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Research Article
Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing
demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was
conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government
Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using
a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and
multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an
average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their
average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice
production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of
$766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78%
of the observe variation in the farmers income. The study however concluded that paddy rice
production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent
government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information,
extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) being the second largest
consumed cereal (after wheat) shapes the lives of
millions of people. More than half the worlds population
depends on rice for about 80% of its food calorie
requirements. It has become a staple food in Nigeria
such that every household; both the rich and the poor
consume a great quantity (Godwin, 2012). A combination
of various factors seems to have triggered the structural
increase in rice consumption over the years with
consumption broadening across all socio-economic
classes, including the poor. Rising demand is as a result
of increasing population growth and income level (GAIN,
2012) coupled with the ease of its preparation and
storage. Rice has changed from being a luxury food to a
necessity because of its availability and affordability, so
consumption will continue to increase with per capita
GDP growth, thus implying that its importance in the
Nigerian diet as a major food item will increase as
economic growth increases (Ojogho and Alufohai, 2010).
Ben-Chendo et al.
084
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in Chikun Local Government
Area of Kaduna State. Kaduna state lies between
0
0
latitudes 10 21' and 10 33' North of the equator and
Linear
Y = + 1X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 + 4X4 +
5X5 +
Semi log
Log Y = + 1 logX1 + 2logX2 +
3logX3 + 4logX4 + 5logX5 +
Double log
Log y = + 1 logX1 + 2logX2 +
3logX3 + 4logX4 + 5logX5 +
Exponential form
Log y = + 1X1 + 2X2 +
3X3 + 4X4 + 5X5 +
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 revealed that majority of the respondent fell
within the age bracket of 40 49years accounting for
36.72% of the total farming population. This was closely
followed by 26.7% of the respondent belonging to the age
bracket of 50 59years. The mean age of the
respondents was 49years and only 6.7% fell below
30years of age. This result implies that majority of the
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Ben-Chendo et al.
086
Socio-economic characteristics
Gender
Male
Female
Martital status
Married
Single
Age
20 -29
30 39
40 49
50 59
60 years and above
Household size
1 - 10 persons
11 - 20 persons
21 - 30 persons
31 persons and above
Educational Background
No formal education
Primary education
Secondary education
Tertiary education
Farm sizes
1 - 10
11 20
21 30
31 40
41 hectares and above
Methods of land acquisition
Inheritance
Purchase
Lease
Gift
Communal ownership
Farming Experience
1- 5
6 - 10
11 15
16 20
21 years and above
Systems of paddy rice cultivation
Upland
Lowland
Irrigated
Farmers N = 60
Percentage
Frequency
(%)
Mean
58
2
97
3
53
7
88
12
4
10
22
16
8
6.7
16.7
36.7
26.7
13.3
49
31
26
2
1
52
43
3
2
10
32
20
8
54
33
13
30
15
8
4
3
50
25
13
7
5
45
16
13
9
22
75
26.7
21.7
15
36.7
5
30
18
6
1
8
50
30
10
2
45
13
2
75
22
3
15
087
Table 2. Cost And Returns Analysis For Paddy Rice Production In Kaduna State
Average Per Ha
Items
Quantity
Units
Price/
Cost ()
Kg
()
3200
110
352,000
352,000
Kg
Bags (50Kg /Bag)
L
No
70
8
14
60
360
5700
2400
40
25,200
45,600
33,600
2,400
MD
MD
MD
MD
MD
3
12
10
2
4
3000
300
1000
1500
10000
9,000
3,600
10,000
3,000
40,000
172,400
Units
REVENUE:
Paddy rice yield (output)
TOTAL REVENUE (A)
VARIABLE COSTS (INPUTS) :
Rice seeds
Fertilizer
Agro-chemicals (pre and post emergence)
Bags
LABOUR COST:
Ploughing, harrowing & leveling
Planting
Fertilizer application
Weeding Herbicide application
Harvesting / threshing
TOTAL VARIABLE COST (B)
FIXED COST (DEPRECIATION)
Rent on Land
Interest on loan
Depreciation on implement/machines used
TOTAL DEPRECIATION (C )
TOTAL COST (D)
GROSS MARGIN (A - B) = E
NET RETURNS (E - C) OR (A - D) = F
BENEFIT/COST RATIO (A / D)
GROSS MARGIN RATIO
Value ()
6,480
8,000
12,520
27,000
199,400
179,600
152,600
1.77
0.51
Ben-Chendo et al.
088
Table 3. Multiple Regression Result of the Relationship between Income and Socioeconomic Characteristics
Functions
Constant
Farm
Size
(X1)
System of
rice
cultivation
(X2)
Farming
experience
(X3)
Age
(X4)
Household
size
(X5)
Method of
land
acquisition
(X6)
Linear
-0.923
0.182
0.00163
9.8E- 4
-0.00134
0.598
0.583
SE
(0.931)
(0.035)
(0.002)
(0.004)
(4.6E - 4)
(0.557)
(0.834)
t-value
-0.990
5.179**
Semi-log
-8.663
3.243
-0.133
0.777
-0.185
0.117
0.612
SE
(2.916)
(0.589)
(0.373)
(0.597)
(0.229)
(0.65)
(0.886)
t-value
-2.971**
5.509**
-0.356
1.302
-0.803
0.273
0.691
Double log
-4.152
0.867
0.054
0.233
-0.011
0.265
0.968
SE
(1.413)
(0.285)
(0.181)
(0.289)
0.111
(0.315)
(0.431)
t-value
Exponential
-2.939**
3.040**
0.296
0.804
-0.098
0.842
-1.572
0.031
0.012
3.6E -4
2.2E -4
0.543
1.138
SE
(0.505)
(0.191)
(1.2E - 2)
(2.6E -4)
(2.5E -4)
(0.303)
(0.453)
t-value
-3.108**
1.614
0.698**
0.958
2.037**
1.403
-2.899**
-0.892
1.073*
1.792**
FValue
0.78
60
30.9**
0.74
60
25.6**
0.58
60
12.6**
0.55
60
10.9**
0.699
2.253**
2.514**
** F-value significant at 5%, ** t ratio Significant at 5%, figure in ( ) = Standard error (SE)
Source: Field survey data, 2014.
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B
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Copyright: 2015 Ben-Chendo et al. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.
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