Mech-HT 13.0 L06 Nonlinear

Customer Training Material
L t
Lecture
6
Nonlinear Thermal
Analysis
ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
L6-1
Release 13.0
December 2010
ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer
Chapter Contents
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nonlinear Theory
Nonlinear Solution Setup
Solution Feedback
Workshop 6, Fin/Tube Heat Exchanger

L6-2
Release 13.0
December 2010
A. Nonlinear Theory
The governing equation for thermal analysis of a linear system

written in matrix form:
[C ]{T& }+ [K ]{T} = {Q}

If these q
quantities vary
y with temperature,
p
, the system
y
is nonlinear and
must be solved using an iterative process:
[C (T )]{T& }+ [K (T )]{T } = {Q(T )}

Any of the following cause the analysis to be nonlinear:
temperature-dependent material properties
temperature-dependent film coefficients
temperature-dependent
t
t
d
d t heat
h t sources
L6-3
Release 13.0
December 2010
. . . Nonlinear Theory
Consider the case of steady-state nonlinear analysis:
[K (T )]{T } = {Q(T )}
This equation can be viewed equivalently as:

Vector of Internal
Nodal Heat Flows
{Q } = {Q }
nr
a Vector of Nodal Heat
Flows From Applied Loads
Initially, internal nodal heat flows will NOT be equal to the applied
nodal loads. The difference is called the out-of-balance heat flow
vector or residual:
{} = {Q a } {Q nr }
The
Th goall is
i to
t drive
d i the
th magnitude
it d off this
thi residual
id l to
t zero.
In practice a convergence criteria is used to establish equilibrium.
{} < Q
L6-4
a
Release 13.0
December 2010
To accomplish this the Newton-Raphson iterative solution technique

is employed . . .
T
a
nr
[K ]{T } = {Q } {Q }
i
Nodal temperatures are updated:
{Ti+1
i +1 } = {Ti } + {Ti }
( i = 1 ,2 ,3 . . .)
Single DOF System
The convergence norm is computed

and compared against the criterion:
Q nr
i +1
i+
{} < Q a
If equilibrium is not satisfied, [KT] is
updated and another iteration is
performed
performed.
How Close is Close

Enough?
Convergence
Criteria Says When.
Q
T
T
Note: The default value for is 0.001

L6-5
Release 13.0
December 2010
Temperature-Dependent Inputs:
The most common nonlinearities in a thermal model are temperaturedependent boundary conditions and material properties:
Temperature dependent film coefficient h(t).
Temperature dependent thermal conductivity K(t).
Radiation also contributes nonlinear terms to the conductance matrix (K)

which are functions of T4.

L6-6
Release 13.0
December 2010
B. Nonlinear Solution Setup
A nonlinear thermal solution often requires special loading controls

to be employed in Mechanical:
Divide loads into smaller increments to insure convergence.
Control convergence criteria.
Manage the large volume of information that is typically generated during
a nonlinear analysis .
Steps: differentiate periods of loading. Steps are not unique to

nonlinear analysis.
Steps are typically used when
loads change value.
Substeps are used to increment
steps in a series of converged
solutions.
Each step and substep require a
separate solve.
solve .

L6-7
Release 13.0
December 2010
. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup
In a non-linear steady state analysis we might want to increment the

solution to ramp a severely nonlinear load or property on gradually.
Multiple substeps are manually defined by turning On Auto Time
Stepping and choosing to define by Substeps.
Here we have forced 5 substeps by setting initial, minimum and maximum
all to 5. We will cover automatic time stepping later.
When complete, there will be 5 result points for postprocessing.
Note each substep may also require multiple Newton-Raphson iterations
in order to converge.

L6-8
Release 13.0
December 2010
Mechanical activates the nonlinear option when conditions warrant

(e.g. K(t), Q(t), etc.).
Users can leave Auto Time Stepping as Program Controlled and
ANSYS will determine the initial, minimum, and maximum number of
substeps to be used.
The user may set Auto Time Stepping to ON, and control these values
manually for more severe nonlinearities (see next slide).
In this example the solver will begin by attempting to solve 10
incremental solutions:
If convergence struggles, the solution may bisect to take a smaller
increment (up to 1000).
If convergence is achieved quickly the solver.
may increase the substeps and finish more
quickly (down to 2).

L6-9
Release 13.0
December 2010
Automatic Time Stepping (ATS):

Time step size is adjusted automatically by ANSYS based on the
response of the model.
The
Th user supplies
li the
th Initial,
I iti l minimum
i i
and
d maximum
i
time
ti
step
t sizes
i
which bound the action of ATS.
ATS has two important functions:

It performs time step prediction based on iterations for previously
converged substeps or the transient response of model (if not a steady
state analysis).
It performs time step reduction when the solution is expected to require
more than
th th
the maximum
i
allowed
ll
d number
b off equilibrium
ilib i
iterations
it
ti
to
t
converge.
ATS is particularly valuable if the behavior of the model is expected

to vary widely from load step to load step.

L6-10
Release 13.0
December 2010
The incremental time step size is the most important solution

parameter relating to nonlinear solution robustness, accuracy, and
efficiency.
In general, when the time step size is reduced:
+
+
+
The solution is less likely to diverge.

Results become more accurate.
Fewer equilibrium iterations are required for each solution.
Analysis time increases.
A number of factors will affect the optimum

p
time step
p size for a given
g
problem such as:
Types and severity of nonlinearities active.

Location and types
yp of loads.
Mesh size.
Previous convergence behavior.
Transient effects ((discussed in a later chapter).
p )

L6-11
Release 13.0
December 2010
Nonlinear convergence criteria are used by Mechanical to

determine if an iterative solution has converged or if more N-R
iterations are needed.
Convergence criteria may be chosen
manually or program chosen (default):
By default, ANSYS selects a criterion
based on nodal heat flow rate imbalance
(HEAT).
Temperature based convergence checking
is usually less conservative than
convergence based on heat flow rate.
If more than one criterion is active, then
the solution must meet all criteria before it
is considered to be converged.
NOTE: If either criterion is chosen manually
y then ALL default criteria is
removed and must be specified manually if desired.
L6-12
Release 13.0
December 2010
With multiple solutions come increased result file sizes (multi-step

linear analyses or nonlinear multiple load step/substep analyses).
Output Controls:
Users may choose to omit heat flux results (default is to calculate heat
flux).
Users may control the frequency with which results are written to the
results file (default is to save all time points).
Choose to save only the last calculated time point (caution, no other results
will be available to review).
Choose to save results at equally spaced points (e
(e.g.
g every 4th step/substep)
step/substep).

L6-13
Release 13.0
December 2010
The reference Value can be specified, or it is calculated to be the

norm of the applied heat flow rate (default).
This reference value is multiplied
p
by
y a Tolerance to establish the
convergence criterion.
Recall from the nonlinear theory section that we want to satisfy:
{} < Q a
In
I Workbench
W kb
h terms
t
we can think
thi k off this
thi as:
Residual <
Tolerance Value
If Value < Minimum Reference then the minimum reference value is

used.
L6-14
Release 13.0
December 2010
Line Search is an augmentation to the Newton Raphson nonlinear

solution scheme:
Generally line search is applicable to unstable problems (e.g. phase
change, radiation, etc.) and should not be activated for general problems.
In situations where oscillatory behavior is noticed while solving, line
search can enhance convergence.
Line
Li Search
S
h is
i program chosen
h
by
b default.
d f lt

L6-15
Release 13.0
December 2010
C. Solution Feedback
Much can be learned by examining the Solution Information, Solver

Output during a nonlinear thermal analysis:
Heat Flow
Convergence
Norm is
Decreasing
Decreasing.
Incremental
Temperature
Change is
Decreasing.
We are Done
With LS 2, SS
3.
Conv.Value
Conv
Value Less
Than Criterion.
This Substep Took 7 Iterations

to Converge. So Far, 28 Total
Iterations Have Been Performed.
L6-16
Release 13.0
December 2010
. . . Solution Feedback
In addition to solver output (previous page), a number of solution

parameters can be plotted to track solution progress.

L6-17
Release 13.0
December 2010
W k h 6
Workshop
Fin/Tube Heat Exchanger
ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer
L6-18
Release 13.0
December 2010

Mech-HT 13.0 L06 Nonlinear

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Customer Training Material

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Customer Training Material

The governing equation for thermal analysis of a linear system

[C ]{T& }+ [K ]{T} = {Q}

[C (T )]{T& }+ [K (T )]{T } = {Q(T )}

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Customer Training Material

Consider the case of steady-state nonlinear analysis:

This equation can be viewed equivalently as:

a Vector of Nodal Heat

Flows From Applied Loads

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Customer Training Material

To accomplish this the Newton-Raphson iterative solution technique

Nodal temperatures are updated:

Single DOF System

The convergence norm is computed

How Close is Close

Note: The default value for is 0.001

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Customer Training Material

Radiation also contributes nonlinear terms to the conductance matrix (K)

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

B. Nonlinear Solution Setup

Customer Training Material

A nonlinear thermal solution often requires special loading controls

Steps: differentiate periods of loading. Steps are not unique to

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup

Customer Training Material

In a non-linear steady state analysis we might want to increment the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup

Customer Training Material

Mechanical activates the nonlinear option when conditions warrant

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup

Customer Training Material

Automatic Time Stepping (ATS):

ATS has two important functions:

ATS is particularly valuable if the behavior of the model is expected

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup

Customer Training Material

The incremental time step size is the most important solution

The solution is less likely to diverge.

A number of factors will affect the optimum

Types and severity of nonlinearities active.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup

Customer Training Material

Nonlinear convergence criteria are used by Mechanical to

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Nonlinear Solution Setup