Participles List

A: Marks a Topic
(Does not play a direct grammatical role in sentence)
- Indicates what is being talked about
- Used when sentence makes sense even without the topic
- Indicates the topic (what comes before it)
- Places emphasis/importance on what comes after it
ex: -> As for today, it is hot)
ex: - I am Grant
B: Contrasting elements
- DO AFTER LEARNING OTHERS

A: Indicates a Subject
(The thing doing the action/verb)
- Indicates what is being talked about
- Used when subject is necessary for context
- Indicates the subject (what comes before it)
- Places emphasis/importance on what comes before it
ex: -> I want to drink coffee
ex: -> I am Grant

A: Indicates Possession
- Shows who/what owns who/what
ex: -> My shark
B: Sentence-ender
- Used by woman and children
- Indicates an assumed common interest or gives an explanatory feeling
- Can be used when explaining something
ex: Why are you eating? Because Im hungry
- Can be used when asking for an explanation
ex: Why are you eating?
- Can be used to indicates assumed common interest
ex: Tom is really terrible, you know?

A: Indicates Location
- Shows where something is happening
ex: -> I played tennis at the park
B: Using X to do Y
- Indicates using something to do something else
ex: -> Drive the nail in with a hammer

C: Because of
- Indicates why something happened
ex: -> Because of the snow, I was late for school
D: Time Taken / End Time
- Indicates when something stops, or the time an activity has taken
ex: -> I think I will finish it in 3 hours
ex: -> My daughter started talking at the age of 2

A: A complete/exhaustive list
- Separates items in a complete list
- Functions similar to and
ex: -> Cats and dogs are cute
B: Doing something with someone or something
- Separates items in a complete list
- Functions similar to and
ex: -> I talked with my parents
C: A quotation or sound
- Marks a quotation or sound
-> Koichi said, Ill be there by 3:30

A: The time when something takes place

- indicates a uniquely identifiable time where something happens
- Can be used if the context of time works with on ____ or at ____
- Can not work with etc
ex: -> At 6 oclock I will go to the bacon festival
B: Where someone or something moves to
- Indicates the location someone or something moves to
ex: -> (I) will go to Japan.
C: An action that transfers
- Used with verbs that transfer something from one person to another
- Examples include teaching, giving, showing, lecturing
ex: -> I teach English to Japanese people
ex: -> IMr. Kimura gave me kimchee.
D: The surface on which something takes place
- Used when one thing is happening on the surface of another thing
ex: -> I placed a book on the desk
E: Showing where something exists
- Used to indicate the location where something exists
ex: -> Im in the room

F: Showing why someone moves from one place to another

- Format: [Thing you are doing in stem form] + + [movement verb]
- You are going/coming/etc to do something to something else
ex: -> II came here to meet you.
G: The source in passive, causative, receiving
- Used when actions are passive, causative, or receiving
ex: -> I will make Mr. Tachibana write a novel
(I caused this to happen)
ex: -> Koichi praised Viet.
(This was a passive action)
ex: -> Professor Yoshida teaches me Japanese.
(I received the teachings)

A: The direction something or some action goes

- interchangeable with in almost all cases
- When next word starts with you MUST use instead of
ex: -> We ran to the hospital

A: Marking a direct object

- Indicates that you are taking an object and are doing something directly to it
- In some situations other particles can mark the direct object (an exception)
- Cant have more than one in a clause
ex: -> I will eat sushi
B: Someone or something moving on/through/along something
- Specific use cases, of moving along/on/through objects/places
ex: -> I walked (along) the riverbank.
C: Where a movement begins
- Shows where a movement begins from
ex: -> Please get off the train.

A: A starting point or source

- Can relate to time, location, source, what something was made of
- Examples include where something is from, when something stared
ex: -> The drinking party starts from 6 oclock

A: Question indicator
- Indicates a question when at the end of a sentence
- Can be seen with/without question marks after
ex: -> Is that true?
B: Indicates Alternative Option
- Behaves like english or

- If marking more than two nouns as options, very last is omitted

ex: -> Which do you prefer, coke or pepsi?
C: Indicates Uncertainty
- Format of [Thing you are unsure of] + + [verb shows in what way you are unsure]
- Similar to marking an alternative option, though the option is just omitted
- Has the form as well, that can indicate a yes/no uncertainty
ex: -> I wonder if I should buy a bikini (or not)

A: When two subjects are the same

- Works similar to also in english
ex: -> I am also John / Im John, too.
ex: -> The weather is nice today also, isnt it?
- Can put other particles before
ex: -> We also got orders from America
ex: -> Its famous in Japan too.
B: Emphasizes something measurable
- Quantity, distance, frequency
ex: -> A thousand people came!
ex: -> I ate ten pieces of cake!

A: Sentence ender that turns sentence into an exclamation

- Indicates a strong assertion about something.
- Similar to you know?
- Assumes that mainly only you know this
- More for positive statements
ex: -> I will go to Tokyo, you know.

A: Sentence ender that looks for agreement

- Implies that you are looking for agreement from the person
- Similar to isnt it?
- Assuming its shared knowledge
- Expects the person to agree
ex: -> Tom is cute, isnt he?
- Can also be merged with () to create a shared-knowledge-exclamation
ex: -> DIdnt I tell you to wash the dishes?

A: Until
- Indicates a spatial or temporal limit
- Can be time related such as Until 5PM or Until March
ex: -> I will work until 9pm..
- Can be quaint related such as amount of money, food, etc
ex: -> People with numbers 1-12 please come in

- Can be limits on location such as until you get to school

ex: -> I walk from my house to the station every day
- Can be limits on actions such as until you finish your homework
ex: -> Until you eat your cake, you cant eat kale.
- Useful note:: ____ is like saying from ____ to ____ in english
- Tricky tip:r When used with time, this is inclusive unlike english.
(ex: -> I will sleep through February (inclusive)

A: Indicates a limit on an action

- Puts a hard limit on time
- Think more of by 6:00pm instead of until 6:00pm
ex: -> Finish your homework by 8 oclock

A: Comparing something/someone against something/someone

- Can compare things up front, or after
- Up front: AB_____ -> A is _____ more than B.
ex: -> Coffee tastes better than tea.
- After: AB_____ -> More than A, B is ____.
ex: -> More than coee, tea tastes good

A: Masculine sentence-ender for yes-or-no questions

- Used mainly in masculine speech
- Similar to
- Used in casual situations
ex: -> Do you have any money (or not)?