Psychokinesis

Telekinesis redirects here.

For other uses, see 1 Etymology
Telekinesis (disambiguation).
Psychokinesis (from Greek mind + The word 'psychokinesis was coined in 1914 by American author Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic
Relations.[21][22][23] The term is a linguistic blend or
portmanteau of the Greek language words (psyche) meaning mind, soul, spirit, or breath and
(kinesis) meaning motion, movement.[1][2]
The American parapsychologist J. B. Rhine used the word
'psychokinesis in 1934 in connection with experiments
that were conducted to determine whether a person could
inuence the outcome of falling dice.[8][24]
The word 'telekinesis, a portmanteau of the Greek
(tle) meaning distance and (kinesis)
meaning motion[4] was rst used in 1890 by Russian
psychical researcher Alexander N. Aksakof.[25][26]
'Psychokinesis in parapsychology, ctional universes and
New Age beliefs refers to the inuence of human thought,
emotion or mental concentration on physical systems and
objects,[5][6][7] while 'telekinesis adds the factor of distance to the movement and/or levitation of physical objects by purely mental force.[27][28]

2 Belief
In September 2006, a survey about belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and
mail-in questionnaire polled 1,721 Americans on their
belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male
participants and 31% of female participants selected
agree or strongly agree with the statement, "It is possible to inuence the world through the mind alone."[29]

Artist conception of alleged spontaneous psychokinesis from

1911 French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse.

In April 2008, British psychologist and skeptic Richard

Wiseman published the results of an online survey he
conducted, entitled Magicians and the Paranormal: A
Survey, in which 400 magicians worldwide participated.
For the question, "Do you believe that psychokinesis exists
(i.e., that some people can, by paranormal means, apply
a noticeable force to an object or alter its physical characteristics)?", the results were as follows: No 83.5%, Yes
9%, Uncertain 7.5%.[30]

movement),[1][2] or telekinesis[3] (from far o

+ movement),[4] is an alleged psychic ability
allowing a person to inuence a physical system without
physical interaction.[5][6][7] Psychokinesis and telekinesis
are sometimes abbreviated as PK and TK respectively.[8]
Examples of psychokinesis include moving an object and
levitation.[9][10] There is no conclusive evidence that psychokinesis is a real phenomenon.[11][12][13][14]

Psychokinesis
experiments
have
historically
been criticized for lack of proper controls and
repeatability.[13][15][16][17] Furthermore, some ex- 2.1 Subsets of psychokinesis
periments have created illusions of psychokinesis where
none exists, and these illusions depend, to an extent, on Parapsychologists divide psychokinetic phenomena into
the subjects prior belief in psychokinesis.[18][19][20]
two categories: macro-psychokinesis, which are large1

2 BELIEF

scale psychokinetic eects that can be seen with the

naked eye, and micro-psychokinesis, which are smallscale psychokinetic eects that require the use of
statistics to be detected.[7] Psychic phenomena such as
telekinesis,[27] psychic healing,[7] and retrocausality[31]
are considered types of psychokinesis.

2.2

Notable claimants of psychokinetic

ability

Spirit photography hoaxer douard Isidore Buguet[32] (18401901) of France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 cabinet card photograph titled Fluidic Eect.

legedly cause objects to move during sances. However,

she was caught levitating a table with her foot by the magician Joseph Rinn and using tricks to move objects by
the psychologist Hugo Mnsterberg.[34][35]

Eusapia Palladino levitates a table while researcher Alexander

Aksakof (right) monitors for fraud, Milan, 1892.

There have been claimants of psychokinetic ability

throughout history. Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846) known
as the Electric Girl of France was an alleged generator
of PK activity. Cottin and her family claimed that she
produced electric emanations that allowed her to move
pieces of furniture and scissors across a room.[33] Frank
Podmore wrote there were many observations which were
suggestive of fraud such as the contact of the girls garments to produce any of the alleged phenomena and the
observations from several witnesses that noticed there
was a double movement on the part of Cottin, a movement in the direction of the object thrown and afterwards
away from it, but the movements so rapid they were not
usually detected.[33]

The Polish medium Stanisawa Tomczyk active in the

early 20th century claimed to be able to perform various
acts of telekinesis, such as levitating objects, by way of an
entity she called Little Stasia.[36] A photograph of her
taken in 1909, which shows a pair of scissors oating
in between her hands, is often found in books and other
publications as an example of telekinesis.[37][38] Scientists
suspected Tomczyk performed her feats by the use of a
ne thread or hair, running between her hands to lift and
suspend the objects in the air. This was conrmed when
psychical researchers who tested Tomczyk occasionally
observed the thread.[38][39][40]
Many of Indias "godmen" have claimed macro-PK abilities and demonstrated apparently miraculous phenomena
in public, although as more controls are put in place to
prevent trickery, fewer phenomena are produced.[41]
Annemarie Schaberl, a 19-year old secretary, was said
to have telekinetic powers by the parapsychologist Hans
Bender in the Rosenheim Poltergeist case in the 1960s.
Magicians and scientists who investigated the case suspected the phenomena were produced by trickery.[42][43]

Spiritualist mediums have also claimed psychokinetic Swami Rama, a yogi skilled in controlling his heart funcabilities. Eusapia Palladino, an Italian medium, could al- tions, was studied at the Menninger Foundation in the

2.4

Metal bending

3
1970s and today claims healing powers.[46][55] Magicians
John Booth and Henry Gordon have suspected Manning
used trickery to perform his feats.[56][57]
In 1971, an American psychic named Felicia Parise allegedly moved a pill bottle across a kitchen counter by
psychokinesis. Her feats were endorsed by the parapsychologist Charles Honorton. Science writer Martin Gardner wrote Parise had bamboozled Honorton by moving
the bottle by an invisible thread stretched between her
hands.[51][58]

Boris Ermolaev, a Russian psychic, was known for levitating small objects. His methods were exposed on the
World of Discovery documentary Secrets of the Russian
Psychics (1992). Ermolaev would sit on a chair and alMagician William Marriott reveals the trick of the medium
legedly move the objects between his knees but due to
Stanisawa Tomczyks levitation of a glass tumbler. Pearsons
the lighting conditions a ne thread xed between his
Magazine, June 1910
knees suspending the objects was observed by the camera
crew.[49]
spring and fall of 1970 and was alleged by some observers The Russian psychic Alla Vinogradova was said to be able
at the foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting to move objects without touching them on transparent
needle twice from a distance of ve feet.[44] Although acrylic plastic or a plexiglass sheet. The parapsycholoSwami Rama wore a face-mask and gown to prevent alle- gist Stanley Krippner had observed Vinogradova rub an
gations that he moved the needle with his breath or body aluminum tube before moving it allegedly by psychokinemovements, and air vents in the room had been covered, sis. Krippner suggested no psychokinesis was involved;
at least one physician observer who was present at the the eect was produced by an electrostatic charge. Vinotime was not convinced and expressed the opinion that gradova was featured in the Nova documentary Secrets of
air movement was somehow the cause.[45]
the Psychics (1993) which followed the debunking work

2.3

Psychics

of James Randi.[49] Vinogradova demonstrated her alleged psychokinetic abilities on camera for Randi and
other investigators. Before the experiments she was observed combing her hair and rubbing the surface of the
acrylic plastic. Massimo Polidoro has replicated the feats
of Vinogradova by using an acrylic plastic surface and
showing how easy it is to move any kind of object on top
of it due to the charges of static electricity. The eect
is easily achieved if the surface is electrically charged by
rubbing a towel or a hand on it.[49] The physicist John
Taylor has written It is very likely that electrostatics is
all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradovas apparently paranormal feats.[59]

The Russian psychic Nina Kulagina came to wide public attention following the publication of Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeders best seller, Psychic Discoveries Behind The Iron Curtain. The alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s was lmed apparently performing telekinesis while seated in numerous black-and-white short lms.[46] She was also mentioned in the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report from
1978.[47] Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulaginas feats could easily be performed by one practiced in
sleight of hand, through means such as cleverly concealed
or disguised threads, small pieces of magnetic metal, or 2.4 Metal bending
mirrors.[48][49][50][51]
James Hydrick, an American martial arts expert and psy- See also: Spoon bending
chic, was famous for his alleged psychokinetic ability to Psychics have also claimed the psychokinetic ability to
his spoon bendturn the pages of books and make pencils spin around bend metal. Uri Geller was famous for
[46]
ing
demonstrations,
allegedly
by
PK.
Geller has been
while placed on the edge of a desk. It was later revealed
caught
many
times
using
sleight
of
hand
and according
[52]
by magicians that he achieved his feats by air currents.
Terence
Hines,
all
his
eects
have been
to
science
writer
The psychologist Richard Wiseman has written Hydrick
[60][61]
recreated
using
conjuring
tricks.
learnt to move objects by blowing in a highly deceptive and skillful way.[53] Hydrick confessed to Dan Korem that all of his feats were tricks My whole idea behind this in the rst place was to see how dumb America
was. How dumb the world is.[54] The British psychic
Matthew Manning was the subject of laboratory research
in the United States and England involving PK in the late

The French psychic Jean-Pierre Girard has claimed he

can bend metal bars by PK. Girard was tested in the 1970s
but failed to produce any paranormal eects in scientically controlled conditions.[62] He was tested on January 19, 1977 during a two-hour experiment in a Paris
laboratory. The experiment was directed by the physi-

3 RECEPTION
perpetrated on him by fakers who took advantage of his
naivety and trust.[66]
PK Parties were a cultural fad in the 1980s, begun
by Jack Houck,[67] where groups of people were guided
through rituals and chants to awaken metal-bending powers. They were encouraged to shout at the items of cutlery they had brought and to jump and scream to create an
atmosphere of pandemonium (or what scientic investigators called heightened suggestibility). Critics were excluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their
hands. Thousands of people attended these emotionally
charged parties, and many became convinced that they
had bent silverware by paranormal means.[68]
PK parties have been described as a campaign by paranormal believers to convince people of the existence of
psychokinesis, on the basis of nonscientic data from personal experience and testimony. The United States National Academy of Sciences has criticized PK parties on
the grounds that conditions are not reliable for obtaining
scientic results and are just those which psychologists
and others have described as creating states of heightened
suggestibility.[68]

Ronnie Marcus, an Israeli psychic and claimant of psychokinetic metal bending, was tested in 1994 in scientically controlled conditions and failed to produce any
paranormal phenomena.[69] According to magicians, his
alleged psychokinetic feats were sleight of hand tricks.
Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations.
Marcus bent a letter opener by the concealed application
of force and a frame-by-frame analysis of video showed
cist Yves Farge with a magician also present. All of that he bent a spoon from pressure from his thumb by
the experiments were negative as Girard failed to make ordinary, physical means.[70][71]
any of the objects move paranormally. He failed two
tests in Grenoble in June 1977 with the magician James
Randi.[62] He was also tested on September 24, 1977 at a 2.5 In popular culture
laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre. Girard failed
to bend any bars or change the structure of the metals. Psychokinesis and telekinesis have commonly been used
Other experiments into spoon bending were also negative as superpowers in movies, television, computer games,
and witnesses described his feats as fraudulent. Girard literature, and other forms of popular culture.[72][73][74]
later admitted that he would sometimes cheat to avoid dis- Notable portrayals of psychokinetic and/or telekinetic
appointing the public but insisted he still had genuine psy- characters include the Teleks in the 1952 novella
chic power.[62] Magicians and scientists have written that Telek,[75] Sissy Spacek as the title character in the
he produced all his alleged psychokinetic feats through 1976 lm Carrie,[76] Ellen Burstyn in the 1980 healerfraudulent means.[60][63]
themed lm Resurrection,[77] the Jedi and Sith in the
Stephen North, a British psychic in the late 1970s,
was known for his alleged psychokinetic ability to bend
spoons and teleport objects in and out of sealed containers. The British physicist John Hasted tested North in
a series of experiments which he claimed had demonstrated psychokinesis, though his experiments were criticized for lack of scientic controls.[64][65] North was
tested in Grenoble on 19 December 1977 in scientic
conditions and the results were negative.[62] According
to James Randi, during a test at Birkbeck College North
was observed to have bent a metal sample with his bare
hands. Randi wrote I nd it unfortunate that [Hasted]
never had an epiphany in which he was able to recognize
just how thoughtless, cruel, and predatory were the acts

Star Wars franchise,[78] the Scanners in the 1981 lm

Scanners,[79] and three high school seniors in the 2012
lm Chronicle.[80]

3 Reception
3.1 Evaluation
There is a broad scientic consensus that PK research,
and parapsychology more generally, have not produced a
reliable, repeatable demonstration.[12][16][17][68][81][82]
A panel commissioned by the United States National Re-

3.2

Physics

search Council to study paranormal claims concluded that

despite a 130-year record of scientic research on such
matters, our committee could nd no scientic justication for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory
perception, mental telepathy or mind over matter exercises... Evaluation of a large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these
phenomena exist.[81]
In 1984, the United States National Academy of Sciences, at the request of the US Army Research Institute,
formed a scientic panel to assess the best evidence from
130 years of claims of parapsychology. Part of its purpose was to investigate military applications of PK, for
example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry.
The panel heard from a variety of military sta who believed in PK and made visits to the PEAR laboratory
and two other laboratories that had claimed positive results from micro-PK experiments. The panel criticized
macro-PK experiments for being open to deception by
conjurors, and said that virtually all micro-PK experiments depart from good scientic practice in a variety
of ways. Their conclusion, published in a 1987 report,
was that there was no scientic evidence for the existence
of psychokinesis.[68]
Carl Sagan included telekinesis in a long list of oerings of pseudoscience and superstition which it would
be foolish to accept (...) without solid scientic data.[83]
Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman advocated a similar position.[84]
Felix Planer, a professor of electrical engineering, has
written that if psychokinesis were real then it would be
easy to demonstrate by getting subjects to depress a scale
on a sensitive balance, raise the temperature of a waterbath which could be measured with an accuracy of a hundredth of a degree centigrade, or aect an element in an
electrical circuit such as a resistor, which could be monitored to better than a millionth of an ampere.[85] Planer
writes that such experiments are extremely sensitive and
easy to monitor but are not utilized by parapsychologists
as they do not hold out the remotest hope of demonstrating even a minute trace of PK because the alleged phenomenon is non-existent. Planer has written that parapsychologists have to fall back on studies that involve only
statistics that are unrepeatable, owing their results to poor
experimental methods, recording mistakes and faulty statistical mathematics.[85]

5
M. Hansel has written that a general objection against the
claim for the existence of psychokinesis is that, if it were
a real process, its eects would be expected to manifest in
situations in everyday life; but no such eects have been
observed.[87]
Martin Gardner has written that if psychokinesis existed,
then one would expect players to be able to inuence
the outcome of gambling games.[88] He gives the example of the 26 dice game played in bars and cabarets in
Chicago: year after year the house takings are exactly
those predicted by chance.[89] Likewise, casino owners
have not noted any decrease in prots:[90] science writer
Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have
written that if psychokinesis were possible, then surely
one would expect casino incomes to be aected, but the
earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict.[91][92]
Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many experiments in psychology, biology or physics assume that
the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not
physically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them
as implicit replications of PK experiments in which PK
fails to appear.[17]

3.2 Physics
The ideas of psychokinesis and telekinesis violate several well-established laws of physics, including the inverse
square law, the second law of thermodynamics, and the
conservation of momentum.[81][93] Because of this, scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for
PK, in line with Marcello Truzzi's dictum Extraordinary
claims require extraordinary proof.[17][94] The Occams
razor law of parsimoniousness in scientic explanation of
phenomenons suggest that the explanation of PK in terms
ordinary ways by trickery, special eects or by poor
experimental design is preferable to accepting that the
laws of physics should be rewritten.[14][16]

Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that

psychokinesis, or PK, violates the principle that mind
cannot act directly on matter. (If it did, no experimenter
could trust his readings of measuring instruments.) It also
violates the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. The claim that quantum mechanics allows for
the possibility of mental power inuencing randomizers
an alleged case of micro-PK is ludicrous since that
theory respects the said conservation principles, and it
According to Planer, All research in medicine and other
deals exclusively with physical things.[95]
sciences would become illusionary, if the existence of PK
had to be taken seriously; for no experiment could be re- Physicist John Taylor, who has investigated parapsycholied upon to furnish objective results, since all measure- logical claims, has written that an unknown fth force
ments would become falsied to a greater or lesser de- causing psychokinesis would have to transmit a great
gree, according to his PK ability, by the experimenters deal of energy. The energy would have to overcome the
wishes. Planer concluded that the concept of psychoki- electromagnetic forces binding the atoms together, because the atoms would need to respond more strongly
nesis is absurd and has no scientic basis.[86]
to the fth force than to electric forces. Such an addiPK hypotheses have also been considered in a number
tional force between atoms should therefore exist all the
of contexts outside parapsychological experiments. C. E.
time and not during only alleged paranormal occurrences.

3 RECEPTION

Taylor wrote there is no scientic trace of such a force in

physics, down to many orders of magnitude; thus, if a scientic viewpoint is to be preserved, the idea of any fth
force must be discarded. Taylor concluded that there is
no possible physical mechanism for psychokinesis, and it
is in complete contradiction to established science.[96]

a dice game wishing for a high score can interpret high

numbers as success and low numbers as not enough
concentration.[81] Bias towards belief in PK may be an
example of the human tendency to see patterns where
none exist, called the clustering illusion, which believers
are also more susceptible to.[99]

In 1979, Evan Harris Walker and Richard Mattuck published a parapsychology paper proposing a quantum explanation for psychokinesis. Physicist Victor J. Stenger
wrote that their explanation contained assumptions not
supported by any scientic evidence. According to
Stenger their paper is lled with impressive looking
equations and calculations that give the appearance of
placing psychokinesis on a rm scientic footing... Yet
look what they have done. They have found the value of
one unknown number (wavefunction steps) that gives one
measured number (the supposed speed of PK-induced
motion). This is numerology, not science.[97]

A 1952 study tested for experimenters bias with respect

to psychokinesis. Richard Kaufman of Yale University
gave subjects the task of trying to inuence eight dice and
allowed them to record their own scores. They were secretly lmed, so their records could be checked for errors.
Believers in psychokinesis made errors that favored its existence, while disbelievers made opposite errors. A similar pattern of errors was found in J. B. Rhine's dice experiments, which were considered the strongest evidence
for PK at that time.[101]

Physicist Sean M. Carroll has written that spoons, like all

matter, are made up of atoms and that any movement of
a spoon with the mind would involve the manipulation of
those atoms through the four forces of nature: the strong
nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetism,
and gravitation. Psychokinesis would have to be either
some form of one of these four forces, or a new force
that has a billionth the strength of gravity, for otherwise
it would have been captured in experiments already done.
This leaves no physical force that could possibly account
for psychokinesis.[98]
Physicist Robert L. Park has found it suspicious that a
phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of detectability of questionable statistical techniques. He cites
this feature as one of Irving Langmuir's indicators of
pathological science.[82] Park pointed out that if mind really could inuence matter, it would be easy for parapsychologists to measure such a phenomenon by using the
alleged psychokinetic power to deect a microbalance,
which would not require any dubious statistics. "[T]he
reason, of course, is that the microbalance stubbornly refuses to budge. He has suggested that the reason statistical studies are so popular in parapsychology is that they
introduce opportunities for uncertainty and error, which
are used to support the experimenters biases.[82]

3.3

Explanations in terms of bias

Cognitive bias research has suggested that people are susceptible to illusions of PK. These include both the illusion that they themselves have the power, and that the
events they witness are real demonstrations of PK.[99]
For example, the illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events, and believers in the paranormal have been shown to be more
susceptible to this illusion than others.[18][100] Psychologist Thomas Gilovich explains this as a biased interpretation of personal experience. For example, someone in

In 1995, Wiseman and Morris showed subjects an

unedited videotape of a magicians performance in which
a fork bent and eventually broke. Believers in the paranormal were signicantly more likely to misinterpret the
tape as a demonstration of PK, and were more likely to
misremember crucial details of the presentation. This
suggests that conrmation bias aects peoples interpretation of PK demonstrations.[19] Psychologist Robert
Sternberg cites conrmation bias as an explanation of why
belief in psychic phenomena persists, despite the lack of
evidence:
Some of the worst examples of conrmation bias are in research on parapsychology
(...) Arguably, there is a whole eld here with
no powerful conrming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they nd ways to
believe.[102]
Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an
introspection illusion contributes to belief in
psychokinesis.[103] He observes that in everyday experience, intention (such as wanting to turn on a light)
is followed by action (such as icking a light switch) in
a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms
are outside awareness. Hence, though subjects may
feel that they directly introspect their own free will, the
experience of control is actually inferred from relations
between the thought and the action. This theory of
apparent mental causation acknowledges the inuence
of David Hume's view of the mind.[103] This process
for detecting when one is responsible for an action is
not totally reliable, and when it goes wrong there can
be an illusion of control. This can happen when an
external event follows, and is congruent with, a thought
in someones mind, without an actual causal link.[103]
As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on
magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think
they had inuenced external events. In one experiment,
subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of free
throws. When they were instructed to visualize him mak-

3.5

Prize money for proof of psychokinesis

ing his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his
success.[104]
A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 studies found a small positive eect that can be explained by publication bias.[105]

3.4

7
then you should be able to put a bent key on the
table and comment, Look, it is still bending,
and have your spectators really believe that it is.
This may sound the height of boldness; however, the eect is astounding and combined
with suggestion, it does work.[110]

Magic and special eects

Between 1979 and 1981, the McDonnell Laboratory for
Psychical Research at Washington University reported a
series of experiments they named Project Alpha, in which
two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated PK phenomena (including metal-bending and causing images to
appear on lm) under less than stringent laboratory conditions. James Randi eventually revealed that the subjects
were two of his associates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw
and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the eects
by standard trickery, but the researchers, being unfamiliar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of
PK.[111]
A 2014 study that utilized a magic trick to investigate
paranormal belief on eyewitness testimony revealed that
believers in psychokinesis were more likely to report a
key continued to bend than non-believers.[20]

3.5 Prize money for proof of psychokinesis

Main article: List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal
Internationally there are individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics organizations who oer cash prize
money for demonstration of the existence of an extraor[112]
Prizes
An advertising poster depicting magician Harry Kellar perform- dinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis.
have
been
oered
specically
for
PK
demonstrations:
ing the Levitation of Princess Karnac illusion, 1894, U.S. Lifor example, businessman Gerald Flemings oer of
brary of Congress.
250,000 to Uri Geller if he can bend a spoon under conSee also: Mentalism
trolled conditions.[113] These prizes remain uncollected
by people claiming to possess paranormal abilities.
Magicians have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of psychokinesis, such as object movement, spoon bending, levitation and teleportation.[106]
According to Robert Todd Carroll, there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals to simulate psychokinetic powers.[107] Metal objects such as keys or cutlery can be bent using a number
of dierent techniques, even if the performer has not had
access to the items beforehand.[108]
According to Richard Wiseman there are a number of
ways for faking psychokinetic metal bending (PKMB).
These include switching straight objects for pre-bent duplicates, the concealed application of force, and secretly
inducing metallic fractures.[109] Research has also suggested that (PKMB) eects can be created by verbal suggestion. On this subject the magician Ben Harris wrote:
If you are doing a really convincing job,

The James Randi Educational Foundation oers the One

Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to anyone who
claims to be able to produce a paranormal event in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment.[114] To date no
one has been able to demonstrate their claimed abilities
under the testing conditions.[115]

4 See also
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Energy (esotericism)
Global Consciousness Project
List of psychic abilities
Magical thinking

5
Mind over matter
Psi
Human magnetism
Telepathy
Torsion eld

References

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[9] Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (1991). Harpers Encyclopedia of

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[10] Carroll, Robert (2011). The Skeptics Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. John Wiley & Sons. p. 374. ISBN
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World. Springer. p. 226. Despite being several thousand years old, and having attracted a large number of researchers over the past hundred years, we owe no single
rm nding to parapsychology: no hard data on telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, or psychokinesis.

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People. Chicago: Aries Press. pp. 5556.

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Telekinesis. 1890, said to have been coined by Alexander
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Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-157392-121-3. Chapters 6-8
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Smith. pp. 107108. ISBN 0-85117-191-5.
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[34] Christopher, Milbourne. (1979). Search for the Soul. T.

Y. Crowell. p. 47

[47] Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact (U). Prepared by U.S.

Air Force, Air Force Systems Command Foreign Technology Division. DST-1810S-202-78, Nr. DIA TASK NO.
PT-1810-18-76. Defense Intelligence Agency. 30 March
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Although no detailed results are available, Sergevevs inferences are that she was successful in repeating psychokinetic phenomena under controlled conditions. G.A.
Sergevev is a well-respected researcher and has been active in paraphysics research since the early 1960s.

[35] Hansel, C. E. M. (1989). The Search for Psychic Power:

ESP and Parapsychology Revisited. Prometheus Books. p.
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[36] Fodor, Nandor. (1934). These Mysterious People. Rider.

Chapter 21.

[49] Secrets of a Russian Psychic. Cicap.org. Retrieved

2014-03-14.

[37] Stanisawa Tomczyk photo description at Diomedia.

Retrieved November 18, 2013. Description page at a
stock photo agency representing the Mary Evans Picture
Library, where the date is also given as 1909. She visited
the researcher in 1908 and 1909; hence, the exact year is
uncertain and reported as 1908 elsewhere.

[50] Couttie, Bob (1988). Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox. Cambridge: Lutterworth. p. 141. ISBN
978-0-7188-2686-4.

[32] New exhibit looks at occult photography - East Valley

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[38] Jinks, Tony (2011). An Introduction to the Psychology

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[39] Carrington, Hereward (1990). The Story of Psychic Science (psychical research). Kila, MT: Kessinger Pub. Co.
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10

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Further reading
Thomas Gilovich. (1993). How We Know What Isn't
So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life.
Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4
Henry Gordon. (1988). Extrasensory Deception:
ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs.
Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5
Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-979-4
David Marks. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic
(2nd Edition). Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392798-8
James Randi. (1982). Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP,
Unicorns, and Other Delusions. Prometheus Books.
ISBN 0-87975-198-3
Richard Wiseman. (1997). Deception & SelfDeception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus
Books ISBN 978-1-57392-121-3

External links
Psychokinesis at DMOZ

EXTERNAL LINKS

13

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Psychokinesis Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychokinesis?oldid=663952363 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Derek Ross,

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Extransit, WarthogDemon, Tommiesalomy, McSly, Naniwako, Coppertwig, AntiSpamBot, NewEnglandYankee, Malerin, Martino 8,
AoS1014, FJPB, Cmichael, Caseymelcher, 2help, KylieTastic, Uhai, Tygrrr, Kristialbryan, Drcheatlhopplint, LLcopp, Deor, 28bytes,
VolkovBot, Johnfos, A Ramachandran, Macedonian, Mcewan, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Emblazoned, Chiefskittles, King Womp, Sean
D Martin, Qxz, Ktyler5618, Kai hyuuga, Jackfork, CharmedFreak123, PouponOnToast, Sarc37, Meters, Adapa Atra-Hasis, RaseaC,
Sapphic, Alaniaris, Magiclite, Sesshomaru, AlleborgoBot, Starob, Yelling Bird, LOTRrules, Work permit, ConfuciusOrnis, Calabraxthis, Fibo1123581321, WRK, Bentogoa, Flyer22, Allmightyduck, Nsajjansajja, Android Mouse Bot 3, LSmok3, WacoJacko, Fratrep,
Svick, Staticz, Stfg, StaticGull, Shrine Maiden, Beemer69, Shadowminionz, ImageRemovalBot, Betoseha, SWJS, Martarius, ClueBot, JamesStewart7, DFRussia, Jimmy92, Darthveda, Mild Bill Hiccup, CounterVandalismBot, Blanchardb, SamuelTheGhost, Masterpiece2000, Frankmat, PixelBot, InshaInsha, Angelar7, NuclearWarfare, Arjayay, AndyFielding, TheRedPenOfDoom, Razorame, Calhobs23, Noosentaal, Dekisugi, SchreiberBike, Carriearchdale, El bot de la dieta, GrahamDo, Faramarz.M, MelonBot, Johnuniq, SoxBot
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Chuckiesdad, Kingpin13, Ulric1313, Mann jess, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Am kh 83, Xqbot, BBiiis08, Spidern, Transity, Macromonkey, Logos, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), J04n, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, Verging it, Amaury, LyleHoward, Geraldmpiper, Yagosaga,
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Rezabot, Widr, RakiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Andrew Gwilliam, Jeraphine Gryphon, Theanswerman109, OuttatheWorld, Davidiad, Allecher, Akamandersd, Klausschubert, MrBill3, Hamish59, COice6, GreenUniverse, BattyBot, LogicalCreator, Barney the barney barney,
200202a, DoctorKubla, TwizteDope, Khazar2, Ijarer, Mogism, Mariusz Sworng, Joolzzt, OakRunner, Brianh3387, Dragonborn11, I am
One of Many, AmaryllisGardener, Debouch, Melonkelon, Joedog12, Arash1971, Magick7, BigBrrother703, DavidLeighEllis, Porter1999,
Ugog Nizdast, Jacob Merrill, MrScorch6200, Dickmomma, JaconaFrere, Occurring, Ethically Yours, Monkbot, Goblin Face, Jayakumar RG, Amortias, Thundergodz, Paganwisher1, KH-1, Freedom2003, Mediavalia, SparkyDill128, Dragescu, Sigma.4292, WikiPen313,
Cgarza3, Emattica, Jerodlycett, Pigs1111, KasparBot, Robert the Magician, Jonathan vodini and Anonymous: 828

8.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Edouard-Isidore-Buguet-PK-spirit-photographer.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/
Edouard-Isidore-Buguet-PK-spirit-photographer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Perfect_
Medium/view_1.asp?item=0&view=l Original artist: douard Isidore Buguet

14

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Kellar_levitation_poster.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Kellar_levitation_poster.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/i?pp/var:@field(NUMBER+@band(var+0258)) Original artist: Strobridge Lithographing Co.
File:Mdium_et_Aksakof002.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/M%C3%A9dium_et_Aksakof002.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fran6fran6
File:Poltergeist-Therese_Selles.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Poltergeist-Therese_Selles.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: La Vie Mysterieuse magazine, Number 55, April 1911. Original artist: unknown sta artist
File:Stanisawa_Tomczyk_and_William_Marriott.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Stanis%C5%
82awa_Tomczyk_and_William_Marriott.png License: Public domain Contributors: Pearsons Magazine June 1910 page 615 Original artist:
Unknown
File:Uri_Geller_in_Russia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Uri_Geller_in_Russia.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dmitry Rozhkov

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0