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First Fitna
Region under the control of the Rashidun (Ali ibn Abi Talib)
Region under the control of Muawiyah I
Region under the control of Amr ibn al-As
Date
Location
Result
656661
Arabian peninsula
Rebellion successful, peace treaty signed;
Muawiya I begins the Umayyad dynasty
Belligerents
Rashidun Caliphate
Aisha's forces
Muawiya's forces
Malik al-Ashtar
a.
[show]
First
Islamic
Civil War
[show]
Civil wars of
the early Caliphates
The First Fitna or Great Fitna (Arabic: Fitnat Maqtal Uthmn, "The Fitna of the Killing of
Uthman") was a civil war within the early Islamic state which resulted in the overthrowing of
the Rashidun caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty. It began when the
caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated by Egyptian rebels in 656 and continued through the fouryear reign of Uthman's successor Ali ibn Abi Talib. It ended in 661 when Ali's heir Hasan ibn
Ali concluded a treaty acknowledging the rule of Muawiyah, the firstUmayyad caliph.
[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
5 Battle of Siffin
6 Appointment of Arbitrators
14 Footnotes
15 References
16 Further reading
Background[edit]
Main article: Siege of Uthman
The Islamic State expanded very quickly under Muhammad and the first three caliphs. Local
populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, marginalized as religious minorities and taxed
heavily to finance the ByzantineSassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from
the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. As new areas joining
the Islamic State, they also benefited from free trade while trading with other areas in the Islamic
State; so as to encourage commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, wealth is taxed. The Muslims
paid Zakat on their wealth to the poor. Since the Constitution of Medina was drafted by the Islamic
prophet Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Islamic
State and had their own judges. Therefore they only paid for policing for the protection of their
property. To assist in the quick expansion of the state, the Byzantine and the Persian tax collection
systems were maintained and the people paid a poll tax lower than the one imposed under the
Byzantines and the Persians. Before Muhammad united the Arabs, they had been divided and the
Byzantines and the Sassanid had their own client tribes that they would pay to fight on their behalf.
[2][3]
[4]
[5][6][7]
In 639 Muawiyah I was appointed the Governor of Syria by Umar after his elder brother Yazid ibn Abi
Sufyan (Governor of Syria) died in a plague, along with Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah (the Governor
before him) and 25,000 other people. To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea during
the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy, manned by Monophysitise
Christian, Copt and Jacobite Syrian Christian sailors and Muslim troops. This resulted in the defeat
of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655, opening up the Mediterranean.
500
Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and EmperorConstans II was almost killed. Under the
instructions of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, Muawiyah then prepared for the siege of Constantinople.
[8][9][10][11][12]
The rapid Muslim conquest of Syria and Egypt and the consequent Byzantine losses in manpower
and territory meant that the Eastern Roman Empire found itself struggling for survival. The Sassanid
Dynasty in Persia had already collapsed.
The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon.
Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. However, after Muhammad's passing the
old tribal differences among the Arabs started to resurface. Following the RomanPersian Wars and
theByzantineSassanid Wars, deep-rooted differences between Iraq, formerly under the
Persian Sassanid Empire and Syria, formerly under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each
wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second
caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a
governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth or did not meet the required
administrative standards, he had him removed from his position.
[13][14][15][16]
[17][18][19]
[20]
[21]
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might
get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might get away from the worship of God and
start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties.
"Wealth and children are [but]
adornment of the worldly life. But the enduring good deeds are better to your Lord for reward and
better for [one's] hope." Quran 18:46 "O you who have believed, let not your wealth and your
children divert you from remembrance of Allah. And whoever does that--then those are the losers."
Quran 63:9 Staying in these encampments away from the cities also ensured that there was no
stress on the population, and that the populations remained autonomous and kept their own judges
and representatives. Some of these encampments later grew into cities themselves,
like Basra and Kufa in Iraq and Fustat in Egypt. Some cities also had agreements with the Muslims,
such as during the Siege of Jerusalem in 637 CE.
[22][23][24][25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
As Uthman ibn Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum
and became his secretary, slowly assuming more control and relaxing some of these
restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. Muhammad ibn
Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr and the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad bin Abi
Hudhaifa, the adopted son of Uthman, had no senior positions.
The most controversial governor Uthman appointed was Waleed ibn Uqba, his half-brother, as the
governor of the city of Kufa In the year 30 AH (after Hijra), 650 AD, many Muslims living in the city
of Kufa were angered over Waleed's actions.
Waleed ibn Uqba was then removed and replaced
by Sa'id ibn al-As as the governor in Kufa, in Iraq.
[29]
[30][31]
Abd
Shams
Hashim ibn
'Abd
Manaf
Umayya
Abdul
Mutallib
Abu'l-As
Harb
`Abd Allah
Abu Talib
`Abbas(Abbasids)
Muhammad
Ali
Affan
AlHakam
Abu
Sufyan
Uthman
ibn Affan
Marwan I
Yazid ibn
Abi
Sufyan
Muawiyah I
Hasan ibn
Ali
Hussein
ibn Ali
Yazid ibn
Muawiyah
[32]
The Qur'an and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in the The Farewell Sermon.
Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing the
old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface.
[13]
[14][34][35][36][37][38]
[show] Timeline
of the
RomanPersian Wars
Before Islam, theRoman-Persian Warsand the ByzantineSasanian wars had occurred every few
years for hundreds of years between 69 BC and 629 AD. High taxes were imposed on the
populations in both the Byzantine Roman and Sassanid Persian empires to finance these wars.
There was also continuous bloodshed of the people during these wars. The Arab tribes in Iraq were
paid by the Persian Sassanids to act as mercenaries, while the Arab tribes in Syria were paid by the
Byzantines to act as their mercenaries. The Persians maintained an Arab satellite state of Lakhm
and the Byzantine Empire maintained the Arab satellite state of Ghassan, which they used to fight
each other. The Syrians and the Iraqis had been fighting each other for centuries. Therefore, each
wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Later others like the
Lakhm Arabs, many of whom became the Qurra, also wanted to rule Persia.
[39]
[40]
Sects started to form, among them the Sabaites named after Abdala Ben Saba
[41]
At-Tabri (5:66) reported that when a man called "Abdullah ibn Saba" came to Syria, he met Adu
Dharr. He said, "Adu Dharr, aren't you amazed at Muawiya saying, 'The property is the property of
Allah. Doesn't everything belong to Allah?' It seems he means to cut it off from the Muslims and
erase the name of the Muslims!" Adu Dharr therefore went to him and said, "What leads you to call
the property of the Muslims the property of Allah?" Muawiya said, "May Allah have mercy on you,
Adu Dharr! Are we not the slaves of Allah and all property is His property and all creation is His
creation and all the affair is His affair?" Abu Dharr said, "Do not say that." Muawiya said, "I do not
say that it does not belong to Allah, but I say, 'The property of the Muslims'" Adbullah ibn Saba came
back to Abu Dharr. who them said to him, "Who are you? By Allah, I think that you are a Jew." Then
Ibn Saba went to Abdullah ibn as-Samit and attempted to make his discontented. Adbullah took him
to Muawiya and said, "By Allah this is one who sent Abu Dharr to you".
There is also Jewish literature from that time, regarding Adbullah ibn Saba. Much of the Jewish
literature on him from that time regards him as an apostate from Judaism and asks Jews to keep
away from him.
[42][43][44][45]
There was also the movement towards more autonomous tribal groupings, which was particularly
strong in Kufa, in Iraq; they wanted to rule their own states. Among them developed a group called
the Qurra, which later became known as the Kharijities.
[46][47]
The Qurra are referenced in many Hadith from the period of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and Umar in
Sahih Al Bukhari (Volume 6, Book 60, Number 201 and Volume 6, Book 61, Number 509 and
Volume 8, Book 75, Number 403):
The Qurra had taken part in the Battle of Yamama, but they never listened to orders and would start
battles even when they were ordered not to and were heavily outnumbered. At Yamamah Khalid ibn
al-Walid wrote to them and Ikrimah to just observe the forces of Musaylimah at Yamamah, and told
them not to start fighting until he had arrived. Shurahbil bin Hasanah was also dispatched to assist
them. However, even though they were heavily outnumbered, they disobeyed their orders and
started a battle, resulting in their suffering heavy casualties. They later again disobeyed orders and
started the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Saffin, and did the same against Ali in the Battle of
Nahrawan even through they were heavily outnumbered.
[48]
Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 201 : Narrated by Zaid bin Thabit Al-Ansari
"...Abu Bakr sent for me after the (heavy) casualties among the warriors (of the battle) of Yamama
(where a great number of qurra' were killed). 'Umar was present with Abu Bakr who said, 'Umar has
come to me and said, The people have suffered heavy casualties on the day of (the battle of)
Yamama, and I am afraid that there will be more casualties among the qurra' at other battle-fields ...
Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 9, Book 92, Number 386 : Narrated by Hammam
Hudhaifa said, "O the Group of Al-qurra! Follow the straight path, for then you have taken a great
lead (and will be the leaders), but if you divert right or left, then you will go astray far away."
Al-Masudi calls them the "ahl al-qar wa l-ashraf". The earliest reference to these people are as Ajl alQura, the people of the village, those who fought with Abu Bakr against the desert tribes of Yamama
during the Ridda when some of the tribes refused to pay taxes.
The Qurra had political and
economic interests that were different from those of Ali or Muawiyah. They had served in the Ridda
wars and had been granted trusteeship over some of the lands in Sawad in Iraq and were now
called Ahl al Ayyam, those who had taken part in the eastern conquests.
They then became
known as the Qurra and received the highest stipend of the Muslim army, the sharaf al ata, and they
had the use of the best lands which they came to regard as their private domain. The Qurra received
stipends varying between 2,000 and 3,000 dirhams, while the majority of the rest of the troops
received only 250 to 300 dirhams. The other Ridda tribesmen in Kufa, in Iraq, resented the special
position given to the Qurra. The tension between the Ridda tribesmen and the Qurra threatened the
Qurra's newly acquired prestige. The Qurra therefore felt obliged to defend their position in the new
but rapidly changing society. Uthman's policies of reducing their status threatened their interests.
[49][50][51]
[52][53]
[50][54]
[55][56]
[57][59]
[57][60]
[50][61][62]
The Qurra had previously been desert nomads and some were also bandits and had joined to
Muslims so that they could gain lands and status and become the new aristocrats in Iraq However,
later when Uthman imposed restrictions on them and prevented them from becoming landlords in
Iran, they rebelled.
[50]
[57][63][64][65]
Some of the people with their tribal names as Qurra had been expelled from Kufa, in Iraq, for
fomenting trouble and were sent to Muawiyah in Syria. Muawiyah then said to them:
"You are people from the Arabs. You have importance and are heard. You have obtained nobility by
Islam. You have conquered the nations and you have won their positions and their inheritance. I
have heard that you resent the Quraysh. If it had not been for the Quraysh, you would have been
considered abased as you were before, However, they are still your Imams today and your shelter,
so do not impede your shelter. Your Imamns are patient with you in the face of your injustice and
endure the trouble that you cause. By Allah, either you will cease or Allah will try you with someone
who will be hard on you. Then you will share with them in what you brough about on the populace
while you were alive and after your death. "
[66]
The Qurra Arabs had previously been desert nomads and bandits. One of them then spoke with
great arrogance and said to Muawiyah
"How much you go on about authority and the Quraysh! The Arabs (meaning they the Qurra) were
eating from the hilts of their swords while the Quraysh were nothing but merchants!" He then said
"As for the shelter you mentioned, when the shelter is pierced, then come to us" meaning that they
will remove the Quraysh and will rule them selves.
[67]
Muawiyah then said to him "I remind you by Islam and yet you mention the Jahiliyya (meaning their
days before Islam)"
[68]
Muawiyah then wrote to Uthman saying: "Some people have come to me who have neither intellect
nor deen (faith). Islam is burdensome to them and justice vexes them. They do not aim for Allah in
anything nor do they speak by any proof. They are busy with sedition and appropriating the property
of the non Muslims. Allah is the One who will test and try them. Then He will be the One to disgrace
them and humiliate them. They are those who injure people."
[69]
Then they were sent to Abdur r Rahman ibn Khalid ibn Walid. He said to them:
"Tools of Shaytan! You have no welcome! Shaytan has returned in sorrow and yet you are still active!
May Allah disappoint Abdur Rahman if he does not discipline you until he makes you feel regret! O
company of a people whom I do not know to be Arab or non Arab, you will not say to me what I
heard you said to Muawiyah! I am the son of Khalid ibn al-Walid. I am the son of the one who was
tested by the teeth. I am the son of the one who knocked out the Ridda!" He mentioned the Ridda
and not the defeat of the Byzantine or the Persian because he recognized that these people were an
internal threat. The Qurra had previously fought in the Ridda wars alongside Khalid ibn al-Walid but
now had political and economic interests that were different from the rest of the Muslims.
[70]
[71]
Abdur r Rahman ibn Khalid ibn Walid then sent them to Uthman in Madina. In Madina they took an
oath that they will not cause trouble and following the example of Muhammad, Uthman accepted
their word and let them go. They then split up and went to various different Muslim centers and
started fomenting rebellion, particularly in Egypt.
[72]
[73]
In the best selling book, Shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the
Ancient World, Tom Holland writes "Uthman was not content to divide up the loot of the old empires
in the time-honoured manner of a bandit chieftain sharing out plunder after a successful raid. The
Arabs, so it seemed to the new Amir had moved on from that. The conquerors, if they were to make
[74]
best use of the defeated superpowers bureaucracies, would themselves have to accept certain
disciplines: a central administration, not least, and a clear-cut chain of command. Precisely the
marks of slavery, in short, that the desert Arabs had always derided."
The Qurra then felt that Abu Musa al_Ashari could look after their interests better. Sa'id ibn al-As, the
governor in Kufa, in Iraq, then wrote to Uthman "I have no power at all over Kufa with Al-Ashtar and
his friends who are called al-qurra, and they are idiots" In 655/634 the Qurra stopped Uthans
governor Sa'id ibn al-As at Jara'a, preventing him from entering Kufa and declared Abu Musa alAshari to be their governor. (Later the Qurra proposed Abu Musa al_Ashari as the arbitrator against
the wished of Ali after the Battle of Saffin because they felt that he could also better represent their
interests there and split away from Ali and became officially known as the Khawarij.)
[75]
[76]
In 656, The Qurra approached Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr the son of Abu Bakr and the adopted son
of Ali ibn Abi Talib and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiqand asked him why he was not a
governor. They had fought under the service of his father in the Ridda wars. They also asked
Uthman's adopted son, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa, who Uthman had refused to appoint as a
governor of any province, why he was not a governor.
There were references to these people in earlier texts too. Ab Dharr narrated that Muhammad said:
Ahmad, Muslim, and Ibn Mjah
There will definitely be a people after me from my nation who recite the Quran yet it will not even
reach beyond their throats. They will pass through the religion as an arrow passes through a target,
then they will not return back to it. They are the worst of people, the worst of all creatures.
[77]
al-Bukhr, Muslim, Ab Dwd, and al-Nas` all recorded a Hadth from Ab Sad al- Khudr (
) that he said: Al (
) sent some gold to the prophet ( (
)
so divided and distributed it among four groups: al-Aqra Ibn Hbis al-Hanz al, al-Mujshi, Uyaynah
Ibn Badr al-Fazr, and Zayd al-T`; a man from the Nabhn tribe and Alqamah Ibn Ulthah
al-mir; then a man from the Kilb tribe. (The Muslims of) Quraysh and the residents of Medina
became upset and said, He gives to the noble one from Najd and leaves us? The prophet (
(
) said: (
I am only trying to unite their hearts. Then a man with sunken eyes,
thick cheeks, a high forehead, a thick beard, and a shaven head came up and said, Fear Allah,
Muhammad! He replied:
Who would
obey Allah if I were disobedient (to Him)? Allah trusts me with regards to the people of the earth but
you dont trust me? After the man left, he said:
(
(
(
(
From the progeny of this man, or he said, From the offspring of this man,
there will come a people who will recite the Quran but it will not go beyond their throats. They will go
through the religion like an arrow going through a target. They will murder the people of Islam while
ignoring the people of idol-worship. If I were to reach them (their time), I would destroy them like the
people of d were destroyed.
[78]
[79]
Some modern scholars like R. E. Brunnow trace the origins of the Qurra and the Kharitites back to
Bedouin stock and desert tribesmen, who had become soldiers not out of commitment to Islam but
to share the spoils. Brunnow held that the Kharijites were Bedouin Arabs (Beduinenaraber) or full
blooded Arabs.
[80]
As Muawiyah and Caliph Uthman were preparing to besiege Constantinople, in 656, Muhammad ibn
Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr and the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather
of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later, the Egyptians
ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan. Muawiyah had asked Caliph Uthman ibn Affan if he could
send guards to defend him, but Caliph Uthman ibn Affan refused, saying: "I do not want to spill the
blood of Muslims to save my own neck."
[81]
Finding the gate of Uthman's house strongly guarded by his supporters, the Qurra climbed the back
wall and sneaked inside, leaving the guards on the gate unaware of what was going on inside.
Hassan and Hussein were also guarding Uthman at the time. The rebels entered his room and
struck blows at his head.
[82]
[83]
According to Encyclopedia of Islam, Muawiyah sent a relief force led by Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri
to protect Uthman, but events moved so fast that Uthman got killed before they arrived, so they
turned back from the wadi I kura
According to al-Baladhuri one of the earliest books of these
events, Ali was furious and slapped Hassan and Hussein saying "How did he get killed when you
were at the door?"
[84][85][86][87]
[88]
Ali was then asked by the people in Madina to become the Caliph.
When Uthman was killed, the people went to Ali and said:
"This man is killed. The public have to have a leader. No one we have found more deserving
to the position than you! You are the oldest in the faith and the nearest to the prophet by
relationship."
"Leave me and seek some one else. We are facing a matter which has (several) faces and
colours, which neither hearts can stand nor intelligence can accept. Clouds are hovering over
the sky, and faces are not discernible. You should know that if I respond to you I would lead you
as I know and would not care about whatever one may say or abuse. If you leave me then I am
the same as you are. It is possible I would listen to and obey whomever you make in charge of
your affairs. I am better for you as a counsellor than as chief."
[89]
Ali later wrote in a letter "I did not approach the people to get their oath of allegiance but they
came to me with their desire to make me their Amir (ruler). I did not extend my hands towards
them so that they might swear the oath of allegiance to me but they themselves extended their
hands towards me".
[90]
Ali then assumed the position of caliph. Ali was very religious and had worked very well in
partnership with Umar as his advisor. Umar had consulted him on all the major issues. Ali had
also been the chief judge in Madina. But unlike many of the other companions of Muhammad, Ali
had not been involved in the camel caravan trade and had less business and administrative
experience.
A few years earlier there had been tensions between Iraq, formerly under the Persian Sassanid
Empire and Syria, formerly under the Byzantine Empire, during theByzantine-Sassanid Wars.
The Roman-Persian Wars and the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars had lasted for hundreds of years.
The Iraqis wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in Kufa. They
convinced Ali to come to Kufa and establish the capital in Kufa.
[91]
Muawiyah I the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I wanted the
culprits arrested. Marwan I and the rebels in Ali's army manipulated everyone and created
conflict.
According to the Sunni account of Uthman, he was married to two of Muhammads daughters at
separate times, earning him the name Zun-Nurayn (Dhun Nurayn) or the "Possessor of Two
Lights." In this he was supposed to outrank Ali, who had married only one of Muhammad's
daughters.
Sunni Muslims also consider Uthman as one of the ten Sahaba (companions) for whom
Muhammad had testified that they were destined for Paradise. He was a wealthy and very noble
man. When he became khalifa, he used the same method Umar did.
Uthman is regarded by Sunnis as a beacon of light who refused to participate in the civil conflict.
Before hostilities[edit]
Talhah and Zubayr asked Ali the permission for pilgrimage. He let them and they departed. The
Medina people wanted to know Alis point of view about war against Muslims by asking his view
about Muawiyah I and his opposition. So they sent Ziyad Bin Hanzalah of Tamim who was an
intimate friend to Ali. He went to him and sat for a while. Then Ali said:
"Get ready, Ziyad!"
"What for?"
"To fight the Syrians."
"Better to wait and tolerate."
Then Ziyad recited a poem:
"One who doesnt tolerate
"He will be torn by the teeth
"And will be smashed by the feet"
Unconsciously recited another poem:
"When a wake heart and a brave sword and brain
Are gathered, then you will be safe from the oppression"
Then Ziyad came out to the people waiting for his
conclusion. They asked:
"What happened? What is he going to do?"
Ziyad only said:
"You people! Sword!!"
And they understood what Ali was going to do.
He went back and told the people in Medina. In
Medina, Marwan manipulated people. In Iraq many
people hated the Syrians following the ByzantineSassanid Wars. Some of Ali's supporters were also
very extreme in their views and considered
everyone to be their enemy. They also felt that if
there was peace, they would be arrested for the
killing of Uthman. Many of them later became
the Kharijites and eventually killed Ali.
[92]
[96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
[100]
[92]
[101]
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
[108]
[109]
[110][111]
[112]
[113]
[115]
Battle of Siffin[edit]
Main article: Battle of Siffin
Combat between the forces of Ali and Muawiyah I during the Battle of
Siffin, from the Tarikhnama.
Appointment of Arbitrators[edit]
It was decided that the Syrians and the residents
of Kufa, in Iraq, should nominate an arbitrator,
each to decide between Ali and Muawiya. The
Syrians choice fell on Amr bin al-A'as who was the
rational soul and spokesman of Muawiya. 'Amr ibn
al-'As was one of the generals involved in expelling
the Romans from Syria and also expelled the
Romans from Egypt. A few years earlier 'Amr ibn
al-'As with 9,000 men in Palestine had found
himself confronting Heraclius' 100,000 army until
Khalid crossed the Syrian desert from Iraq to assist
him. He was a highly skilled negotiator and had
previously been used in negotiations with the
Heraclius the Roman Emperor. Ali wanted Malik
Ashtar or Abdullah bin Abbas to be appointed as
an arbitrator for the people of Kufa, Iraq, but the
Qurra strongly demurred, alleging that men like
these two were, indeed, responsible for the war
and, therefore, ineligible for that office of trust.
They nominated Abu Musa al-Ashari as their
arbitrator. (During the time of Uthman, they had
appointed Abu Musa al-Ashari as the Governor of
Kufa and removed Uthams governor before they
started fighting Uthman) Ali found it expedient to
agree to this choice in order to ward off bloody
dissensions in his army. According to "Asadul
Ghaba", Ali had, therefore, taken care to
personally explain to the arbitrators, "You are
arbiters on condition that you decide according to
the Book of God, and if you are not so inclined you
should not deem yourselves to be arbiters."
[118]
[118]
[119]
[120]
[121]
When the arbitrators assembled at Daumet-ulJandal, which lay midway between Kufa and Syria
and had for that reason been selected as the place
for the announcement of the decision, a series of
daily meetings were arranged for them to discuss
the matters in hand. When the time arrived for
taking a decision about the caliphate, Amr bin alA'as convinced Abu Musa al-Ashari into
entertaining the opinion that they should deprive
both Ali and Muawiya of the caliphate, and give to
the Muslims the right to elect the caliph. Abu Musa
al-Ashari also decided to act accordingly. As the
time for announcing the verdict approached, the
people belonging to both parties assembled. Amr
bin al-A'as requested Abu Musa to take the lead in
announcing the decision he favoured. Abu Musa
al-Ashari agreed to open the proceedings, and
said, "We have devised a solution after a good
deal of thought and it may put an end to all
contention and separatist tendencies. It is this.
Both of us remove Ali as well as Muawiya from the
caliphate. The Muslims are given the right to elect
a caliph as they think best."
[124]
[128]
[129]
[57]
[130]
[133]
[136]
[138]
M. A. Shaban in his book Islamic History A.D. 600750 (A.H. 132): A new Interpretation (1971)
Proclaims that the Qurra were the tribesmen who
had the trusteeship of the conquered lands. This
means that they shared the wealth and the
prestige of the new system. Their special position
and prestige in the Sawad in Iraq however was
threatened by Uthmans policies. This explains their
participation in removing Uthman. Although the
policy of Ali was lucrative to the Qurra they realized
that the new Caliph's inheritance of a divided
community and turmoil would make him unable to
protect their newly established economic status.
Thus at this stage and during the Battle of Siffin
(Ali's weakest moments) the Qurra decided to
secede from Ali's coalition and become a party of
their own. In the article entitled "The Emergence
of the Kharijites: Religion and the Social Order in
Early Islam" (1989) Jeffrey T Kenny has argued
that the Kharijites were just one of many factions
that emerged from an intricate web of changing
socioeconomic policies in the newly established
provinces of the Islamic Empire.
[145]
[146]
M. A. Shaban in his book Islamic History A.D. 600750 (A.H. 132): A new Interpretation (1971) writes
the Qurra insisted on choosing Abu Musa al Ashari
to be the Iraqi representative after the battle of
Siffin despite Ali's vehement objection. Shaban
writes that the same Qurra originally insisted on
Abu Musa becoming the governor of Kufa and
replaced Uthmans governor because Abu Musa
had opposed Uthman's policy and therefore had
been the choice of the qurra as governor of Kufa,
when they expelled Uthmans governor Sa'id b AlAs. Shaban adds that the Qurra tried to turn the
negotiations between the Syrians and the Iraqis to
their own advantage and that they wished to
become a third party in the dispute. Thus it is at
this point that the coalition of Ali ended and that
the ex-qurra emerged as the Kharijites.
[147]
[150]
[152]
[158]
[159]
[160]
Siege of Constantinople[edit]
Hassan's army from Iraq joined Muawiyah's army
from Syria and they shifted their focus back
towards Constantinople. Their forces had been
much depleted after the battle of Saffin and the
Romans were now better prepared. After the
peace treaty with Hassan, Yazeed bin Muawiyah
was then joined by Hussein, Umar Ibn Abbas,
Abdullah Ibn Zubair and Abu Ayyoob al-Ansari for
the expedition to Constantinople.
[165]
[166][167]
Hussein was also in the army that laid siege to alQustanteeniyyah (Constantinople) under the
command of Muawiyah's son Yazeed in 51 AH.
After the peace treaty with Muawiya, Hussein
would frequently visit Muawiya with his brother and
he would show great hospitality in return.
Following Hassans death, Hussein would travel
to see Muawiya every year and in return Muawiya
would show great hospitality.
[168]
[169]
[170]
[176]
[show]
ArabByzantine wars
[188]
[190]
Campaigns
Year
External Expedition
40 AH
Kharijites
42 AH
Kharijites
43 AH
Kharijites
Kurdish iss
44 AH
45 AH
46 AH
47 AH
48 AH
49 AH
50 AH
Amr bin al
by governo
commande
Amr bin al
has been
criticized b
[191]
51 AH
52 AH
53 AH
54 AH
Hujr bin A
Muawiyah
Shia schola
When aske
trouble and
55 AH
56 AH
57 AH
58 AH
Kharijites
59 AH
Walid in C
60 AH
Peikund B
[193][194]
[199]
[200]
[201]
son, that you do not meet God with his blood, lest
you be amongst those that will perish"
[204][205]
[207]
Ibn Katheer wrote that even the Umayyad ruler AlWaleed bin Abdul Malik would write to Umar Ibn
Abdul Aziz in Madina for advice on legal matter.
Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz would then convene a
meeting with the jurists in Madina and they would
all decide on the reply.
[212]
[216]
[219]
[220]
[223]
Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz was soon killed, but when the
future rulers tried to reverse his policies, the
population started to rebel.
With the death of Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz the scholars
in Madina got very upset. But in the short time
Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz was in power the changes he
made, had a long-lasting effect in the minds of the
people. An associate of Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz, Zayd
ibn Ali the grandson of Husayns was also very
upset. Zayd ibn Ali then started receiving letters
from Kufa asking him to come to Kufa. In 740, Abu
Hanifah supported his friend Zayd ibn Ali against
an Umayyad ruler but asked his friend not to go to
Kufa. Abu Hanifah, Malik ibn Anas and Zayd ibn
Ali's family advised Zayd ibn Ali not to go to Kufa
feared that Zayd ibn Ali would get betrayed inKufa.
But Zayd ibn Ali felt that he needed to
oppose the Umayyads by force. Zaydis believe
that on his arrival in Kufa, on the last hour of Zayd
ibn Ali, the people in Kufa asked him: "May God
[225][226][227][228]
[232]
Footnotes[edit]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jump up^ European Naval and Maritime History, 3001500 By Archibald Ross Lewis, Timothy J. Runyan
Page 24 [1]
9.
References[edit]
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (April 2015)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2015)
Some or all of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (April 2015)
This list of expeditions of Muhammad, also includes a list of battles of Muhammad and
comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered
by Muhammad, as well as the primary sources which mention the expeditions.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of expeditions
2 Notes
3 References
4 Main sources
List of expeditions[edit]
Key/Legend
Sariyyah (expeditions which he ordered but did not take part (73))
(27))
No
.
Casualties
description
Name
Date
Al Is
Caravan
Raid
623 [1][2][3][4]
Batn
Rabigh
Caravan
Raid
623 [1][2][3][6]
Kharar
Caravan
Raid
Attack a Quraysh
caravan[4]
Invasion of
Waddan
August 623[8]
[9]
October
623[11][12]
Invasion of
Dul Ashir
December
623[15]
Attack a Quraysh
caravan[6]
Invasion of
Safwan
623 [15]
Nakhla
Raid
Battle of
Badr
January
624[15]
March
624 [22]
None [2]
None,
caravan left [2]
None,
caravan left[2]
Unknown
Invasion of
Buwat
None,
caravan left [2]
None,
caravan left [13][16]
None,
enemy
escaped[13]
Muslims: 0
Casualties
NonMuslims: 1
killed, 2
captured [18]
Muslims:
14 killed
10
11
12
13
14
Assassinati
on of Asma
bint
Marwan
January
624[29]
Assassinati
on of Abu
Afak
February
624[32]
Invasion of
Sawiq
Invasion of
Banu
Qaynuqa
Al Kudr
Invasion
624 [35]
February
624[39]
May 624
[48]
NonMuslims: 70
killed, 30-47
captured[25]
Asma' bint
Marwan
assassinated[28]
Abu Afak
assassinated[31]
2 Muslims
killed[36]
[Quran 3:13][45]
Unknown,
some revenge
killings[41]
Unknown
15
16
17
18
19
20
Invasion of
Thi Amr
Assassinati
on of Ka'b
ibn alAshraf
Invasion of
Bahran
Nejd
Caravan
Raid
Expedition
of
'Abdullah
ibn 'Atik
Battle of
Uhud
September
624 [55]
624 [58]
None [58]
September
624 [51][52]
624 [58]
December
624[63]
March 23
625[67][68]
1 captured
by Muslims[53]
3 captured
by
Muslims(includi
ng guide)[58]
Abu Rafi
assassinated[64]
Muslims:
[Quran 5:11][53]
Sahih alBukhari, 4:52:264,Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:370,Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:371,Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:372and more [65]
70 killed
21
22
Invasion of
Hamra alAsad
Expedition
of Qatan
March 625[73]
NonMuslims: 22 or
37 Killed[69]
Muslims: 2
spies killed
NonMuslims: 3
beheaded, 3
captured[74]
23
24
Expedition
of
Abdullah
Ibn Unais
Expedition
of Al Raji
625
[83]
Sahih
Muslim, 19:4330,Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:627and more
3 captured
by Muslims[82]
625 [88]
Khalid ibn
Sufyan
assassinated[83]
8[88] or 10
Muslims killed[3]
, [Quran 3:
Sahih
Muslim, 4:1442,Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:412[92]
25
26
27
28
29
The
Mission of
Amr bin
Umayyah
al-Damri
Expedition
of Bir
Maona
Invasion of
Banu Nadir
Expedition
of Dhat alRiqa
Invasion of
Badr
627 [94]
August
625[104]
October
625[110] or
627[108]
January
626[3]or
March 625[94]
[113]
3
polytheists
killed by
Muslims[95]
1 captured[98]
Muslims:
70 killed[101]
NonMuslims: 2
killed[101]
Unknown
Quran 3:169-173[102]
Ibn Hisham[103]
Sunan Abu
Dawood,14:2676[107]
Many
women captured
by Muslims[111]
None,
enemy flees[114]
Quran 3:173-176[115]
Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:627
30
31
32
Invasion of
Dumatul
Jandal
Battle of
the Trench
Invasion of
Banu
Qurayza
February
627[120]
February
March
627 [126]
None,
Ghatafan tribe
flees[117]
Muslims:
light casualties
NonMuslims:
extremely heavy
casualties[124]
Sahih
Bukhari 5:59:435,Sahih
Muslim, 31:4940 and more
Muslims: 2
killed[127]
NonMuslims:
1. 600-900
beheaded
(Tabari,
Ibn
Hisham)[127]
Sunan Abu
Dawood, 38:4390
[128][133]
2. All Males
and 1
woman
beheaded
(Sunni
Hadith)[134]
[135]
33
Expedition
of
10 killed, 1
Quran33:09 &
33:10[136][137]
Sahih
Muhamma
d ibn
Maslamah
captured by
Muslims[141][142]
34
Expedition
of Ukasha
bin AlMihsan
627 [144]
None, Banu
Asad tribe
flees[146]
35
First Raid
on Banu
Thalabah
August 627[3]
9 Muslims
killed[146]
36
Second
Raid on
Banu
Thalabah
August 627
1 injured
man captured by
Muslims[146]
September
627 [3][94]
None, Banu
Lahyan tribe
flees[146]
37
Invasion of
Banu
Lahyan
627
38
Raid on alGhabah
[94][147]
[94][147]
[152]
[3]
Expedition
of Dhu
Qarad
September
627 [3][94]
40
Expedition
of Zaid ibn
Haritha
(AlJumum)
627 [146]
41
Expedition
of Zaid ibn
Haritha
(Al-Is)
39
42
Third Raid
on Banu
1 Muslim
shepherd killed,
and his wife
captured[152]
Muslims: 4
killed
NonMuslims: 4
Killed[156]
Some
captured by
Muslims[146]
September
627 [160]
Many
captured by
Muslims[146][161]
627 [94]
None, Banu
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Thalabah
booty[162]
Expedition
of Zaid ibn
Haritha
(Hisma)
October
627[94]
Expedition
of Zaid ibn
Haritha
(Wadi alQura)
December
627[166]
December
627[94]
Invasion of
Banu
Mustaliq
Expedition
of Abdur
Rahman
bin Auf
Expedition
of Fidak
Second
Expedition
of Wadi alQura
Expedition
of Kurz bin
Jabir AlFihri
December
627[94]
627 [94]
January
628[94]
February
628[94]
Thalabah tribe
flees[162]
Heavy
casualties
inflicted, 100
women and boys
captured by
Muslims[164]
9 Muslims
killed[162][167]
Muslims: 1
killed
(friendly fire)
NonMuslims: 10
killed, 200
families taken
captive[169][170]
None[174]
1 captured
by Muslims, rest
of tribe flees[177]
30
horsemen,[179] and
1 women killed
by Muslims[180]
Many
captured by
Muslims[180]
Muslims: 1
killed
Quran 5:33-39[181][183]
50
51
52
53
Expedition
of
Abdullah
ibn
Rawaha
February
628[94]
Treaty of
Hudaybiyy
ah
March
628 [189]
March to Mecca to
perform the lesser
pilgrimage (Umrah)[190]
Conquest
of Fidak
Battle of
Khaybar
May/June
628[195]
Third
Expedition
of Wadi al
Qura
55
Expedition
of Umar
ibn alKhatab
December
628[94]
56
Expedition
of Abu
Bakr AsSiddiq
December
628[94]
54
[185]
NonMuslims: 8
tortured to
death[181][182]
30 killed by
Muslims[184][185]
None
None
Muslims:
16-18 killed
Jews: 93
killed[197]
[Quran 48:24]
, [Quran 48:18][190]
Sunan Abu
Dawud, Musnad Ahmad ibn
Hanbal[194]
Sahih Bukhari
Al-Muwatta, 21 13.25
Muslims: 1
killed[201]
Jews: 11
killed[197]
None, tribe
flees[185]
Many
killed[203]
(at least 7
families
killed[204]) by
Muslims
Sunan Abu
Dawood, 14:2632
57
58
Expedition
of Bashir
Ibn Sad
al-Ansari
(Fadak)
Expedition
of Ghalib
ibn
Abdullah
al-Laithi
(Mayfah)
December
628[206]
January
629[206]
59
Expedition
of Ghalib
ibn
Abdullah
al-Laithi
(Fadak)
60
Expedition
of Bashir
Ibn Sad
al-Ansari
(Yemen)
61
Expedition
of Ibn Abi
Al-Awja
Al-Sulami
April 629[213]
62
Expedition
of Ghalib
ibn
Abdullah
al-Laithi
(Al-Kadid)
May 629
May 629
[213]
February
629[206]
[213]
Raid on
Banu
Layth
NonMuslims: large
amount killed[185]
Some killed
by Muslims[185]
Everyone
who came into
contact with
Muslims were
killed[214]
1 killed, 2
captured by
Muslims[216]
Muslims:
Most killed[217]
NonMuslims: Most
killed,[213] 2
captured[218]
Large
amount killed,
[185]
and 1
captured by
Muslims[215]
Sunan Abu
Dawood, 14:2672
"We killed
the warriors and
took the children
prisoner." No
numbers given,
but the Muslims
were "about ten
men".
63
Muslims:
29 killed,
[185]
Bashir
wounded[209]
64
Expedition
of Shuja
ibn Wahb
al-Asadi
65
Expedition
of Kab ibn
'Umair alGhifari
66
67
68
Battle of
Mu'tah
Expedition
of Amr ibn
al-As
Expedition
of Abu
Ubaidah
ibn al
Jarrah
August
629[213]
September
629 [226]
October
629[230]
Expedition
of Abi
Hadrad alAslami
629 [234][235]
70
Expedition
of Abu
Qatadah
ibn Rab'i
al-Ansari
(Khadirah)
November[239]
or Dec
629[231]
71
Expedition
of Abu
Qatadah
ibn Rab'i
al-Ansari
(Batn
Edam)
December
629[239]
69
Unknown
14 Muslims
killed, 1
wounded[218]
Muslims:
12 killed
NonMuslims:
Unknown[224]
None,
Qudah tribe
flees[229]
None,
caravan flees[233]
1 beheaded,
[236]
4 women
captured by
Muslims[237]
Some
killed, some
captured by
Muslims[240]
1 Muslim
killed by
Muslims[243][244]
[Quran 4:94][245]
5 killed by
Muslims:[247]
1. Abdullah b.
Khatal[248]
72
Conquest
of Mecca
December
629[239]
2. Fartana
(slave girl)
[249]
To Conquer Mecca[246]
3. Huwayrith
b.
Nafidh[247]
4. Miqyas b.
Subabah[247]
5. Harith b.
Talatil[247]
73
74
75
76
77
Expedition
of Khalid
ibn alWalid
(Nakhla)
Raid of
Amr ibn
al-As
Raid of
Sa'd ibn
Zaid alAshhali
Expedition
of Khalid
ibn alWalid
(Banu
Jadhimah)
Battle of
Hunayn
December
629[251]
To destroy al-Uzza
because Muhammad
wanted "the submission of
neighbouring
tribes"[252] and wanted to
eliminate "symbols
reminiscent of pre-Islamic
practices"[253]
December
629[251]
December
629[251]
January
630[251]
January
630[251]
1 women
killed by Khalid
ibn Walid[253]
None[253]
1 women
killed by
Muslims[253]
Entire tribe
taken prisoner,
portion
executed[259][260]
Muslims: 5
Al-Sunan al-Sughra[254]
Sahih alBukhari,5:59:628[261]
[Quran 9:25]
refusing to surrender to
Muhammad and submit to
Islam because "they
thought that they were too
mighty to admit or
surrender" after
the Conquest of Mecca[264]
78
79
80
81
82
83
Expedition
of AtTufail ibn
'Amr AdDausi
Battle of
Autas
Expedition
of Abu
Amir AlAshari
Expedition
of Abu
Musa AlAshari
Siege of
Ta'if
Expedition
of Uyainah
bin Hisn
January
630[251]
630 [270]
January
630 [3]
January
630 [3]
January
630[279]
killed[265]
NonMuslims: 70
killed,[264] 6000
women and
children
captured[266]
None[268]
Enemy
defeated, many
killed by
Muslims[268][272]
[Quran 4:24][273][274]
Sahih
Muslim, 8:3432,Sahih alBukhari, 5:59:612and more
Muslims: 1
Killed
NonMuslims: 9
Killed[276]
At least 1
killed,[277] men,
women and
children taken
captives by
Muslims[278]
Muslims:
12 killed[280]
NonMuslims:
Unknown
11 men, 21
women and 30
boys, captured
[Quran 49:1][285][286]
by Muslims[284]
Muslims:
many wounded,
some killed
Sunan Abu
Dawood, 14:2639
Expedition
of Qutbah
ibn Amir
85
Expedition
of Dahhak
al-Kilabi
1 killed by
Muslims[284]
86
Expedition
of
Alqammah
bin
Mujazziz
Attack a group of
Abyssinians (Ethiopians)
who Muhammad
suspected were pirates[284]
None,
Ethiopians
flee[293]
87
Third
Expedition
of Dhu
Qarad
July 630
88
Expedition
of Ali ibn
Abi Talib
Expedition
of Ukasha
bin AlMihsan
(Udhrah
and Baliy)
Battle of
Tabouk
October
630[301]
84
89
90
[293][294]
[293]
NonMuslims: many
wounded, some
killed, some
women
captured[284]
None[293]
Many men,
women and
children taken
captive by
Muslims[298][299]
Unknown
None, no
enemies met[303]
October
630[301]
Expedition
of Abu
Sufyan ibn
Harb
630 [311]
Demolition
of Masjid
al-Dirar
630 [314]
94
Expedition
of Khalid
ibn alWalid (2nd
Dumatul
Jandal)
April 631
95
Expedition
of Surad
ibn
Abdullah
April 631
91
92
93
[318]
[319]
[323]
[324]
1 killed, 2
taken captive[309]
Sunan Abu
Dawud 19:3031
Unknown
None
(speculation that
people may have
been burnt[315])
96
97
Expedition
of Ali ibn
Abi Talib
(Mudhij)
December
631[301]
[Quran 9:107][316]
Expedition
of Khalid
ibn alWalid
(Najran)
[Quran 17:73]
[Quran 3:61][327]
None, Banu
Harith tribe
surrenders and
converts to
Islam[326]
Hamidullah, Majmu'ah
(Original letters of
Muhammad)[329]
20 killed by
Muslims.[330]
98
99
Expedition
of Ali ibn
Abi Talib
(Hamdan)
Demolition
of Dhul
Khalasa
631 [301]
10
0
Expedition
of Usama
bin Zayd
None[332]
300 killed
by Muslims[334][335]
Local
population
"slaughtered" by
Muslims,
"destroying,
burning and
taking as many
captives as they
could" according
to Moshe Gil
of Cambridge
University[338]
Notes[edit]
Life of Mahomet by William Muir maybe used on Wikipedia according to opinion of Admin on
RSN
Ibn Hisham edited the biography of Muhammad written by Ibn Ishaq. Ibn Ishaq's work is
lost and is now only known in the recensions of Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari. Therefore when Ibn
Hisham is mentioned as a primary source, so is Ibn Ishaq
[341]
[342]
References[edit]
1.
2.
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780195773071. In the first two or three expeditions the numbers involved are given as from 20 to 80. In those of the later
part of 623 (ii-vi/2), however, when Muhammad himself took part, they are said to have ranged up to 200. (free online)
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 127. (online)
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k Hawarey, Dr. Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War
(Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789957051648.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English
translation availablehere
4.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.
6.
7.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
8.
^ Jump up to:a b c Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK. august 623 Then occurred the sariyyah of Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqa towards al-Kharar in Dhu alQa'dah (MayJune 623 AC)
9.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on
the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan
10.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 345.
11.
Jump up^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic
Publications, p. 118.
12.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 13, ISBN 978-0887063442, Expeditions Led by Muhammad Then the Messenger of God led an expedition in Rabi' alAkhir (which began October 2, 623) in search of Quraysh. He went as far as Buwat
13.
14.
^ Jump up to:a b Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a
translation of Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 285.
15.
^ Jump up to:a b c Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet,
Darussalam Publications, p. 245, ISBN 978-9960899558
16.
^ Jump up to:a b Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a
translation of Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. pp. 285286.
17.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 286.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet,
Darussalam Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-9960899558 See footnote 1, page 247
22.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, Some say the Battle of Badr took place on 19 Ramadan (March 15, 624).
23.
24.
25.
Jump up^ Muhammad Ahmad Bshml, The great battle of Badr, p. 122.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Jump up^ William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130
30.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn
Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the
month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.
31.
^ Jump up to:a b c Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a
translation of Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. pp. 675676.
32.
Jump up^ William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133
33.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 675.
34.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 31. ASIN B0007JAWMK. "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the
month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah
35.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. xiii, ISBN 978-0887063442
36.
37.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 361. Raid called al-Sawiq
38.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 33
34. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
39.
Jump up^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic
Publications, p. 254.
40.
41.
42.
Jump up^ Szmn-i Tablght-i Islm (1987), Al-Tawh d 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization,
International Relations Dept, p. 86
43.
Jump up^ Rodwell, JM, The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7, This was the taunt of the jews
of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
44.
Jump up^ Ab Khall, Shawq (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248.ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7.
(online)
45.
Jump up^ Francis E. Peters (1993). A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780691000404.
46.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32.ASIN B0007JAWMK.
47.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 86, ISBN 978-0887063442
48.
Jump up^ William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 140
49.
50.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 659.
51.
^ Jump up to:a b Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442
52.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780195773071. (free online)
53.
^ Jump up to:a b c Strauch, Sameh (2006), Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications,
p. 472, ISBN 9789960980324
54.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 40
41. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
55.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying
Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))
56.
Jump up^ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kab b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
57.
58.
59.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780195773071. (online)
60.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 362. Raid of al Furu of Bahran
61.
62.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 290 (footnote 1).
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 99, ISBN 978-0887063442
63.
Jump up^ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
64.
65.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204
66.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 482. THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ
67.
Jump up^ William Montgomery Watt (1961), Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press,
p. 135, ISBN 0198810784, The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
68.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 105, ISBN 978-0887063442, Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year
Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
69.
70.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.
71.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.
72.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).
73.
74.
^ Jump up to:a b Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780195773071. The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625) (free online)
^ Jump up to:a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 181-183. (online)
75.
Jump up^ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa
23 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, p. 89,ISBN 9781861796820(online)
76.
^ Jump up to:a b Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator) (2002), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford
University Press, pp. 461464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1
77.
78.
^ Jump up to:a b Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
79.
Jump up^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd
Edition, p. 89, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 186179682X
80.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 390.
81.
82.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 349.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 150. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
83.
84.
85.
86.
Jump up^ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State
University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917(online)
87.
Jump up^ Isml ibn Umar Ibn Kathr (2000), The life of the prophet Muh ammad: a translation of al-Sra alNabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098
88.
89.
^ Jump up to:a b Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780195773071. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at
Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask
Muhammad to send instructors. (online)
90.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-019-577307-1. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at
Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask
Muhammad to send instructors. (online)
91.
Jump up^ Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013
92.
93.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66.ASIN B0007JAWMK.
94.
95.
96.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 147, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
97.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 350-351.
98.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 149
150, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
99.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442
100.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 151, ISBN 978-0887063442, Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of
Bi'r Ma'unah
101.
102.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.
103.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).
104.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442, The Messenger of God remained in Medina after the expedition against the Banu alNadir for the two months of Rabi' and part of the month of Jumada (from August 1 1 to late October, 625)
105.
106.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. xxxv, ISBN 978-0887063442, The main underlying reason for the expulsion of the clan of al-Nadir was the same as in
the case of Quaynuqa, namely, that Jewish criticisms endangered the ordinary Muslim's belief in Muhammad's
prophethood and in the Quran as revelation from God.
107.
Jump up^ Vesselin Popovski, Gregory M. Reichberg, Nicholas Turner (2009). World religions and norms of
war. United Nations University Press. p. 296.ISBN 9789280811636.
108.
109.
Jump up^ Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Ismail Qurban Husayn), State
University of New York Press
110.
^ Jump up to:a b Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442
111.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 74. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
112.
Jump up^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 224
113.
Jump up^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 220222
114.
115.
Jump up^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 222 See footnote
116.
Jump up^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 225226
117.
118.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 657.
119.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 76.ASIN B0007JAWMK. Ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, to Dumat Al-Jandal
120.
Jump up^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic
Publications, p. 216.
121.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 82
84. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
^ Jump up to:a b William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317,ISBN 9780766177413
127.
128.
^ Jump up to:a b c Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited,
p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
129.
Jump up^ Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity,
Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288
130.
Jump up^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
131.
132.
133.
Jump up^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New
York Press, pp. 3536, ISBN 9780791431504
134.
135.
136.
137.
Jump up^ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited,
p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
^ Jump up to:a b Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
138.
Jump up^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New
York Press, pp. 3536, ISBN 9780791431504
139.
Jump up^ Muhammad Yasin Mahzar Siddiqi, Role of Booty in the economy during the prophets time, Vol. 1,
King Abdul Aziz University , p.11. (archive), "In the sixth year of the hijrah (June, 627-May, 628A.D.) there were three
ghazawa t but no booty was obtained from them. Of the 18 saraya, during this year only seven yielded any monetary or
material benefits to the Muslims The very first expedition of the year i.e. Muhammad b. Maslamah's expedition..."
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
^ Jump up to:a b Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press,
p. 119, ISBN 978-0887063442
148.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 105. ASIN B0007JAWMK. despatched Muhammad Ibn Maslamah with ten men towards Bana Tha'labah and Bana
'Uwal, a branch of Bana Tia'labah who were...
149.
Jump up^ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State
University of New York Press, p. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917(online)
150.
Jump up^ Yahiya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (2005), Riyad-us Saliheen, Islamic Books See no. 1309
151.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 97. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
152.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 99. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
153.
154.
155.
Jump up^ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 351, Islamic Book Trust
Jump up^ Tabari, The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A, p. 43, SUNY
Press, 1997, ISBN 0791431509
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 231. (online)
156.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780195773071. Then there was the raid on Muhammad's private herd of camels by 'Uyaynah b. Hisn al-Fazari, who was
doubtless annoyed because Muhammad had broken off negotiations with him over the withdrawal of Ghatafan. The raid
was a small affair. Only 40 enemy horsemen were involved, and the booty was only 20 milking camels; 8 Muslims
pursued on horseback, recovered half the camels, and killed 4 of the raiders for the loss of i of their own number. (free
online)
157.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 100. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
158.
Jump up^ Uri Rubin (1998), The Life of Muh ammad, Ashgate, p. 223,ISBN 9780860787037, Haritha on the
raid to al-Jamum and Zayd obtained goats and sheep and captured a group of unbelievers...
159.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 106. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
160.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780195773071. One was a little-known expedition about September 627 (free online)
161.
^ Jump up to:a b c Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 109. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards Wadi al-Qura
168.
Jump up^ Sir William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira: with
introductory chapters on the original sources for the biography of Mahomet and on the pre-Islamite history of Arabia,
Volume 3, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 237 (abridged version)
169.
170.
Jump up^ William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing,
p. 310,ISBN 9780766177413 (original)
171.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 490.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
^ Jump up to:a b c Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of
New York Press, pp. 9597, ISBN 9780791431504
181.
^ Jump up to:a b c William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp.
18-19.
182.
183.
184.
^ Jump up to:a b William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17
185.
186.
187.
Jump up^ Nasiruddin Khattab, English Translation of Musnad Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Darussalam,
2012, ISBN 6035001076 (online txt) (onlinde pdf)
188.
Jump up^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of
Ish q's Srat rasl Allh. Oxford University Press. p. 665. Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam
189.
Jump up^ Emory C. Bogle (1998), Islam: origin and belief, University of Texas Press, p. 19.
190.
191.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 211. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
192.
^ Jump up to:a b Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations,
landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 180. ISBN 978-9960897714.(online)
193.
Jump up^ Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), Pg 554, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri,
also see Tafsir ibn Kathir 59:7, Text Version
194.
Jump up^ Ibn Kathir, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri (translator), Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), p. 555 (footnote 1
& 2).
195.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780195773071. Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack
May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for
him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed. (free online)
196.
Jump up^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780195773071. Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack
May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for
him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed. (free online)
197.
198.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 432.
199.
Jump up^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 433-434.
200.
201.
^ Jump up to:a b Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Ismail Qurban Husayn),
State University of New York Press, enumerating with them the expedition of Wadi al-Qura. He stated that he fought there
with his slave Mid'am
202.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK. The Sariyyah of 'Umar Ibn al-Khattab, may Allah show him mercy, on Turabah
203.
^ Jump up to:a b William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83
(footnote 2).
204.
205.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK. The Sariyyah of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, on Banu Kilab at Najd
206.
^ Jump up to:a b c Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations,
landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 205. ISBN 978-9960897714.
207.
Jump up^ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83
(footnote 3).
208.
^ Jump up to:a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 148. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
209.
Jump up^ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83
(footnote 3).
210.
Jump up^ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 84.
211.
Jump up^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.
p. 149. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
212.
Jump up^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New
York Press, p. 132, ISBN 9780791431504
213.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations,
landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 212. ISBN 978-9960897714.
214.
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94.
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