MAGNETIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

II.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

III.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

IV.

MATERIALS AND METHOD OF PROCEDURES

V.

RESULTS

VI.
VII.

CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our group would like to express our deepest gratitude
to our teacher; for providing us the knowledge and
understanding

regarding

the

subject

matter,

fellow

classmates and friends; for the moral support, and especially

our love and gratitude to our beloved families; for their
understanding and endless love, through the duration of this
research. This research project would not have been possible
without the support of these people.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

The research had a number of specific objectives:
1. To determine and illustrate the direction of the magnetic field
surrounding a long straight wire using a compass.

2. To determine the relationship of electric current and

magnetic field
3. To demonstrate the Oersteds experiment

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the
study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical
interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The
electromagnetic force usually shows electromagnetic fields, such
as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light. The electromagnetic
force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The
other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction,
the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1]
The word electromagnetism is a compound form of two Greek
terms, , lektron, "amber", and magntis
lithos, which means "magnesian stone", a type of iron ore. The
science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the
electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which
includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one
phenomenon.
The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the
internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life.
Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces
between individual molecules in matter. Electrons are bound by
electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic
nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.
This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise

from interactions between the electrons of neighbouring atoms,

which are in turn determined by the interaction between
electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.
There

are

numerous

mathematical

descriptions

of

the

electromagnetic field. In classical electrodynamics, electric fields

are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's
law,

magnetic

fields

are

associated

with

electromagnetic

induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how

electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each
other and by charges and currents.
The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the
establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the
"medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to
the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.
Although electromagnetism is considered one of the four
fundamental

forces,

at

high

energy

the

weak

force

and

electromagnetism are unified. In the history of the universe,

during the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the
electromagnetic and weak forces.
Oersted's law
In

physics

and

electrical

engineering,

rsted's

law,

or

Oersted's Law as it is often rendered in English, is the law that a

steady electric current creates a magnetic field around it. This
was discovered on April 21, 1820 by Danish physicist Hans
Christian rsted (1777-1851), when he noticed that the needle of

a compass next to a wire carrying current turned so that the

needle was perpendicular to the wire. rsted investigated and
found the mathematical law which governs how strong the field
was, which is now called rsted's Law. rsted's discovery was the
first connection found between electricity and magnetism, and
the first of two laws that link the two; the other is Faraday's law of
induction. These two laws became part of the equations that
govern electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations.
ersted's rules
ersted found that, for a straight wire carrying a steady (DC)
current
The magnetic field lines encircle the current-carrying wire

The magnetic field lines lie in a plane perpendicular to the

wire

If the direction of the current is reversed, the direction of the

magnetic force reverses.

The strength of the field is directly proportional to the

magnitude of the current.

The strength of the field at any point is inversely

proportional to the distance of the point from the wire.

MATERIALS AND METHOD OF PROCEDURES

Materials:
1 pc (15cm x 20 cm)
Cardboard
Insulated wires

4 Dry cells
1 Switch
Magnetic Compass

1. Insert a connecting wire through a cardboard about 15 cm x

20 cm. Position the materials as shown in the figure below.
Hold the insulated connecting wires 10 cm below and 10 cm
above the cardboard.

2. Attach the wire to a switch and to four dry cells arranged in

series. Determine the direction of the current when you close
the switch. Open the switch.
3. Place a small compass (around 1 cm in diameter) at a point
very near the wire. Turn ON the switch and note the direction
of the compass needle.
4. Position the compass at various
equidistant from the vertical wire.

points

around

and

5. Reversed the direction of the current by changing the wire's

connection to the dry cells. Repeat step 3.

RESULTS

In the experiment, as the compass needle was moved

around a vertical wire, its N-pole traced a circle. This indicated
that magnetic lines of induction around a current-carrying wire
formed a circular-loop. The compass needle was everywhere
tangent to the lines of induction. Also, when the electric current
flows through the wires the compass moved indicates that
magnetic field was produced.

CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that when an electric current is
passed through a conducting wire, a magnetic field is produced
around it. The presence of magnetic field at a point around a
current carrying wire can be detected with the help of a compass
needle. If a compass needle is placed in the vicinity of the current
carrying wire, the needle of the compass is found to deflect in a
definite direction. Also, the direction of the deflection of needle is
reversed if the direction of current in the wire is reversed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Textbook
Josefina Ll. Pabellon (1992), Physics Textbook IV, Book Media
Press, Inc., Mandaluyong City
Online Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oersted's_law
http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practicalphysics/oersted-electric-current-and-magnetism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism