The Journal of The Textile Institute

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Single-stage process for bifunctionalization and

eco-friendly pigment coloration of cellulosic
fabrics
N.A. Ibrahim, E. Abd El-Aziz, B.M. Eid & T.M. Abou Elmaaty
To cite this article: N.A. Ibrahim, E. Abd El-Aziz, B.M. Eid & T.M. Abou Elmaaty (2015): Singlestage process for bifunctionalization and eco-friendly pigment coloration of cellulosic fabrics,
The Journal of The Textile Institute
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2015.1082784

Published online: 01 Sep 2015.

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Date: 10 September 2015, At: 14:04

The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2015.1082784

Single-stage process for bifunctionalization and eco-friendly pigment coloration of

cellulosic fabrics
N.A. Ibrahima*, E. Abd El-Azizb, B.M. Eida and T.M. Abou Elmaatyb
a

Textile Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; bFaculty of Applied Arts, Department of Textile Printing, Dyeing
and Finishing, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt

Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 14:04 10 September 2015

(Received 18 October 2014; accepted 10 July 2015)

A facile single-stage process for enhancing the antibacterial activity and UV-shielding property of cotton and viscose
pigment prints was reported. Results indicated that both the functional and coloration properties of the obtained pigment
prints were improved signicantly by incorporation of TiO2 nano sol (average molecular size 5 nm, 15 g/kg) into the
solvent-free pigment printing pastes. Differences in the imparted antibacterial activity and UV-blocking properties as
well as in the depth of the modied pigment prints were attributed to the differences in the type of cellulosic substrate,
efciency of the used binding agent, extent of loading, and immobilizing both the TiO2-NPs and pigment particles
during the microwave-xation step as well as on the type of pigment colorant. Also, the obtained results demonstrated
that the modied pigment prints, i.e. TiO2-NPs-loaded pigment prints, showed durable antibacterial efcacy and
UV-shielding capacity even after 15 washing cycles, regardless of the used substrate. The scanning electron microscope
images and EDX spectra of selected samples were also reported.
Keywords: cellulosic fabric; pigment coloration; TiO2-NPs; one-stage process; functional nish

Introduction
Due to their biodegradability, sustainability, and their
unique physicochemical, mechanical, and comfort
properties, cellulose-based textile materials have received
much attention in recent years to overcome their
drawbacks/less desirable properties, upgrade their
performance, coloration, and functional properties, such
as antimicrobial, UV-protection, self-cleaning, easy care,
etc. as well as to develop innovative cellulose-containing
fabrics for producing more appealing and highly
functional value-added textile products (Hashem,
Ibrahim, El-Shafei, Refaie, & Hauser, 2009; Ibrahim,
Amr, Eid, & El-Sayed, 2010; Ibahim, Eid, Abd El-Aziz,
& Abou Elmaaty, 2013; Ibrahim, Abdel-Rehim, & ElBatal, 2010; Ibrahim, Abo-Shosha, Elnagdy, & Gaffar,
2002; Ibrahim, Aly, & Gouda, 2008; Ibrahim, Amr, Eid,
Almetwally, & Mourad, 2013; Ibrahim, Amr, Eid,
Mohamed, & Fahmy, 2012; Ibrahim, Eid, & El-Batal,
2012; Ibrahim, Eid, Elmaaty, & El-Aziz, 2013; Ibrahim,
E-Zairy, & Eid, 2010; Ibrahim, Khalifa, El-Hossamy, &
Tawk, 2010; Ibrahim, Refaie, & Ahmed, 2010; Jafary,
Khajeh Mehrizi, Hekmatimoghaddam, & Jebali, 2015;
Sarkar & Appidi, 2009; Tragoonwichian, ORear, &
Yanumet, 2009; Wang et al., 2014).
On the other hand, the ever-growing consumer
demands for comfort and healthy lifestyles, taking into
consideration the environmental, ecological, and
economical concerns, make it very much desirable to
*Corresponding author. Email: nabibrahim49@yahoo.co.uk
2015 The Textile Institute

search for novel methods for practical applications based

on the implementation of innovative technologies, such
as nano, bio and or plasma technologies in textile
processes to have high-quality textile products with
multifunctionality and remarkable protective abilities
(Abdel-Aziz, Eid, & Ibrahim, 2014; Hashem, Ibrahim,
El-Sayed, El-Husseiny, & El-Enany, 2009; Holme, 2007;
Ibrahim, 2015; Ibrahim, Abou Elmaaty, Eid, & Abd
El-Aziz, 2013; Ibrahim et al., 2013; Ibrahim, Eid,
Hashem, Refai, & El-Hossamy, 2010; Ibrahim, Eid,
Youssef, El-Sayed, & Salah, 2012; Ibrahim, El-Zairy,
Abdalla, & Khalil, 2013; Ibrahim, El-Zairy, El-Zairy,
Eid, & Ghazal, 2011; Ibrahim, Gouda, El-Shafei, &
Abdel-Fattah, 2007; Radeti, 2013).
The present study is an attempt to investigate the
potential application of TiO2-NPs for simultaneous
antibacterial/UV-blocking
bifunctionalization
and
environmentally benign pigment printing of cotton and
viscose cellulosic fabrics via incorporation into proper
pigment paste formulations. The suggested application
offers many advantages, such as an eco-friendly, facile,
cost-efcient, and practically acceptable method.
Experimental
Materials
Mill scoured and bleached cotton (120 g/m2) and viscose
(100 g/m2) cellulosic fabrics were used for the study.

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N.A. Ibrahim et al.

Printox Binder 86 (acrylate-based copolymer

dispersion, Clariant), Alcoprint PB-55 (aqueous
dispersion of self crosslinking butadiene copolymer,
Ciba), GBinder FMD (based on polyacrylate, anionic,
BASF GB Chem, Egypt), and Printox Binder MTB01 liquid (acrylate-based copolymer, anionic, Clariant),
Printox thickener 160 EG liquid (synthetic thickening
agent based on ammonium polyacrylate, Clariant),
GBresin
CPN
(reactant
resin
based
on
hydroxymethylated 4,5dihydroxyethylene urea, low
formaldehyde, BASF/GB Chem, Egypt), Durex
Silicone-1020 (softening agent based on modied
polysiloxane
microemulsion,
Texchem,
Egypt),
Printox Blue R2H pigment (Clariant), Unisperse
Blue G pigment (Ciba), Printox Yellow HRNC
pigment (Clariant), and Printox Red H3BD pigment
(Clariant) were of commercial grade. All other chemicals
were of general laboratory grade supplied by Aldrich.
Methods
TiO2-NPs preparation
TiO2-NPs (average molecular size 5 nm, Figure 1)
were prepared, as previously reported using solgel
nanosynthesis
technique,
Ti-tetraisopropoxide
as
precursor along with 2-propanol and nitric acid (Bozzi,
Yuranova, & Kiwi, 2005; Ibrahim et al., 2012).
All-in pigment printing method
Guide formulation for solvent-free pigment printing and
functional nishing of cotton and viscose cellulosic
fabrics was carried out using at screen technique
(Table 1).
Pigment prints were then simultaneously dried and
thermoxed in a commercial microwave oven with an

Figure 1.

TEM of prepared TiO2-NPs.

Table 1. Solvent-free
nishing formulation.

pigment

Printing paste constituents

Pigment
Synthetic thickener
Binder
Cross-linker
Softener
Catalyst(ammonium persulfate)
TiO2-nano sol
Acetic acid
Water
Total

printing

and

functional
g/kg paste
20
20
100
20
10
2
15
3
810
1000

output power of 386 W for 5 min. (as more rapid,

uniform, and efcient tool for reducing heat transfer
problems) followed by washing.
Measurements
The depth of the obtained pigment prints, expressed as
K/S values, was measured using an automatic lter
spectrophotometer. Reectance values (R) were used to
calculate the K/S based on the Kubelka-Munk equation
(Judd & Wyszeck, 1975).
K/S = [(1R)2/2R], where R is the reectance of the
pigment print, K and S are the absorption and scattering
coefcient, respectively.
Fastness properties to washing, crocking, and light
were evaluated according to the AATCC Test Methods
(61-1972), (8-1972), and (16A-1972), respectively.
The morphology and particle size of the prepared
TiO2-NPs were assessed by transmission electron
microscope (TEM) using JEOL, JEM 2100 F electron
microscope at 200 kV.
The metal content of the functionalized pigment
prints was evaluated by ame atomic absorption
spectrophotometer GBC-Avanta, Australia.
Antibacterial activity assessment against G+ve
bacteria (S. aureus) and Gve bacteria (E. coli) was
determined qualitatively according to AATCC Test
Method (147-1988, performed in presence of light), and
expressed as zone of growth inhibition (mm).
UV-protection factor (UPF) of the obtained pigment
prints was assessed according to the Australian/New
Zealand Standard Method 135-2000. According to the
Australian classication scheme, fabrics can be rated as
providing good, very good, and excellent protection if
their UPF values range from 15 to 24, 25 to 39, and
above 40, respectively.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of some
untreated and pigment printed/functionalized fabric
samples were obtained with a JEOL, JXL 840A electron
probe microanalyser, equipped with energy dispersive
X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy for the composition analysis.

The Journal of The Textile Institute

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as antibacterial/UV-blocking agent, into the pigment

printing pastes along with other ingredients like
thickening, binding, xing, softening, and catalyzing
agents. Results obtained along with appropriate
discussion follows.

Figure 2. Effect of binding agent type on the depth of the

obtained pigment prints.
Notes: Printing paste components: Printox thickener 160 EG
(20 g/kg); Alcoprint PB-55 (100 g/kg), printox Blue R2H
(20 g/kg); Durex Silicone softener (10 g/kg); GBresin CPN
(20 g/kg); (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 g/kg), xation at 386 W for 5 min.

Laundering durability was performed to evaluate the

stability of the obtained UV-protection properties
according to ASTM standard test method (D737-96).
Results and discussion
This study focused on the technical feasibility of
functional nishing and pigment printing of cotton and
viscose cellulosic fabrics via incorporation of TiO2-NPs,

Binding agent
As far as the change in the depth of the obtained
pigment prints, expressed as K/S values, as a function of
the type of binding agent and for a given printing
formulation and xation condition, Figure 2 illustrates
that: (i) the K/S values of the obtained pigment prints is
governed by type of the binding agent and follows the
descending order: Alcoprint PB-55 Printox Binder
86 GBinder
FMD Printox
Binder
MTB,
regardless of the used substrate, (ii) the highest binding
ability of Alcoprint PB among all the nominated
binding agents reects the positive effects of its chemical
structure, lm forming properties, binding capacity, and
ability to interact with other ingredients during the
microwave-xation step to form a three-dimensional
linked network on loading and xing the pigment
particles onto/within binder lm/cellulose matrix
(Gutjahr & Koch, 2003; Ibahim et al., 2013; Ibrahim, ElZairy, Zaky, & Borham, 2005; Ibrahim, Khalil, El-Zairy,
& Abdalla, 2013; Ibrahim et al., 2013; Iqbal, Mughal,
Sohail, Moiz, & Ahmed, 2012), (iii) the K/S values of
the resultant pigment prints are also determined by the

Figure 3. Effect of inclusion of TiO2-NPs into the pigment printing paste on K/S (a), UPF (b), and ZI (c) values of the obtained
cellulosic pigment prints.
Notes: Printing paste components: Printox thickener 160 EG (20 g/kg); Alcoprint PB-55 (100 g/kg), printox Blue R2H
(20 g/kg); Durex Silicone softener (10 g/kg); GBresin CPN (20 g/kg); (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 g/kg), xation at 386 W for 5 min.

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N.A. Ibrahim et al.

Figure 4. SEM images of untreated, TiO2-NPs treated cotton fabric along with EDX image and element content of TiO2-NPsloaded cotton fabric (a, b, c), respectively, and SEM images of untreated, TiO2-NPs treated viscose fabric along with EDX image
and element content of TiO2-NPs-loaded viscose fabric (d, e, f), respectively.

nature of the cellulosic substrate: cotton viscose,

keeping other parameters constant, and (iv) these results
clearly show the differences between the nominated
cellulosic substrates in fabric weight, thickness and
porosity, surface area, crystalline/amorphous region,
cellulosic/non-cellulosic components, degree of undue
penetration into and/or deposition onto fabric structure,
and extent of xation of pigment particles onto/within
the binder lm/cellulose matrix during the thermoxation
step (Ibrahim, Abo-Shosha, Gaffar, Elshafei, &
Abdel-Fatah, 2006; Ibrahim et al., 2012, 2013). It could
be concluded that the best binding agent for attaining the
highest K/S values is Alcoprint PB.
TiO2-NPs concentration
Figure 3(a) shows the effect of inclusion of TiO2- NPs
(020 g/kg) into the printing paste on the K/S values of
the obtained cotton and viscose pigment prints. For a
given set of pigment printing formulation, using

Alcoprint PB as a binding agent along with other

constituents and subsequent microwave xation,
Figure 3(a) demonstrates that: (i) increasing TiO2-NPs
concentration up to (15 g/kg) in the printing paste is
accompanied by an improvement in the K/S values of
the printed substrates, up to 14.30 for cotton and 13.75
for viscose, which reects the positive role of TiO2-NPs
in enhancing lm-forming properties of the used binder,
extent of polymerization network, and consequently
improved the extent of loading and xation of pigment
particles onto/within the binder/fabric matrix during the
microwave-xation step taking into consideration the
photo-catalytic activity of TiO2-NPs (Ibrahim et al.,
2013; Nagari, Montazer, & Rahimi, 2009; Radeti,
2013). Further increase in TiO2-NPs concentration up to
20 g/kg has practically no or marginal positive impact on
the depth of the obtained pigment prints. The K/S values
of the obtained prints follow the descending order
cotton viscose as discussed earlier.

The Journal of The Textile Institute

Table 2.
prints.

Effect of binder/pigment content on the chemical, physical, and functional properties of the obtained cellulose pigment
ZIb(mm)

RFe

Binder/pigment conc. (g/kg)

Substrate

K/Sa

Ti-content (%)

G+ve

Gve

UPFc

Alteration

Staining

Dry

Wet

LFf

75/10

Cotton
Viscose
Cotton
Viscose
Cotton
Viscose

9.68
6.76
15.32
13.83
16.99
15.12

0.0391
0.174
0.0539
0.211
0.0958
0.452

14.0
15.5
19.9
22.0
22.5
24.5

12.0
13.0
16.0
17.9
18.5
21.5

31
24
42
34
50
40

45
45
45
45
4
4

45
45
45
45
4
4

45
45
45
45
4
4

4
4
4
4
34
34

5
5
5
5
56
56

100/20
125/30

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WFd

Notes: Printing formulation: Printox thickener 160 EG (20 g/kg); Alcoprint PB-55 (75125 g/kg), Printox Blue R2H (1030 g/kg); Durex
Silicone softener (10 g/kg); GBresin CPN (20 g/kg); TiO2-NPs (15 g/kg); (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 g/kg); Microwave xation at 386 W for 5 min.
a
K/S: color strength.
b
ZI: zone of inhibition.
c
UPF: UV-protection factor.
d
WF: wash fastness.
e
RF: rubbing fastness.
f
LF: light fastness.

Figure 3(b) shows the UV blocking ability, expressed

as UPF value, of the obtained pigment prints as a
function of TiO2-NPs concentration in the pigment
pastes. It is clear that increasing TiO2-NPs concentration
up to (15 g/kg) is accompanied by a remarkable increase
in the UPF values of cotton (up to 42) and viscose prints
(up to 34), possibly because the ability of the loaded
TiO2-NPs to refract/block and/or scatter most of the
incoming harmful UV rays thereby enhancing the UVblocking efciency (Abidi, Hequet, Tarimala, & Dai,
2007; Ibrahim et al., 2013; Radeti, 2013). The results
also show that the UV-shielding capacity is governed by
the type of the substrate and follows the descending
order cotton pigment prints viscose pigment prints,
most probably due to the differences between the used
cellulosic substrates in thickness, surface morphology,
cover factor, depth of shade, location, and extent of
distribution of the immobilized TiO2-NPs onto and/or
within the fabric substrate (Ibrahim et al., 2012, 2012).
On the other hand, pigment printing of cotton and
viscose, in the absence of TiO2-NPs, brings about a
reasonable improvement in their UPF values from 10
up to 22 for cotton and 14 for viscose prints which
reects the positive role of the used pigment in
absorbing the harmful UV radiation (Ibahim et al.,
2013). Moreover, the remarkable improvement in the
UV-protective properties by adding TiO2-NPs to the
pigment colorant reects the synergistic effect of both.
Also, it could be noticed that the optimum TiO2-NPs
concentration is 15 g/kg as demonstrated in Figure 3(b).
Figure 3(c) shows that: (i) control sample, without
TiO2-NPs, exhibited no zone of inhibition for G+ve and
Gve bacteria, (ii) increasing TiO2-NPs concentration up
to 15 g/kg in the printing paste results in a signicant
improvement in the antibacterial efcacy of the obtained
prints, irrespective of the used substrate, (iii) the

remarkable improvement in the antibacterial activity of

TiO2-NPs- loaded pigment prints is attributed to the
photo-catalytic action of TiO2-NPs and generation of
many reactive oxygen species, such as OH
, O2
, and
H2O2 which are capable of attacking both the cell wall
and cell membrane thereby leading to loss of cell
viability and eventually causing the bacterial cell death
(Ibrahim et al., 2013; Nagari et al., 2009; Radeti, 2013),
(iv) the imparted antibacterial functionality to the
nominated substrates follows the descending order
viscose cotton prints as a direct consequence of their
difference in the extent of deposition, location, and
distribution of the antibacterial agent, i.e. TiO2-NPs,
into/onto the printed substrates, (v) the antibacterial
activity of the modied prints against the nominated
G+ve and Gve bacteria follows the descending order:
G+ve Gve, most probably due to the differences in
their cell wall as well as ability to offer enough
protection against the photo-catalytic activity of TiO2NPs (Ibrahim et al., 2013; Radeti, 2013; Tayel et al.,
2011), and (vi) further increase in TiO2-NPs
concentration enhances slightly the imparted antibacterial
functionality.
Binder/pigment ratio
Within the range examined, the data presented in Table 2
reveal that increasing binder/pigment ratio from 75/10 up
to 100/20 g/kg is accompanied by a remarkable
improvement in the extent of pigment xation, expressed
as K/S values, and TiO2-NPs immobilization thereby
upgrading both the functional and coloration properties
of the obtained pigments without affecting their fastness
properties, irrespective of the used substrate. The
enhancement in the aforementioned properties can be
attributed to better lm-forming properties, proper

Viscose

Cotton

Viscose

Cotton

Viscose

Cotton

Without
With
Without
With
Without
With
Without
With
Without
With
Without
With
Without
With
Without
With

TiO2-NPs (15 g/kg)

0.054 (0.038)g

0.211 (0.170)

0.035 (0.023)

0.092 (0.066)

0.069 (0.049)

0.122 (0.088)

0.064 (0.046)

0.145 (0.105)

Ti-content (%)
13.82
15.32
12.23
13.83
10.84
12.25
10.14
11.20
11.62
13.10
10.62
11.49
8.85
10.61
8.22
9.20

(10.5)
(12.5)
(9.02)
(10.92)
(8.50)
(9.45)
(7.20)
(8.45)
(9.01)
(10.56)
(8.02)
(9.63)
(5.65)
(8.04)
(6.07)
(6.38)

K/S
0.0
19.9 (16.5)
0.0
22.0 (19.0)
0.0
20.5 (18.0)
0.0
22.5 (20.0)
0.0
21.5 (19.0)
0.0
23.0 (21.0)
0.0
13.0 (10.0)
0.0
14.5 (12.0)

G+ve
0.0
16.0 (13.5)
0.0
17.9 (14.5)
0.0
18.0 (15.0)
0.0
18.5 (16.0)
0.0
18.5 (16.0)
0.0
20.0 (17.5)
0.0
10.0 (7.5)
0.0
11.5 (9.0)

Gve

UPF

23 (18)
42 (35)
14 (10)
34 (29)
35 (28)
73 (65)
25 (20)
40 (32)
30 (24)
59 (50)
24 (19)
35 (30)
30 (25)
43 (36)
23 (18)
37 (30)

4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
34
4

Alteration

WF

4
45
4
45
4
45
34
4
4
45
4
4
34
4
34
4

Staining

4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
4
45
45
5
4
45

Dry

4
4
4
4
34
4
34
4
34
4
34
4
4
45
34
4

Wet

RF
LF
45
5
45
5
4
45
4
45
45
5
45
5
45
5
45
5

Notes: Printing formulation: Printox thickener 160 EG (20 g/kg); Alcoprint PB-55 (100 g/kg), pigment colorant (20 g/kg); Durex Silicone softener (10 g/kg); GBresin CPN (20 g/kg); TiO2-NPs
(15 g/kg); (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 g/kg). Microwave xation at 386 W for 5 min.
a
K/S: color strength.
b
ZI: zone of inhibition.
c
UPF: UV-protection factor.
d
WF: wash fastness.
e
RF: rubbing fastness.
f
LF: light fastness.
g
Values in parentheses indicate retained function and depth of obtained pigment prints, modied and unmodied, after 15 washing cycles.

Printox Red H3BD

Printox Yellow HRNC

Unisperse Blue G

Cotton

Printox Blue R2H

Viscose

Substrate

ZI (mm)

Effect of using different pigments on the chemical, functional, and coloration properties of the produced cellulose pigment prints.

Pigment (20 g/kg)

Table 3.

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6
N.A. Ibrahim et al.

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The Journal of The Textile Institute

formation of a three-dimensional linked network, higher
accommodation, entrapment and xation of more
pigment particles, better immobilization, and xation of
TiO2-NPs (Ibahim et al., 2013). The net effect of these
factors is better depth of shades, antibacterial and UVprotective functional properties. Further increase in
binder/pigment ratio, up to 125/30 g/kg, led to a
reasonable increase in K/S, Ti-content, ZI, UPF, and light
fastness along with a slight decrease in WF and RF
values, regardless of the used substrate. The slight
improvement in LF properties reects the positive
impact of TiO2-NPs, as a UV-blocking agent/UV lightabsorption capacity as well as better agglomeration of
pigment molecules under the applied conditions (Ibrahim
et al., 2013).
SEM images and EDX spectra
The SEM images and the corresponding EDX spectra of
cotton prints, Figure 4((a)(c)) and viscose prints,
Figure 4 ((d)(f)) signify that (i) pigment printing of the
aforementioned cellulosic substrates leads to change in
their surface morphology, (ii) the extent of change is
determined by its type as well as amount, location, and
extent of distribution of the loaded pigment particles,
and immobilized TiO2-NPs, and (iii) the EDX spectra
show more loading of TiO2-NPs as well as silicone
softener onto the surface of the bifunctionalized-viscose
prints, expressed as Ti- and Si-weight percentage, in
comparison with the modied cotton pigment prints.

properties along with darker depth of shades even after

15 washings compared with the unmodied ones
Table 3.
Conclusion
A novel approach
UV- blocking, and
cotton and viscose
xation regime was
revealed that:

for upgrading the antibacterial,

pigment coloration properties of
fabrics using pad-dry microwave
investigated. The obtained results

Incorporation of TiO2-nano sol (up to 15 g/kg) into

the
pigment
printing
paste
results
in
bifunctionalization of the obtained pigment prints.
The enhancement in the imparted antibacterial and
UV-blocking properties is governed by the type of
substrate, type and concentration of binding agent/
pigment colorant as well as on the extent of
immobilization and location of TiO2-NPs along
with degree of xation of pigment particles onto/
within the binder lm/fabric matrix.
15 consecutive home laundry cycles bring about a
reasonable decrease in the imparted functional and
coloration properties.
SEM images and EDX spectra conrm the change
in the surface morphology as well as the loading
of TiO2-NPs onto prints surface.
Disclosure statement
No potential conict of interest was reported by the authors.

Pigment colorants
The ability of TiO2-NPs to enhance both the functional
and coloration properties of cotton and viscose cellulosic
fabrics using various pigment colorants along with other
nominated printing paste constituents and microwavexation technique is demonstrated in Table 3. The data
show the following common features: (i) addition of
TiO2-NPs (15 g/kg) to the printing paste constituents
enhances the K/S and fastness properties and remarkably
improves the imparted antibacterial and anti-UV
functional properties, (ii) the enhancement of K/S values
follows the descending order cotton prints viscose
prints, (iii) the improvement in antibacterial activity
follows the descending order viscose prints cotton
prints, (iv) the improvement in the anti-UV capacity
follows the descending order cotton prints viscose
prints, keeping other parameters constant, (v) the extent
of enhancement in coloration and functionalization
properties, especially the UV-shielding capacity, is
determined by the type of the pigment colorant, and its
UV-light absorption capacity, and (vi) functionalized
pigment prints showed very sufcient bifunctional

References
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