Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Mobile Solutions
Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d.
Krapinska 45, PO Box 93 Zagreb, Croatia
Telefon: +385-1-365 3702 Fax: +385-1-365 3219 E-mail: tomislav.blajic@ericsson.com; mario.druzijanic@ericsson.com
2
I. INTRODUCTION
The adoption of smart antenna techniques in future
wireless systems is expected to have a significant impact on
the efficient use of the spectrum, the minimization of the
cost of establishing new wireless networks, the
optimization of service quality and realization of
transparent operation across multitechnology wireless
networks. Smart antenna systems consist of multiple
antenna elements whose signals are processed adaptively in
order to exploit the spatial dimension of the mobile radio
channel. If this processing is performed at both ends of the
communication link (at the transmitting and receiving
side), we are talking about Multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) systems. MIMO systems are a natural extension
of developments in antenna array communication, but its
success relies on two considerations that are often
overlooked when investigating new technologies: system
features need to be considered early in the design phase of
future systems (top-down compatibility); and a realistic
performance evaluation needs to be performed according to
the critical parameters associated with future systems
requirements (bottom-up feasibility).
The advantages of MIMO communication, which
exploits the physical channel between many transmit and
receive antennas, are currently receiving significant
attention [1], [2]. A core idea in MIMO systems is spacetime signal processing in which time (as the natural
dimension of digital communication data) is complemented
with the spatial dimension by the use of multiple spatially
distributed antennas. Key feature of MIMO systems is the
M Tx antennas
T
coding
modulation
space-time weighting
spatial multiplexing
data
T
channel
H
demultiplexing
weighting
demodulation
decoding
data
C EP = log 2 det I L +
HH
M
b/s/Hz
(1)
Time
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
TX n
Space
Time
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
TX n
Space
data rate R1
data
antenna M
spreading &
scrambling
spreading &
scrambling
coding, interleaving,
modulation
data
antenna 2
data rate R2
spreading &
scrambling
coding,
interleaving,
modulation
demux
spreading &
scrambling
coding, interleaving,
modulation
b)
antenna 1
demux
a)
data rate RM
coding, interleaving,
modulation
antenna M
spreading &
scrambling
Suburban
Macrocell
Urban
Macrocell
Urban
Microcell
Ped.A (70%)
Veh.A (50%)
Veh.A (30%)
Veh.B (50%)
3GPP
microcell
[deg]
2, 5, 8
2, 8, 14
19
AoD [deg]
12, 48
12, 48
NLOS
32.33 +
35.04 log10d
35.23 +
35.04 log10d
35.68 +
38.00 log10d
LOS
TABLE 1.
QUANTIZED PARAMETERS FOR 3GPP SPATIAL
CHANNEL MODEL IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
SCM
Parameter
30.62 +
26.00 log10d
1500m
1500m
500m
DS
AS
PL
model
Cell radius
18
User Throughput [Mbps]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
4
6
8
10
System Throughput [Mbps/cell]
12
TABLE 2.
PERCENTAGE GAIN IN SYSTEM THROUGHPUT
(S-PARC vs. RxDiv at 2MBps user throughput, 4 spacing)
Antenna
Configuration
Suburban
Macrocell
Urban
Macrocell
Urban
Microcell
44
67
47
67
42
37
19
25
22
29
19
29
21
12
11
REFERENCES
If throughput performance of S-PARC and non-selective
PARC is compared, asymmetric configurations (e.g., 4x2
and 2x1) show significantly lower throughput for PARC
due to too high self interference. However, for symmetric
configurations (4x4, 2x2) PARC performs almost as well
as S-PARC (except for 0.5 Tx antenna spacing).
When performance of S-PARC is compared to the
alternative CR-BLAST system, S-PARC consistently
outperforms CR-BLAST in all cases. CR-BLAST selects
the higher-order modes less frequently than S-PARC, while
the gains compared to RxDiv are 2/3 or less those of SPARC depending on the environment. This illustrates the
benefit of performing rate control individually on each
transmit antenna and employing SIC at the receiver.
IV. CONCLUSION
MIMO techniques, with multiple antennas implemented
at transmitter and receiver side, open a new spatial
dimension to obtain diversity gain for combating signal
fading or to obtain capacity gain. Advantages of this
approach can be exploited in various wireless systems,
especially in case of dense multipath scattering
environment.
Implementation of MIMO is adopted by 3GPP for HighSpeed Downlink Packet Access in UMTS through different
currently evaluated proposals (behavior of Ericssons
S-PARC proposal was elaborated in more detail in this
article).