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Impedance Matching
Why do we impedance match?
> Power transfer is reduced when we have a mismatch.
Example: Suppose we have a 1V source with 100 ohms source resistance, Rs.
The available power is the largest power that can be extracted from the source, and
this is only possible when matched: RL = RS.
Pavs =
2
Vgen
8RS
= 1.25 mW
PLoad =
VL = Vgen (1000/1100)
1
Re VL I L*
2
IL = Vgen/1100
PLOAD = 0.41 mW
RL
L =
RL
PL = Pavs 1 L
Z0
Z0
1
+1
)=P
= 0.818
avs (0.33)
= 0.41 mW
So, if the source and load impedances are not matched, we can lose lots of power.
In this example, we have delivered only 33% of the available power to the load.
Therefore, if we want to deliver the available power into a load with a non-zero
reflection coefficient, a matching network is necessary.
Notes set #5
Page 2
L Matching Networks
8 possibilities for single frequency (narrow-band) lumped element matching networks.
Notes set #5
Page 3
How to proceed:
Recall the Series Parallel transformations that you derived in homework #1:
RP = RS (Q 2 + 1)
XP =
Q2 + 1
XS 2
Q
Remember that these relationships between the series circuit and parallel circuit
elements are valid only at one frequency. And, Q is the unloaded Q as defined in
lecture 1.
RS
CP
RP
CS
Here, of course,
XP =
1
1
and X S =
.
C P
C S
Notes set #5
Page 4
Matching Network
RS
jXS
LOAD
-jXP
RP
SOURCE
Q2 + 1 =
RP
or Q =
RS
RP
1
RS
2. Now, using the definition of unloaded Q for the series and parallel branches,
compute
XS = Q RS
XP = RP / Q
3. Then determine their values:
L = XS/
C = 1/XP
Notes set #5
Series equivalent
jXS1
RS1
-jXS2
LOAD
RS2=RS1
SOURCE
Then,
XS2
Q 2 QRP
= XP 2
= QRS1 = X S1
= 2
Q
+
Q
+
1
1
So, we see that XS2 = XS1, and we have cancelled the reactance as well as
transforming the real part.
jXS1
-jXS2
LOAD
ZIN = RS
RS2=RS1
Page 5
Notes set #5
Page 6
Matching Network
ZIN = RS
jXS
LOAD
-jXP
RP
Same process applies with high pass form. Same XS, XP but different C, L values
are required.
Rs
Rp
RS = 50
Q=
500
1 = 3
50
XS = 3 RS = 150
XP = RP/Q = 500/3 = 167
Then evaluate at : C = 0.6 pF; L = 15 nH.
Notes set #5
Page 7
RL
Series
L
Shunt C
Notes set #5
Page 8
Also note that the Q can be read off the Smith Chart:
Q = x/r =3.0/1.0 = b/g = 0.3/0.1 = 3
Highest Q
at this
point
Notes set #5
Page 9
Notes set #5
Page 10
Lpkg
Rs
BJT
Vs
2.
LOAD
jXP
3.
We can use the Smith chart and get the answer directly.
OR:
Notes set #5
Page 11
Example: Suppose C = 1 pF, r = 500. This could be the base of a bipolar transistor.
Matching Network
jXS
LOAD
jXP
Notes set #5
Page 12
C3
L1
of impedances over
Notes set #5
Page 13
Basis for distributed matching using transmission line segments: the equivalent circuit
model of a short transmission line.
L/2
L/2
Z0 ,
C/ 2
L = Z0
C = / Z0
C/ 2
= / vp
L1
Z1, 1
L1 = Z11
C1/ 2 = 1/ Z1
So, we obtained the inductor L1 we desire, together with a C1/2 which we do not want.
C1 does vary as 1/Z1 and L1 as Z1, so using a high impedance line greatly helps to
reduce C1 relative to L1. To make a good inductor, we need to keep C1 small.
Notes set #5
Page 14
Series inductor:
L2
Z2 , 2
L2
C2/ 2
Again, L2 = Z2 2
C2 = 2 / Z2
C2/ 2
Shunt Capacitor:
L3/2
L3/2
Z3, 3
C3
C3
C3 = 3/Z3
L3 = 3 Z3
C3
L1
Notes set #5
Page 15
Z2 , 2
Z1, 1
Z3, 3
C3 Z32/ 2
C3 Z32/ 2
C3
L1
L1/ 2Z12
L2/ 2Z22
If Z1 and Z2 are sufficiently high and Z3 sufficiently low, this will approximate the
desired network.
Notes set #5
Page 16
It is helpful to think of transmission lines in both their equivalent circuit form and in a
distributed form.
C
L
Z0
L
C
Z0
Z0 =
Z0
L
C
Z0
/2
CX
CX
/2
CX
Z0
Notes set #5
L/2
CX + C
Z0
CX + C
L
C + CX
Page 17
Z 0
CX + C
L(C + CX )
(per section)
We also have now a frequency limitation on the transmission line: The Bragg cutoff
frequency.
C =
2
. (Equations above limited to << C .)
L(C + CX )
This occurs when you construct an artificial line with discrete L and C.
L = Z 0
C = / Z0
Why do we care?
1.
,Z1
,Z1
,Z1
Z0
2
Z0
Notes set #5
Page 18
Notes set #5
Page 19
,Z
2 1
Z0
2
L
C + Cgs
Z0 =
Z0
L
L
C + Cgs
Z0
Notes set #5
Page 20
Z + jZ 0 tan
Z IN = Z 0 L
Z 0 + jZ L tan
Shorted Stub
X=
| | = 1 = 0 or 180 degrees.
Z1N
Z0 2
=
ZL
From G. (1.3.40)
X=0
ZL = 0
Z IN = jZ 0 tan
So, if =
, =
, tan = 1
ZL =
X=
X=0
Z IN = jZ 0 cot
Notes set #5
Page 21
BUT we are not restricted to these particular lengths. We can use whatever we need.
SHORT
OPEN
= /8
Notes set #5
Page 22
Electrical length = E =
ref
360
v / fref
360 =
fref 360
E = T fref 360
Notes set #5
Page 23
50
50
ZIN = 50
50
Shunt shorted T-line
Stub of length l2
zL = 1.8 + j1.9
First step: Determine length of series T-line l1 necessary to transform the load
impedance so that it intersects the unit conductance circle. Using a 50 ohm YZ Smith
Chart, draw a circle with radius |L| around the center of the chart. Moving clockwise
from the load impedance (negative angle 2l1 since (x) = (0)e2jx and x = -l1), we arrive
at point A on the unit conductance circle. The length in wavelengths can be determined
from the outside wavelength scale around the perimeter of the Smith chart. If =
2/ref, then the wavelength scale represents l (in units of wavelength ref). We can
later determine the physical length of the line from the frequency and phase velocity.
Draw a straight line from the center of the chart through zL. This intersects the
wavelength scale at 0.204 . Add a series line until the unit conductance circle is
reached. Next, draw another straight line through point A. This intersects the scale at
0.427 . So, the electrical length of the required series line in wavelengths is 0.427
0.204 = 0.223. Converting to electrical length in degrees: 0.223 x 360 = 80.2 degrees.
E = 360 l / REF
Notes set #5
Page 24
0.204
0.427
Illustration of first step through the series transmission line of length 0.223 ref.
The second step is to apply shunt susceptance from the shorted stub. According to the
chart, we now have a normalized admittance yA = 1.0 + j1.53. Thus, we must add b = 1.53 to cancel the susceptance. We will then arrive at point B, 50 ohms.
To determine the required line length, start from the short circuit and find the line of
constant susceptance corresponding to b = -1.53. The difference in wavelength 0.092 x
360 = 33.1o gives us the required length in degrees.
Notes set #5
Page 25
0.092
z
B
0.0
Second step. Add shunt shorted stub at end of series line. b = -1.53
Notes set #5
Page 26
R2
1 no freedom to change Q.
R1
If higher Q is desired, then a 3 element network is needed.
Q of L network is determined by resistance ratio Q =
PI Network:
X 2 must be opposite to X 1 , X 3 .
RS
X2
RL
X3
X1
RS
X S2
X S1
X P2
X P1
RL
R
resistance at this
point < RS or R L
Notes set #5
Page 27
RH
1 where R H = higher of the two resistances R P or R S .
R
R
RH
2
Q +1
See example 4-4 in Bowick; p. 73. Design both sides to match to R at center of network.
T network:
X 2 must be opposite to X 1 , X 3 .
RS
X1
X3
RL
X2
RS
X S2
X S1
X P1
X P2
RL
R
R > R S or R L in this topology.
R
R small
R Q 2 + 1 Rsmall
Can you still use the design equations when the source and load is complex?
Yes. Just absorb the series or parallel reactance/susceptance into the design.
Notes set #5
Page 28
Example: L network
X S1
XS
RS
X P1
XL
ZL
RL
1.
YL =
RS
XS
1
ZL
Re(YL ) =
1
RP
Im(YL ) =
1
XP
X S1
X P1
XP
combine
RP
combine
Q=
RP
1
RS
X S total = X S + X S1 = QR S
X Ptotal =
X P X P1
X P + X P1
RP
Q
Notes set #5
Page 29
Example: T network
RS
XS
X S2
X S1
X P1
X P2
XL
RL
Set Q.
R = Q 2 + 1 Rsmall
Say R S < R L
X S 1total = X S + X S 1 = QR S
X P1 =
R
Q
Q =
R
1
RL
X S 2total = X S 2 + X L = Q R L
X P2 =
R
Q