3
Types
of
Chemical
Bonds
A
bond
is
what
__________
the
elements
in
a
compound
together.
Ionic
bonds
have
a
complete
__________
of
1
or
more
electrons
from
one
element
to
another,
so
one
element
__________
an
electron(s)
and
one
__________
an
electron(s)…so
it
is
a
bond
between
2
__________
Covalent
bonds
some
of
the
valence
electrons
are
______________
____
between
the
2
elements.
Metallic
bonds
hold
the
atoms
of
2
metals
together.
Compounds
A
compound
is
neutral
substance
of
__________
elements
bonded
together.
Clue
you
have
a
compound:
its
formula
has
2
capital
letters
Example:
H2O
NaCl
CH4
What
it
means:
2
H
and
1
O
__
Na
and
__
Cl
__C
and
__
H
Ionic
Compounds
When
a
metal
cations
transfers
a/an
electron(s)
to
a
non-‐metal
anion(s),
it
forms
a
neutral
ionic
compound.
The
cation
and
anion
are
held
together
by
__________
positive
and
negative
attraction
Reactant
+
Reactant
Product
Metal
+
Non-‐metal
Ionic
Compound
Cation
+
Anion
Ionic
Compound
Positive
+
Negative
Neutral
Ion
Ion
Compound
*Formulas
of
ionic
compounds
are
determined
from
the
charges
on
the
ions.
Ionic
compounds
are
neutral,
zero
charge.
Thus
the
overall
positive
charge
must
EQUAL
the
overall
negative
charge.
Steps
to
Writing
Ionic
Formulas
with
Monatomic
Ions
1. Label
the
metal
which
is
the
cation
(+
ion).
It
will
be
1st.
a. Group
1
has
+1
charge,
Group
2
has
+2
charge
b. For
transition
metals,
Roman
Numeral
on
a
metal
tells
the
charge
(Fe
(II)
means
Fe
+2
)
Exceptions
Ag+,
Zn2+,
Cd2+,
Al3+
2. Label
the
non-‐metal
which
is
the
anion
(
–
ion).
It
will
be
2nd
.
3. Determine
the
charge
on
the
cation
and
anion
using
periodic
table
4. Because
all
ionic
compounds
are
NEUTRAL
(an
overall
charge
of
zero)
you
must
determine
how
many
of
each
ion
you
will
need
to
make
the
compound
NEUTRAL
using
either:
a. METHOD
A:
charges
i. Find
charge
of
metal
(from
P.T)
ii. Find
charge
of
non-‐metal
(from
P.T.)
iii. Balance
the
charge
with
the
+
and
–
ions
b. METHOD
B:
Lewis
dot
structures
i. Draw
the
Lewis
dot
structure
of
the
metal
ii. Draw
the
Lewis
dot
structure
of
the
non-‐metal
iii. Use
arrows
to
show
the
electron
transfer
from
the
cation
to
the
anion
iv. If
the
anion
does
not
have
8
valence
electrons
keep
adding
cation
and
transferring
the
electrons
until
the
anion
is
stable
5. Write
the
formula
for
the
ionic
compound
a. first
the
cation
b. then
the
anion
c. write
the
number
of
ions
needed
to
balance
the
charge
as
subscripts
d. Do
NOT
put
the
charges
on
the
ions
because
compounds
are
neutral.
Ionic
Formulas
with
Monatomic
Ions
Example
Given:
Potassium
+
Oxygen
Solution:
Step
1
&
2
Metal
Non-‐metal
K
O
Charge
on
cation
Charge
on
anion
Step
3
K+
O-‐2
Step
4a
K+
Step
4b
O -‐2
Lewis
dot
Charges
K+
K
O
K
+2
charge
-‐2
charge
=
0
Step
5
K2O
K2O
Steps
to
writing
Ionic
Formulas
with
Polyatomic
Ions
1. Label
the
metal
which
is
the
cation
(+
ion).
It
will
be
1st.
a. Group
1
has
+1
charge,
Group
2
has
+2
charge
b. For
transition
metals,
Roman
Numeral
on
a
metal
tells
the
charge
(Fe
(II)
means
Fe
+2
)
c. Exceptions
Ag+,
Zn2+,
Cd2+,
Al3+
d. NH4+
is
the
ONLY
POLYATOMIC
Cation
2. Label
the
non-‐metal
which
is
the
anion
(
–
ion).
It
will
be
2nd.
3. Determine
the
charge
on
the
cation
and
anion
using
periodic
table
4. Because
all
ionic
compounds
are
NEUTRAL
(an
overall
charge
of
zero)
you
must
determine
how
many
of
each
ion
you
will
need
to
make
the
compound
NEUTRAL
using
either:
a. METHOD
A:
charges
i. Find
charge
of
metal
(from
P.T)
ii. Find
charge
of
non-‐metal
(from
P.T.)
iii. Balance
the
charge
with
the
+
and
–
ions
b. METHOD
B:
Lewis
dot
structures
i. Draw
the
Lewis
dot
structure
of
the
metal
ii. Draw
the
Lewis
dot
structure
of
the
non-‐metal
iii. Use
arrows
to
show
the
electron
transfer
from
the
cation
to
the
anion
iv. If
the
anion
does
not
have
8
valence
electrons
keep
adding
cation
and
transferring
the
electrons
until
the
anion
is
stable
5. Write
the
formula
for
the
ionic
compound
a. first
the
cation
b. then
the
anion
c. write
the
number
of
ions
needed
to
balance
the
charge
as
subscripts.
Use
(
)
around
the
polyatomic
if
you
used
more
than
one
to
balance
Ca(OH)2
d. Do
NOT
put
the
charges
on
the
ions
because
compounds
are
neutral.
Given:
Sodium
+
Carbonate
Solution:
Step
1
&
Metal
Non-‐metal
2
Na+
CO32-‐
Charge
on
Charge
on
anion
cation
Step
3
Na+
CO32-‐
Step
4b
Step
4a
Na+
CO32-‐
Lewis
Charges
Na+
dot
Na
CO3
Na
XXIVth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Plenary and Main Section Lectures Presented at Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 2–8 September 1973