Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

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Electric Power Systems Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

Power quality improvement with an extended custom power park

M. Emin Meral , Ahmet Teke, K. Cagatay Bayindir, Mehmet Tumay
Cukurova University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Balcali, 01330, Adana, Turkey

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 10 September 2008
Received in revised form 3 June 2009
Accepted 4 June 2009
Available online 4 July 2009
Keywords:
Custom power
Custom power park
Power quality control centre
STS
APF
DVR

a b s t r a c t
This paper describes the operation principles of an extended custom power park (CPP). The proposed park
is more effective when it is compared to the conventional power parks regarding the yield of improving
both current and voltage quality of linear and nonlinear loads using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR),
active power lter (APF), static transfer switch (STS) and diesel generator (DG). Moreover, a supervisory
power quality control centre is presented to coordinate these custom power (CP) devices by providing
pre-specied quality of power. A fast sag/swell detection unit is also presented to improve the system
response. The ability of the extended CPP for power quality improvements is further analyzed using
PSCAD/EMTDC through a set of simulation tests.
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The control of most of the industrial loads is mainly based
on semiconductor devices and microprocessors, which cause such
loads to be more sensitive against power system disturbances such
as voltage sag, voltage swell, current harmonics, interruption and
phase shift. Thus, the prevention of negative effects of the PQ disturbances has gained more interest for the last twenty years [1,2].
CP is a power electronic based solution against PQ disturbances
or electromagnetic disturbances. CP devices, namely DVR, APF and
STS, are applied in the distribution system of an electric utility with
the purpose of protecting an entire plant, feeder, a block of customers or loads [3]. CP devices include an acceptable combination
of the following features; no (or rare) power interruptions, magnitude and the duration of voltage reductions within specied limits,
magnitude and the duration of over voltages within specied limits
and low harmonic currents [4].
The STS is used to transfer the load from the preferred source
to an alterative healthy source. The DVR is capable of generating or
absorbing independently the controllable real and reactive power
at its ac output voltage in series with the distribution feeder in synchronism with the voltages of the distribution system. The APF is
one of the CP devices and it is generally shunt connected to the
system via a reactance. It can mitigate the harmonic currents generated by nonlinear loads by controlling the compensation current

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 322 3386868.

E-mail addresses: emeral@Cu.Edu.Tr (M.E. Meral), ahmetteke@Cu.Edu.Tr
(A. Teke), cbayindir@Cu.Edu.Tr (K.C. Bayindir), mtumay@Cu.Edu.Tr (M. Tumay).
0378-7796/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2009.06.001

[3,5]. The concept of CPP has been introduced in order to meet customers needs. CPP concept means the integration of multiple CP
devices within the Industrial/Commercial Park that offers the customers a high quality power at the distribution system voltage level
[6]. In the literature, there are various studies about a high quality
power park concept apart from CPP (unlike CPP). One of the most
important studies is the power quality park (PQP) [7]. The classication of customers is the distinguishing feature of PQP and CPP.
PQP does not classify their customers while CPP classies the customers, so that each customer can be offered different tariff rates
for required power quality needs.
In this paper, an extended CPP is proposed and various
PSCAD/EMTDC simulation studies are performed to validate the
performance of the park. The designed park and case studies differ from the conventional power park studies in [810] from the
following ways:
Power Quality Control Centre (PQCC) provides a coordination of
extended CPP including CP devices and loads, thus resulting in a
reliable distribution system and a required qualied power.
The extra functionality is added by integrating APF to the park
and thus an extended CPP is performed.
A fast fault detection method is presented both for STS and DVR.
The coordination and interaction between the CP devices are presented comprehensively.
The paper is organized as follows: after this introductory section,
general operations of the CP devices in the CPP are described in
Section 2. The innovative contributions of the study, the proposed
CPP and power quality control centre are presented in Section 3. The

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M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

Fig. 1. The single line diagram of the extended CPP.

case studies and discussions showing power quality improvements

are presented in Section 4. The main contributions and signicant
results of the study are summarized in Section 5.
2. The extended custom power park concept
The extended CPP offers a high quality power (grades of A, AA
and AAA) to customers and meets the needs of sensitive loads with
an Industrial/Commercial business park. Fig. 1 shows the single line
diagram of the proposed CPP including STS, DVR, APF, DG, the circuit
breakers and loads.
STS protects sensitive loads against voltage sags, swells and
interruptions. STS ensures a continuous high quality power supply
to sensitive loads by transferring, within a time scale of 48 ms,
the load from a faulted bus to a healthy one [11]. STS with a
make-before-break transfer strategy [12] is used to satisfy the uninterrupted transfer of the power to the critical loads in this study. The
detection and transfer logic must function properly for all the possible operating conditions. In this study, the control method used
for voltage compensation in [13] is developed for voltage sag/swell
detection. By using this approach the detection time can be further
improved with the respect to conventional methods using a low
pass lter [14,15].
APF mitigates current harmonic disturbances and compensate
the reactive power of nonlinear loads. The shunt connected voltage
source inverter topology is used in the power circuit. The compensation signal is calculated using the concept of Instantaneous Reactive
Power Theory (IRPT) [16], which is based on both load voltage and
load current samples.

DVR is connected in series to the distribution circuit by means of

a set of single-phase injection transformers and has capable of generating or absorbing the real and reactive power at its ac terminals.
To maximize the dynamic performance, a direct feed-forward-type
control [2] is applied to the control unit of DVR. With this control,
a fast response time (approximately 1 ms) can be achieved to compensate the voltage disturbances. The voltage reference is obtained
from the pre-fault line voltage and the compensation signal is calculated using the PQR theory [17].
The coordination of CP devices in the CPP is clearly described in
the following sections. A detailed circuit diagram of the CPP system
and the circuit parameters are given in Appendix A.
2.1. The proles of CPP loads and grades of powers
The loads in the park are divided into three categories. Loads
L-A1, L-AA and L-AAA are balanced and harmonic-free, while Load
L-A2 is a harmonic polluting load. L-AA and L-AAA are the sensitive
loads and they require almost an uninterrupted electrical power. LAAA is the most critical load and cannot tolerate any disturbances.
CPP has two incoming feeders designed for an improved grounding
and insulation. Thus, all loads benet from a high quality power
supply. L-A1 (and also L-A2), L-AA and L-AAA receive the powers
QP-A, QP-AA and QP-AAA, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2.
The grades of the powers are explained below.
2.1.1. Qualied Power-A (QP-A)
QP-A is a harmonic free and sag/swell free power. This is the
least qualied power at the park. This grade power requires the use

M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

Fig. 2. The grades of the powers at the CPP.

of STS and APF. STS reduces the duration of the voltage sag/swell
or the interruption to 410 ms by rapidly transferring the loads to a
healthy feeder. APF reduces the harmonic distortion at the CPP load
bus created by nonlinear loads.
2.1.2. Qualied Power-AA (QP-AA)
QP-AA is harmonic free and sag/swell free caused by the distribution faults and long interruption free. The grade of QP-AA is over
from the grade of QP-A and it receives the benet of a DG which
can come up to about 510 s in the case of two feeder loss caused
by the transmission line faults.
2.1.3. Qualied Power-AAA (QP-AAA)
QP-AAA is a harmonic free, sag/swell free and long interruption
free power. Grade QP-AAA is over grade QP-AA and it receives the
benet of DVR.
Consequently, the loads of the CPP receive the superior quality
power compared to the regular power of ordinary loads. In addition,
a more sensitive load gets more power quality in the CPP as shown
in Fig. 2.
3. Power quality control centre
When different types of devices are used to solve multiple disturbances simultaneously, a coordination of these devices is needed.
For the exibility of the system, some control functions may be
centralized [7]. OnOff states of the proposed CPP equipments are
shown in Table 1 and these devices are controlled by the Power
Quality Control Centre. The distribution system voltage is assumed
faultless if the voltage is within 10% of the nominal value. CP

1555

devices are operated when the system voltage exceeds these limits
as given in Table 1. DVR is designed to compensate maximum 50%
sag as in similar studies [4,11,15,17]. The voltage sags higher than
50% are considered as an interruption, as given in Table 1.
The voltage waveforms of the both feeders and the harmonic
current-source load are monitored by the PQCC and power quality
events are captured and managed for a periodic assessment of the
service being provided.
The DG shown in Fig. 1 normally stays off and is not connected
to the CPP load bus. When both of the feeders are lost (more than
51% sag or interruption), the generator is started-up immediately
and connected to the CPP load bus. It should take 510 s (condition
6 in Table 1) for the generator to come on line and pick up the loads
of both L-AA and L-AAA [4]. L-AA and L-AAA experience power loss
only for 510 s during this event. However, L-A1 and L-A2 do not
receive power until one of the feeders is back in service (condition
7th in Table 1).
When the 6th or 8th condition occurs, DVR protects L-AAA
against voltage disturbances. This is the distinguishing feature of
L-AAA from L-AA. During this condition, L-A1, L-A2 and L-AA are
subject to these disturbances. During 4th and 5th conditions, CPP
voltage remains at desired values by transferring the entire loads
to an alternate feeder. However, for the conditions 1st, 2nd and 3rd,
there is no need to transfer the loads because the CPP load bus voltage remains within desired values (90%110% of nominal voltage)
[18].
The APF can lter the current harmonics produced by the harmonic polluting load. It is On during the load L-A2 is On state.
As explained above, for achieving all the conditions appropriately,
the coordination of STS (STS a and STS p), DVR, DG, APF and the
circuit breakers are needed. The owchart of the proposed coordination scheme according to above conditions is shown in Fig. 3. A
common fault detection method is used for the coordination of all
the devices.
The most important part of the PQCC is the sag/swell (fault)
detection unit. In the proposed fault detection method shown in
Fig. 4, the line-to-line supply voltages named as Vab , Vbc , Vca are
rstly transformed into Stationary Reference Frame (STRF) using
Clarke transformation [19] and then transformed into Synchronous
Rotating Frame (SRF) using Park transformation [20]. dq voltages in
the SRF and their relationship with voltages in STRF are shown
in Fig. 5.
(3) is obtained in positive SRF by using Clarke and Park transformations


R() =


C=

1
0

cos()
sin()

sin()
cos()

1/2

3/2

1/2

3/2


(1)


(2)

Table 1
OnOff states of CPP devices and loads.
OnOff states of park equipments
Conditions

STS p

STS a

DVR

GEN

L-A1 and L-A2

L-AA

L-AAA

APF

Distribution line faults

1. Less than 10% sag/swell at preferred and alternate feeder (nominal operation)
2. Less than 10% sag/swell at preferred feeder between 10% and 50% sag/swell at alternate feeder
3. Less than 10% sag/swell at preferred feeder more than 50% sag/swell at alternate feeder
4. Between 10% and 50% sag/swell preferred feeder less than 10% sag/swell at alternate feeder
5. More than 50% sag/swell at preferred feeder less than 10% sag/swell at alternate feeder

On
On
On
Off
Off

Off
Off
Off
On
On

Off
Off
Off
Off
Off

Off
Off
Off
Off
Off

On
On
On
On
On

On
On
On
On
On

On
On
On
On
On

On
On
On
On
On

Transmission line faults

6. More than 50% sag or interruption at preferred and alternate feeder during start-up delay
7. More than 50% sag or interruption at preferred and alternate feeder after start-up delay
8. Between 10% and 50% sag at pref. feeder preferred and alternate feeder

On
On
On

Off
Off
Off

Off
Off
On

Off
On
Off

Off
Off
On

Off
On
On

Off
On
On

Off
Off
On

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M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

Fig. 3. Flowchart for the coordination scheme of CPP.

Fig. 4. The block diagram of proposed fault detection method.

M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

1557

Fig. 7. The ltered Vp and the Vqp signals for fault detection.

Fig. 5. Voltages in STRF and SRF.

Vd(p)

Vq(p)

Vab

Conventionally, (5) is used for fault detection [12]

VP =

= R() C Vbc
3
Vca

(3)

where  = wt.
R() rotates at the phase angle wt. The subscript (p) represents
that this is the value in the positive sequence SRF. The subscripts
d and q represent d-axis and q-axis values in SRF, respectively. For
a positive sequence SRF, the positive sequence component rotates
in the counter clockwise and the negative sequence component
rotates in the clockwise direction in the STRF, so, the positive
sequence becomes a DC component and the negative sequence has
a 100 Hz (for 50 Hz network frequency) component as expressed in
(4)

Vd(p)
Vq(p)


=

Vdp
Vqp


+ R(2wt)

Vdn

(4)

The subscripts p and n show that related parameter is the value

of original positive or negative sequence components, respectively.
For balanced faults, there is no need to extract the original positive and negative sequence SRF. Using only the positive sequence q
component is sufcient for fault detection since q component has
a DC value for balanced faults. An unbalanced voltage sag/swell
causes negative sequence components to appear in the feeder voltage. Fig. 6 shows q component for a 40% three phase balanced fault,
and for a 40% single phase unbalanced fault.

2
2
Vd(p)
+ Vq(p)

(5)

But, the term Vp has 100 Hz ripples. For effective fault detection, the original positive sequence components that have only DC
value should be separated. A low pass lter (50 Hz) is used [12] to
separate the DC component and ripples in conventional method.
Nevertheless, the original positive sequence component cannot
be obtained. Furthermore, the lter also causes in a certain amount
of delay in an error signal.
In order to overcome this problem, a differential controller is
used in the proposed fault detection method. Eq. (6) is obtained by
differentiating (4).



Vd(p)
V q(p)

Vqn

= 2wR


2


R(2wt)

Vdn


(6)

Vqn

Since the value of positive sequence is constant, the derivation

of it becomes zero. (6) is rotated by 90 and divided by 2w, as
follows:
1

R
2w

    V

d(p)

V q(p)


= R()R(2wt)

Vdn
Vqn


(7)

Since the sum of a vector and the value of that vector shifted
by 180 is zero, the sum of (4) and (7) leave an only positive
sequence component. Thus all the negative sequence components
are removed and the result is a DC component

Vd(p)
Vq(p)

1
R
2w

    V

d(p)

V q(p)


=

Vdp
Vqp


(8)

Finally, for obtaining original q component; following equation

is used:
Vqp = Vq(p) +

Fig. 6. q and d components for a balanced fault and an unbalanced fault.

1
V
2w d(p)

(9)

Fig. 7 shows the ltered (with 50 Hz lter) Vp signal which is

calculated by (5), and Vqp signal which is calculated by (9) in case
of a single phase unbalanced fault occurred at 160 ms. As shown
from Fig. 7, there is a certain delay because of the ltering on Vp .
However, the Vqp is an ideal signal to obtain error signal.
The obtained original positive sequence Vqp signal is compared
with a DC reference and passed through a noise lter with a high
cut-off frequency (greater than 1 kHz). Thus, the response time of
the sag/swell detection is decreased compared to the conventional
method [12]. An absolute value block is used for the swell detection
(because, the value of Vqp is greater than 1 in the case of swell) and
the hysteresis relay is used to generate the transfer signal.

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M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

Fig. 8. CPP load bus currents in case of APF is ofine and online.

4. Power quality improvements

The extended CPP is tested under the different types of disturbances such as current harmonics, voltage sags/swells/interruption
occurred on a preferred feeder and voltage sags/swells occurred
on both of feeders. The circuit scheme of proposed CPP and the
simulation parameters are given in more details in Appendix A.
The following case studies are presented to test the power quality
improvements with the proposed extended CPP.
Simulation results for APF which improves the quality of bus currents with mitigating the current harmonics drawn by nonlinear
load.
Simulation results for STS which improves the quality of bus voltages with transferring bus to a healthy feeder.
Simulation results for DVR which improves the quality of most
critical load voltages with compensating voltage sag.
4.1. Harmonic mitigation with shunt APF

Fig. 10. Load bus currents during transition from preferred feeder to alternate
feeder.

The value of current THD should be smaller than the limits stated
in IEEE Standard 519-1992 [21]. A considerable reduction of THD is
obtained at the CPP load bus currents and L-A2 line currents as
follows:
THD of L-A2 currents (%): 25.50 in case of APF-ofine; 4.02 in case
of APF-online.
THD of CPP load bus currents (%): 9.30 in case of APF-ofine; 1.52
in case of APF-online.
THD values are kept below the current distortion limits stated
in [21] using APF.
4.2. Load bus transferring with STS
As stated in Table 1, conditions 4th, 5th or 6th should be satised
to transfer the loads to the alternate feeder.

L-A2 draws harmonic currents that give rise to a distortion of

the bus currents and the bus voltages due to line resistance. This
may affect other loads that are connected to the same bus. In order
to overcome this problem and in order to provide a good power
quality, active power lter is connected to the PCC. Fig. 8 shows the
effect of harmonic current components drawn by the L-A2 to the bus
current. Fig. 8 also shows the bus current when the APF is on line.

Fig. 9. Voltage waveforms of preferred feeder and CPP load bus.

Fig. 11. Waveforms of CPP load bus voltages, L-AA voltages and L-AAA voltages.

M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

1559

Table 2
Parameters of the simulated CPP.
Symbol in Fig. 12

Description

Value/prole

S p and S a
Sag/swell generator
Z pref, Z alt
VT
CT
BRK
Z a1
TR
GEN
Z aa
VSI apf
L apf
Lr
Nonlinear load
R a2
TR inj
C lter and L lter
VSI dvr
DC s
Z aaa

Preferred and alternate AC sources

Disturbance generator
Preferred and alternate feeder impedances
Voltages measurement
Currents measurement
As circuit breakers, normally open or normally close
Load L-A1 impedance/per phase
For start-up delay
Diesel generator
Load L-AA impedance/per phase
Voltage source inverter of APF
Smoothing inductor
Choke inductor
Harmonic current source load
Resistor as DC load
Injection transformer
Filter capacitor and inductor
Voltage source inverter of DVR
DC source of DVR
Load L-AAA impedance/per phase

LL 380 V

Negligible

145 

LL 380 V
145 
Six pulse bridge inverter
25 mH
8 mH
Thyristor bridge rectier
90 
Single phase, 1:1, 1 kVA
18 F and 5 mH
1-phase H-bridge inverter
150 V
48 

The voltage waveform of the preferred feeder is shown in Fig. 9.

According to EN 50160 standards [18], the admissible maximum
voltage variation should be within 10% of the nominal value. When
the voltage on the bus is greater than 90% of nominal, there is no
need to perform the source transfer. The feeder transfer is occurred
at 360 ms because the preferred feeder voltage drops to 65% of the
nominal voltage. STS instantaneously transfers the loads from the
preferred feeder to the alternate feeder in a few ms when voltage
sag occurs on the preferred feeder. Fig. 10 shows the transition of

load bus currents from the preferred feeder to an alternate feeder.

When a fault is detected, the load is transferred to the alternate
feeders and the preferred feeder currents are interrupted. CPP load
bus voltage is almost kept constant.
4.3. Voltage compensation with DVR
A transmission line fault causes a 25% voltage reduction on
both alternate and the preferred feeder voltages at 240 ms. The

Fig. 12. The circuit scheme of simulated CPP.

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M.E. Meral et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 15531560

DVR starts to operate according to the condition 8th, as stated in

Table 1.
The CPP load bus and L-AAA voltage waveforms for this condition
are shown in Fig. 11. A voltage sag to 80% of the nominal value
ends at 350 ms. During this fault, the (all) loads except L-AAA are
subject to a voltage sag and L-AAA voltage is almost kept constant.
According to IEEE Standard 519-1992 [21], the voltage THD of a low
voltage system should be smaller than 5%. DVR keeps the sensitive
load voltage magnitude between 0.91.0 per unit (pu), and THD
lower than 3.7%.
5. Conclusions
An extended CPP for the improvement of power quality is presented in this paper. A high quality power and an improved power
service are achieved with the extended CPP to satisfy the needs of
customers in a power park. The loads of the CPP receive a superior quality power compared to the regular power of ordinary
loads. In addition, more sensitive load gets more power quality and
improved power service. The main contributions of this study are
the coordination of CP devices with a supervisory PQCC and providing the rapid control of the switching devices with a fast sag/swell
detection method. An extra functionality to CPP is also provided
by introducing a Shunt APF to the park. It ensures the elimination of current harmonics drawn by nonlinear loads at load bus.
Also, the DVR keeps the voltage of more sensitive load constant,
the STS transfers all off the loads from a preferred feeder to a alternate feeder, and the DG protects the critical loads against the faults
occurred in the transmission line.
Consequently, the simulation results point out that the extended
CPP with the new added functionalities has the ability to improve
both voltage and current quality. The extended CPP provides
an overall solution to most common power quality disturbances
encountered in power systems.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Electrical, Electronics
and Informatics Research Group of the TUBITAK (Project No: EEEAG106E188) for full nancial support.
Appendix A.
A.1. The scheme and parameters of simulated CPP
The ratings of devices and loads are as follows: low voltage STS,
DVR: 1.5 kVA, shunt APF: 1 kVA, generator: 9.5 kVA, L-A1: 1 kVA,
L-AA: 1 kVA, L-A2: 3 kVA and L-AAA: 3 kVA. The sample time of simulation is 25 s. PSCAD/EMTDC program is used to test the validity
of proposed extended CPP. Table 2 gives the parameters of the CPP
shown in Fig. 12.

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