1.

The history of Algebra

The inventor of algebra was Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibnu Musa
al-Khwarizmi (780-846 AD). Algebra comes from the Arabic "al-jabr"
which means "meeting", relationship" or "completion" is a branch of
mathematics that can be characterized as a generalization of the field
of arithmetic. Algebra is also the name of an abstract algebraic
structure, namely the algebra in a field.
Character whose full name is Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibnu Musa alKhwarizmi was an Arab intellectual who contributed much of his work
in the fields of mathematics and of books published by the first born
Algebra word. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies
simplification and solving problems by using the "symbol" instead of
constants and variables.
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies simplification and
solving problems by using the "symbol" instead of constants and
variables.

Figure 1
This is one of the pages of the book Al-Khwarizmi's algebra book
entitled al-jabr wal-muqobala written around the year 825. The picture
above is taken from page 15 of the book Al-Khwarizmi and then
transleted by Frederic Rosen in his book The Algebra of Mohammed bin
Musa who is also re-issued in the Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy
at the faculty of the history of Arab-Islamic science at Goethe
University.
In the picture above proves Al-Khwarizmi-shaped quadratic
equation x2 + bx = c. Where x2 symbol from the middle of a square
area that is not known how long side. Then each box next to have a
width then the number of square area in the middle plus all 4 boxes
on the right is c, and the total area of all squares is x2 bx (b2) / 4 =
(XB / 2) 2, and this same with c (b2) / 4. The solution of the equation
and then answered.
2. Types of Algebra
Algebra can be divided into the following categories:
a. basic algebra, which records the operating properties of real
numbers, using the symbol as a "replacement" to denote constants
and variables, and learn the rules of mathematical expressions and
equations involving these symbols.
Abstract algebra, which is axiomatic to define and explore algebraic
structures like groups of mathematics, a ring of mathematics and
mathematics fields.
Linear algebra, which studies the properties of a special vector space

(including matrix).
Universal algebra, which studies the properties owned by all
algebraic structures.
Computer Algebra, which collects the symbolic manipulation of
mathematical objects.
Definition of the algebra
Forms such as 2a,-5b, x3, 3p 2q algebra. On called the algebra of the
form 2a, 2 is called the coefficient, while a so-called variable
(variable).
The forms of algebraic
Linear equations and inequalities
Linear Equations with One Variable
Linear Equations with One Variable means a cubic equation. In this
linear equation applicable law:
1. The left and right sides can be added or subtracted the same
number
2. The left and right sides can be multiplied or divided by the same
number.
Linear Inequalities with one variable
Linear inequalities with one variable means an open sentence that has
the sign <,>, the applicable law of linear equations:
1. Left and right sections can be added, subtracted, multiplied, or
divided the same number
2. if the variable marked with a minus, to be changed to positive by
multiplying a negative number and reversing the sign

3. Benefits of Algebra
Learning algebra is not about getting a specific tool, it's about building a
mental muscle that will be useful in other places you do not go to the gym
because you're interested in learning how to operate a Stairmaster;. You
go to the gym because of the operation Stairmaster doing something
commendable for your body, the benefits you enjoy for hours in a week
when you're not on a Stairmaster. "- Steven Johnson," Everything Bad Is
Good For You "
The truth is that you really do not "need" algebra unless you plan to
teach or use them in scientific professions. But before you put your
algebra books, let me give you some good reasons "to" learn algebra.
Algebra is a very unique discipline. This is very abstract. An abstractalgebra causes the brain to think in patterns completely new. That process
of thinking causes the brain to work, such as muscle. The more muscles
are worked out, the better perform other tasks. In simple terms, algebra

build a better brain (as do other disciplines such as learning an

instrument, doing puzzles, and even some video games). When the brain
is stimulated to think, hair-like dendrites of the brain grow larger and more
complex allow more connections with other brain cells. We often hear that
we only use a fraction of our brain capacity. The study of algebra is a way
to increase the use of this amazing muscle. By studying algebra, more
"highways" that is "built" upon which future "cargo" is transported - cargo
other than algebra.
Another analogy is to compare learning algebra for the construction
of the railway system in the United States in the 1800s. When the railway
was built, people would have never conceived of the goods to be
transported on the rail they are more than a hundred years later. They
cant imagine home appliances and computer equipment traveling on the
rail system. But they know that building a transportation system is
important. So is it with the study of algebra - you learn algebra by
transporting numbers and variables - then, the variable will change and
you will carry something useful for your purposes.
It teaches you how to think and solve problems. Usually peoples
who are good at math are a good problem solver. You personally can apply
algebra to every situation. Algebra is about solving problems. Indeed it
with numbers, but once you get the mindset that makes other things in
life are easier to solve. Let's see, you want to order pizza for the gang.
Each pizza has 8 slices, the people will eat 4 slices, and each child will eat
2 slices. There are 4 boys and 3 girls. How much pizza should you have?
Algebra is used every day in almost every situation. This is one of the
most important concepts you can learn. Without it we would not have a
computer or the internet. Not to mention the algebra is the basis for the
calculus and linear algebra course.
Just remember when your cash register math damaged you will need to
give the customer change. When you know algebra even though you
wont have to be behind the register to begin with.

4. 4. Student difficulties in understanding algebra

From the observation, almost all provinces face low barriers in the
form of students' understanding of the concepts associated with the
operation of the algebra and low skills in solving the algebraic form of
surgery. In the teacher-complaintment there were complaints that in
essence are difficult to find easy ways to make students understand the
concepts associated with the operation of the algebra and practical ways

to show students in completed.

This fact is reinforced by the results of an analysis of basic math
skills test junior high school students who organized math PPPG
consecutive nearly 2001-2003 in all provinces in Indonesia. The results of
that analysis, among others, shows a that, there are still many students
who are difficult to distinguish between similar interest and are not
similar, the meaning of the coefficients, and is unable to complete the
operation with a good algebraic forms.

5. Examples about algebraic operations

Examples of contextual problems about algebraic variables
Mr. Ridwan have three children who develop normally and
everything was in elementary school. They are, respectively, rudi,
andi, and Sinta. And every child age two years at logger heads.
a. Any symbol that can represent the age of the children pack of
grace?
b. Choose one symbol and give examples of numbers that can be
represented by the symbol numbers that you select
c. How to set the universe of the symbol that you choose?
d. Them know you are suited to the term algebra symbol name you
choose it?
Discussion:
a. Various symbol (usually not a number) can be selected to
represent the number of children age Mr.Ridwan, for example, X,
Ab,, CB, A, m, yz or the other.
b. Suppose one symbol that represents the age of the children
Mr.Ridwan is A. A symbol can represent a life of Rudi, Andi or Santi.
Numbers that represent A as 6, 9, 10 or the other.
c. A symbol representing the age of the children pack grace.
Therefore A is a number that represented a positive number.
Because children Mr. Ridwan is still sitting in elementary school then
according to custom, the value of A must be greater than 5 but not
more than 15. Thus, the set universe of A is the set of positive
rational numbers greater than 5 and less than 15.
d. In this case, A can be regarded as algebraic variables. At the time
of study mathematics, hereafter simply called variables algebra
course.
A: The age of the child Mr. Ridwan
The set universe of A = {a positive rational number between 5 and
15}
A = 6 or A = 9 or A = 10 , A is the algebraic variables.

Guided Problem For Understanding:

1. Simplify the following forms:
a.7x + 3x
b.5a + a + 3b - 5b
c. (-3y2 + 2y - 4) + (2y2 - 3y + 5)
Completion:
a. 7x + 3x = (.7. + .3.) X = 8x
b. 5a + a + 3b - 5b
= (5 + 1) a + (3-5) b
= 6a - 2b
c. (-3y2 + 2y - 4) + (2y2 - 3y + 5)
= (2-3) y2 + (2-4) y + (5-4)
= - Y2 - 2y +1

6. solution
There are many ways to manage mathematics learning activities
that aim to make students develop his reason so that they can think
logically, systematically and in the end the student should be able to be
objective and discipline.
One option is to manage the learning activities are contextual and
realistic mathematics. Characteristic of contextual learning mathematics
refers to the seven components, namely constructivism, discovering,
questioning, learning community, modeling, reflection and authentic
assessment. While the characteristics of contextual learning is:
cooperation mutually supportive, fun and not boring, learn with passion,
integrated learning, using a variety of sources, active students, sharing
with friends, students' critical and creative teacher.

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