Week 1 (Instrumentation and Measurement)

Instrumentation and
Measurement
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Air University
Subject Title: Measurement and Instrumentation

Subject Code: ME 312
Credit Hours: 2 (2-0-2)
Prerequisites: N/A
Instructor: Akhtar Hanif
E-mail: akhtar.hanif@mail.au.edu.pk
Contact Info:
Office: Room 202, 2nd Floor, IAA Building

Mobile No: 03335594074
Office Hours:
08-Sep-14
??????
ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement
Text and Reference Books

S. Morris, Measurement
Principles, 3rd Edition
Alan
and
Instrumentation
R. Figliola, and D. Beasley, Theory and Design for
Mechanical Measurements 5th Edition
Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems Application
and Design 5th Edition
Alok Barua, Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation

08-Sep-14
Grading Policy
Quizzes
10%
Assignments
10%
Mid Semester Exam
35%
Final Semester Exam
45%
(Grading policy may be revised later. A semester project or an oral presentation may
be included)
08-Sep-14
Course Objectives
To provide students with a fundamental understanding of the
concepts, principles, procedure and computations used by
engineers and technologists to analyze, select, specify, design
and maintain modern instrumentation & measurement systems
and develop an appreciation of the various types of devices in
common use in industry.
08-Sep-14
Course Outline
Significance
of
measurement
and
measurement
systems,
calibration, static and dynamic characteristics of instruments,

sensitivity,
range,
accuracy
precision,
repeatability,
and
uncertainty of instruments, measurement errors. Instruments and

sensors for measurement of length, force, torque, frequency,
pressure,
flow
computers,
and
signal
temperature,
conditioning
data
acquisition
circuits,
smart
through
sensors,
optoelectronic sensors etc.

08-Sep-14
Part I : Principles of
Measurement
Text Book: Alan S. Morris, Measurement
and Instrumentation Principles, Third
Edition
What is
Measurement and
Instrumentation?
08-Sep-14
Introduction to Measurement
Importance of measurement techniques in the transfer of
goods in barter trade
Industrial revolution in the 19th century resulted into
development of new instruments and measurement

techniques
In last part of 20th century there has been a rapid growth
in electronics and computers and in turn has required a

parallel growth in instruments and measurement
techniques.
08-Sep-14
Introduction to Measurement
Modern production techniques dictate working to tighter
and tighter accuracy limits and economic forces limit

productions cost.
This has resulted in the requirement of accurate and
cheap instruments
In the past few years, the most cost-effective means of
improving instrument accuracy has been found in many

cases to be the inclusion of digital computing power
within instruments themselves.
08-Sep-14
10
1.1 Measurement Units

First measurement units used in barter trade to quantify the
amounts being exchanged and to establish clear rules

about the relative values of different commodities.
For purposes of measuring length, the human torso was a
convenient tool, and gave units of the hand, the foot and
the cubit.
Such measurement units are imprecise, varying as they do
from one person to the next.
There
has been a progressive movement towards

measurement units that are defined much more
accurately.
08-Sep-14
11

The latest standards for defining the units used for measuring
a range of physical variables are:
Physical
quantity
Length
Mass
08-Sep-14
Standard Unit
Definition
meter
The length of path travelled by light

in an interval of 1/299 792 458
seconds
kilogram
The mass of a platinumiridium

cylinder kept in the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures,
S`evres, Paris
12

Physical
quantity
Time
Temperature
08-Sep-14
Standard Unit
Definition
second
9.192631770 x 109 cycles of radiation

from vaporized caesium-133 (an
accuracy of 1 in 1012 or 1 second in
36 000 years)
kelvin
The temperature difference between

absolute zero and the triple point of
water is defined as 273.16 kelvin
13

Physical
quantity
Standard Unit
Definition
Current
ampere
One ampere is the current flowing

through two infinitely long parallel
conductors of negligible cross-section
placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum and
producing a force of 2 x 10 -7 newtons
per meter length of conductor
Matter
mole
The number of atoms in a 0.012 kg mass

of carbon-12
08-Sep-14
14

Physical
quantity
Luminous
Intensity
08-Sep-14
Standard Unit
Definition
Candela
One candela is the luminous intensity in

a given direction from a source emitting
monochromatic
radiation
at
a
frequency of 540 terahertz (Hz x 1012)
and with a radiant density in that
direction of 1.4641 mW/steradian. (1
steradian is the solid angle which,
having its vertex at the center of a
sphere, cuts off an area of the sphere
surface equal to that of a square with
sides of length equal to the sphere
radius)
15

The early establishment of standards for the measurement
of physical quantities proceeded in several countries at

broadly parallel times, and in consequence, several sets of
units emerged for measuring the same physical variable.
For instance, length can be measured in yards, meters, or
several other units. Apart from the major units of length,

subdivisions of standard units exist such as feet, inches,
centimeters and millimeters, with a fixed relationship
between each fundamental unit and its subdivisions.
08-Sep-14
16

SI units or Syst`emes Internationales dUnites: An
internationally agreed set of standard units. Strong

efforts are being made to encourage the adoption
of this system throughout the world.
Imperial system is still widely used, particularly in
America and Britain

08-Sep-14
17

Quantity
Standard unit
Symbol
Length
metre
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
Table 1.2 (a) Fundamental

Units.
second
Electric current
ampere
Temperature
kelvin
Table: Supplementary Fundamental Units
08-Sep-14
18

Quantity
Standard unit
Symbol
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
Matter
mole
mol
Plane Angle
radian
rad
Solid Angle
steradian
sr
Table: Supplementary Fundamental Units
08-Sep-14
19

Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Area
square metre
m2
Volume
cubic metre
m3
Velocity
metre per second
m/s
Acceleration
metre per second

squared
m/s2
Angular velocity
radian per second
rad/s
Derivation
formula
Table: Derived Units.

08-Sep-14
20

Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Specific volume
cubic metre per kilogram
m3/kg
Angular
acceleration
radian per second squared
rad/s2
Density
kilogram per cubic metre
kg/m3
Mass flow rate
kilogram per second
kg/s
Volume flow rate
cubic metre per second
m3/s
Derivation
formula

08-Sep-14
21

Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Derivation
formula
Force
newton
kg m/s2
Pressure
newton per square metre
N/m2
Torque
newton metre
Nm
Momentum
kilogram metre per second
kgm/s
Moment of inertia
kilogram metre squared
kgm2

08-Sep-14
22

Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Kinematic viscosity
square metre per second
m2/s
Moment of inertia
kilogram metre squared
kgm2
Kinematic viscosity
square metre per second
m2/s
Dynamic viscosity
newton second per square

metre
Ns/m2
Work, energy, heat joule
Derivation
formula
Nm

08-Sep-14
23

Derivation
formula
Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Specific energy
joule per cubic metre
J/m3
Power
watt
Thermal conductivity
watt per metre

kelvin
W/mK
Electric charge
coulomb
As
Voltage, e.m.f., pot.

diff.
volt
W/A
J/s

08-Sep-14
24

Derivation
formula
Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Electric field strength
volt per metre
V/m
Electric resistance
ohm
V/A
Electric capacitance
farad
As/V
Electric inductance
henry
Vs/A
Electric conductance
siemen
A/V
Resistivity
ohm metre

08-Sep-14
25

Derivation
formula
Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Permittivity
farad per metre
F/m
Permeability
henry per metre
H/m
Current density
ampere per square

metre
A/m2
Magnetic flux
weber
Wb
Vs
Magnetic flux density
tesla
Wb/m2
Magnetic field strength
ampere per metre
A/m

08-Sep-14
26

Quantity
Standard Unit
Symbol
Derivatio
n formula
Frequency
hertz
Hz
s-1
Luminous flux
lumen
lm
cd sr
Luminance
candela per square metre
cd/m2
Illumination
lux
lx
Molar volume
cubic metre per mole
m3/mol
Molarity
mole per kilogram
mol/kg
Molar energy
joule per mole
J/mol
lm/m2

08-Sep-14
27
1.2 Measurement System Applications

Application of Measuring Instruments may be classified into:
1. Regulating Trade: Applying instruments that measure physical
quantities such as length, volume and mass in terms of standard
units.
2. Monitoring Functions: Provide information necessary (to allow
a human being) to control some domestic or industrial
operation or process e.g. a gardener.
3. Use in feedback Control Systems: Use as part of automatic
feedback control systems. See next two slides for a typical
feedback block diagram and comments.
08-Sep-14
28

Open Loop System
Desired
Output
Response
Desired
Temperature
08-Sep-14
Controller
Process
Heater
Room
Output
Temperature
29

Closed Loop System
Desired
Output
Response
Comparison
Controller
Process
Output
Measurement
Elements of a simple closed-loop control system.

08-Sep-14
30
Response of the closed loop system graphically

08-Sep-14
31

A functional block diagram of a simple temperature control system in which
the temperature Ta of a room is maintained at a reference value Td.
08-Sep-14
32

The accuracy and resolution with which an output variable of a process is
controlled can never be better than the accuracy and resolution of the
measuring instruments used
08-Sep-14
33
1.3 Elements of a Measurement System

A measuring system exists to provide information about the
physical value of some variable being measured.
It can consist of only a single unit or may consist of several
separate elements.
08-Sep-14
34
Definition
A dictionary definition of 'sensor' is a device that detects
a change in a physical stimulus and turns it into a signal

which can be measured or recorded
The corresponding definition of 'transducer' is a device
that transfers energy from one system to another in the

same or in the different form.
08-Sep-14
35

The term measuring instrument is commonly used to describe a
measurement system.
The first element in any measuring system is the primary sensor: this
gives an output that is a function of the measurand.
08-Sep-14
36

Sensor: For most but not all sensors, this function is at least
approximately linear.
Examples: Liquid-in-glass thermometer, a thermocouple and a strain
gauge.
Mercury-in-glass thermometer is also a complete measurement
system in itself. However, in general, the primary sensor is only part of
a measurement system.
08-Sep-14
37

Variable Conversion Element is needed where the output variable of
a primary transducer is in an inconvenient form and needs
conversion. For example: the displacement-measuring strain.
In some cases, the primary sensor and variable conversion element
are combined, and the combination is known as a transducer.
08-Sep-14
38

Signal Processing Element exists to improve the quality of the output
of a measurement system in some way. For example: electronic
amplifier.
This element is particularly important where the primary transducer
has a low output. For example: thermocouples.
Some signal processing elements filter out induced noise and
remove mean levels etc. In some devices, signal processing is
incorporated into a transducer, which is then known as a transmitter.
08-Sep-14
39

Signal transmission is needed when the observation or application
point of the output of a measurement system is some distance away
from the site of the primary transducer.
08-Sep-14
40

The signal transmission element has traditionally consisted
of single or multi-cored cable, which is often screened to

minimize signal corruption by induced electrical noise.
Fiber-optic cables are being used in ever increasing
numbers in modern installations.
08-Sep-14
41

The final optional element in a measurement system is the point
where the measured signal is utilized.
In some cases, this element is omitted altogether. In other cases,
this element in the measurement system takes the form either of a

signal presentation unit or of a signal-recording unit. These take
many forms according to the requirements of the particular
measurement application.
08-Sep-14
42
1.4 Choosing appropriate measuring

instruments
The starting point in choosing the most suitable instrument is
the specification of the instrument characteristics required;
especially parameters like:
08-Sep-14
The desired measurement accuracy
Resolution
Sensitivity
Dynamic performance
43

instruments
Environmental
conditions must
instrument will be subjected to.
be
known
that
the
The
Protection reduces the performance of some

instruments, especially in terms of their dynamic
characteristics.
Provision of this type of information usually requires the
expert knowledge of personnel who are intimately

acquainted with the operation of the manufacturing plant
or system in question.
08-Sep-14
44

instruments
A skilled instrument engineer should evaluate the possible
list of instruments in terms of their accuracy, cost and

suitability for the environmental conditions and choose
the most appropriate instrument.
As far as possible, measurement systems and instruments
should be chosen that are as insensitive as possible to the

operating environment.
Another important factor in instrument choice is the
extent to which the measured system will be disturbed

during the measuring process.
08-Sep-14
45

instruments
A good instrumentation engineer must keep abreast of the
latest developments.
The instrument characteristics form the technical basis for a
comparison between the relative merits of different

instruments. Generally, the better the characteristics, the
higher the cost.
Durability, maintainability and constancy of performance
are also very important in addition to cost and relative

suitability.
In consequence of this, the initial cost of an instrument often
has a low weighting in the evaluation exercise.
08-Sep-14
46

instruments
Cost is very strongly correlated with the performance of an
instrument, as measured by its static characteristics.
Instrument choice therefore proceeds by specifying the
minimum characteristics required by a measurement

situation and then searching manufacturers catalogues to
find an instrument whose characteristics match those
required.
To select an instrument with characteristics superior to those
required would only mean paying more than necessary for

a level of performance greater than that needed.
08-Sep-14
47

instruments
As a general rule, a good assessment criterion is obtained if
the total purchase cost and estimated maintenance costs

of an instrument over its life are divided by the period of its
expected life. The figure obtained is thus a cost per year.
The total costs can only be divided by the period of time
that an instrument is expected to be used for, unless an

alternative use for the instrument is envisaged.
08-Sep-14
48

instruments
To summarize therefore, instrument choice is a compromise
between:
08-Sep-14
Performance characteristics (Accuracy and Precision)
Simplicity
Resolution
Display and readout
Ruggedness (Environment)
Reliability
Maintenance requirements
Purchase cost.
Availability
49
Performance Characteristics
08-Sep-14
50
QUIZ NO: 1
ME 312 - INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
08-Sep-14
51

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Instrumentation and

Subject Title: Measurement and Instrumentation

Office: Room 202, 2nd Floor, IAA Building

Text and Reference Books

R. Figliola, and D. Beasley, Theory and Design for

Mechanical Measurements 5th Edition

Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems Application

and Design 5th Edition

Alok Barua, Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

Mid Semester Exam

Final Semester Exam

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

calibration, static and dynamic characteristics of instruments,

uncertainty of instruments, measurement errors. Instruments and

optoelectronic sensors etc.

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

goods in barter trade

Industrial revolution in the 19th century resulted into

development of new instruments and measurement

In last part of 20th century there has been a rapid growth

in electronics and computers and in turn has required a

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

and tighter accuracy limits and economic forces limit

This has resulted in the requirement of accurate and

In the past few years, the most cost-effective means of

improving instrument accuracy has been found in many

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

1.1 Measurement Units

amounts being exchanged and to establish clear rules

For purposes of measuring length, the human torso was a

Such measurement units are imprecise, varying as they do

from one person to the next.

has been a progressive movement towards

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

1.1 Measurement Units

The length of path travelled by light

The mass of a platinumiridium

1.1 Measurement Units

9.192631770 x 109 cycles of radiation

The temperature difference between

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

1.1 Measurement Units

One ampere is the current flowing

The number of atoms in a 0.012 kg mass

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

1.1 Measurement Units

One candela is the luminous intensity in

1.1 Measurement Units

of physical quantities proceeded in several countries at

For instance, length can be measured in yards, meters, or

several other units. Apart from the major units of length,

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

1.1 Measurement Units

internationally agreed set of standard units. Strong

America and Britain

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement

1.1 Measurement Units

Table 1.2 (a) Fundamental

Table: Supplementary Fundamental Units

ME 312 - Instrumentation and Measurement