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Destroy non-self
Hypersensitivity reactions
Auto-immune diseases
Immunodeficiency disorders
Tissue transplantation reactions
Humoral factors:
1. Ig
2. Complement
3. Cytokines
Chemically complex
Foreign
Immunogenicity of molecules
Protein
+4
Polysaccharide
+2
Lipid
+1
Nucleic Acid
+1
Activators of lymphocytes
Monoclonal
Oligoclonal
Polyclonal
Mitogens
T cells:
B cells:
Antigens
Superantigens
Mitogens
Endocytosis of Ag
memory cells
B cell enumeration and assessment of function
antibody synthesis
Reverse Hemolytic Plaque Assay
response
CD8+ T cells destroy infected cells
Concanavalin A
Phytohemagglutinin
Pokeweed Mitogen
Lipopolysaccharide
Pokeweed Mitogen
Reactive oxygen
intermediates
Lactoferrin
Lysosome
Defensins
Nitric oxide
rainwater@mymelody.com || 1st semester, AY 2011-2012
immunity
Viral infections
Drugs
Malnutrition
Aging
Abnormal production of immunological effectors like
monoclonal gammopathy
Lymphocyte
growth,
differentiation,
and activation
Inflammatory
cell activation
Chemokinesis
IL-8 superfamily
members
Hematopoiesis
Action
Protect against
viral infection,
recruit leukocytes,
stimulate acute
inflammatory
response
NK, B cell, and T
cell growth factors,
down-regulate
immune response
Induce acute
inflammation,
activate
macrophages,
eosinophils,
neutrophils and
endothelial cells
Released from T
cells and other cells
as homing signals
for B and T cells
Stimulate
progenitor and
stem cells
Colony-stimulating
factors (CSF-GM,
CSF-G), stem cell
factor
When grouped according to major activity, many cytokines
share similar and apparently overlapping activities.
CBC/differential
X-rays
Quantitative immunoglobulins
Review previous culture results
Secondary Investigation
Skin testing
NBT
Tertiary Investigation
Enzyme studies(adenosine deaminase, purine
nucleoside phosphorylase)
Phagocytic studies
Histology and immunochemistry or Flow cytometry of
Cytokine production
Molecular biology
Causes of skin test anergy
Primary immunodeficiency
Viral infections
Malnutrition
Granulomatous diseases
Neoplasia