Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Etymology
"Kyrgyz" is believed to have been derived from the Turkic word for forty, in reference to the forty clans of
Manas, a legendary hero who united forty regional clans
against the Uyghurs. Literally, Kyrgyz means We are
HISTORY
scent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous Siberian population is conrmed on the other hand by the recent genetic studies.[22] Because of the processes of migration,
conquest, intermarriage, and assimilation, many of the
Kyrgyz peoples that now inhabit Central and Southwest
Asia are of mixed origins, often stemming from fragments of many dierent tribes, though they now speak
closely related languages.[23][24]
Issyk Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road, a land
route for traders, merchants and other travelers from the
Far East to Europe.
Bishkek
2.3
Independence
3
on 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations and
the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE). On 5 May 1993, the ocial name changed from
the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the Kyrgyz Republic.
In 2005, a popular uprising known as the "Tulip Revolution", took place after the parliamentary elections in
March 2005, forced President Askar Akayev's resignation on 4 April 2005. Opposition leaders formed a coalition, and a new government was formed under President
Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Feliks Kulov.
The nations capital was looted during the protests.
Political stability appeared to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized
crime jockeyed for power. Three of the 75 members
of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated,
and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006
shortly after winning his murdered brothers seat in a byelection. All four are reputed to have been directly involved in major illegal business ventures. On 6 April
2010, civil unrest broke out in the town of Talas after
a demonstration against government corruption and increased living expenses. The protests became violent,
spreading to Bishkek by the following day. Protesters
attacked President Bakiyevs oces, as well as state-run
radio and television stations. There were conicting reports that Interior Minister Moldomusa Kongatiyev had
been beaten. On 7 April 2010, President Bakiyev imposed a state of emergency. Police and special services
arrested many opposition leaders. In response, protesters
took control of the internal security headquarters (former KGB headquarters) and a state television channel
in the capital, Bishkek. Reports by Kyrgyzstan government ocials indicated that at least 75 people were killed
and 458 hospitalized in bloody clashes with police in the
capital.[30] Reports say that at least 80 people died as a result of clashes with police. A transition government, led
by former foreign minister Roza Otunbayeva, by 8 April
2010 had taken control of state media and government facilities in the capital, but Bakiyev had not resigned from
oce.[31][32]
On 19 August 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt
to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President
German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the
entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed
by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from
the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the Republic of President Bakiyev returned to his home in Jalal-Abad and
stated his terms of resignation at a press conference on 13
Kyrgyzstan.
April 2010.[33] On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country and ew to neighboring Kazakhstan, along with his
wife and two children. The countrys provisional leaders
2.3 Independence
announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resigna[34]
In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected tion prior to his departure.
president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95 percent of the votes cast. Together
with the representatives of seven other Republics that
same month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic
Community. Finally, on 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four Central Asian Republics
to formally enter the new Commonwealth of Independent States. Kyrgyzstan gained full independence a few
days later on 25 December 1991. The following day,
Prime Minister Daniar Usenov accused Russia of supporting the protests; this accusation was denied by Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin. Opposition members also called for the closing of the US-controlled
Manas Air Base.[35] Russias President Dmitry Medvedev
ordered measures to ensure the safety of Russian nationals and tighten security around Russian sites in Kyrgyzstan to protect them against possible attacks.
HISTORY
The 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes occurred between the two main ethnic groupsthe Uzbeks and
Kyrgyzin Osh, the second largest city in the country,
on 11 June 2010. The clashes incited fears that the country could be heading towards a civil war.[36][37]
Nomads in Kyrgyzstan
The riots spread to neighboring areas, and the government declared a state of emergency in the entire southern
Jalal-Abad region. To control the situation, the interim
government gave special shoot-to-kill powers to the security forces. The Russian government decided to send a
battalion to the country to protect Russian facilities.[39]
Otunbayeva accused the family of Bakiyev of instigating the riots.[40] AFP reported a veil of smoke covering
the whole city. Authorities in neighboring Uzbekistan
said at least 30,000 Uzbeks had crossed the border to escape the riots.[39] Osh became relatively calm on 14 June
2010, but Jalal-Abad witnessed sporadic incidents of arson. The entire region was still under a state of emergency
as Uzbeks were reluctant to leave their houses for fear of Children of Kyrgyzstan
attacks by the mobs. The United Nations decided to send
an envoy to assess the situation.[41]
On 2 August 2010, a Kyrgyz government commission
Temir Sariyev, deputy chief of the interim government, began investigating the causes of the clashes. Members
said there were local clashes and that it was not possi- of the National Commission, led by former parliament
ble [for the government] to fully control the situation. He speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, met with people from the
added that there were not sucient security forces to con- predominantly ethnic Uzbek villages of Mady, Shark, and
5
Kyzyl-Kyshtak in the Kara-Suu district of Osh Oblast.
This National Commission, including representatives of
many ethnic groups, was established by a presidential decree.
President Roza Otunbayeva also said in August 2010 that
an international commission would also be formed to investigate the clashes.[43]
The commissions report, released in January 2011, concluded that the events in southern Kyrgyzstan constituted
a planned, large-scale provocation, oriented towards the
splitting of Kyrgyzstan and disrupting the unity of its people. Responsibility for this provocation was seen as lying
with nationalistically-minded leaders of the Uzbek com- PM and President Kurmanbek Bakiyev (20052010) on a meetmunity. In the aftermath of the turmoil, on 5 August ing with U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, 26 July 2005
2010, Kyrgyz forces arrested party leader Urmat Baryktabasov on suspicion of plotting an overthrow of the government, after troops allegedly red blank rounds into a
crowd trying to join mass demonstrations near the Parliament in the capital Bishkek. Acting President Roza Otunbayeva said security forces seized rearms and grenades
from him and 26 supporters.[44]
Politics
The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and
weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court.
Parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral
legislature were held on 27 February and 13 March 2005,
but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent
protests led to a bloodless coup on 24 March 2005, after
which Akayev with his family ed the country and was
replaced by acting president Kurmanbek Bakiyev (see:
Tulip Revolution).
On 10 July 2005, acting president Bakiyev won the
presidential election in a landslide, with 88.9% of the
vote, and was inaugurated on 14 August. However, initial public support for the new administration substantially declined in subsequent months as a result of its
apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that
have plagued the country since its independence from the
Soviet Union, along with the murders of several members of parliament. Large-scale protests against president
Bakiyev took place in Bishkek in April and November
2006, with opposition leaders accusing the president of
failing to live up to his election promises to reform the
countrys constitution and transfer many of his presidential powers to parliament.[45]
3 POLITICS
gyzstan riots, including journalist and human rights activist Azimzhan Askarov.[52] A law banning women under the age of twenty-three from traveling abroad without
a parent or guardian, with the purpose of "...increased
morality and preservation of the gene pool passed in
the Kyrgyz parliament in June 2013.[53] American diplomats expressed concern in October 2014 when Kyrgyzstan lawmakers passed a law that imposes jail terms on
gay-rights activists and others, including journalists, who
create a positive attitude toward non-traditional sexual
relations.[54]
Military
On 3 February 2009, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev announced the imminent closure of the Manas Air Base,
the only US military base remaining in Central Asia.[47]
The closure was approved by Parliament on 19 February
2009 by 781 for the government-backed bill.[48] However, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation between
Kyrgyz, Russian and American diplomats, the decision
was reversed in June 2009. The Americans were allowed Kyrgyzstan soldiers conducting mine sweeping exercises.
to remain under a new contract, whereby rent would increase from $17.4 million to $60 million annually.[49]
Main article: Military of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan is among the twenty countries in the world
with the highest perceived level of corruption: the 2008 The armed forces of Kyrgyzstan were formed after the
Corruption Perception Index for Kyrgyzstan is 1.8 on a collapse of the Soviet Union and consist of the land
scale of 0 (most corrupt) to 10 (least corrupt).[50]
forces, air and air defense forces, internal troops, national
In 2010 erupted another revolution in the country (see: guard, and the border guard. The military works with
April uprising), which caused President Kurmanbek the US Armed Forces, which leased a facility named
International airBakiyev together with his relatives e.g. son Maksim[51] the Transit Center at Manas at Manas
[55]
port
near
Bishkek
until
June
2014.
In recent years,
and brother Janish were forced to ee to Kazakhstan
the
armed
forces
have
begun
developing
better relations
and then to sought asylum in Belarus. Roza Otunbayeva,
with
Russia
including
signing
modernization
deals worth
who was appointed interim president, announced that she
$1.1bn
and
partaking
in
more
exercises
with
Russian
did not intend to run for the Presidential elections in 2011.
[56]
troops.
The
Agency
of
National
Security
works
with
The election was held in November and won by Almazbek
the
military
and
serves
similar
purposes
to
its
Soviet
preAtambayev, leader of the Social Democratic Party and
the then-Prime Minister. Atambayev was sworn in as the decessor, the KGB. It oversees an elite counterterrorism
President on 1 December 2011 and Omurbek Babanov special forces unit known as Alfa, the same name used
was appointed the new Prime Minister on the same day by other former Soviet countries, including Russia and
Uzbekistan. The police are commanded by the Ministry
and was conrmed on 23 December 2011.
of the Interior, along with the border guard.
3.1
Human rights
7
pointed governors. The capital, Bishkek, and the second
largest city Osh are administratively independent cities
(shaar) with a status equal to a region.
The regions, and independent cities, are as follows:
1. City of Bishkek
2. Batken
3. Chuy
4. Jalal-Abad
5. Naryn
6. Osh
7. Talas
8. Issyk-Kul
9. City of Osh
Each region comprises a number of districts (raions),
administered by government-appointed ocials (akim).
Rural communities (ayl kmt), consisting of up to
20 small settlements, have their own elected mayors and
councils.
Geography
On the southern shore of Issyk Kul lake, Issyk Kul Region.
A map of Kyrgyzstan.
Topography
7000 m
Bishkek
3500 m
100 m
Jengish Chokusu
7,439 m
Osh
0
(km)
Kyrgyzstans topography.
320
200
(mi)
5 ECONOMY
inantly mountainous terrain, less than 8% of the land is ayyl is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Batken, in a
cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern low- northward projection of the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border near
lands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley.
Khalmion.
Bishkek in the north is the capital and largest city, with
approximately 900,000 inhabitants (as of 2005). The
second city is the ancient town of Osh, located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the Kara Darya, which ows west through
the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Across the border
in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the
Naryn.
4.1
Ecology
4.2
Climate
4.3
There is one exclave, the tiny village of Barak[58] (population 627), in the Fergana Valley. The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory. It is located on the road from
Osh (Kyrgyzstan) to Khodjaabad (Uzbekistan) about 4
kilometres (2 miles) north-west from the KyrgyzUzbek
border in the direction of Andijan.[59] Barak is administratively part of Kara-Suu District in Kyrgyzstans Osh
Region.
There are four Uzbek enclaves within Kyrgyzstan. Two
of them are the towns of Sokh (area 325 km2 (125 sq mi)
and a population of 42,800 in 1993, although some estimates go as high as 70,000; 99% are Tajiks, the remainder Uzbeks) and Shakhimardan (also known as Shahimardan, Shohimardon, or Shah-i-Mardan, area 90 km2
(35 sq mi) and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are
Uzbeks, the remainder Kyrgyz); the other two are the tiny
territories of Chong-Kara (roughly 3 km (2 mi) long by 1
km (0.6 mi) wide) and Jangy-ayyl (a dot of land barely 2
3 km (12 mi) across). Chong-Kara is on the Sokh river,
between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave. Jangy-
9
in 2009 31% of the population lived below the poverty
level while in 2011 this gure rose to 37%.[61]
Despite the backing of major Western lenders, including
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank
and the Asian Development Bank, Kyrgyzstan has had
economic diculties following independence. Initially,
these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trading
bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the
republics transition to a demand economy.
The government has reduced expenditures, ended most
price subsidies and introduced a value-added tax. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition
to a market economy. Through economic stabilization
and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern The Dordoy Bazaar.
of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstans accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
on 20 December 1998.
plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable
The Kyrgyz economy was severely aected by the col- it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric
lapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast energy.
market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to On a local level, the economy is primarily kiosk in naother parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nations eco- ture. A large amount of local commerce occurs at bazaars
nomic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any and small village kiosks in country regions. A signicant
other former Soviet republic except war-torn Armenia, amount of trade is unregulated. There is also a scarcity
Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, as factories and state farms of common everyday consumer items in remote villages.
collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional mar- Thus a large number of homes are quite self-sucient
kets in the former Soviet Union. While economic perfor- with respect to food production. There is a distinct difmance has improved considerably in the last few years, ferentiation between urban and rural economies.
and particularly since 1998, diculties remain in securing adequate scal revenues and providing an adequate The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minersocial safety net. Remittances of around 800,000 Kyrgyz als, woollen goods and other agricultural products, elecmigrants working in Russia represent 40% of Kyrgyzs- tric energy and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemtans GDP.[62][63]
icals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some
Agriculture is an important sector of the economy in Kyr- foods and some construction materials. Its leading trade
gyzstan (see agriculture in Kyrgyzstan). By the early partners include Germany, Russia, China, Kazakhstan,
1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between and Uzbekistan.
one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002, agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Kyrgyz
employment. Kyrgyzstans terrain is mountainous, which Republic ranks last in Central Asia in the World Ecoaccommodates livestock raising, the largest agricultural nomic Forums Network Readiness Index (NRI) an inactivity, so the resulting wool, meat and dairy products dicator for determining the development level of a counare major commodities. Main crops include wheat, sugar trys information and communication technologies. Kyrbeets, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit. As gyz Republic ranked number 118 overall in the 2014 NRI
the prices of imported agrichemicals and petroleum are so ranking, unchanged from 2013 (see Networked Readihigh, much farming is being done by hand and by horse, ness Index).
as it was generations ago. Agricultural processing is a key
component of the industrial economy as well as one of the
most attractive sectors for foreign investment.
Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources but has negligible
petroleum and natural gas reserves; it imports petroleum
and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of coal, gold, uranium, antimony, and other valuable metals. Metallurgy is an important industry, and
the government hopes to attract foreign investment in
this eld. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold from
the Kumtor Gold Mine and other regions. The countrys
6 Demographics
10
6 DEMOGRAPHICS
Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch,
closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Nogay Tatar.
It was written in the Arabic alphabet until the twentieth century. Latin script was introduced and adopted in
1928, and was subsequently replaced by Cyrillic script in
1941.
According to the 2009 census,[73] 4.1 million people
spoke Kyrgyz as native or second language and 2.5 million spoke Russian as native or second language. Uzbek is
the second most widely spoken native language, followed
by Russian. Russian is the most widely spoken second
language, followed by Kyrgyz, Uzbek, and English.
6.1
Ethnic groups
Many business and political aairs are carried out in Russian. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a language spoken
at home and was rarely used during meetings or other
events. However, most parliamentary meetings today are
conducted in Kyrgyz, with simultaneous interpretation
available for those not speaking Kyrgyz.
11
lam has exerted a growing inuence in politics.[79] For
instance, there has been an attempt to arrange for ocials to travel on hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca) under a
tax-free arrangement.
While Islam in Kyrgyzstan is more of a cultural background than a devout daily practice for many, public gures have expressed support for restoring religious values. For example, human rights ombudsman Tursunbay
Bakir-Ulu noted, In this era of independence, it is not
surprising that there has been a return to spiritual roots
not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in other post-communist
republics. It would be immoral to develop a market-based
society without an ethical dimension.[79]
Mosque under construction in Kyrgyzstan
7 Culture
Main articles: Culture of Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz cuisine
Bishkek Orthodox Church
12
7 CULTURE
Tush kyiz, large, elaborately embroidered wall hang- Very popular, as in all of Central Asia, is Ulak Tartysh,
ings
a team game resembling a cross between polo and rugby
in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the
Shirdak, at cushions made in shadow-pairs[86]
headless carcass of a goat, which they attempt to deliver
across the oppositions goal line, or into the oppositions
Other textiles, especially made from felt
goal: a big tub or a circle marked on the ground.
Falconry
7.1
Traditions
In addition to celebrating the New Year each 1 January, the Kyrgyz observe the traditional New Year festival Nowruz on the vernal equinox. This spring holiday
is celebrated with feasts and festivities such as the horse
game Ulak Tartish.
Illegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of bride kidnapping.[87]
It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that
arranged marriages were traditional, and one of the ways
to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual kidnapping.[88]
7.2
Flag
The 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the ag represent the 40 tribes that once made up the entirety of Kyrgyz culture before the intervention of Russia during the
rise of the soviet union. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or tndk (Kyrgyz ) of a yurt, a
symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture.
The red portion of the ag represents peace and openness
of Kyrgyzstan.
7.3
Horseback riding
7.6
Sports
13
is also a ski base with three T-bars and rental equipment
available of good quality.
7.6 Sports
See also: Rugby union in Kyrgyzstan
Football is the most popular sport in Kyrgyzstan. The of-
Wrestling is also a very popular sport in KyrgyzsTwo additional Muslim holidays Orozo Ait and Kurman tan. In the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, two athAit are dened by lunar calendar.
letes from Kyrgyzstan won medals in Greco-Roman
wrestling: Kanatbek Begaliev (silver) and Ruslan Tiumenbaev (bronze).[91]
7.5
Tourism
Ice hockey has not been as popular in Kyrgyzstan, until the rst Ice Hockey Championship was organized in
2009. In 2011, the Kyrgyzstan mens national ice hockey
team won 2011 Asian Winter Games Premier Division
dominating in all six games with six wins. It was the rst
major international event that Kyrgyzstans ice hockey
team took part in.[92] The Kyrgyzstan mens ice hockey
team joined the IIHF on July 2011.
One of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is Issyk Kul Lake. Numerous hotels, vacation resorts, boarding houses and sanatoriums are located along
its Northern shore. The most popular beach zones are in
the city of Cholpon-Ata and the settlements nearby, such
as Kara-Oi (Dolinka), Bosteri and Korumdy. The number of tourists visiting the lake was more than a million
a year in 2006 and 2007. However, due to the economi- Bandy is becoming increasingly popular in the country.
cal and political instability in the region, the number has The Kyrgyz national team took Kyrgyzstans rst medal at
declined in recent years.[89]
the Asian Winter Games, when they captured the bronze.
For those interested in trekking and camping, every re- They played in the Bandy World Championship 2012,
gion oers attractions and challenges. Some of the most their rst appearance in that tournament.[93]
popular locations for camping are southern Osh, the area
between Naryn City and the Torugart pass, and the mountains and glaciers surrounding Karakol in Issyk-Kul. Lo- 8 Education
cal guides and porters can be hired from many tour companies in Bishkek and in the regional capitals.
Main article: Education in Kyrgyzstan
Skiing is still in its infancy as a tourism industry, but there
is one fairly cheap and well-equipped base about a halfhour from Bishkek. The ski base of Toguz Bulak is 45 km
(28 mi) from Bishkek, on the way to Issyk Ata valley. In
the Karakol Valley National Park, outside Karakol, there
14
9 TRANSPORT
9 Transport
9.1 Airports
At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so
close to China. Only a few of them remain in service today. The Kyrgyzstan Air Company provides air transport
to China, Russia, and other local countries.
Manas International Airport near Bishkek is the
main international airport, with services to Moscow,
Tashkent, Almaty, Beijing, Urumqi, Istanbul, London, Baku, Dubai (from 7 February 2012).
Osh Airport is the main air terminal in the south of
the country, with daily connections to Bishkek.
Jalal-Abad Airport is linked to Bishkek by daily
ights. The national ag carrier, Kyrgyzstan, operates ights on BAe-146 aircraft. During the sum-
9.5
Waterways
15
9.2
Kyrgyzstan appears on the European Unions list of prohibited countries for the certication of airlines. This
means that no airline which is registered in Kyrgyzstan
may operate services of any kind within the European Street scene in Osh.
Union, due to safety standards which fail to meet European regulations.[95]
total: 34,000 km (21,127 mi) (including 140 km (87
mi) of expressways)
9.3
Railways
10 See also
Outline of Kyrgyzstan
Index of Kyrgyzstan-related articles
Chinghiz Aitmatov
9.4
Highways
With support from the Asian Development Bank, a major road linking the north and southwest from Bishkek
to Osh has recently been completed. This considerably
eases communication between the two major population
centres of the countrythe Chuy Valley in the north and
the Fergana Valley in the South. An oshoot of this road
branches o across a 3,500 meter pass into the Talas Valley in the northwest. Plans are now being formulated to
build a major road from Osh into China.
11 References
[1] Constitution. Government of Kyrgyzstan.
Article 5
1. The state language of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be the
Kyrgyz language.
2. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian language shall be
used in the capacity of an ocial language.
[2] Ethnic composition of the population in Kyrgyzstan
19992014 (PDF) (in Russian). National Statistical
Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Retrieved 14 April
2014.
16
11
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[70] http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php
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(Population and Housing
Census of the Kyrgyz Republic), 2009. NSC of
Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
[71] http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php
[74] III (
).
National Committee on Statistics
2010.
[78] Kyrgyz Ocials Reject Muslim Sect. RFE/RL. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
18
13
EXTERNAL LINKS
13 External links
Government
President of Kyrgyzstan ocial site
Government of Kyrgyzstan ocial site
Parliament of Kyrgyzstan ocial site
Laws of the Kyrgyz Republic
General information
12
Further reading
19
14
14.1
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14.2
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File:Akayev-Bush.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Akayev-Bush.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The White House Original artist: ?
File:American_University_of_Central_Asia,_Bishkek_(2005).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/89/
American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:
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Original artist:
Zimka (talk) (Uploads)
File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
Aquarius.geomar.de
Original artist:Koyos + Ssolbergj (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ssolbergj' title='User talk:Ssolbergj'>talk</a>)
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License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yakov Fedorov
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Original artist: ?
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3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cholpon Tuzabaeva
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USA
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artist: SKopp and others
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14.2
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21
2.5
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Contributors:
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