Introduction to particle

accelerators
Walter Scandale
CERN - AT department

Lecce, 17 June 2006

Introductory remarks
Particle accelerators are black boxes producing

either flux of particles impinging on a fixed target

or debris of interactions emerging from colliding particles

In trying to clarify what the black boxes are one can

list the technological problems

describe the basic physics and mathematics involved
Most of the phenomena in a particle accelerator can be described in terms of
classical mechanics and electro-dynamics, using a little bit of restricted relativity
However there will be complications:

in an accelerator there are many non-linear phenomena (stability of motion, chaotic
single-particle trajectories)

there are many particles interacting to each other and with a complex surroundings

the available instrumentation will only provide observables averaged over large
ensembles of particles

In two hours we can only fly over the problems just to have
an overview of them
W.Scandale, Introduction to Particle Accelerators 12 June 2005

Inventory of synchrotron components

W.Scandale, Introduction to Particle Accelerators 12 June 2005

Bending magnet

Efficient use of the current -> small gap height

Field quality -> determined by the pole shape
Field saturation -> 2 Tesla
BEarth = 3 10-5 Tesla
B > 2 Tesla -> use superconducting magnets
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BLHC = 8.4 Tesla

4

Quadrupole magnet
Vertical focusing
Horizontal defocusing

g=gradient [T/m]
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Alternate gradient focusing

QF

QD

QF

QD

QF

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Mechanical analogy for alternate gradient

W.Scandale, Introduction to Particle Accelerators 12 June 2005

Basic 2-D equation of motion

in a dipolar field

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Basic 2D equation of motion

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Basic 2D equation of motion

FODO structure

Periodic envelop

Cos-like trajectory

Sin-like trajectory

Multi-turn trajectory
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Longitudinal stability
Momentum compaction

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Chromaticity and sextupole magnet

Dispersion orbit

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Chromaticity correction and non-linear

resonance

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Emittance

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Synchrotron radiation

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Synchrotron radiation and beam size

Adiabatic damping

Synchrotron light emission

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Effect of synchrotron light

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Collective effects

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Instabilities and feedback

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Space charge

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Beam size

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Fixed target versus collider rings

Fixed target

Advantage

Collider

Bruno Touschek

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Lepton versus hadron colliders

->

(At the parton level )

->

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Lecture II

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LHC lay-out

= 26658.90 m

Arc = 2452.23 m
DS = 2 x 170 m
INS = 2 x 269 m
Free space
for detectors: 23 m

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LHC features

Technological
challenge

(+1)
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 = 3.75 10-6 m

Bunch spacing
25 ns - 8.3 m

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Maximum B-field

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Cos() coil

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Superconducting dipole

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Collider luminosity

High L needs:

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Beam-beam interaction

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Head-on
collisions

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LHC luminosity
Performances limitations
protons
in a bunch

Luminosity:
L=

event rate
cross section

no. of bunches
revolution frequency

N1 N2 k f

beam cross section

2
N 1 N2 = N

for equal, round, bi-Gaussian beams:

S --> 4 2
* =

L=

invariant emittance

L=

4*

N
*

Transverse beam density:

head-on beam-beam
space-charge in the injectors
transfers dilution

N kf

4

N
t
Beam current:
long range beam-beam
collective instability
synchrotron radiation
stored beam energy

Head-on beam-beam:
detuning

= rp N
4

nb. of interactions 0.02

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LHC insertions

56 m

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High luminosity experiments

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Ion-ion experiment

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