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  • An Introduction To Geological Maps: Week 4

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    This document discusses geological mapping and faults. It defines a fault as a fracture in the lithosphere where motion has occurred. There are three main types of faults: normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Normal faults occur when rocks are pulled apart, reverse when compressed. Hanging walls and footwalls are also defined. The document then discusses identifying and mapping faults in the field by measuring strike and dip, looking for slickensides and displaced features. Part (a) of an exercise on mapping a faulted boundary is worked through as an example. Brief biographies of Darwin's early geological mapping expeditions in Wales are also provided, as well as resources for further information.

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    This document discusses geological mapping and faults. It defines a fault as a fracture in the lithosphere where motion has occurred. There are three main types of faults: normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Normal faults occur when rocks are pulled apart, reverse when compressed. Hanging walls and footwalls are also defined. The document then discusses identifying and mapping faults in the field by measuring strike and dip, looking for slickensides and displaced features. Part (a) of an exercise on mapping a faulted boundary is worked through as an example. Brief biographies of Darwin's early geological mapping expeditions in Wales are also provided, as well as resources for further information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    10 visualizzazioni10 pagine

    An Introduction To Geological Maps: Week 4

    Caricato da

    Unknown
    This document discusses geological mapping and faults. It defines a fault as a fracture in the lithosphere where motion has occurred. There are three main types of faults: normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Normal faults occur when rocks are pulled apart, reverse when compressed. Hanging walls and footwalls are also defined. The document then discusses identifying and mapping faults in the field by measuring strike and dip, looking for slickensides and displaced features. Part (a) of an exercise on mapping a faulted boundary is worked through as an example. Brief biographies of Darwin's early geological mapping expeditions in Wales are also provided, as well as resources for further information.

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    di 10

    28/10/2014

    An Introduction To
    Geological Maps

    Dr Liam Herringshaw: lgh865@hotmail.com

    Week 4
    Faults and mapping faulted strata
    Exercise 3 part (a) and (b)
    Darwin Goes Mapping

    Faults
    A fracture in the lithosphere (crust)
    across which motion takes place

    Normal Reverse Strike-slip

    28/10/2014

    Hanging wall above the fault plane;


    Footwall below the fault plane

    Normal faults

    YOUNGER

    OLDER

    Rocks pulled apart fault usually steep

    Reverse faults
    Rocks compressed
    fault usually less steep

    28/10/2014

    Reverse faults
    Rocks compressed
    fault usually less steep

    OLDER
    YOUNGER

    Thrust faulting & stacking

    Faults
    in the field

    Clashach Cove,
    near Hopeman,
    NE Scotland

    28/10/2014

    Fault orientation

    Measure dip and strike of fault plane?

    Fault movement?

    Look for slickensides

    Slickensides?

    Minerals deposited/deformed in fault

    28/10/2014

    Mapping faults

    Look for regions of fractured rock

    Use sea-level to help


    Whitby

    Displacement can be inferred

    Use topography to help


    From geologycafe.com

    Streams and rivers often follow faults

    28/10/2014

    Faults on maps
    Assynt, NW Scotland
    Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland
    Tay-Forth region, E. Scotland
    Wakefield region, W. Yorkshire

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary

    400

    400

    200

    D = sandstonesiltstone boundary

    100

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary
    Map the outcrop of
    the boundary
    How?

    400

    200
    100

    28/10/2014

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary

    400

    200

    Need to work out


    stratum contours

    100

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary

    400

    200

    Join highest point


    (A) to lowest (C)

    100

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    These might not
    be quite right on
    the slide!

    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary
    Divide line into 3 to
    get 200 and 300m
    heights

    400
    x300
    x 200

    200
    100

    28/10/2014

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    These might not
    be quite right on
    the slide!

    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary

    400
    x300
    x 200

    Connect 200m
    points to draw first
    stratum contour

    200
    100

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary

    400
    x300

    Other stratum
    contour lines can
    now be drawn
    parallel

    x 200

    200
    100

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary
    Topographic
    intersections can be
    marked...

    400

    x
    x300

    x
    x 200

    200
    x
    100

    28/10/2014

    Exercise 3
    part (a)
    A, B, C = siltstonelimestone boundary
    ...and connected to
    give the boundary
    outcrop

    400

    x
    x300

    x
    x 200

    200
    x
    100

    Darwin Goes Mapping!

    Geological education in the Welsh Borders

    Darwin
    Goes
    Mapping!
    August 1831:
    Went west of
    Shrewsbury

    Image from Scientific


    American blogpost

    28/10/2014

    Darwin
    Goes
    Mapping!
    December
    1831:
    Went a bit
    further!

    Image from Cambridge


    University library

    Next Week
    Unconformities
    More of Exercise 3!
    The Evolution of Geological Mapping
    Changing thinking
    Changing techniques

    Resources (www.fossilhub.org)
    Geologizing with Darwin (Sci. Am.)
    http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/2013/02/12/geologizing-with-darwin/

    Teaching Resources in Structural Geology


    (University of Leeds):
    http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/structure/learnstructure/

    10

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