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Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products

Welcome To ABB
Technical Sharing Session
ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 1

Circuit Breakers
Standards Guidelines IEC 60947-2

Agenda

IEC 60947-2
Circuit Breaker Standard, for industrial application

Definitions for MCCBs and ACBs

Choice criteria based on rated and limit values

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 4

Standard for LV apparatus


IEC 60947 Standard for industrial application

International Standard

IEC 60947

European Standard

EN 60947

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 5

IEC 60947-1

Part 1: General rules

IEC 60947-2

Part 2: Circuit breakers

IEC 60947-3

Part 3: Switch disconnectors

IEC 60947-4-1

Part 4: Contactors

IEC 60947-5-1

Part 5: Control circuit devices

IEC 60947-6-1

Part 6: Multifunction devices

IEC 60947-7-1

Part 7: Auxiliary materials

IEC Standard definitions


Circuit Breaker - IEC 60947-2
A mechanical switching device capable of breaking, carrying and
making currents under normal circuit conditions and also making,
carrying, for a specified time, and breaking currents under specified
abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short-circuit.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 6

BREAKING

Breaking Capacity

WITHSTAND

Short time withstand

MAKING

Making Capacity

IEC Standard definitions


Switch Disconnector - IEC 60947-3
A mechanical switching device capable of breaking, making and
carrying currents under normal circuit conditions but only making and
carrying, for a specified time, currents under specified abnormal circuit
conditions such as those of short-circuit.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 7

BREAKING

Breaking Capacity

WITHSTAND

Short time withstand

MAKING

Making Capacity

IEC Standard definitions

Moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB): a circuit breaker having a supporting


housing of moulding insulating material, forming an integral part of the circuit
breaker (Tmax-XT & Formula).

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 8

IEC Standard definitions


Air circuit breaker (ACB): a circuit breaker having a
supporting housing of moulding insulating material and a
metallic frame, forming an integral part of the circuit
breaker (Emax & Emax 2).

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 9

Current limiting circuit breaker


Current limiting circuit breaker (IEC 60947-2 def. 2.3)
A circuit breaker with a break-time short enough to prevent the short-circuit
current from reaching its peak value.

A current-limiting circuit
breaker is able to reduce the
stress, both thermal and
dynamic, because it has been
designed to start the opening
operation before the shortcircuit current has reached its
first peak, and to quickly
extinguish the arc between the
contacts.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 10

Current limiting circuit breaker

A = Direction of arc due to the magnetic field


R= Repulsion of moving contacts due to the short circuit current

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 11

Current limiting circuit breaker


Energy limitation
Current

Time

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 12

Current limiting circuit breaker


Peak limitation curves
Value of the limited peak
of the short circuit current
according to the value of
the symmetrical short
circuit current Irms.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 13

Current limiting circuit breaker


I2t curves
Value of the let-through
energy according to the
value of the symmetrical
short circuit current Irms.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 14

Current limiting circuit breaker


Energy limitation
Protection against short-circuit (IEC 60364)
To protect a cable against short-circuit, the specific let-through energy of
the protective device must be lower or equal to the withstanding energy of
the cable:
Specific let through energy curve LLL

1E3MAs

100MA s

where
I2 t is the specific let-through energy of
the protective device which can be read on
the curves supplied by the manufacturer;
S is the cable cross section [mm2]; in the
case of conductors in parallel it is the
cross section of the single conductor;
k is a factor that depends on the cable
insulating and conducting material.

10MAs

1MAs

0.1MAs

1E-2MAs

0.1kA

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 15

1kA

10k A

100k A

Choice criteria

Rated values (Iu, Ue)


Limit values (Icu, Ics, Icw, Icm)

Insulation values (Ui, Uimp)

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 16

Rated value Iu
Rated uninterrupted current Iu
the rated uninterrupted current of an equipment is a value of
current, stated by the manufacturer, that the equipment can carry
in uninterrupted duty (at 40 C)

IEC 60947-1 def. 4.3.2.4

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 17

Rated value Iu
The rated uninterrupted current Iu is different from the rated
current In, which is the rated current of the thermomagnetic or
electronic trip unit and is lower or equal to Iu.
A new concept
for setting the
current In: the
rating plug

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 18

Rated value Iu
Rated uninterrupted current Iu
Some factors may reduce the Iu of a circuit breaker
like temperature, altitude or frequency.
XT1 160

XT4 250

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 19

Rated value Ue
Rated operational voltage Ue
the rated operational voltage of an equipment is a value of voltage
which, combined with a rated operational current, determines the
application of the equipment and to which the relevant tests and
the utilization categories are referred.

IEC 60947-1 def. 4.3.1.1

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 20

Rated value Ue
Rated operational voltage Ue
Breaking capacity is always referred to the operational voltage; the
breaking capacity decreases when the voltage increases.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 21

Rated value Ue
Some factors may reduce the Ue of a circuit breaker

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 22

Choice criteria

Rated values (Iu, Ue)

Limit values (Icu, Ics, Icw, Icm)

Insulation values (Ui, Uimp)

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 23

Limit value Icu


Icu = RATED ULTIMATE SHORT
CIRCUIT BREAKING CAPACITY

IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.2.1

Breaking capacity according to a specified test sequence.


Do not include after the short circuit test, the capability of the
circuit breaker to carry its rated current continuously.
- test sequence: O - 3 min - CO
- dielectric withstand at 2 x Ue
- verification of overload release at 2.5 x I1

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 24

Limit value Ics


Ics = RATED SERVICE SHORT
CIRCUIT BREAKING CAPACITY

IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.2.2

Breaking capacity according to a specified test sequence.


Include after the short circuit test, the capability of the circuit
breaker to carry its rated current continuously
- test sequence: O - 3 min - CO - 3 min CO
- dielectric withstand at 2 x Ue
- verification of temperature rise at Iu
- verification of overload release at 1.45 x I1
- verification of the electrical life

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 25

Limit values Icu and Ics


Relation between Ics and Icu

This relation is always true!!!

Ics

Icu

The service breaking capacity Ics can be expressed as


a value of breaking current, in kA;
a percentage of Icu, rounded up
to the lowest whole number,
in accordance with the table (for
example Ics = 25% Icu).
Standard ratios between Ics and Icu

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 26

When is Icu required?


Where continuity of service is not a fundamental requirement.
For protection of single terminal load.
For motor protection.
Where maintenance work is easily carried out without much
disruption.
Generally for circuit breaker installed on terminals part of
plant.

When is Ics required?


Where continuity of service is a fundamental requirement.
For installation in power center.
Where is more difficult to make maintenance.
When is difficult to manage spare breakers.
Generally for installation in main distribution board
immediately downstream transformer or generator.

Limit values Icu and Ics


Icu and Ics: selection criteria

Main circuit breakers or circuit breakers for which


a long out-of-service period can not be accepted
(for example naval installation)
Ics
CB selection
based on
Icu

circuit breakers tor termlnal circuits or


circuit breakers for economic application

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 29

Icu or Ics ?

Application of Icu / Ics circuit breakers


Main incoming Board
X

4000A
1600A

Sub Dist Board


Ics breaker :
Incoming / upstream
devices

Icu breaker :
Downstream devices
X

630A

630A

630A

When Isc = 100 % of Icu is not necessary ?

When the real short circuit current in the point of


installation is lower than the maximum Ics breaking
capacity.
Breaker A:
Icu =100 kA
with Ics = 100 % of Icu

Breaker B:
Icu = 100 kA
with Ics = 75 % of Icu

Please also consider


that short circuit current
at the end of the line is
still lower

70 kA

50 kA !!!
U

LOAD

When Isc = 100 % of Icu is not necessary ?


Motor Protection according to IEC 60947- 4-1
Duty cycle:
O - 3mins - CO at Iq current (maximum short circuit current)
O - 3mins - CO at r current (critical short circuit current depending from the contactor size)

Where:
O: Tripping of the circuit breaker under short circuit condition.
CO: Closing by the contactor under short circuit condition and tripping of the
circuit breaker.

Icu or Ics ? Conclusion


Consider that not always Ics = 100% of Icu is available for
the full range for all the employed voltage range, i.e. (from 220
V a.c. to 690 V a.c.duty, and 250 V d.c.).
Selection of circuit breaker with breaking capacity Icu or Ics
must be done according to the real technical installation
requirement.
Independently from the duty cycle selected the safety of the
plant is strictly dependent from the maximum circuit breaking
capacity (in most of cases Icu).

Limit value Icw


Icw = RATED SHORT-TIME
WITHSTAND CURRENT

IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.4

Example of use of category B circuit breakers


in electrical plant
The upstream circuit
Trafo 630kVA
breaker can withstand
Ucc%=4%
the fault current up to 1
or 3 sec, thus
ACB E1B12
guaranteeing an
400V
22.7kA
excellent selectivity
MCCB XT3
MCCB XT4
with downstream
apparatus

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 34

Limit value Icw


CATEGORY B
CIRCUIT BREAKER

IEC 60947-2
Table 4

Circuit breakers specifically intended for selectivity in short


circuit conditions in relation to other protection devices in
load-side series, that is with an intentional delay (adjustable)
applicable in short circuit conditions.
These circuit breakers have a specified rated short-time
withstand current Icw.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 35

Limit value Icw


CATEGORY A
CIRCUIT BREAKER

IEC 60947-2
Table 4

Circuit-breakers not specifically intended for selectivity under


short circuit conditions with respect to other protection devices
in series on the load side, that is without intentional short-time
delay provided for selectivity under short-circuit conditions.
These circuit-breakers have not a specified rated short-time
withstand current value Icw.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 36

Limit value Icw


Icw = RATED SHORT-TIME
WITHSTAND CURRENT

IEC 60947-2
Table 3

It is the value of short-time withstand current assigned to the


circuit-breaker by the manufacturer under specified test
conditions. This value is referred to a specified time (usually 1s or 3s).
It must be stated when the circuit-breaker is classified in
category B and its value must be greater than:
The highest value between 12 Iu and 5 kA

for CBs with Iu

30 kA

for CBs with Iu > 2500A

2500A

Circuit breakers without Icw value are classified in category A

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 37

Selectivity Categories

Limit value Icm


IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.1

Icm = RATED SHORT-CIRCUIT


MAKING CAPACITY

Making capacity for which the prescribed conditions according


to a specified test sequence include the capability of the circuit
breaker to make the peak current corresponding to that rated
capacity at the appropriate applied voltage.
It is always necessary to verify that:
Icm

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 39

Ipeak

Limit value Icm


For a.c. the rated short-circuit making
capacity of a circuit-breaker shall be not
less than its rated ultimate short-circuit
breaking capacity, multiplied by the factor
n of the table.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 40

IEC 60947-2
Table 2
Icm

n x Icu

Current limiting circuit breaker


Example
Peak
105kA
100kA

T6L800 In800
54kA

16,8kA

XT2L 160 In160

10kA

10kA

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 41

50kA

100kA

Irms

Limit value Icm

If the cos of the plant is higher than the standard prescribed


value, it is not necessary to take into account the rated shortcircuit making capacity of the circuit-breakers (Icm).

If the cos of the plant is lower than the standard


prescribed value, usually near to the transformer and/or
generator, it is necessary to verify Icm Ipeak.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 42

Limit value Icm


Sometimes it can happen
Short circuit current of the plant is Icc = 75kA ;
The used circuit breaker has an Icu = 75 kA;
According to the table 2, cos k=0.2 and n=2,2 so Icm = n x Icu = 165 kA.

If the cos k of the plant is equal to 0.16 (lower than the standard
prescribed value) the evaluated Ip = 175 kA.

Since Ip > Icm the CB selected is not correct. I will use a CB with a greater
value of Icu in order to have an Icm value suitable to the peak current of the
plant.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 43

Limit value Icm

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 44

Choice criteria

Rated values (Iu, Ue)

Limit values (Icu, Ics, Icw, Icm)

Insulation values (Ui, Uimp)

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 45

Limit value Ui
IEC 60947-1
def. 4.3.1.2

Ui = RATED INSULATION
VOLTAGE

The rated insulation voltage of an equipment is the value


of voltage to which dielectric tests and creepage
distances are referred.

It shall be always verified that:

Ue < Ui

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 46

Limit value Uimp


Uimp = RATED IMPULSE
WITHSTAND VOLTAGE

IEC 60947-1
def. 4.3.1.3

The peak value of an impulse voltage of prescribed form and


polarity (1,2/50 s) which the equipment is capable of
withstanding without failure under specified conditions of test
and to which the values of the clearances are referred.
It shall be always verified that:
Uimp > transient overvoltage in
the plant

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 47

Temperature-rise for terminals and accessible parts


IEC 60947- 2
Table 7

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 48

Overload protection

IEC 60947- 2
Table 6

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 49

Short circuit protection

IEC 60947- 2
8.3.3.1.2

S
I
ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 50

Type Tests
IEC 60947- 2
8.3

The tests to verify the characteristics of


circuit breakers are:
type tests carried out on samples:

Type Tests

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 52

Routine Tests
IEC 60947- 2
8.4

routine tests carried


out on all circuit breakers
and including the
following tests:

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 53

Annex F - J
Tests of EMC for circuit breakers with electronic overcurrent protection
Electrostatic discharges
Radiated radio-frequency electromagnetic fields

Immunity

Electrical fast transients/bursts


Surges
Conducted disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields
Harmonics
Voltage fluctuations

Emission

Conducted disturbances
Radiated disturbances
Dry heat test Damp heat test

Climatic tests

Temperature variation cycles at a specified rate of change

CE Marking

According to european directives:


Low Voltage Directive 73/23 EEC
Electromagnetic Compatibility 89/336 EEC

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 55

Annex H
Test sequence for circuit-breakers for IT systems
This test is intended to cover the case of a second fault to earth in
presence of a first fault on the opposite side of a circuit breaker when
installed in IT systems.
In this test at each pole the applied voltage shall be the phase-to-phase
voltage corresponding to the maximum rated operational voltage of the
circuit breaker at which it is suitable for applications on IT systems.

Circuit Breakers
Standards Guidelines IEC 60898

IEC Standard definitions


Miniature Circuit Breakers MCB
International Standard References
IEC 60898

Applicable to circuit-breakers for protection of wiring installation


in buildings and similar applications, and designed for use by
uninstructed persons, and for not being maintained.
Part 1: Circuit-breakers for a.c. operation
Part 2: Circuit-breakers for a.c. and d.c. operation (additional requirements)

Choice criteria

Rated values (In, Ue)


Limit values (Icn, Ics)

Rated value In
Rated uninterrupted current (In):
the rated uninterrupted current of an equipment is a value
of current, stated by the manufacturer, which the equipment
can carry in uninterrupted duty, at a specified reference
ambient air temperature (30 C).
The rated current doesnt exceed the 125A.

IEC 60898-1 def. 5.2.2

Rated value Ue

Rated operational voltage (Ue):


The rated operational voltage of a circuit-breaker is the
value of voltage, assigned by the manufacturer, to which
its performances (particularly the short-circuit
performance) are referred.
The rated operational voltage doesnt exceed the 440Vac
220Vdc.
IEC 60898-1 def. 5.2.1.1

Choice criteria

Rated values (In, Ue)


Limit values (Icn
cn, Ics
cs)

Limit value Icn


Icn = RATED SHORT CIRCUIT
CAPACITY

IEC 60898-1
def. 5.2.4

The rated short-circuit capacity is the value of the ultimate


short-circuit breaking capacity for which the prescribed
conditions, according to a specified test sequence, do not
include the capability of the circuit-breaker to carry 0.85 times
its non-tripping current for the conventional time.
test sequence: O - 3 min - CO
- leakage current at 1.1 Ue (< 2 mA)
- dielectric strength test at 900 V
- verification of overload release at 2.8 x In
The rated short circuit capacity doesnt exceed the
25kA in ac and 10kA in dc

Limit value Ics


Ics = RATED SERVICE SHORT
CIRCUIT CAPACITY

IEC 60898-1
def. 3.5.5.2

The service short-circuit capacity of a circuit-breaker is the


value of the breaking capacity for which the prescribed
conditions according to a specified test sequence include the
capability of the circuit-breaker to carry 0.85 times its nontripping current for the conventional time.

Limit value Ics


Service Short Circuit capacity (Ics):
- test seq. :

O - 3 min - O - 3 min CO
O - 3 min - CO - 3 min CO
- leakage current at 1.1 Ue (< 2 mA)
- dielectric strength test
- verification of no tripping at 0,85 x In

(for one or two poles cb)


(for three or four poles cb)

A circuit-breaker with a rated short-circuit capacity (Icn) has a corresponding service shortcircuit capacity (Ics) as from this table:
The circuit breaker with

Icn < 6000A


6000A < Icn < 10000A
Icn > 10000A

Ics is equal to 1xIcn


Ics is equal to 0,75xIcn Minimum value of Ics is 6000A.
Ics is equal to 0,5xIcn Minimum value of Ics is 7500A.

Ics Test

Tripping Curves
Overload characteristics
The main difference between the overload protection curve of the CBs responding to
IEC 60947 or IEC 60898 are referred to the conventional non tripping current.
The prescibed conditions are given in this table:

Tripping Curves
Magnetic characteristics
The CBs according to IEC 60947 usually have the instantaneous threshold at 5 or 10 times
the rated current with a tolerance of + 20%.
The CBs according to IEC 60898-1 (ac applications) have different instantaneous
threshold referred to the type B , C , D as indicated in the table below:

Tripping Curves

Tripping Curves

In some cases, the conditions IB < In < IZ


and I2 < 1.45 IZ do not guarantee complete
protection, e.g. when overcurrents are
present for long periods which are smaller
than I2. They also do not necessarily lead
to an economical solution. It is therefore
assumed that the circuit is designed so
that minor overloads of a long duration will
not occur regularly.

IEC 60364-4-43

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Bi-directionalcylinder-lift-terminal

Trip lever

Hammer-impact
electromagnetic coil

Toggle

Thermally-delayed
bimetal

Arc quenching chamber

Fixed contact

Switching mechanism
Label

Moving contact
Easy release
snap-on catch
Bi-directionalcylinder-lift-terminal

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Tripping of an MCB

0.5 ms after short-circuit


current is released
0.5 ms

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Tripping of an MCB

1 ms after short-circuit
current is released

1 ms

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Tripping of an MCB

1.5 ms after short-circuit


current is released

1.5 ms

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Tripping of an MCB

2 ms after short-circuit
current is released

2 ms

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Tripping of an MCB

2.5 ms after short-circuit


current is released

2.5 ms

Miniature Circuit Breakers


Tripping of an MCB

3 ms after short-circuit
current is released

3 ms

Comparison IEC 60947-2 vs IEC 60898


IEC 60947-2

IEC 60898-1

People

Instructed

Uninstructed

Maintenance

Possible

Not possible

< 1000 Vac

< 440 Vac

< 1500 Vdc

< 220 Vdc

40 C

30 C

Rated Voltage (Ue)


Ambient
Temperature

No limits
Rated Current

(Iu < 6300 A)


Short circuit
breaking current

No limits for Icu

In = 125 A
Icn = 25 kA (ac)
Icn = 10 kA (dc)

Selection of protective Devices

Generalities about the main electrical parameters


Dont forget
Ue Un
Icu or Ics
Icm Ip

Ik

Ue, Icu, Ics, Icm?

Selection of protective Devices

Protection of feeders
against overload

Ib

In or I1

Iz

against short-circuit

I2t

In
Iz S

k2S2

Ib

Selection of protective Devices


The correct circuit breaker must be selected to satisfy the following
conditions:
It must own short circuit breaking power (lcu or eventually lcs) greater or
equal to the short circuit current lcc
It must use a protection release so that its overload setting current ln (l1)
satisfies the relation lB < ln < lZ
The let through energy (l2t) that flows through the circuit breaker must be
lesser or equal to the maximal one allowed by the cable (KS)

Selection of protective Devices

Selection of protective Devices

As far as the verification required by IEC 60364, according to which the


overload protection must have an intervention current lf that assures the
operation for a value lesser than 1,45 lz (lf < 1,45 lz), we must state that it
is always verified for ABB Circuit breakers, since according to IEC 60947-2
the required value is less than 1,3 ln.

Selection of protective Devices

Selection of protective Devices


Protection of generators
Ingen I1
I3 or I2 2.5-4 x Ingen

Selection of protective Devices

Protection of transformers
InT I1
Upstream CB
I3 or I2

Iinrush

Selection of protective Devices


20kV

Steps
determining the short-circuit
currents
choosing the CB
setting of the MV overcurrent
protection
setting of the LV overcurrent
protection

400V

Selection of protective Devices


20kV

400V

Selection of protective Devices


20kV

400V

Protection of Transformers

As to be able to protect LV/MV transformers LV side, we must mainly


take into account:
Rated current of the protected transformer, LV side, from which
the rated current of the circuit breaker and the setting depend on
(In);
The maximum estimated short circuit current in the installation
point which defines the minimal breaking power of the protection
circuit breaker (Isc).

Protection of Transformers
Switchboards with one transformer

Sn

U20

In
Isc

The rated current of the transformers LV side is defined by the


following expression
Sn x 103
In =
3 x U20
where
Sn = rated power of the transformer [kVA]
U20 = rated secondary voltage (no load) of the transformer [V]
ln = rated current of the transformer, LV side [A]

Protection of Transformers

The full voltage three-phase short circuit current immediately after the LV
side of the transformer can be expressed by the following relation once we
suppose infinite power at the primary:
Isc =

In x 100
Ucc %

where
Ucc %= short circuit voltage of the transformer [%]
ln = rated current, LV side, [A]
lsc = three-phase rated short circuit current, LV side, [A]

Protection of Transformers

The short circuit current is normally lesser than the preceding deduced
value if the circuit breaker is installed at a certain distance by means of
a cable or bar connection, according to the connection impedance.

Protection of Transformers

The following table shows some possible choices within the SACE Emax
ACB range according to the characteristics of the CB to protect.
Attention
Those indications are valid at the conditions that we declare in the table;
different conditions will lead us to repeat calculations and modify the
choices.

Protection of Transformers
Sn

[kVA]

500

630

800

1000

1250

1600

2000

2500

3150

Ucc (1)

6,25

6,25

6,25

6,25

In (2)

[A]

722

909

1154

1443

1804

2309

2887

3608

4547

Isc (2)

[kA]

18

22.7

23.1

28.9

36.1

37

46.2

57.7

72.7

E1B08

E1B12

E1B12

E2B16

E2B20

E3B25

E3B32

E4S40

E6H50

SACE Emax

(1) For values of the percent short circuit voltage Ucc% different from the Ucc% values as per table, the rated three-phase short
circuit current Icn becomes:

Isc = Isc

Ucc %
Ucc %

(2) The calculated values refer to a U20 voltage of 400 V. for different U20 values, do multiply In and Isc the following k times:

U20
k

[V]

220

380

400

415

440

480

500

660

690

1.82

1.05

0.96

0.91

0.83

0.8

0.606

0.580

Protection of Transformers
Switchboards with more than 1 transformer in Parallel

Isc2 + Isc3

I2

I1

Circuit breaker A

I3

Isc1

I5

Isc1 + Isc2 + Isc3

Circuit breaker B

I4

Protection of Transformers

As far as the calculation of the rated current of the transformer is


concerned, the rules beforehand indicated are completely valid.
The minimum breaking capacity of each circuit breaker LV side must be
greater than the highest of the following values: (the example refers to
machine 1 of the figure and it is valid for the three machines in parallel):
lsc 1 (short circuit current of transformer 1) in case of fault
immediately downstream circuit breaker 1;
lsc2 + lsc3 (short circuit currents of transformer 2 and 3) in case of
fault immediately upstream circuit breaker 1;

Protection of Transformers

Circuit breakers l4 and l5 on the load side must have a short circuit
capacity greater than lsc1 + lsc2 + lsc3; naturally every transformer
contribution in the short circuit current calculation is to be lessened by the
connection line transformer - circuit breaker (to be defined case by case).

Low voltage selectivity


with ABB circuit breakers
Selectivity definitions and Standards
ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 100

Agenda
Low voltage selectivity with ABB circuit breakers

Definitions and Standards


Selectivity techniques
Back-up protection

Introduction
What is selectivity?
Selectivity (or discrimination)

A is the supply side circuit


breaker (or upstream)

is a type of coordination of two or


more protective devices in series.
Selectivity is done between
one circuit breaker on the supply side
and one circuit breaker, or more than
one, on the load side.

B and C are the load side circuit


breakers (or downstream)

Introduction
Protection system philosophy
Reduce the stress and prevent damage
Minimize the area and the duration of
power loss

DAMAGE REDUCTION

Better selectivity

FAULT

CONTINUITY OF SERVICE

Fast fault elimination

Main purposes of coordination


Selectivity purpose
Selective coordination among devices
is fundamental for economical and technical reasons
It is studied in order to:
rapidly identify the area involved in the problem;
bound the effects of a fault by excluding just the affected zone of the
network;
preserve the continuity of service and good power quality to the sound
parts of the network;
provide a quick and precise identification of the fault to the personnel in
charge of maintenance or to management system, in order to restore
the service as rapidly as possible;
achieve a valid compromise between reliability, simplicity and cost
effectiveness.

Standards definition
Selectivity
The definition of selectivity

IEC 60947-1 Standard: Low voltage equipment


Part 1: General rules for low voltage equipment

IEC 60947-1
def. 2.5.23

Trip selectivity (for overcurrent) is a coordination between the


operating characteristics of two or more overcurrent protection
devices, so that, when an overcurrent within established limits
occurs, the device destined to operate within those limits trips
whereas the others do not trip

Overcurrent selectivity
Example
In occurrence of a fault
(an overload or a short circuit)
if selectivity is provided
only the downstream circuit
breaker opens.

Overcurrent selectivity
Example
In occurrence of a fault
(an overload or a short circuit)
if selectivity is not provided
both the upstream and the
downstream circuit breakers
could open
All the system is out of service!

Standards definition
Partial and total selectivity
IEC 60947-2
def. 2.17.2 - 2.17.3

A and B connected in series:


partial selectivity and total selectivity.

Standards definition
Partial selectivity
Partial selectivity is an overcurrent selectivity where, in the
presence of two protection devices against overcurrent in series,
the load side protection device carries out the protection up to a
given level of overcurrent, without making the other device trip.

Is is the ultimate
selectivity
value!

B opens only according to fault current


lower than a certain current value;
values equal or greater than Is
will give the trip of both A and B.
Is = ImA

Standards definition
Total selectivity
Total selectivity is an overcurrent selectivity where, in the
presence of two protection devices against overcurrent in series,
the load side protection device carries out the protection without
making the other device trip.

Only B trips for every current value


lower or equal to the maximum
short-circuit current.
Is = Ik

Standards definition
Partial and total selectivity
Upstream circuit breaker A
T4N 250 PR221DS In = 250 (Icu = 36kA)
Downstream circuit breaker B
S 294 C100 (Icu = 15kA)

Selectivity analysis
Time-current curves
Overload zone
Thermal protection
L protection

Time-current selectivity

Short-circuit zone
Magnetic protection
S, D, I and EF protections

Current, time, energy, zone,


directional, zone directional selectivity

Selectivity analysis
Real currents
Real currents circulating through the circuit breakers

I>

I>

IA = IB
tA

I>

I>

I>

I>

IA = IB + Iloads
tA
tB

I>

I>

I>

I>

I>

IA = (IB + Iloads) / 2

tA

tB

tB

IA=IB

IB IA

IA

IB

Agenda
Low voltage selectivity with ABB circuit breakers

Definitions and Standards


Selectivity techniques
Back-up protection

ABB Group, BU Breakers and Switches


August 11, 2015 | Slide 114

Introduction
Selectivity techniques
Current selectivity
Time selectivity
Energy selectivity
Zone (logical) selectivity

ABB Group, BU Breakers and Switches


August 11, 2015 | Slide 115

Current selectivity
Base concept
Current selectivity: closer to the power supply
the fault point is, higher the fault current is
3kA

In order to guarantee selectivity,


the protections must be set to different
values of current thresholds
1kA

The ultimate selectivity value


is equal to the instantaneous trip threshold
of the upstream protection device

tA
tA

A
Ultimate
selectivity
value

tB

Other methods are needed to have a total


selectivity
ImB

ImA

Current selectivity
Example
Circuit breaker A will be set to a value which does not
trip for faults which occur on the load side of B.
(I3Amin >1kA)
Circuit breaker B will be set to trip for faults which
occur on its load side (I3Bmax < 1kA)
104s

Is

103s

Is = I3Amin

102s
10s

Here the selectivity is a total selectivity,


because it is guaranteed up to the maximum
value of the short-circuit current, 1kA.

1s
B
10-1s
10-2s

0.1kA

1kA

3kA

10kA

Current selectivity
Plus and minus
Plus
Easy to be realized
Economic
Instantaneous

CURRENT SELECTIVITY
Minus
Selectivity is often only partial
Current thresholds rise very quickly

Time selectivity
Base concept
Time selectivity is based on a trip delay of the upstream
circuit breaker, so to let to the downstream protection the
time suitable to trip

Setting strategy:
progressively increase the
trip delays getting closer to
the power supply source
On the supply side
the S function is required

Time selectivity
Example
A will be set with the current threshold I2
adjusted so as not to create trip overlapping
and with a trip time t2 adjusted so that
B always clears the fault before A

B will be set with an instantaneous trip


against short-circuit

I
k
104s

Is

The ultimate selectivity value is:

103s
102s
10s

1s

I2
t2

10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA

1kA

10kA

100kA

Is = IcwA

(if function I = OFF)

Is = I3minA

(if function I = ON)

Time selectivity
Example
Which is the problem of time selectivity?

In the case of fault occurring at the busbars,


circuit breaker A takes a delayed trip time t2

I
k

The network must withstand high values of


let-through energy!

104s
103s
102s
10s

If there are many hierarchical levels, the


progressive delays could be significant!

1s

t2

10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA

1kA

10kA

100kA

Time selectivity
Plus and minus
Plus
Economic solution
Easy to be realized

TIME SELECTIVITY
Minus
Quick rise of setting levels
High values of let-through energy

Energy selectivity
Base concept
Energy selectivity is based on the currentlimiting characteristics of some circuit breakers
104s
103s
A

102s
10s
1s
B
10-1s
10-2s

0.1kA

1kA

The ultimate current


selectivity values
is given by the
manufacturer
(Coordination tables)

10kA

Current-limiting circuit breaker


has an extremely fast trip time,
short enough to prevent the
current from reaching its peak

Energy selectivity
Example

104s
103s

Is = 20kA

Circuit breaker A conditions:

102s
B
10s

I3=OFF

1s

S as for time selectivity

10-1s
10-2s

0.1kA

1kA

10kA

Energy selectivity
Plus and minus
PLUS
High selectivity values
Reduced tripping times
Low stress and network disturbance

ENERGY SELECTIVITY
MINUS
Increasing of circuit breakers size

Zone selectivity
Base concept
Zone selectivity is an evolution of the time
selectivity, obtained by means of a electrical
interlock between devices
locking
signal

The circuit breaker which detects a fault


communicates this to the one on the supply side,
sending a locking signal

Only the downstream circuit breaker opens,


with no need to increase the intentional time
delay

Fault

Zone 3

A Does Not Open


B Does Not Open

Zone 2

Zone 1

Zone selectivity
Example

C Opens

Zone selectivity
Specifications
Zone selectivity needs:
an external source of 24V

Zone 1

a shielded twisted pair cable

PR332/P for Tmax T7 and T8


PR122/P and PR123/P for Emax
PR332/P and PR333/P for X1

Zone 3

PR223EF for Tmax T4, T5 and T6

Zone 2

dedicated trip units

Is up to 100kA for Tmax


Is up to Icw for Emax
It is possible to obtain zone selectivity between Tmax and Emax

Zone selectivity
Plus and minus
PLUS
Trip times reduced
Low thermal and dynamic stress
High number of hierarchical levels
Can be made between same size circuit breakers

ZONE SELECTIVITY
MINUS
Cost and complexity of the installation
Additional wiring and components

Agenda
Low voltage selectivity with ABB circuit breakers

Definitions and Standards


Selectivity techniques
Back-up protection

ABB Group, BU Breakers and Switches


August 11, 2015 | Slide 130

Back-up protection
What is back-up protection?
Back-up protection (or cascading)
is a type of coordination of two protective
devices in series which is done in electrical
installations where continuous operation is
not an essential requirement.

Back-up protection
excludes the use
of selectivity!!!

Back-up protection
Standards definition
The definition of back-up is given by the
IEC 60947-1 Standard: Low voltage equipment
Part 1: General rules for low voltage equipment

IEC 60947-1
def. 2.5.24

Back-up is a coordination of two overcurrent protective


devices in series, where the protective device on the supply
side, with or without the assistance of the other protective
device, trips first in order to prevents any excessive stress on
downstream devices.

Back-up protection
Base concept
Back-up is used by those who need
to contain the plant costs
The use of a current-limiting circuit
breaker on the supply side
permits the installation of lower performance
circuit breakers on the load side

Both the continuity of service and the selectivity are sacrificed

Back-up protection
Application example

T4L 250

Ik = 100 kA
Icu (T4L+T1N) = 100kA

T4L 250

T4L 250

T4L 250

Icu = 120kA

T1N 160

T1N 160

T1N 160

Icu = 36kA

Back-up protection tables

Back-up protection
Application example

T4L 250
A

Ik = 100kA

Icu (T4L+T1N) = 100kA

Ik = 100kA
T1N 160

T1N 160

T1N 160

General power supply


is always lost

Back-up protection
Plus and minus

Plus

Economic solution
Quick tripping times

BACK-UP PROTECTION
Minus

No selectivity
Low power quality

Example of Selectivity

~
T5H 630A

70kA

T3N 160A

36kA

Incoming = T5H 630A (70kA


rating) Outgoing = T3N 160A
(36kA rating)
Results: The co-ordination
resulted in a conditional shortcircuit of 65kA for the T3 mccb!

Iz

The discrimination is up to 20kA.

65kA

Example of Selectivity
Discrimination

Example of Selectivity
Back-Up

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value
T5H

70kA

T5H 70kA
T3N 36kA
T3N

Fault level at Y is 20kA


Y is 20kA

36kA

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value
T5H

T3N

70kA

T5H
20kA
T3N

36kA

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value

5kA fault

T5H
ON

T3N
Trip

T5H

70kA

T3N

36kA

5kA

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value

T5H
5kA fault ON
10kA fault ON

T3N
Trip
Trip

T5H

70kA

T3N

36kA
10kA

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value

T5H
5kA fault ON
10kA fault ON
20kA fault Trip

T3N
Trip
Trip
Trip

T5H

70kA

T3N

36kA
20kA

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value

T5H
5kA fault ON
10kA fault ON
20kA fault Trip
36kA fault Trip

T3N
Trip
Trip
Trip
Trip

T5H

70kA

T3N

36kA
36kA

Example of Selectivity
Meaning of Selectivity Value

5kA fault
10kA fault
20kA fault
36kA fault
65kA fault

T5H
ON
ON
Trip
Trip
Trip

T3N
Trip
Trip
Trip
Trip
Trip

T5H

70kA

T3N

36kA
65kA

MV/LV Transformer Substations


Selection of Protective & Control Devices
Motor co-ordination
ABB offers co-ordination tables

MV/LV Transformer Substations


Selection of Protective & Control Devices
Co-ordination between CBs and switch-disconnectors
400V

T2S160

T1D160

Power Factor Correction

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 150

Power Factor Correction


Generalities on Power Factor Correction
In alternating current circuits, current is absorbed by a load
which can be represented by two components:
The Active component
In phase with the supply voltage
Directly related to the output
The Reactive component
Quadrature to the voltage
Used to generate the flow necessary for the
conversion of powers through the electric or
magnetic field
In most installations the presence of inductive type
loads, the current lags the active component (IR).
ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 151

Power Factor Correction


Generalities
Generalities on Power Factor Correction
In order to generate and transmit active power (P) a certain
reactive power (Q) is essential for the conversion of the
electrical energy but is not available to the load.
The power generated and transmitted make up the apparent
power (S).
Power factor (cos ) is defined as the ratio between the
active component (IR) and the total value of current (I).
is the phase angle between the voltage and the current.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 152

Power Factor Correction


Generalities
Generalities on Power Factor Correction

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 153

Power Factor Correction


Typical
Power Factors of some electrical equipment
Generalities

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 154

Power Factor Correction


Advantages
Generalities of Power Factor Correction

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 155

Power Factor Correction


Advantages
Generalities of Power Factor Correction
Better utilization of electrical machines
Generators & transformers are sized according to the
apparent power (S). With the same active power (P),
the smaller the reactive power (Q) delivered, the
apparent power will be smaller.

Better utilization of cables


The reduction in current allows the use of smaller
cables in the installation.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 156

Power Factor Correction


Generalities
Reduction in losses
By improving the power factor, power losses is reduced
in all parts of the installation.

Reduction in voltage drop


The higher the power factor the Voltage drop will be
lower at the same level of Active power.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 157

Power Factor Correction


Generalities
Economical savings
Power supply utilities apply penalties for energy used
with poor factor. An improved power factor will reduce
such penalties from the utilities.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 158

Power Factor Correction


Advantages
Generalities of Power Factor Correction
Improve capacity of transformers and cables
By improving the power factor, you reduce the kVA load on the
transformer and the current carried by the cables

Apparent Power (VA)


e.g 2MVA Transformer
At 100% capacity

Real Power (W)


eg. 500kW Load

Reactive Power (VAR)


e.g Motors (inductive)
100kW at 0.7pf = 102kVAR
Reactive Power (VAR)
eg. 50kVAR Capacitors

Thus additional transformer capacity is available if upgrade or


expansion is required in the future
Or new cables might not be needed if new loads are connected to
an existing switchboard

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 159

Power Factor Correction


Different Methods
Distributed power factor correction
It is achieved by connecting a capacitor bank properly
sized according to the load and is connected directly to
the terminals of the load.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 160

Power Factor Correction


Different Methods
Group power factor correction
It is achieved by connecting a capacitor bank properly
sized according to a group of loads and is connected to
the upstream of the loads to be corrected.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 161

Power Factor Correction


Types
of Power
Factor correction
Different
Methods
Centralized power factor correction
It is achieved by installing an automatic power factor
correction bank capacitor bank directly to the main
distribution boards.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 162

Power Factor Correction


Types
of Power
Factor correction
Different
Methods
Combined power factor correction
This solution is derived from a compromise between a
distributed & centralized power factor correction.
Distributed power factor correction is used mainly
for higher loads and a smaller centralized power
factor correction is used for the small loads.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 163

Power Factor Correction


Switching
Protection
Capacitor and
Switching
Electrical switching phenomena
The switching of a capacitor bank causes an electric
transient due to the phenomena of electric charging of
the bank.

The overcurrents at the moment of switching depends


greatly on both the inductance of the upstream network
as well as from the number of connected capacitor
banks.

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 164

Power Factor Correction


Switching
Protection
Capacitor and
Switching
Choice of protective device

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 165

Power Factor Correction


Capacitor Switching

Resistance

Motor

In

In

In
AC-1

Capacitor

AC-3

AC-6b

Power Factor Correction


Capacitor Switching
Single step capacitor

30 times In

In

Power Factor Correction


Capacitor Switching
Multi steps capacitor bank

> 100 times In

In

Power Factor Correction


Contactor Sizing
Contactor sizing: Thermal current + peak current
Thermal current
Up to 30% for harmonics and voltage fluctuations on main
Up to 15% for tolerances on capacitor power
Contactor have to support Ith

Ith = 1.3 x 1.15 x Inc = 1.5 Inc

Power Factor Correction


Example
Example
kVARh is billed if it is higher than the contracted level.

kVA
kVar

kW

Apparent power (kVA) is significantly higher than the Active power (kW)
The excess current causes losses (kWh) which is billed.

1MVA

The design of the installation has to be over-dimensioned.


The installation requires 850kW at power factor of 0.75.

400V

The transformer will have to be overloaded to 850k / 0.75 = 1.133MVA.


Current taken by the system is
P
I =
= 1636A
3 * U * Cos
Losses in the cables
P = I 2R
Cos
kW Load
ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 170

I = 1636A

Cos
The Transformer, Circuit breaker & Cable has to be increased.

Power Factor Correction


Example
Example
kVA

kVARh is reduced to lower than the contracted level or eliminated.

kVar

kW

Apparent power (kVA) is significantly higher than the Active power (kW)
The charges based on the contracted kVA demand is close to the active
power.

1MVA

The installation requires 850kW at a power factor of 0.9.


400V

The transformer will not be overloaded to 850k / 0.90 = 945 kVA.


Current taken by the system is
P
I =
= 1364A
3 * U * Cos
Losses in the cables
P = I 2R

Cos
kW Load
ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 171

I = 1364A

Cos
There is not need to increase the Transformer, Circuit breaker & Cable.

Power Factor Correction


Technical Application Paper

ABB Group
August 11, 2015 | Slide 172

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