A/C & Ref.

R f
ME732
73
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
M h i l&M
Mechanical
Marine
i E
Engineering
i
i D
Dept.
t
College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology &
Maritime Transport

References:
ASHRAE Handbooks.
y and
Mc-Quiston, F. C. et al. HVAC Analysis
Design, John Wiley& Sons Inc. USA. 2000.
Handbook of Air Conditioning and
Wang, S. K. Handbook
Refrigeration, Mc Graw-Hill, Singapour,2001.
TROTT,
TROTT A.
A R.
R and Welch T
T., Refrigeration
Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning 3rd ed, Butterworth-Heinemann
2000.
2000

What you will learn?

You will develop an understanding of the basics of air
conditioning systems, the components off air distribution
systems, considerations of human comfort, load and
occupancy
p
y demand, and how codes and standards affect
the design of air systems. After completing the course, you
should know:
The functions of the components
p
of an air distribution system,
y
including
g
major equipment types and auxiliary components.
The principles of air distribution as they relate to human comfort.
The principal codes and standards affecting air system design.
How
H
tto layout
l
t and
d size
i a simple
i l d
ductt system
t
and
d calculate
l l t pressure
losses in the system.
Common methods for reducing airborne sounds in systems and
How to start an air system and diagnose common problems associated
with air system start-up.

A/C & Refrigeration

g
Contents:

Definitions
Types of A/C
IAQ
Direct expansion Systems
Unitary A/C Systems
-VRV and VRF.
C t l A/C S
Central
Systems
t
All Air Systems.
-Air-Water Systems
All Water Systems
Refrigeration Methods
Vapour Compression System.
- Absorption Air Conditioning
Thermo-electric Air Conditioning- Desiccant systems
Thermo
Thermo-acoustic
acoustic Air Conditioning
Steam Jet Air Conditioning
Methods of Heat Transfer
Methods
et ods o
of Air Distribution
st but o
Duct System Design - Design overview, duct materials, duct construction,
design and sizing, and sample systems.
Air Outlets
The principal codes and standards affecting air system design.
BMS

Definitions:

Refrigeration:
The p
process of removing
g heat.

Air-conditioning:
A form of air treatment whereby temperature,
humidity, ventilation, and air cleanliness are
all controlled within limits determined by the
requirements of the air conditioned enclosure.
Trott, 2000

Definition

Air treatment (conditioning)

The p
purpose
p
is to keep
p -within well defined
limits- acceptable (comfortable) inside air
dryy bulb temperature,
p
, relative humidity,
y, air
cleanliness, odor level, noise level and air
movement.
This is to be done keeping in mind that the
cost and the control are of premium
importance.

The Air Conditioning System

A/C is
i
th
the
simultaneous
i lt
C t l off
Control
temperature,
humidity,
quality
and
movement of air in a conditioned space or
building.
An Air conditioning unit is understood to
consist
co
s st o
of heat
eat transfer
t a s e su
surface
ace for
o heating
eat g
and cooling, a fan for air circulation,
means of cleaning the air, a motor, a drive,
and a casing.

Introduction

Purpose of air
conditioning
Luxury:
Residential
Commercial

Necessary
Pharmaceuticals
industry
Laboratories
IT Industry

Air Conditioning
Central

Unitary

There are four basic system categories:

1 Central chilled water air conditioning systems - All Air Systems
1.1
Single zone
1.4
Dual Duct
1.2
Reheat
1.5
Multizone
1.3
Variable Air Volume
2 Central chilled water air conditioning systems - Air-and Water Systems
2.1
Induction
2.3
Two-pipe
2.2
Fan Coil
2.4
Three-pipe
3 Central chilled water air conditioning systems - All Water Systems,
including cooling towers which can also be applied to systems 1, 2 above
31
3.1
F
Fan-coil
il units
it
3.2
Central chilled water air conditioning system with fan coils and
other devices
33
3.3
Water cooling tower
4 Direct expansion Systems [i.e. direct expansion of refrigerant, without the
chilled water cooling medium ]
41
4.1
Window air conditioners
4.3
Split type and package air conditioning systems
4.2
Unitary and Rooftop Air Conditioners
44
4.4
Heat pumps

Commonly used temperature scales

scales.

Psychrometry is the science dealing with the

physical
h i l llaws off air
i water
t mixtures.
i t

A psychrometer
psychrometer.

aspiration psychrometer.

Sling psychrometer

Psychometrics
Dry-bulb Temperature: The temperature of air as registered by an ordinary thermometer.
Wet-bulb Temperature: The temperature registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a welted wick and
exposed to a current of rapidly moving air.
Dew point Temperature: The temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when the air is cooled.
Relative Humidity: Ratio of the actual water vapor pressure of the air to the saturated water vapor pressure of the air at
the same temperature.
Moisture Content: The weight of water vapor in grains or pounds of moisture per pound of dry air.
Enthalpy: A thermal property indicating the quantity of heat in the air above an arbitrary datum, in Btu per pound of dry
air. The datum for dry air is 0F and, for the moisture content, 32 F water.
Enthalpy Deviation: Enthalpy indicated above, for any
given condition, is the enthalpy off saturation. It should
be corrected by the enthalpy deviation due to the air
not being in the saturated state. Enthalpy deviation is in
Btu per pound of dry air. Enthalpy deviation is applied
where extreme accuracy is required; however,
however on
normal air conditioning estimates it is omitted.
Specific Volume: The cubic feet of the mixture per
pound of dry air.
Sensible Heat Factor: The ratio of sensible to total
heat.
Alignment Circle: Located at 80 F db and 50% RH and
used in conjunction with the sensible heat factor to plot
the various air conditioning process lines.
lines

Air Handling Unit

BASIC UNIT:

FAN
COIL (AND/OR)HEATER
FILTER
MIXING BOX

Cooling process
AMBIENT: 105oF db, 78oF wb
ROOM: 75oF db, 50% RH
MIXING: 81oF db,
db 44% RH
COIL: 53oF db, 95% RH

Comparison between split and central air

conditioning systems
Item

Central System

Split System

Temperature control

Better Control Quality

Air Cleanness

Satisfactory Any Type of Not Satisfactory LowAir Filter May be installed Efficiency Air Filters are
installed

Outdoor Air

Yes

Higher Temperature
Fl
Fluctuation
i

No!!

Space Sound Level

Lower Space Noise

Criteria [NC] Curve with
better Sound Attenuator
and Design

Lower Space NC Curve

Load Diversity

Higher Diversity

No Diversity

Comparison between split and central air

conditioning systems
It
Item

C t l System
Central
S t

S lit System
Split
S t

System Efficiency
Syste
c e cy

Higher
g e

Low
ow

Equipment Life

Longer

Shorter

Maintenance

Less Maintenance Work

More Maintenance Work

Smoke Control

Easier

More Difficult

Operator

Operator Required

No Operator

Comparison between split and central air

conditioning systems
It
Item

C t l System
Central
S t

S lit System
Split
S t

Initial
t a Cost

Higher
g e

Lower
owe

Energy Cost

Lower

Higher

Plant Room

Chiller Plant and supply

return fan rooms are
needed

Separate Equipment
Room not required

Flexibility of
Operation

Less Flexible

More Flexible

Installation

Complex

Simple and Fast

Comparison between split and central air

conditioning systems
Item

C
Central
l System
S

S li System
Split
S

Energy Metering for

individual Tenants

Difficult

Simple

Future Expansion

Less Flexible

Flexible

If an existing
g Split
p air-conditioning
g system
y
is renovated
into a central system serving the same floor area, a lifecycle cost payback period of 3.9 years can be achieved in
H t Climates.
Hot
Cli t

Refrigeration Methods

Vapour Compression System.

Vapour Absorption System
System.
Desiccant Systems.
Steam Ejectors.
Thermo-electric System.
System
Thermo-acoustic System.

Comfort Chart

Psychrometric processes

Summer cooling loads