ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along
the completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such
guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.
I would like to thank god for being able to complete this project on time. Then I
would like to thank my principal Rev. Bro. Dhanaraj for having given me this
golden opportunity.
I owe my profound gratitude to my physics teacher Mr. Dayanandan for providing
us all his support and guidance throughout. I am extremely thankful to him for
guiding me throughout despite having a hectic schedule.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my parents who have been providing
valuable suggestions.
Last but not the least, I heartily thank my teammates who helped in doing this
project successfully.

INDEX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Acknowledgement
Aim of the Project
Introduction
Mobile Phones
Laptops
Television
Satellites
Conclusion
Bibliography

AIM OF THE PROJECT

Communication is a system that humans certainly use everyday. We speak to

people, write messages, use the telephone, watch television, listen to the radio, use a
computer, and more. Communication is sharing knowledge, telling news,
expressing feelings, and being heard. It takes two to communicate-one to say it and
one to listen and respond. A communications system is a collection of individual
communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations,
and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and
interoperation to form an integrated whole. The components of a communications
system serve a common purpose, are technically compatible, use common
procedures, respond to controls, and operate in union. Today technological
advancements have affected us in every manner. No part of our life is far from
information technology. The main aim of our project is to bring awareness about the
modern communication systems.

INTRODUCTION

Communication is the exchange of ideas and information among living things.

Communication is a system that humans certainly use everyday. We speak to
people, write messages, use the telephone, watch television, listen to the radio, use a
computer, and more. What would your life be like if you couldn't talk to
communicate how you feel, what you want, and what your plans are?
Communication is sharing knowledge, telling news, expressing feelings, and being
heard. It takes two to communicate--one to say it and one to listen and respond.
People have always had the need to communicate. Anciently, communication was
primarily pictures painted on cave walls or other rock surfaces to tell about a
successful hunt or a travel route or a spiritual belief. Oral language followed and
then the written word.
For most of human history, messages could only go as fast as the speed of someone
walking on foot or the speed of a horse or the speed of a sailing ship. Today,
advances in science and technology have revolutionized communications so that
information can reach huge numbers of people in minutes. Changes in
communication technology have brought the world closer together and made
possible our current explosion of information.

MOBILE PHONES

A mobile phone is an electronic device used for mobile telecommunications over a

cellular network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. A cell phone offers
full Duplex Communication and transfer the link when the user moves from one
cell to another. As the phone user moves from one cell area to another, the system
automatically commands the mobile phone and a cell site with a stronger signal, to
switch on to a new frequency in order to keep the link. Mobile phone is primarily
designed for Voice communication. In addition to the standard voice function, new
generation mobile phones support many additional services, and accessories, such
as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet,
gaming, Bluetooth, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving
photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS.
Mobile Network:
The GSM System

Global System for Mobile Communications is the standard for mobile telephone
systems in the world. In GSM, the signaling and speech channels are digital,
therefore GSM is considered a 2G (Second Generation) system. This helps widespread implementation of data communication applications. There are five different

cell sizes in a GSM network These are macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella
cells.
Macro cells are cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast above
average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average
roof top level. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen
metres. These are mainly used in indoors applications. Femto cells are cells
designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the
service providers network via a broadband internet connection.
Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps
in coverage between those cells. Horizontal radius of the cell varies depending on
the antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions. Maximum distance the
GSM supports is 35 kilometers. Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands while 3G GSM in the 2100 MHz frequency band.
Mobile Network

Mobile phone converts voice, text, multi-media messages or data calls into Radio
Frequencies (RF). Mobile phone base stations transmit and receive these RF signals
and connect callers to other phones and other networks. Mobile phone network is
divided into thousands of overlapping, individual geographic areas or cells, each
with a base station. The size of a cell depends on the area of coverage and the
number of calls that are made in that area. The smallest cells are in crowded urban
areas with large buildings and heavy population density, while the biggest cells are
in rural areas, where people are dispersed.
Subscriber Identification Module SIM:

SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)) is a type of Smart card used in
mobile phone. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the users
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her
information even after switching off the handset. Alternatively, the user can also
change service providers while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.
SIM card Securely stores the service subscriber key having 15 digits.
Uses of Mobile Phones:

Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, such as keeping in touch with
family members, for conducting business, and in order to have access to a telephone
in the event of an emergency. Some people carry more than one mobile phone for
different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may
be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans.

LAPTOPS

INTRODUCTION
A laptop combines the components and inputs of a desktop computer,
including the display, speakers, a keyboard, and pointing devices into a single unit.
Most modern-day laptops also have integrated webcams and built-in microphones.
The device can be powered either from a rechargeable battery or by mains
electricity from an AC adapter. Laptops are diverse devices and specialised kinds,
such as rugged notebook or convertible computers, have been optimized for specific
uses. The hardware specifications significantly vary between different types, makes,
and models.
ADVANTAGES

Portability - Physical portability allows that a laptop can be used in many

places not only at home and at the office, but also during commuting and
flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' location or at a
meeting room, etc.

Productivity: Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used,

and at times that would otherwise be wasted.

Immediacy: Carrying a laptop means having instant access to various

information, personal and work files.

Connectivity: A laptop can have easy Internet and local network connectivity
while remaining mobile. Wi-Fi networks and laptop programs are especially
widespread at university campuses.

Size: Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs. This is beneficial when space is
at a premium.

Low power consumption: Laptops are several times more power-efficient

than desktops. A typical laptop uses 20120 W, compared to 100800 W for
desktops.

Battery: A charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage

and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts.

DISADVANTAGES
Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following areas:
Performance - The upper limits of performance of laptops remain much
lower than the highest-end desktops.
Upgradeability - Upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to
desktops, which are thoroughly standardized.
Ergonomics and health effects
Wrists- Because of their small and flat keyboard and track pad pointing
devices, prolonged use of laptops can cause repetitive strain injury.
Neck, spinal - The integrated screen often requires users to lean over for
a better view, which can cause neck and/or spinal injuries.
Thighs - Heat generated from using a laptop on the lap can also cause
skin discoloration on the thighs known as "toasted skin syndrome".
Parts replacement - Original external components are expensive, and usually
proprietary and non-interchangeable.
Battery life - Battery life is limited because the capacity drops with time,
eventually requiring replacement after as little as a year.
LAPTOPS IN EDUCATION Laptops are embraced because of the technological tools they offer combined
with their portability. Not only are they becoming more popular for home use, but
many schools are starting to incorporate them into their classrooms as well. Several
advantages exist for students using laptops, including more efficient and detailed
note taking, faster writing and editing, and convenient group work and study.
Laptops offer these advantages to students no matter what their grade or age.

More Efficient Note Taking

Taking notes by hand can be time-consuming and taxing on your hand. When
students have laptops, they can type their notes directly into a document. Electronic
note taking is both faster and more flexible. Digital note taking allows students to
index and organize their study material automatically, quickly search for
information by keyword and share notes with other students. Digital notes can be
stored and backed up so they are not lost -- unlike paper notes -- which may become
destroyed or lost. While students can take notes on a desktop computer at home,
only a laptop allows them to take notes when they are in class, where they receive
much of their information. Notes can then be accessed at any time or place since the
laptop is portable.
Facilitates Group Work
Group work is integral to student success. Students who learn how to work in
a team and benefit from the strengths of other students in the group learn material in
a new way. Laptops facilitate group work by allowing students to meet at any
location -- whether it's a library, school room or a student's home -- and access all
the materials they may need, including classroom notes, journal articles, online
research or software for creating videos, slide shows or other items they may need
for presentations. Wherever students have access to the Internet, they can also easily
share files with one another.
Accessibility and Connectivity
One of the biggest advantages of laptops is that
they allow students to access information
wherever they can get an Internet connection.
With more places offering free Wi-Fi, getting an
Internet connection is easier than ever. This
accessibility allows students to study whenever
they have the time -- no matter where they are.
Greater access to notes and educational tools
like education programs and websites can
improve student performance in the classroom.

TELEVISIONS
A television, commonly referred to as TV is a telecommunication medium used for
transmitting sound with moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), or
in colour, and in two or three dimensions. Television is a mass medium,
for entertainment, education, news and advertising.
Television brings the eye and the ear
together and thus makes the experiences
concrete, real and immediate. A telecast
provides real-life experiences and as a
mass media of communication it serves
as a means by which all shares a common
experience.
As in Television, the visual images
appear on a small screen area, it provides
a sort of visual verbal short-hand.
It is a versatile vehicle. Models, graphs, pictures, exhibits all can be introduced in
the television programme through the tele viewer can only observe and not handle
them. Kinescope, i.e., sight and sound recording can be made from the television
screen. It is just like transcription from the radio.

Television is now considered as the most powerful and exciting means of

communication ever devised by man. In its working, television converts a living
sense into an electronic image in the same way as original sound is converted into
electronic audio signals in the radio broadcasting. This image like audio signals is
sent through space. It is picked upon an antenna and translated into the original
scene on the surface of a picture tube located in the television set.

Amongst all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers.
Its audience is greater in size than any of the other media audiences. This is because
television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and
of all the strata of the society.

MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE TV:

There are many major

elements that are
required in order for
TV to work. They
usually include a video
source, an audio
source, a transmitter, a
receiver, a display
device, and a sound
device.
Video Source
The video source is the image or program. It can be a TV show, news program, live
feed or movie. Usually the video source has already been recorded by a camera.
Audio Source
Besides the video source, we also need the audio source. Practically all movies, TV
shows and news programs have some sought of audio. Audio source can be in the
form of mono, stereo or digitally processed to be later played back with surround
sound.
Transmitter
The transmitter is necessary for broadcast television companies that broadcast a free
signal to viewers in their area. The transmitter transmits both the video and audio
signals over the air waves. Both audio and video signals are electrical in nature and
are transformed into radio waves which can then be picked up by receivers (your

TV set). A transmitter not only transmits one channels audio or video signal, but in
most cases many different channels.
Receiver (TV set)
A receiver is usually integrated in your TV set and this receiver is able to grab radio
waves (the transmitted signal) and process these radio waves back to audio and
video electric signals that can now be played on your TV set.
Display Device
A display device is usually a TV set, but can also be just a monitor. The display
device is able to receive electrical signals (usually sent from the receiver) and turn
these electrical signals to a viewable image. Most standard TV sets incorporate a
cathode ray tube (CRT), however new display devices can include LCD (liquid
crystal display) and Plasma (gas charged display) display devices among others.
Sound Device
While most sound devices are built into your TV set in the form of speakers. Audio
signals are obviously needed to match up with the video being shown to the viewer.
Many newer TV sets have outputs to send the TV sound to high quality speakers
that reproduce sound much better. Since audio signals can include surround sound
technology, the TV set is able to send audio signals to the proper speakers located
around your room.
Types of television:
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
Plasma
Liquid Crystal display(LCD)
Light Emitting Diode(LED)
Organic- Light Emitting Diode(OLED)


Broadcast Systems:
Terrestrial television
Cable television
Satellite television
Internet television.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication
links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in
the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites
orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and
from one or many locations worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which
consists of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and
the space segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link
involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a
satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back
to Earth, where it is received and reamplified by Earth stations and terminals.
Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment,
mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and handheld devices.

Satellite Communication utilisation has become wide spread and ubiquitous

throughout the country for such diverse applications like Television, DTH
Broadcasting, DSNG and VSAT to exploit the unique capabilities in terms of
coverage and outreach. The technology has matured substantially over past three
decades and is being used on commercial basis for a large number of applications.
Most of us are touched by satellite communication in more ways than we realise.

The potential of the technology for societal applications continue to fascinate ISRO
and efforts are on to leverage the benefits of technology to the betterment of
mankind. Important initiatives pursued by ISRO towards societal development
include Tele-education, Tele-medicine, Village Resource Centre (VRC) and Disaster
Management System (DMS) Programmes. The potential of the space technology for
applications of national development is enormous.

Pros:
Satellites affect our lives every day, and we often don't even realize it. They make
our lives safer, more convenient, and provide entertainment.
Television
Satellites send television signals directly to homes, but they also are the backbone
of cable and network TV.
Telephones
Satellites provide in-flight phone communications on airplanes, and are often the
main conduit of voice communication for rural areas and areas where phone lines

are damaged after a disaster. Satellites also provide the primary timing source for
cell phones.
Navigation
Satellite-based navigation systems like the Navstar Global Positioning Systems
(known colloquially as GPS) enable anyone with a handheld receiver to determine
her location to within a few meters.
Cons:
Apart from all the satellites orbiting around the earth, space exploration also creates
by products in space such as space junk, space debris, trash.
With every satellite launch, something if not everything from the journey gets left in
space. These objects can range from small fragments, to huge depleted boosters
and even larger De-commissioned satellites.

CONCLUSION
Communications are said to be effective only when the message received by the
receiver is understood as intended by the sender, and accordingly acted by the
receiver. Mobile computing is a way of life. The world doesnt stop just because
you get up and leave your desk, and you need tools to stay engaged and get things
done no matter where you are. Laptops, PCs, TVs and satellites are each capable
mobile computing devices in their own way, but each also has distinct benefits and

disadvantages. The need for modern methods of communications has been realized
to improve the learning of environment today. It is proven to wok better overall
even though they might have certain drawbacks. When compared to traditional
methods, it is found to far exceed the expectations and abilities of a learning
experience. So it is concluded that modern device remain the single most popular
and indispensable vehicle for effective communication across the globe.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.uen.org
www.electroschematics.com
www.wikipedia.org
education.seattlepi.com
www.tech-faq.com
www.britannica.com
www.isro.gov.in
www.ucsusa.org
online.vmou.ac.in

 www.thehindu.com
NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook