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Equipment
Range
Type
Variac,single phase
10 A
AC
Voltmeter
300 V
AC
Ammeter
0-10A
AC
Rheostat
Wattmeter
LPF
AC
10A
AC
Quantity
AC
THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use due
to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of error i.e.
its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference standard.
These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test. The current
and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions made by the test
are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
Where RX = number of revolutions made by disc of meter under test.
KX = number of revolutions per kWh for meter under test,
(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------
X 100
kW t
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit must
be connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the potential
coil to stabilize.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
figure:1
PROECEDURE:
1. Keep the Autotransformer at zero position.
2. Make connections as per the Circuit diagram shown below.
3. Switch on the 230 VAC, 50 Hz. power supply.
4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer in clockwise
direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please
note that the current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter
readings for different Voltages as per the tabular column.
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy
Meter for 10 times. Find out the percentage error by using above equations.
TABULAR COLUMN
S.
No.
Time
Voltage
Current
R = No of
(V)
(I)
revolutions (t) in
of the disc
hours
Energy meter
reading in KWh=
No. revolution
(R)/meter constant
(K)
RESULT:
Wattmeter
Reading in
kW t
%
Error
S.NO
Equipment
Range
Type
Variac, single
2 A, 0-
phase
230V
Voltmeter
0-300V
AC
Ammeter
0-10A
AC
Rheostat
Wattmeter
Quantity
Single Phase
6
Energy Meter
300V, 10A
THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use
due to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of
error i.e. its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference
standard. These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test.
The current and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions
made by the test are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
Where RX = number of revolutions made by disc of meter under test.
KX = number of revolutions per kWh for meter under test,
=
(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------
X 100
kW t
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit
must be connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the
potential coil to stabilize.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE
in clockwise direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please
note that the current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter
readings for different voltages as per the tabular column.
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy
Meter for 10 times.
8. Find out the percentage error by using above equations.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No.
Voltage
Current
R = No of
(V)
(I)
revolutions
in KWh= No.
of the disc
revolution (R)/meter
constant (K)
RESULT
Expt No:
Date:
AIM
To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity and other power factors and to
draw the calibration curve..
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
Apparatus Name
Type
Induction type
Range
Qty
1
300 V; 10A,
UPF
Standard wattmeter
Voltmeter
MI
(0-300) V
Ammeter
MI
(0-10) A
Lamp Load
Phase Shifting transformer
230 V, 5 Kw
7.
230/(0-270 V
transformer
Stop watch
Connecting wires
FORMULAE
Energy meter specification rev/kwh=
True energy (Pt) = (Power Time ) / 36001000
Measured energy = n
750
, n Number of revolutions
True
THEORY
The energy meter is an integrated type of instrument where the speed of rotation of the
aluminum disc is directly proportional to power consumed and the number of revolution per
minute is proportional to the energy consumed by the load. The ratings associated with the
energy meter are
1.
2.
3.
4.
Voltage rating
Current rating
Frequency rating
Meter constants
The driving system of the meter provides the rotational torque for the moving system,
which in turn activates the energy registration system for reading purposes. The energy meter is
operated on induction principle, in which the eddy current induced in the aluminum disc interacts
with the main field and creates the driving torque.
This system employs phantom loading. Here, the phase shifting transformer to supply
the voltage of varying power factor to the potential coil of energy meter. The system phase
supply is used to supply current of energy required value to the current coil of energy meter.
Thus energy meter is tested under various power factor loads without applying any actual load.
This is called phantom loading.
PROCEDURE
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the three phase supply through phase shifting transformer. Also switch on the
single phase supply through autotransformer. The autotransformer should be kept in
minimum position before switching on.
3. Set the 5A current in ammeter with the help of auto transformer.
4. Now note down the voltage, current and power from the respective meters. Also note the
time required for the disc to rotate hundred times.
5. Repeat step 3 for various power factors The power factor is set with the help of phase
shifting transformer.
6. Tabulate the readings and do the necessary calculations.
Circuit Diagram
Sl
No
Mod
el
Calc
ulati
on
Wattmeter Power
Observed
Actual
Reading
Reading
(Watts)
(Watts)
Time for n
rev Seconds
Power
Factor
Measured
Energy KwH
True
Energy
KwH
%
Error
Equipment
Range
Type
Variac,single phase
10 A
AC
Voltmeter
300 V
AC
Ammeter
0-10A
AC
Rheostat
Wattmeter
LPF
AC
10A
AC
Quantity
AC
THEORY:
RES
ULT:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use
due to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of
error i.e. its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference
standard. These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test.
The current and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions
made by the test are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
Where RX = number of impulse of meter under test.
KX = number of revolutions per kWh for meter under test,
Percentage Error
kW =
(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------
power
X 100
kW t
kilowatt as
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit
must be connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the
computed
potential coil to stabilize.
from
CIRCUIT
readings
f DIAGRAM:
indicating
instrument
s t = time
in
PROECEDURE:
1. Keep the Autotransformer at zero position.
2. Make connections as per the Circuit diagram shown below.
3. Switch on the 230 VAC, 50 Hz. power supply.
4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer in clockwise
direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit.
Please note that the current should be less then 4A.
6. N
Wattmeter and power factor meter readings for different Voltages as per
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the
Energy Meter for 10 times. Find out the percentage error by using above
equations.
d
o
w TABULAR COLUMN
n
t
S.
No.
Current
R = No of
(V)
(I)
revolutions (t) in
of the disc
o
l
t
m
e
t
e
r
m
m
e
t
e
r
,
reading in KWh=
No. revolution
(K)
hours
Energy meter
(R)/meter constant
Time
Voltage
RESULT:
Wattmeter
Reading in
kW t
%
Error
Apparatus Required
Sl.No.
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
--
Unknown resistance
--
Galvanometer
--
Patch card
--
Theory
It is used for the measurement of medium resistances. Very high degrees of accuracy can
be achieved with the Wheatstone bridge. It has four resistive arms, consisting of resistances R1,
R2, R3 and R4 together with a battery source and a null detector usually a galvanometer or other
sensitive current meter. The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential
difference between points C and D. The bridge is said to be balanced when there is no current
through the galvanometer or when the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero.
For bridge balance we can write,
I1 R 1 = I2 R 2
For galvanometer current to be zero, the following conditions also exist:
(1)
Procedure
The unknown resistance is connected to the kit. Ratio arm is set to some value.
Tabulation
S
r.No.
U
nit
Value
marked
R2
Rm
Unknown
resistance Rx
1
2
3
4
1000
1000
1000
1000
MODEL CALCULATION
RESULT