CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY

METER BY DIRECT LOADING METHOD

AIM:
To calibrate the given energy meter by direct loading method
APPARATUS:
S.No

Equipment

Range

Type

Variac,single phase

10 A

AC

Voltmeter

300 V

AC

Ammeter

0-10A

AC

Rheostat

Wattmeter

LPF

AC

Single phase energy meter

10A

AC

Quantity

AC

THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use due
to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of error i.e.
its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference standard.
These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test. The current
and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions made by the test
are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
Where RX = number of revolutions made by disc of meter under test.
KX = number of revolutions per kWh for meter under test,

kW = power in kilowatt as computed from readings f indicating

instruments t = time in hours.
Percentage Error

(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------

X 100

kW t
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit must
be connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the potential
coil to stabilize.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

figure:1
PROECEDURE:
1. Keep the Autotransformer at zero position.
2. Make connections as per the Circuit diagram shown below.
3. Switch on the 230 VAC, 50 Hz. power supply.
4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer in clockwise
direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please
note that the current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter
readings for different Voltages as per the tabular column.
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy
Meter for 10 times. Find out the percentage error by using above equations.

TABULAR COLUMN
S.
No.

Time

Voltage

Current

R = No of

(V)

(I)

revolutions (t) in
of the disc

hours

Energy meter
reading in KWh=
No. revolution
(R)/meter constant
(K)

RESULT:

Wattmeter
Reading in
kW t

%
Error

CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER BY

PHANTOM LOADING
AIM:
To calibrate a given single phase energy meter by phantom loading.
APPARATUS:

S.NO

Equipment

Range

Type

Variac, single

2 A, 0-

phase

230V

Voltmeter

0-300V

AC

Ammeter

0-10A

AC

Rheostat

Wattmeter

Quantity

Single Phase
6

Energy Meter

300V, 10A

THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use
due to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of
error i.e. its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference
standard. These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test.
The current and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions
made by the test are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
Where RX = number of revolutions made by disc of meter under test.
KX = number of revolutions per kWh for meter under test,

kW = power in kilowatt as computed from readings f indicating instruments t =

time in hours.
Percentage Error

=
(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------

X 100

kW t
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit
must be connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the
potential coil to stabilize.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE

1. Keep the Autotransformer at zero position.

2. Make connections as per the Circuit diagram shown below.
3. Switch on the 230 VAC, 50 Hz. power supply.
4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer

in clockwise direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit. Please
note that the current should be less then 4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter
readings for different voltages as per the tabular column.
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy
Meter for 10 times.
8. Find out the percentage error by using above equations.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No.

Time (t) in hours

Voltage

Current

R = No of

Energy meter reading

(V)

(I)

revolutions

in KWh= No.

of the disc

revolution (R)/meter
constant (K)

RESULT

Expt No:

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

Date:

USING PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER

AIM
To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity and other power factors and to
draw the calibration curve..

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No

Apparatus Name

Type

Single phase energy meter

Induction type

Range

Qty
1

300 V; 10A,
UPF

Standard wattmeter

Voltmeter

MI

(0-300) V

Ammeter

MI

(0-10) A

Lamp Load
Phase Shifting transformer

230 V, 5 Kw

Single phase auto

7.

230/(0-270 V

transformer

Stop watch

Connecting wires

FORMULAE
Energy meter specification rev/kwh=
True energy (Pt) = (Power Time ) / 36001000
Measured energy = n
750

, n Number of revolutions

% Error = Measured True 100

True

THEORY
The energy meter is an integrated type of instrument where the speed of rotation of the
aluminum disc is directly proportional to power consumed and the number of revolution per
minute is proportional to the energy consumed by the load. The ratings associated with the
energy meter are
1.
2.
3.
4.

Voltage rating
Current rating
Frequency rating
Meter constants
The driving system of the meter provides the rotational torque for the moving system,
which in turn activates the energy registration system for reading purposes. The energy meter is
operated on induction principle, in which the eddy current induced in the aluminum disc interacts
with the main field and creates the driving torque.
This system employs phantom loading. Here, the phase shifting transformer to supply
the voltage of varying power factor to the potential coil of energy meter. The system phase
supply is used to supply current of energy required value to the current coil of energy meter.
Thus energy meter is tested under various power factor loads without applying any actual load.
This is called phantom loading.

PROCEDURE
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the three phase supply through phase shifting transformer. Also switch on the
single phase supply through autotransformer. The autotransformer should be kept in
minimum position before switching on.
3. Set the 5A current in ammeter with the help of auto transformer.
4. Now note down the voltage, current and power from the respective meters. Also note the
time required for the disc to rotate hundred times.
5. Repeat step 3 for various power factors The power factor is set with the help of phase
shifting transformer.
6. Tabulate the readings and do the necessary calculations.

Circuit Diagram

Sl
No

Mod
el
Calc
ulati
on

Wattmeter Power
Observed
Actual
Reading
Reading
(Watts)
(Watts)

Time for n
rev Seconds

Power
Factor

Measured
Energy KwH

True
Energy
KwH

%
Error

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE DIGITAL

ENERGY METER BY DIRECT LOADING METHOD
AIM:
To calibrate the given energy meter by direct loading method
APPARATUS:
S.No

Equipment

Range

Type

Variac,single phase

10 A

AC

Voltmeter

300 V

AC

Ammeter

0-10A

AC

Rheostat

Wattmeter

LPF

AC

Single phase energy meter

10A

AC

Quantity

AC

THEORY:
RES
ULT:

The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use
due to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of
error i.e. its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference
standard. These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test.
The current and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions
made by the test are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KX kWh.
Energy computed from the readings of the indicating instrument = kW t
Where RX = number of impulse of meter under test.
KX = number of revolutions per kWh for meter under test,

Percentage Error
kW =

(RX / KX - kW t)
-------------------------

power

X 100

kW t

kilowatt as
Before conducting any of these tests on a watt hour meter its potential circuit
must be connected to the supply for one hour in order to enable the self heating of the
computed
potential coil to stabilize.
from
CIRCUIT
readings
f DIAGRAM:
indicating
instrument
s t = time
in

PROECEDURE:
1. Keep the Autotransformer at zero position.
2. Make connections as per the Circuit diagram shown below.
3. Switch on the 230 VAC, 50 Hz. power supply.
4. Increase the input voltage gradually by rotating the Auto transformer in clockwise
direction.
5. Adjust the load rheostat so that sufficient current flows in the circuit.
Please note that the current should be less then 4A.

6. N

Wattmeter and power factor meter readings for different Voltages as per

the tabular column.

7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the
Energy Meter for 10 times. Find out the percentage error by using above

equations.
d
o
w TABULAR COLUMN
n
t

S.
No.

Current

R = No of

(V)

(I)

revolutions (t) in
of the disc

o
l
t
m
e
t
e
r

m
m
e
t
e
r
,

reading in KWh=
No. revolution
(K)

hours

Energy meter

(R)/meter constant

Time

Voltage

RESULT:

Wattmeter
Reading in
kW t

%
Error

MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

AIM
To measure the given medium resistance using Wheatstone bridge.

Apparatus Required
Sl.No.

Apparatus

Range

Quantity

Wheatstone bridge kit

--

Unknown resistance

--

Galvanometer

--

Patch card

--

Theory
It is used for the measurement of medium resistances. Very high degrees of accuracy can
be achieved with the Wheatstone bridge. It has four resistive arms, consisting of resistances R1,
R2, R3 and R4 together with a battery source and a null detector usually a galvanometer or other
sensitive current meter. The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential
difference between points C and D. The bridge is said to be balanced when there is no current
through the galvanometer or when the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero.
For bridge balance we can write,
I1 R 1 = I2 R 2
For galvanometer current to be zero, the following conditions also exist:

(1)

Procedure

The unknown resistance is connected to the kit. Ratio arm is set to some value.

By adjusting the resistance R1 the galvanometer is made to indicate null position or

zero, indicating balanced condition.

The values of resistance are noted using multimeter.

The unknown resistance is calculated from these values.

WHEASTONE BRIDGE METHOD

Tabulation

S
r.No.

U
nit

Value
marked

R2

Rm

Unknown
resistance Rx

1
2
3
4

1000

1000

1000

1000

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT