mass of reactants.
Average kinetic energy of reactant particles is determined by the temperature of the reaction mixture,
which is a factor affecting the rate of reaction. The surface area of solid reactants is also a factor
affecting the rate of reaction.

108

D Particles on the surface of limestone are neither more activated nor more properly orientated. The
hydrogen ions are equally reactive towards carbonate ions no matter where they are located. However,
hydrogen ions can only collide with the particles on the surface of the solid reactant.

109

D After chewing, the surface area of the tablets increases. This increases the rate of the reaction
between antacids and stomach acid.

110

D Carrying out the reaction in a smaller container has no effect on the concentration of CaCO 3 and
HCl, so the reaction rate is unchanged.

111

D As oxygen is produced and it can escape form the reaction mixture, there is a drop in mass of the
reaction mixture. So curves A, B and C are incorrect.

112

C For A, sometimes a catalyst can cause a decrease in reaction rate. For B, although a catalyst remains
chemically unchanged at the end of a reaction, it can result in a physical change after a reaction. For D,
the activity of a catalyst depends on conditions like temperature and pressure.

113

A A catalyst remains chemically unchanged at the end of a reaction, so P is a catalyst. R is an

intermediate product of the reaction. By adding up the two equations, the overall equation is 2Q S +
T.

114

D In Contact process, both V 2 O 5 and Pt can be used as the catalyst.

115

D The enthalpy change of reaction shows whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic. It does not
affect the rate of reaction.

116

C As all catalytic sites are fully occupied, reaction rate reaches the maximum and will not increase
any more.

117

C Adding more reactants increases the concentrations of the reactants, so the reaction will go faster.
Decreasing the volume has the same effect as increase in concentration of reactants, so the reaction rate
will increase. A steam bath increases the temperature and hence the reaction rate. Decreasing the
pressure has the effect of decrease in concentration of reactants, so the reaction rate will decrease.

118

C Reactant particles are moving at different speeds even at the same temperature and pressure.
Effective collision occurs only when the reactant particles collide at high speed and in the proper
orientation.

119

C A catalyst can only increase the frequency of effective collisions between reactant particles.

120

A Contact process works efficiently at 1 atm with V 2 O 5 as the catalyst.

121

B (2) is incorrect because the enzyme, zymase, breaks down glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

122

B Browning of some fruits is caused by the presence of enzymes. Immersing in acidic solution (such
as vinegar) can denature these enzymes.

123

A Catalysts can increase the rate of reactions, but they have no effect on the yield or purity of
products.

124

C Catalysts cannot affect the yield of a chemical reaction. They can increase the rate of production.
This saves time and reduces the cost of production. The catalysed reaction can go fast enough at a lower
temperature so the use of fuel is saved.

125

C V 2 O 5 is usually used as the catalyst in Contact process.

126

D Enzymes are catalysts in the process of fermentation and browning of fruits. The reaction between
propanone and iodine requires an acid as the catalyst.

127

A The higher the concentration, the more frequent are the effective collisions between the reactant
particles, and hence the reaction rate is higher.

128

B When the reaction rate depends on the concentrations of reactants, increasing either the
concentration of the limiting reagent or the concentration of the excess reagent can increase the rate of
the reaction.

129

A An increase in temperature raises the average kinetic energy of the reactant particles. The particles
have more energy and move faster. There will be an increase in the number of effective collisions so the
reaction rate increases.

130

C Since the amount of gas produced is the same and the reaction rate is increased, effervescence lasts
shorter at a higher temperature.

131

B Both statements are correct.

132

D For the first statement, a catalyst is neither a reactant nor a product in a reaction. For the second
statement, some catalysts can slow down a reaction.

133

B The actual explanation for the first statement is that manganese(IV) oxide (MnO 2 ) remains
chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.

134

C Catalysts can either increase or decrease the rate of reaction.

135

B Powdered catalysts have a larger surface area, so it can increase the rate to a larger extent.

136

C Haber process is carried out at 450C and 250 atm.

137

A Chlorine has the greatest molar mass, so it has the highest density.
0.524 g
B Number of moles of NaN 3 reacted =
mol = 0.00806 mol. Mole ratio of NaN 3 : N 2
23.0 14.0 3

138

= 2 : 3; number of moles of N 2 produced =

0.00806 3
mol = 0.0121 mol; molar volume of N 2 =
2

0.290
dm3 mol1 = 24.0 dm3 mol1.
0.0121
139

D
2SO 2 (g)
Mole ratio

O 2 (g)

2SO 3 (g)

Initial volume (dm )

3.0

2.0

Change in volume (dm3)

3.0

1.5

+3.0

0.5

(3.0)

Volume ratio
3

Final volume (dm )

140

0
3

A Volume of NH 3 = 14.0 dm and volume of O 2 = 16.0 dm . Mole ratio of NH 3 : O 2 = 4 : 5, so NH 3 is

used in excess. Maximum volume of NO produced =

16.0 4
dm3 = 12.8 dm3.
5

141

D C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l) Based on the Avogadros Law, mole ratio of gases equals
volume ratio of gases. 1.0 dm3 of propane reacts with 5.0 dm3 of oxygen completely.

142

D N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) From the equation, mole ratio of H 2 (g) to N 2 (g) is 3 : 1. The actual
mole ratio of H 2 (g) to N 2 (g) is 1.8 : 1, so N 2 (g) is in excess. Volume of N 2 (g) remained = 0.10
dm3 = 0.04 dm3.

0.18
3

143

C Since the mole ratio (volume ratio) of SO 2 (g) to O 2 (g) is 2 : 1, SO 2 (g) is limiting. Volume of
SO 3 (g) should be the same as SO 2 (g), i.e. 3.0 dm3.

144

C From the equation Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) H 2 (g) + ZnCl 2 (aq), 1 mole of zinc gives 1 mole of
hydrogen gas. Number of moles of zinc =

0.654
mol = 0.0100 mol; number of moles of hydrogen gas
65.4

= 0.0100 mol; volume of hydrogen gas = 0.0100 24.0 dm3 = 0.240 dm3 = 240 cm3.
145

From the equation C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g), 1 mole of propane reacts with 5
150
moles of oxygen. Number of moles of propane =
mol = 6.25 103 mol; number of moles of
24 000

oxygen required = 6.25 103 5 mol = 0.0313 mol; volume of oxygen needed = 0.0313 24.0 dm3 =
0.751 dm3 = 751 cm3.
146

C From the equation, the mole ratio of ammonia to steam is 2 : 3, so the volume ratio of ammonia to
steam equals 2 : 3. Therefore, the volume of steam =

147

100 3
cm3 = 150 cm3.
2

C From the equation, the mole ratio of butene to oxygen is 1 : 6, so the volume ratio of butene to
oxygen is 1 : 6. 35 cm3 of butene only reacted completely with 35.0 6 cm3 = 210 cm3 of oxygen.
Therefore, oxygen was in excess. One mole of butene gives 4 moles of carbon dioxide, so 35.0 4 cm3
= 140 cm3 of carbon dioxide was formed. Residual volume of oxygen = 300 (35.0 6) cm3 = 90 cm3.
Therefore, the total volume of gas = 140 + 90 cm3 = 230 cm3.

148

C According to the Avogadros Law, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of
molecules at the same temperature and pressure. Therefore, each pair of gases should have the same
number of molecules. However, the number of atoms may not be the same.
A: Formulae of gases involved are H 2 O and NH 3
B: Formulae of gases involved are CO 2 and SO 3
C: Formulae of gases involved are CH 4 and Ne
D: Formulae of gases involved are HCl and H 2 S
Thus, 100 cm3 of CH 4 has the same number of atoms as 500 cm3 of Ne.

149

C The equation for the reaction is H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) 2HCl(g). From the equation, mole ratio of Cl 2 :
H 2 = 1 : 1, thus H 2 is in excess. From the equation, mole ratio of Cl 2 : HCl = 1 : 2, thus volume ratio of
Cl 2 : HCl = 1 : 2. Therefore, the volume of hydrogen chloride produced is 30 cm3 2 = 60 cm3.

150

C Assuming the reaction goes to completion: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g)
Mole ratio of SO 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
No. of moles of O 2 required = 1 mol
The volume of O 2 required = 1 mol 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 24.0 dm3

151

24.0 dm 3
= 120 dm3
0.2
A The equation for the complete combustion of methane is CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l).
From the equation, mole ratio of CH 4 : O 2 = 1 : 2, thus volume ratio of CH 4 : O 2 = 1 : 2. Therefore, the
volume of oxygen required = 50 cm3 2 = 100 cm3.

152

C The equation for the complete combustion of CH 4 is CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l). From

The volume of air required =

the equation, mole ratio of CH 4 : O 2 = 1 : 2, thus volume ratio of CH 4 : O 2 = 1 : 2. Therefore, the

volume of oxygen required for the complete combustion of 50 cm3 of CH 4 = 50 cm3 2 = 100 cm3. The
equation for the complete combustion of CO is 2CO(g) + O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g). From the equation, mole
ratio of CO : O 2 = 2 : 1, thus volume ratio of CO : O 2 = 2 : 1. Therefore, the volume of oxygen required
25 cm 3
for the complete combustion of 25 cm of CO =
= 12.5 cm3. As a result, the total volume of
2
3
3
3
oxygen required = 100 cm + 12.5 cm = 112.5 cm .
3

153

B Avogadros Law states that equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules at the
same temperature and pressure.

154

D By making use of the concept of Avogadros Law, the mole ratio of gases can be taken as the
volume ratio. Since all the gases have equal number of moles at the same temperature and pressure,
they should have equal volumes.

155

Volume ratio of H 2 : NH 3 = mole ratio of H 2 : NH 3 = 3 : 2. Volume of H 2 required =

20.0 3
2

cm3 = 30.0 cm3.

156

A Number of moles of SO 2 produced =

10.0
mol = 4.17 104 mol. Mole ratio of S : SO 2 = 1 :
24 000

1; number of moles of sulphur needed = 4.17 104 mol.

157

B From the equation, mole ratio of C 2 H 6 : O 2 = 2 : 7, volume ratio of C 2 H 6 : O 2 = 2 : 7 (at r.t.p.).

Volume of O 2 needed = 70 cm3. Therefore, the volume of O 2 unreacted = 95 cm3 70 cm3 = 25 cm3.

158

C According to the above information, volume ratio of Cl 2 : O 2 : Cl x O y = 1 : 2 : 2, thus mole ratio of

Cl 2 : O 2 : Cl x O y = 1 : 2 : 2 (at r.t.p.). Therefore, the molecular formula of the oxide is ClO 2 .

159

D S(s) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g) Volume of O 2 consumed = 1 24.0 dm3 = 24.0 dm3; number of moles of
SO 2 produced = number of moles of O 2 consumed = 1 mol; volume of SO 2 produced = 1 24.0 dm3 =
24.0 dm3.

160
161

C Volume of CH 4 (g) at r.t.p. = 3 24 000 cm3 = 72 000 cm3.

300
B Number of moles of ethane =
mol = 0.0125 mol.
24 000

162

A Volume of the hydrogen chloride gas = 2.80 24.0 dm3 = 67.2 dm3.

163

B Volume of gas is determined by the number of molecules, not the size of the molecules. According
to Avogadros Law, equal volume of all gases contain the same number of molecules at the same
temperature and pressure. Therefore, C is incorrect. 1 mole of gas molecules occupies a volume of
about 24.0 dm3 only at room temperature and pressure, so D is incorrect.

164

C H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) 2HCl(g) H 2 and Cl 2 reacted completely to form 250 cm3 of HCl. The mole ratio
of H 2 : Cl 2 : HCl = 1 : 1 : 2. Volume of H 2 = volume of Cl 2 =

volume of HCl
250
=
cm3 = 125
2
2

cm3.
165

A Intermolecular interaction varies in different gases and causes different gases consisting of equal
number of molecules to have different molar volumes.

166

D There are 2.4 1023 N atoms and 6.0 1023 O atoms. The ratio of x : y = 1.2 : 3 = 2 : 5, so the

empirical formula of N x O y is N 2 O 5 . Only D is possible to be the molecular formula.

167

A Numbers of atoms of option A, B, C, D are

= 1.00L and

168

169

18
32
6.0
3L = 2.25L,
1L = 1.33L,
4L
24.0
24.0
24.0

8.0
4L = 1.33L respectively, where L is the Avogadro constant.
24.0

B Number of moles of CH 4 molecules =

500
mol = 0.0208 mol. One mole of CH 4 molecules
24 000

contains five moles of atoms, so number of moles of atoms = 0.0208 5 mol = 0.104 mol.
305
D Number of moles of O 2 molecules =
mol = 0.0127 mol; number of O 2 molecules =
24 000
0.0127 6.02 1023 = 7.65 1021.

170
171

B Density =

mass
molar mass
molar mass
=
, so molar volume =
.
density
volume
molar volume

B Number of moles of NH 3 =

4.3
mol = 0.253 mol; volume of NH 3 = 0.253 24.0 dm3 =
14.0 1.0 3

6.07 dm3.
172

D Number of moles of CO 2 =

120
mol = 5.00 103 mol; molar mass of CO 2 =
24.0 1000

0.22
g mol1 = 44.0 g mol1.
5.00 10 3
173

B Number of moles of the gas =

1
1.33
mol = 0.0417 mol; molar mass of the gas =
g = 31.9
24.0
0.0417

g mol1, which is the closest to the molar mass of O 2 (32.0 g mol1).

174

D MgCO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) Number of moles of MgCO 3 (s) =
100
0.8
mol = 0.0329 mol; number of moles of H 2 SO 4 (aq) =
1.0 = 0.100 mol. MgCO 3 (s) is the
24.3
1000
limiting reactant. The mole ratio of MgCO 3 (s) to CO 2 (g) is 1 : 1. Number of moles of CO 2 (g) = number
0.8
of moles of MgCO 3 (s) =
mol = 0.00949; volume of CO 2 (g) = 0.00949 24.0
24.3 12.0 16.0 3
dm3 = 0.228 dm3 = 228 cm3.

175

B 2KClO 3 (s) + heat 3O 2 (g) + 2KCl(s) The mole ratio of KClO 3 (s) to O 2 (g) is 2 : 3. Number of
5.0
39.1 35.5 16.0 3
3 mol = 0.0612 mol; volume of O 2 (g) = 0.0612 24.0 dm3
moles of O 2 (g) =
2
= 1.47 dm3.

176

C CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) The mole ratio of CaCO 3 (s) to CO 2 (g) is 1 : 1. Number of moles of
CO 2 (g) =

6.0
mol = 0.250 mol; mass of CaCO 3 needed = 0.250 (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g = 25.0
24.0

g; mass of limestone needed =

25.0
g = 27.8 g.
90%

177

B Molar mass of O 2 = 32.0 g mol1; molar mass of N 2 = 28.0 g mol1. Equal masses mean that
number of moles of O 2 is smaller than that of N 2 , so O 2 is limiting as the mole ratio should be 1 : 1
based on the equation.

178

B Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Number of moles of Zn(s) reacted =

0.10
mol = 0.00153
65.4

mol. Mole ratio of Zn(s) : H 2 (g) = 1 : 1, so number of moles of H 2 (g) = 0.00153 mol; volume of H 2 (g)
= 0.00153 24.0 dm3 = 0.0367 dm3 = 36.7 cm3.
179

D NH 4 NO 3 (s) N 2 O(g) + 2H 2 O(l) The mole ratio of ammonium nitrate to dinitrogen oxide is 1 : 1.
Number of moles of N 2 O(g) required =

15.0
mol = 0.625 mol, so 0.625 mole of NH 4 NO 3 (s) is
24.0

needed. Mass of NH 4 NO 3 (s) needed = 0.625 (14.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 3) g = 50.0 g.

180

B Na 2 CO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) The mole ratio of hydrochloric acid to
1200
carbon dioxide is 2 : 1. Number of moles of CO 2 (g) formed =
mol = 0.0500 mol; number of
24 000
moles of HCl(aq) = 0.0500 2 mol = 0.100 mol. Therefore, the volume of HCl(aq) needed =

0.100
0.500

dm3 = 0.200 dm3 = 200 cm3.

181

A The mole ratio of aluminum carbide to methane is 1 : 3. Number of moles of aluminium carbide
0.48
used =
mol = 3.33 103 mol; number of moles of methane formed = 3.33 103
27.0 4 12.0 3
3 mol = 9.99 103 mol; volume of methane = 9.99 103 24.0 dm3 = 0.240 dm3.

182

D Sulphur is a solid at room temperature and pressure, it is incorrect to assume that 1 mole of sulphur
is 24.0 dm3.

183

D The equation of the reaction is Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g).

0.2
mol = 0.005 mol
No. of moles of Ca =
40.1
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca : H 2 = 1 : 1
No. of moles H 2 = 0.005 mol.
the volume of H 2 = 0.005 mol 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 0.12 dm3 or 120 cm3

184
B

240 cm 3
No. of moles of hydrogen =
= 0.01 mol,
24 000 cm 3

mole ratio of Y to H 2 = 1 : 1

185

A No. of moles of N 2 =

7.0
mol = 0.25 mol, no. of moles of gas Y = 0.25 mol. The volume
14.0 2

of gas Y at r.t.p. = 0.25 mol 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 6 dm3.

186

B Number of moles of Mg reacted =

24.3
mol = 1.00 mol. Mole ratio of Mg : H 2 = 1 : 1; number
24.3

of moles of H 2 produced = number of moles of Mg reacted = 1.00 mol; volume of hydrogen gas
produced = 24.0 1.00 dm3 = 24.0 dm3.

187

D Number of moles of nitrogen gas formed =

3.25
mol = 0.116 mol; volume of nitrogen gas
14.0 2

formed = 0.116 24.0 dm3 = 2.78 dm3.

188

D Mass = molar mass number of moles; volume = molar volume number of moles; number of
formula units = Avogadro constant number of moles.

189

C CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) Mole ratio of CH 4 to CO 2 equals 1 : 1. Number of moles of

5.5
mol = 0.344 mol; volume of CO 2
CO 2 formed = number of moles of CH 4 consumed =
12.0 1.0 4
produced = 0.344 24.0 dm3 = 8.26 dm3.

190

B 2C 2 H 6 (g) + 7O 2 (g) 4CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l) Mole ratio of C 2 H 6 to H 2 O equals 2 : 6. Number of

240
moles of C 2 H 6 consumed =
mol = 0.0100 mol; number of moles of H 2 O formed =
24 000
0.0100
6 mol = 0.0300 mol; mass of H 2 O = 0.0300 (1.0 2 + 16.0) g = 0.54 g.
2

191

A Number of moles of CO molecules =

2.80
mol = 0.100 mol. One mole of CO molecules
12.0 16.0

contains two moles of atoms. Therefore, number of atoms in 0.100 mol of CO molecules = 0.100 2
6.02 1023 = 1.20 1023.
192

B MgCO 3 (s) + 2HNO 3 (aq) Mg(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) Mole ratio of MgCO 3 to CO 2 is 1 :
0.2
1. Number of moles of MgCO 3 =
mol = 2.37 103 mol. Therefore, number of
24.3 12.0 16.0 3
moles of CO 2 = 2.37 103 mol; volume of CO 2 = 2.37 103 24.0 dm3 = 0.057 dm3.

193

A Number of moles of Al =

5.4
0.20 3
mol
mol = 0.20 mol; number of moles of H 2 formed =
27.0
2

= 0.300 mol; volume of H 2 formed = 0.300 24.0 dm3 = 7.2 dm3.

194

A 2HCl(aq) + Na 2 CO 3 (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) Number of moles of HCl =

mol = 0.0500 mol; number of moles of CO 2 =

50
1.0
1000

0.0500
mol = 0.0250 mol; volume of CO 2 = 0.0250
2

24.0 dm3 = 0.60 dm3.

195

B Number of moles of C 3 H 8 =

2.0
mol = 0.0455 mol; number of moles of O 2
12.0 3 1.0 8

required = 0.0455 5 mol = 0.228 mol; volume of O 2 required = 0.228 24.0 dm3 = 5.47 dm3.
196

197

A Mg(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) Number of moles of magnesium =

0.5
mol =
24.3

0.0206 mol; number of moles of hydrogen produced = 0.0206 mol; volume of hydrogen produced =
0.0206 24.0 dm3 = 0.494 dm3 = 494 cm3.
0.623
C Number of moles of ethane =
mol = 0.0208 mol; molar volume of ethane =
12.0 2 1.0 6

498
cm3 = 23 900 cm3 = 23.9 dm3.
0.0208
198

C The molar volumes of different gases under the same temperature and pressure are roughly equal,
but not exactly the same.

199

C The unit of molar volume is dm3 mol1.

200

C Solids and liquids do have molar volume. Changes in temperature and pressure have significant
effect on molar volume of gases because their volumes can expand due to weak intermolecular forces
and can compress due to large empty space available.

201

D Avogadros Law only applies to gases. At room conditions, magnesium and iron have different
densities, and thus different volumes.

202

B Avogadros Law states that equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules at the
same temperature and pressure.

203

D According to the Avogadros Law, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of
molecules at the same temperature and pressure.

204

205

C Steam is a substance with temperature that equals 100C. Therefore, its volume at r.t.p. should not
be 24.0 dm3 mol1, which is the molar volume of any gas at r.t.p.

206

18 g mol 1
A Molar volume of water =
= 0.018 dm3 mol1.
3
1 1000 g dm

Molar mass = molar volume density. Volume of a gas does not depend on its molar mass.