BADAU

A rich kulit deposit was found at beginning of 1927 by a private mine at the upper
part of the A. Kuram on the Northern slope Gunung Badau, whereby big chunks
were found, that of pure tin stone as well as tin rich kerikil. Further investigations
showed chunks tin stone as far as above the Kuram dam on the Gunung Badau.
Very big pieces of tin ore assaying about 70% Sn were found with weight up to 8
picols. Pieces loosened from the bed rock of the private mine showed tin stone,
deposited within parallel cracks and as impregnations in the sandstone. The
formation contained not only fine but also very coarse cassiterite. Characteristic is
the abundance of tourmaline.
The investigation on the kulit deposit gave as a result: 80.000 m x 1,25 m =
100.000 m (Naipi) = 100.000 x 1,5 = 150.000 ton at 0,35 % Sn = 8.500 picols
timah (510 ton).
The mining of the ore was started with the making of 3 terraces on the upper layers;
the naipi is at the upper layers only 2 terraces thick and its grade was mainly
defined by the coarse pieces of rich ore therein present. Ore mining solid rock (in
which the tin stone occurred as veinlets, nest and impregnations in certain zones)
was done, where the eluvium was already removed. Prospecting was done by
means of trenches on the hill slope, which south of the mining field, still contained
chunks of tourmaline - schiefer with tin ore.
Two exploration tunnels at the foot of the hill were, for the investigation into the
depth, driven in a direction perpendicular to the layers at 35 to 40 M beneath the
outcrops. The tunnels reached resp. lengths of about 200 and about 150 m, but no
ore was found. A crosscut was made in may 1930 from the prospecting tunnel No.II,
to investigate the weathered ore nest into the depth, but only small veinlets were
found, being that of weathered pyrite with a small content of tin.
Tin restriction stopped the work in july 1930 and after that a private mine was still
working in this field in 1935 - 1938.
The results from December 1929 to July 1930 were:
1929/1930: Treated 7398,25 ton, production 1000 picols tin, grade 0,84% total costs
from 119,81 / picols, profit from 180,60.
1930/1931: Treated 1441 ton, production 152,30 picols tin, grade 0,66%, total costs
from 183,28/picols, loss from 14926,92.
The production by private mine were as follows:
1935/1936 : 1.018,82 quintals tin
1936/1937 : 1.012,91 quintals tin

1937/1938 : 1.019,34 quintals tin

Final Report On The Results Of The Geological Investigation Of Mount Badau

Enclosures : 1 General Plan 1 : 2.500
1 : 500
A.

General View
The primary tin-ore veins of Badau are situated against the North - Eastern
slope and near the foot of Mount Badau. This hill like the whole surrounding is built
up of complex sandstone and clay slate beds, on which in general sandstone is
predominant.
The general strike direction of the layer is about N 100 E this nearly East-West
while the dip is on an average of 60 to 65 North.
At the South-West foot of the mountain at a distance of ca. 500 m of the
exploitation, is an outcrop of granite (sample No.1) the grain - level Pelulusan.
This granite is considered as the mother rock of the tin ore. In the immediate
vicinity of the granite contact are to be found very small traces of tin ore. In general
one finds in the sandstone a strong mineralisation of coarse beamy black
tourmaline and white mica (samples 2 and 3) also coarse-seam of white quartz,
kaolin and in one place in a small kaolin seam are even found a number of fine
topaz crystals. The tin ore standard of these mineralised sandstone is everywhere
extremely low.
In general this last mineral is to be found at the North side of the mountain at a
greater distance from the granite.
Directly against the foot of the mountain is to be found good primary tin ore,
whilst further to the North on the padang - field in the vicinity of the upper course of
Ajer Seridie, a left small tributary of Ajer Koeram, are a number of old Kulit - ore
workings.
The valleys of the small rivers in this area, North of Mount Badau, are also
nearly all rich with alluvial quarry ore which is exploited by dredges.
In the old Kulit exploitations the sandstone below the subsoil is intersected by a
great number of small fine seams, consisting of quartz, kaolin, some zircon and
turmalim while locally also is found brown-iron. The quartz is in general
predominant. Most of the small-seams are parallel to one another, according to the
important (diaklazen-joint planes) in the rock and here in Badau trends in the
foreground in one definite direction, namely North - East and South - West, that is
the so-called system of diaklazen, appears in a direction North-East and South-West,
that is the so-called Borneo direction. The small seams make an angle of about 45
with the longitudinal direction of the layers.
A second system of diaklazen appears in a north-west and south-east direction
approximately perpendicular to the first. This is the so-called Sumatra direction.
The mineralization follows in the main the Borneo direction. These small seams
contain not only the above mentioned minerals but also a number of small tin-ore

veins from this by weathering of rocks and through alluvial concentration the Kulit
ore and through further enrichment in the river courses also the abundant, alluvial
quarry ores are created in the same way as is numerous places on the isle, up to
now all is entirely as elsewhere. More to the South, however at the North foot of the
mountain, appears the primary ore and this does not appear in the form of big
veins, as is the case in Kelapa Kampit, but in the form of a system of impregnations
and small seams in the direction of Borneo, thus from this description rather
comparable with the mineralisations in Kulit mining.
The difference is that the small seams indicated by manifold appearances of tinore and as in several places the grade of the rock is high, it can be exploited as
primary ore. In most cases the ore appears in the form of many thin (1 to 2 mm)
black or dark green, parallel small seams in sandstone and the above mentioned
klief klakken are in the direction of Borneo and consist of fine turmalin with some
cassiterite (sample No.4). When sufficient of these small seams appear it makes the
rock mineable as primary ore. Many small seams are here locally much wider and
richer (sample 6 and 7), seams of to 1 to 2 cm wide, with a length of some meters
and a tin - grade of 10% or more, locally nearly pure cassiterite is not rare, even
here and there appear deposit and lumps of pure cassiterite with a diameter of 1/2
to 1 meter and often of fine cassiteite crystal (sample no.8).
Between the principal group of seams are large spots of sandstone coloured
grey green by a fine impregnation of tourmaline (sample No.9). These green
sandstone have as a rule a good tin-standard (1 to 2%) to 5% ore more according to
scoop analize. Wide "leistenbanken" of ore are usually not mineralized. They were
probably not porous enough to transmit the ore-solution. Merely on the edge they
turn over here and there in ore. Thinly "leistenbankjes" are however (with a
thickness not more than 1 dm) are often turn over in a tourmalin with tin and so
they form miniature small veins lower down (sample No.10).
Inside the ore-zone, appear in general the principal mineralization in sandstone,
according to a system of seams and small seams in south east - south west
direction (the direction of Borneo). Remarkable is the general spreading of these ore
zones. They all lie nearly in a row in the low direction, so we have here to deal in
point of fact with one long small ore-zone, with some gaps in it, apparently it is
bound to a definite low parts. On the accompanying map of the exploitation the part
of this ore-zone is shown (at the moment in exploitation or shortly to be exploited
that is to say the western part of the Ajer Kuram. The length of this part is ca. 200 m
east-west, the thickness (North-South) is changeable, here and there more than 20
to 30 m. Out of this map in the western area merely low quantities of tin ore. To the
east, on the contrary, the mineralisation zone continues (recently trial pits
discovered ore; see annexed map and also the report of 23 December last) over a
length ca. 400 m; though again with some gaps.
The primary ore settled there all in one positively low zone, because all ore
discoveries (practically speaking) are situated in one line with the already
acquainted ore zone. Up to now only ore field is found outside these zones, more to
the north-west at the North foot of the northern spur of mount Badau. (See general

plan and also the report of 9 November last). About the accompanied minerals,
there is mention that besides tourmaline and tin ore, the brown-iron appears many
fold just like quartz in poor quantity.
The limonite probably is from weathering sulfides. In some places the form
(eubi) of the original pyrite crystal can be recognized in brown-iron mass (sample
no.11). In some places are also discovered unweathered pyrite (sample no.12). In
the "concentrates" of Badau are regularly found by chemical analysis small amounts
of bismuth and during the last months, this bismuth grade shows an obvious
increase (laterly to 0,6 %). This increasingly is perhaps ascribed to the fact that at
present the whole production emanates from the solid rock, while formerly the loose
upper layers (more weathered material thus) supplied the big mass of the product.
The rich parts of ore of the western ore-nest and the crystal field consist mainly
of course crystals, under which often appear very fine specimens.
More to the east such coarse crystals are scarce. Here and there is much pure
cassiterite, but the structure is mostly fine-grained and east of the "washing plant"
small crystals are found only in one pit, however in other pits are found various rich
pockets of ore but all of a fine grained structure. This is probably ascribe to the fact
that the western part of the ore-zone lies nearer to the granite which comes to light
at the south west foot of the mountain and this ore is formed at higher temperature.
If this opinion is right one could expect an increasing coarseness of the
structure of the ore at greater depth to the east. Also in the separate ore field, in
the north-west of the northerly spur of the mountain, one seldom finds fine crystals
and as a rule the ore is fine of structure, though it forms big and rich lumps. This
field is again situated at greater distance from the granite contact. A remarkable
feature of this last field is the lack of the grey green tourmaline impregnated
sandstone (in exploitation so frequently found).
The ore appears apparently only in the form of seam-ore nests. The seams
follow here again the direction to the north east, it seems finally that this field
changes more and more to common Kulit type. Only now when this field is taken for
exploitation and the loose upper layers are removed one could judge how far it
agrees with the ore strike in the existing exploitation. Summing up we could
consider the primary tin ore appearance of Badau as similar to the mineralised
small seams, from which as a rule the Kulit ore comes but with a special intensive
mineralisation. This is probably connected with the relative vicinity of the granite
whereby the formings temperature was high, the predominant appearance of
tourmaline and the numerous coarse tin-ore crystal indicate this. The temperature
was of course still higher when in contact with the granite and hence the coarse
structure of tourmaline. In the south west of the mountain, the appearance of white
mica indicates this. For the tin ore this temperature was probably too high. The
phenomenon is not yet explained why the mineralisation in the main area is bound
to the definite low zone. The formations of this zone have no special attributes. One
must probably seek the explanation in the special frequent appearance of diaklazen
only in this zone, favourable for the mineralisation. This is connected with the
pliability of the layers. The layers of several important seams in the open pit are

moved a little, these are minor movements, which change over small distance in
flescuren or dissapear all together.
The dip of the layer is abnormal, horizontal layers occur here and there, while in
a short distance from here the low slope is normal again. The last number of the
diaklazen is connected with pleating phenomenon and then it is acceptable that
similar continuations should appear in a definite zone in the strike direction of the
layers.
Perhaps this will be clearer as the exploitation proceeds further. If in this area
there is an important fault, these would be a good change for mineralization of the
whole or to form an important vein, like for instance the Pan San in Kelapa Kampit.
Such faults are not found here. The mineralisation only takes place along a system
of diaklazen and small shiftings slits.

Considerations about the exploitation ore reserve and further

exploration possibilities
By the report of September 1936 this map is in the main point already
discussed. Some seams have been discovered since that time during the progress
of the exploitation. In the neighbourhood of the former ore nest II is found rich
seams in the sub-soil.
For the time being this has been stopped in order to go more to the west,
namely in the surroundings of the former ore nest III, where probably in connection
with the vicinity of the fault, the mineralised seams are peculiarly numerous.
This cleft is mineralized practically through the whole length with tourmaline
and tin-ore, it forms a miniature small vein, which for the greater part of its length,
is very narrow and probably not exploitable. The breadth increases in the south
west with numerous small co-seams, good mineable rock occurs here over an
important area. Apparently the former ore deposit (III) is connected with this.
It is not yet known how far this fault and this ore continues to the south west.
Some important seams appear in the south west of the mine. One of these is
perhaps the continuance of the fault, but it is also possible that they diverge into a
number of seams. However there is still good ore at the edge of the mine and for
the length of the fault and in the old groove a couple of small seams are still found.
Higher up the mountain no ores are to be found. One finds more to the west of
the open pit some seams of little consequence, but to the west of this again outside
the border of the open pit K a number of special rich pits, the so called, crystal field
which a year ago (October 1935) was more closely investigated.
Further to the west a gamp seems to occur in the mineralisation and finally
comes the more westerly ore deposit (IV) which it seems is connected with a long
seam of tourmaline (which contains tin).

Where digging has uncovered some pieces and also in the open pits below B
there is a passable broad (1 to 2 dm) double seams to be seen.
Below in the open pit the tin content of this seam is very low one find only here
small rich patches. In general the tin content seems to increase to the south-west
was discernible by digging. An accurate appraisal of the reserve,on the grounds of
samples, indicates the large irregularity, hard to assess, but one could well make a
rough guess, by comparison with the results, so far achieved by this mine.
Till the end of September in this Easterly direction and in an area of circa 400 m
and depth of at a rough estimation, on an average of circa 5 m and a volume of
circa 2000 m the rock was monitored and mined.
Badau was at that time 14 months in production and at first the loose material
was exclusively mined, both here and below in the open pit, after 8 months
dynamite was used
Of course sine that time also loose ground was mined so that the production of
8 months did not all come out of the solid rock.

On the other hand, before using dynamite plenty of primary ore went to
the washing plant, coming from places where the rock was easily cut. This
happened in the Eastern part of the open pit, where the transport to the
washing plant was especially easy.
Probably one could approximately accept that the above mentioned 2000
m rock has delivered a quantity of tin ore, comparable to about 8 months
production, that is to say circa 800 quintals of tin. A volume of 2000 m is
about 5000 ton, thus this rock had an average tin content of about 1,6%.
This table is in good agreement with samples of the feed to the washing plant,
which were taken daily during the final 4 months. According to these samples the
tin content in the feed to the washing plant was constant according to the ladleanalysis.
September 1936
1,5% Tin
October
1,5% Tin
November
1,5% Tin
December
1,5% Tin
By chemical analysis a higher tin content would probably be found, but a good
ladle-analysis gives probably a good picture of the practical recoverable ore,
because the finest material which is not gainable in the washing plant is also lost by
a ladle-analysis. On the ground of these tables and by rough estimation of the total
area of the ore in the open pit and the comparable rock which contains tin ore in the
east, agreed, that wherever mineable ore appears in the surface, one could begin
with the mining at least to a depth of 5 meter.
Only by reason of practical one is, for the time being, mining farther to the
west. This conclusions give as a result an estimate in the now open pit an existing

reserve of 2500 quintal, that is at the rate of present production a reserve for about
2 years.
Besides this is not yet accounted the ore, which lies in the west of the mine,
crystal field and the surroundings of the western ore deposit (ore deposit IV). The
estimation here is more difficult, because here the rock is not yet uncovered, thus
the potential mineralised surface is not yet known.
Considering the great richness of the loose overburden locally, one may accept
a reserve for at least 1 year and with this one could estimate the total reserve of
the rendered area for about 3 years. One may accept this as likely reserve. In all
probability this is of course not acceptable that to a depth of 5 meters good
mineable ore is present and that at a greater depth not more should be found.
The character of the mineralisation does not change so quickly with depth; the
natural relief of the area is already much larger and gives no where indications of a
remarkable changing of the mineralisation to depth, also under already mined parts,
the same rock is present underground.
Because in the whole, mining is not difficult (one has only to dig on special
places of the hill, it is not thinkable why zones with good ore, should not persist to a
depth of at least 20 meter. By this is the above mentioned reserve could be
extended probably for about 10 years. Also at greater depth mineable ore, may be
even on large amounts, but it is better not to base hope on this.
Outside this map lies the ore discoveries of the last month to the East of the
washing plant and also in the report of 9 November last, describing the north-west
field.
The first mentioned ore discoveries form, as the report of 23 Desember 1936
described easterly continuation of the ore zone in the mine. The map concerned,
which links up in the west of the mining (annex here again) is indicated with the
since 23 December, test pits.
Further in the east practically no more results achieved beyond the previously
explored zone. Apparently the ore-zone comes to an end here. At the moment ore
on the ground behind the washing plant, above the railroad but below the former
pits 1-5, are being dug to check the connection between these eastern ore
discoveries and the mining area in the west, directly to the east of Ajer Kuram and
immediate links up on the existing mining, are some good ore discoveries.
Reserve of this area, represented by the discoveries to the east of the washing
plant is more difficult to assess than that of the mining area, because from the ore
discoveries in the loose overburden, one must try to give an opinion of the primary
ore in the solid rock.
The alluvial reserve is very small here, because of the scanty surface of the tin
ore carrying ground. A personal impression about the primary ore reserve, is as
follows: the ore shows in every respect large similarity with the ore in the mining
area both belong for that matter to the same ore zone.
Only in the east the mineralisation seems less intense, the ore zones are small
and show breaks, though this last is not sure at all. Considering everything the
similarity is so large by the "afbouw" of the rock that it should contains ore to a

depth of 5 meter. Here also probably account for 1 to 2 years reserves. This area
should in any case give a trial for mining.
This area is on a lower part than the present mine and a possible future for
"afbouw" to greater depth presents difficulties, namely concerning of the water
discharge.
An estimation about the north west field of the primary ore reserve is not
feasible, because the mineralisation has certain points of difference with the
existing mining for instance, the well known green tourmaline sandstone which
contains tin nowhere to be found and it is not a fact that the anticipated primary ore
on the subsoil is mineable.
In view of the fine big loose parts in the upper layers a certain optimum is
justified as by mining of these loose upper layers. The reserves in these layers are
estimated to be about 100 quintal and when the solid rock is everywhere
uncovered. One could gives an opinion about the quantity of mineable ore.
When the "maat" of the mining area should agree with the present mine, in
view of relative extensiveness of this ore-zone, the ore reserve of this area could put
on a level with the present mining.
Finally about the further mining possibilities yet to the follow: first of all the
above mentioned small territory of area behind the washing plant, west to Ajer
Koeram is for future investigation. This will not require much time. After that are the
mining possibilities in the direct surrounding of the mine Badau as practical
considered and further exploration takes place further afield.
About the opportunities of success there is for the time being nothing to say. To
check which of areas is considered for investigation, first of all one could establish,
that in a territory of small rivers without tin ore the chance is small for the presence
of important primary ore. That is why the further investigation to the east practical
is regarded as chance less. In the north of Badau, as known in Ajer Briesing and Ajer
Seridis are tin ore. This is in connection with the above mentioned already described
Kulit shut out on the Padang field and probably is the distance to the granite here is
too great to expect specific "shut outs" like the primary ore at the north foot of
mount Badau and taking into account of course that the possibility that locally the
granite is present at shallow depth, without appearing in the nearby surroundings.
In this connection one must always pay attention to the possible discoveries of
big blocks of tin ore in open pits. For systematic mining one should for the time
being preferably stay in the vicinity of the granite.
The distance to the granite was probably too small. At the northern part of this
area at the beginning of November 1936 there were already a number of diggings.
One must continue this to the west to the big road to Dendang north to Ajer
Briesing.
Pitting at 50 meter intervals and any indications of tin ore on the spot one has
of course to dig more pits. More to the west at Mount Kepang, west of Pelulusan tin
ore is formerly discovered and mined by P.L's.
The distance to the granite area of Pelulusan is presumably not so large and this
area extends for about the length of the tin ore zone of Badau, a further research in
the area is recommended to.

As far as known tin-ore is never found in small rivers at the south of Pelulusan,
that is why this territory is not considered for investigation.
Badau, 7 Januari 1937

GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH BADAU

Bartels, 1938 No.2
In connection with new important ore discoveries in the western part of the
Badau mine which were made on 11 and 20 January in the new open parts of
mining, geological investigation was made by taking a number of samples.
In this report the results of these new records and geological considerations
will successively be discussed and finally on the ground of this, a proposal
should be made for tunnel-exploration. On the enclosed map are the
important findings in the mining ore-seams and ore deposits, up to now the
numbers show the results of the latest samples (black: breadth of the seam
in metres; red: tin grade according to analysis Lipat Kajang).
1. New Observations

During the exploration of the western area deposit (a annexed map) it has
been found, that it contracts with the former exploration which deposits were
situated in the east. The ore-pillar is 7 meter deep, that's below the original
area. By exploration it was found that this ore-pillar slanted in north-east
direction (45 - 50). This is explained on the map by replacing the original
deposit (A) with the present ore-front (A). These strong slopes explain, why
formerly in the perpendicular tunnel no exploration ore was found, because
on level of the tunnel (according the slope) the ore should be found more in
the north-east. In the direct vicinity of this ore deposit is seen mineralised
shifting in the direction of Borneo (line B-C on the map), the existence of
which was formerly surmised (see report Badau January, 1937). The ore
deposit is in the middle of a number of small parallel seams of tin tourmaline
in the direction of Borneo. These seams belong probably also to the shiftings
zone, as appears from the sudden stopping from one of the easterly
claystone beds. The rich ore pillar forms probably a north-eastern inclined
line in the level of the shifting zone. The shifting without the exception of this
ore-pillar is everywhere mineralised, but according to annexed sampleresults the tin grade is in general scanty (except in some good samples).
The mineralisation in the shifting consist for the most part of tourmaline
and locally also brown-iron, with a considerable tin-grade on some places.
2. Geologi considerations
With reference to the former reports about Badau the following main
points are recalled:
(a) The rock consist of various layers sandstone and claystone. In the
exploration the sandstone is pre-dominant (according to the research in
trenches). About 20 m south of the ore-zone a brood band of claystone is
pre-dominant and further to the south the hill consist again in the main of
sandstone.
(b)The general direction of the layers is nearly east-west (on an average to
100 and the dip is north-east (on an average 60 to 65).
(c) "KIEF VLAKKEN / Joints" are numerous and appears in the main according
to 2 patterns, namely:
1. According to the direction of Sumatra (N.W. - S.E.)
2. According to the direction of Borneo (N.E. - S.W.)
The diaklazen are most developed in the direction of Borneo and also
in this direction there are a couple of shiftings (comparatively few). The
slope of the "KIEF VLAKKEN" is very steep (75 to 80) in the direction of
Borneo (south-east). The "KIEF VLAKKEN" in the direction of Sumatra are
not steep and slope to the south-west.
(d)All the tin ore-seams are in the direction of Borneo (according "KIEF
VLAKKEN" and shiftings and make an angle of 45 with the direction of the

layers. The ore-nests are connected with important seams. The principal
ore-discoveries are situated in small-band, parallel to the direction in
general, about east-west.
This last point leads to the suspicion, that the mineralisation in the main is
limited to one specific small zone, which by special composition (for instance
sandstone with many clay bind material and by reason of easy cleavability
and porosity suitable for tin ore mineralisation, as for instance in Kelapa
Kampit and elsewhere, were in certain layers the "bed-orders" appear. One
can think of technical causes, for instance an over riding of one of the low
lying plains, as during the creasing easily develop. The "dagzoom" of these
suitable low zones should approximately run according the dotted line in the
lower direction from a in west, to the ore hole in the east (see the map).
All important ore discoveries up to now are indeed on or very near this
line and also further to the east there in pits lies practically on the
extremities of this line.
As the layer dip north this favourable zone is on deeper level to the north
and also the ore-pillar by A, which probably occurs at the junction of the
mineralised shiftings zone B - C (a nearly vertical plane) and the favourably
layer zone (60 northerly inclined plane) according to the intersection of both
levels.
These areas in the direction of north-east dip away to the depth, as up to
now has been found.
Mining Proposals
On the grounds of the mining in the area the results so far shown it is
recommended to scout also the subsoils by research with tunnels. It would
obviously be best to start from the already existing tunnels which probably
could be restored at a low cost.
In the more western of the two tunnels (tunnel II) at the time apparently
the fault B-C was found.
Perpendicularly under the ore-deposit A a small ore seam was found in the
direction of Borneo with a side tunnel over a distance of nearly 30 meter but
with disappointing results. It would be better to continue this tunnel in the
direction of the north-east along the fault to find the ore-deposit, which
according to the discussion above, approximately in the level (indicated by P
on the map) with this mining one should look at the same time for the
shifting zone along a certain distance.
During the mining of the ore-deposit one should take into account that
this deposit (as is the case at the level) probably should be on the eastern
side of the fault.

It is recommended that one should make a connecting tunnel with tunnel

I, as soon as the ore deposit is found, in the direction of the line P-Q on the
map.
This tunnel should follow the important ore deposit which was deeper
than the level to the north and in places with good ore seams. One should
reconnoitre this with short errors strikes.
In connection with the fact, that the best part of the open pit was the part
between the ore deposit I and II, it should probably be better to begin
directly from east and not from the west with this tunnel.
Kelapa Kampit, 3 February 1938

Aeromagnetics (WVA)
The profiles (figure 3) show two main groups of anomalies, one is the south
west and another in the central north west. The former group are related to
the handle of the so called Gunung Liang "ring structure" which was
investigated and reported in Gunung Liang, Hewitt 9/6/73. Some dolerite
outcrop was found and it was concluded that the aeromagnetic anomalies
were due to basic intrusions.
The other group of aeromagnetic anomalies corresponds broadly to the
Kelulusan granite. The boundary of this has been sketched in from "Erts
Reserve Kaart van Billiton" dated 28/2/58. Note that this granite boundary
has been considerably revised since the maps previous to this. The centre of
the anomalous zone lies south of the contact, possibly indicating that the
south contact dips flat to the south and/or there is an increased magnetite
content near this contact produced by the granitic intrusion.
The broad lows over Gunung Badau Indicates a higher magnetite content
along the granitic contact here also. There are other smaller anomalies and
trends apparent, but in view of the lack of interest in Badau and Brising, no
further interpretation has been carried out.

NANGKA
In 1917 was found here in granite a massive topaz greisen body with
wolframite and small amount of very fine cassiterite. The body is criss-

crossed by cassiterite-quartz stringers with and without topaz which

occasionally are accompanied with narrow cassiterite impregnations on both
sides. The cassiterite found here and in the stringers is substantially coarser
grained than in the greisen.
After several excavations works (?) the exploraions were stopped in 1918 on
account of poor prospects.
Non-Greisen
BADAU
Gunung Badau is built up of a series consisting predominantly of
sandstones,which alterate or also interfinger with claystones. This series is
abundantly tourmalinized and criss-crossed by fine-cassiterite-bearing joints.
The general strike direction is about 110, dips visible on the surface vary
between 66 to 72 in the deep mine they are occasionally smaller. There are
two well-formed joint systems (are well shown), namely the NE, the so-called
Borneo direction and the NW (which is) the so-called Sumatra direction.
Subordinate is the NNE direction. Along individual joints faults of slight width
(s) have been observed. The largest offset so far known is 15 meters long
and moved in the Borneo direction. Joints in this direction lie mostly very
close to each other.
The two mineralisation zones cited above lie in the northwestern part on the
outermost rim of the hill complex. They also run parallel to the strike of the
layers, whereas the ore stringers likewise follows the Borneo direction.
Tourmaline is missing here. This zone is of less economic significance than
the first mentioned.
The ore deposit at Badau as discovered in 1927 during the mining of the
eluvial deposits and was mined intermittently until 1938.
Papan Gunung Meranteh
The ore deposit consist of an irregular, until 5 meters wide and about 450
meters long, ore vein system - the Papan vein - which follows the boundary
plane between a northerly sandstone and a southerly claystone bed, but lies
occasionally also wholly in sandstone. Not infrequently narrow, rapidly
wedging out ore stringers are running in the Borneo direction from the Papan
vein.