Impact of Industrialization on the Environment

Since the ages of industrial and technological revolutions, economic growth

has been regarded as the major fundamental of the worlds growth.
Industrial growth has started to affect the entire environment with its severe
downside problems. The formation of massive pollution making industries
are the result of the constant need and greed of the human being. These
industries include, transportation and manufacturing, which are exhausting
the earths resources, but also causing tremendous stress on the
environment and the ecological system. The productiveness of industries
generally depends on the natural resources available. The impact of
industrialization on the environment has led the way with certain
positive and large negative outcomes, with progressive rates and
inventions. There are quite a number of resourceful natural elements like,
water, air, soil and fisheries, which are considered to be positive and fertile
assets. The pollution of water, soil and air, are defined as the by-product of
economical development in industry and city life. Global warming and
greenhouse effects are the result, which is a massive impact of
industrialization on the environment.

The degradation of the entire

environment and ecological system, is inclined to become permanent and

tends to cause several negative effects on the economy, by causing human
losses, ill health of the employees at large costs to governments,
manufacturing and society.
Constant air and water pollution are affecting the quality of human lives
with its harmful pollutants. The rapid growth of industries are leaving
harmful effects on the human life, by polluting water and air. The air and

water pollution are, thus, the main problems in the environment. The
establishment of more industries increase the major difficulties of degrading
the water and soil.
The impact of industrialization on the environment needs to be emphasized
with more intensity and feeling as the world is quietly but surely facing
destruction from man-made follies. For example, did you know that in three
Pennsylvania river basins, there is a growing population of mutated fish?
Male fish have female parts and vice versa, open sores, and unusual
blotches on their bodies and it doesnt make national news. This is because
extreme animal mutations, tons of dead birds, farm animals, and fishes
have become a common occurrence around the world in the past 5 years.
Its no longer headlines news because its become commonplace.
Before you assume that these events are caused by prophetic stories from
way back in history, there is a more logical reason: unhampered or
merciless industrialization.
Some of the major effects of industries on environment are as
follows:
Industrialization contributes major part for the economic development and
prosperity of a country. On one hand it provides employment opportunities
and wealth generation while on other hand it leads to following
environmental deterioration:
1. It leads to the depletion of natural resources.
2. It leads to air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

3. Global warming, climatic changes are the major consequences of

industrialization.
4. It causes acid rain.
5. It leads to the degradation of land quality.
6. It leads to the generation of hazardous waste whose safe disposal
become a big problem.
7. These industries are responsible for the following adverse diseases and
ill effect like silicosis and pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, skin diseases and
deafness.
ILL Effects of Industries:
1. Metallic contaminant like Cd, Zn, Hg etc., destroy bacteria and beneficial
microorganisms in the soil.
2. Industrial wastes including toxins enter in the food chain causes number
of undesirable effects to living beings and animals.
3. Industrial effluent damages the natural biological purification mechanism
of sewage treatment causing several soil and water borne diseases.
4. Radioactive industrial pollutant cause undesirable disease when food
containing radio-nuclides is taken by man.

Effects of Industrial Pollution

1. Water Pollution: The effects of industrial pollution are far reaching and
liable to affect the eco-system for many years to come. Most industries
require large amounts of water for their work. When involved in a series of
processes, the water comes into contact with heavy metals, harmful
chemicals, radioactive waste and even organic sludge.
These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As a result, many of
our water sources have high amount of industrial waste in them which
seriously impacts the health of our eco-system. The same water is then
used by farmers for irrigation purpose which affects the quality of food that
is produced.
Water pollution has already rendered many ground water resources
useless for humans and wildlife. It can at best be recycled for further usage
in industries.
2. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is creating problems in agriculture and
destroying local vegetation. It also causes chronic health issues to the
people that come in contact with such soil on a daily basis.
3. Air Pollution: Air pollution has led to a steep increase in various
illnesses and it continues to affect us on a daily basis. With so many small,
mid and large scale industries coming up, air pollution has taken toll on the
health of the people and the environment.
4. Wildlife Extinction: By and large, the issue of industrial pollution shows
us that it causes natural rhythms and patterns to fail, meaning that the
wildlife is getting affected in a severe manner. Habitats are being lost,
species are becoming extinct and it is harder for the environment to recover
from each natural disaster. Major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires,
leak of radioactive material and damage to property are harder to clean-up
as they have a higher impact in a shorter span of time.

5. Global Warming: With the rise in industrial pollution, global warminghas

been increasing at a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are being
released by industries into the air which causes increase in global warming.
Melting of glaciers, extinction of polar beers, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes
are few of the effects of global warming.
The issue of industrial pollution concerns every nation on the planet. As
a result, many steps have been taken to seek permanent solutions to the
problem. Better technology is being developed for disposal of waste and
recycling as much polluted water in the industries as possible. Organic
methods are being used to clean the water and soil, such as using
microbes that naturally uses heavy metals and waste as feed. Policies are
being pushed into place to prevent further misuse of land. However,
industrial pollution is still rampant and will take many years to be brought
under control.

Classification / Types of Industries

There are various types of industries. These are mentioned as follows :1. Primary Industry
Primary industry is concerned with production of goods with the help of
nature. It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires very little human
effort. E.g. Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture, etc.
2. Genetic Industry
Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and multiplication of
certain spices of plants and animals with the object of sale. The main aim is
to earn profit from such sale. E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry,
cattle breeding, etc.
3. Extractive Industry
Extractive industry is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from
the soil, air or water. Generally products of extractive industries come in
raw form and they are used by manufacturing and construction industries
for producing finished products. E.g. mining industry, coal mineral, oil
industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and rubber from forests, etc.
4. Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries are engaged in transforming raw material into
finished product with the help of machines and manpower. The finished
goods can be either consumer goods or producer goods. E.g. textiles,
chemicals, sugar industry, paper industry, etc.

5. Construction Industry
Construction industries take up the work of construction of buildings,
bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc. This industry is different from all other
types of industry because in case of other industries goods can be
produced at one place and sold at another place. But goods produced and
sold by constructive industry are erected at one place.
6. Service Industry
In modern times service sector plays an important role in the development
of the nation and therefore it is named as service industry. The main
industries, which fall under this category, include hotel industry, tourism
industry, entertainment industry, etc.
Industries: Classification of Industries in India!
Industries can be classified into several groups. The following table gives
an understanding about them.

I. On the Basis of Strength of Labour:

1. Large Scale Industry:

Industries which employ a large number of labourers in each unit are called
large-scale industries. Cotton or jute textile industries are large scale
industries.
2. Medium Scale Industries:
The industries which employ neither very large nor very small number of
labourers are put in the category of medium scale industries. Cycle
industry, radio and television industries are some examples of medium
scale industries.
3. Small Scale Industries:
Industries which are owned and run by individuals and which employ a
small number of labourers are called small scale industries.
II. On the Basis of Raw-Material and Finished Goods:
Industries classified on the basis of raw materials and finished goods are:
1. Heavy Industries:
Industries which use heavy and bulky raw-materials and produce products
of the same category are called heavy industries. Iron and steel industry
presents a good example of heavy industries.
2. Light Industries:
The light industries use light raw-materials and produce light finished
products. Electric fans, sewing machines are light industries.
III. On the basis of Ownership:
Since the start of the planned development of Indian economy in 1951,
industries are divided in the following four classes:

1. Private Sector Industries:

Industries owned by individuals or firms such as Bajaj Auto or TISCO
situated at Jamshedpur are called private sector industries.
2. Public Sector Industries:
Industries owned by the state and its agencies like Bharat Heavy
Electricals Ltd., or Bhilai Steel Plant or Durgapur Steel Plant are public
sector industries.
3. Joint Sector Industries:
Industries owned jointly by the private firms and the state or its agencies
such as Gujarat Alkalies Ltd., or Oil India Ltd. fall in the group of joint sector
industries.
4. Co-operative Sector Industries:
Industries owned and run co-operatively by a group of people who are
generally producers of raw materials of the given industry such as a sugar
mill owned and run by farmers are called co-operative sector industries.
IV. On the Basis of Source of Raw Material:
On the basis of source of raw materials, industries are classified as under:
1. Agro Based Industries:
Agro based industries are those industries which obtain raw-material from
agriculture. Cotton textile, jute textile, sugar and vegetable oil are
representative industries of agro-based group of industries
2. Mineral Based Industries:

The industries that receive raw materials primarily from minerals such as
iron and steel, aluminium and cement industries fall in this category.
3. Pastoral-Based Industries:
These industries depend upon animals for their raw material. Hides, skins,
bones, horns, shoes, dairy, etc. are some of the pastoral-based industries.
4. Forest Based Industries:
Paper card-board, lac, rayon, resin, tanning of leather, leave- utensils,
basket industries are included in this type of industries.
V. Miscellaneous Industries:
Industries are also classified into the following miscellaneous categories.
1. Village Industries:
Village industries are located in villages and primarily cater to the needs of
the rural people. They usually employ local machinery such as oil
extraction, grain grinding and agricultural implements.
2. Cottage Industries:
Industries which artisans set up in their own houses, work with wood, cane,
brass, stone, etc. are called cottage industries. Handloom, khadi and
leather work at the artisans house fall in this category.

3. Consumer Goods Industries:

Consumer industries convert raw materials or primary products into

commodities directly used by the people. Textiles, bakeries, sugar, etc. are
some of the consumer goods industries.
4. Ancillary Industries:
The industries which manufacture parts and components to be used by big
industries for manufacturing heavy articles like trucks, buses, railway
engines, tractors, etc. are called ancillary industries.
5. Basic Industries:
Industries on which depend many other industries for their manufacturing
processes are called basic industries. Iron and steel industry and power
generating industry are included in this category.
6. Capital-Intensive Industries:
Industries requiring huge investments are called capital-intensive
industries. Iron and steel, cement and aluminium are outstanding examples
of capital-intensive industries.
7. Labour-Intensive Industries:
Industries which require huge labour force for running them are called
labour-intensive industries. In these industries, labour is more important
than capital. Shoe- making and bidi-manufacturing, etc. are included in
these industries.

Indian Industries: Historical Perspective of Indian

Industries!
Early Times:
History of Industry in India dates back to the history of mankind. Indias
handicrafts manufactured in village huts and houses all over the country
were prized in foreign countries.

Working on the locally available raw materials and with the skills and tools
handed over to them by their forefathers, the village artisans produced
products of high aesthetic quality with ease and efficiency.
Generations of such workers provided India with a long and glorious
tradition of artistic handicrafts of a varied nature. Among all the industries of
early times, the textiles, especially the cotton textile industry, had the place
of pride both in India and in the outside world.
There is enough evidence to show that the Indians knew weaving some
1,500 years before Christ, when the Europeans were still covering
themselves with animal skins. Pyrard, the 17th century Portuguese writer
has recorded that everyone from the Cape of Good Hope to China was
clothed from head to foot in Indian made garments.
The fine Dhaka muslin was the envy of the world for centuries together.
Iron and Steel industry was also in advanced stage at that time. The iron
column near Qutab Minar in Delhi is standing in the open and is exposed to
sun, rain and weathering over 1,500 years old and it still looks fresh. It
seems that this column will continue to stand there till eternity.
This rare monument is a testimony to the forging and fabricating ingenuity
of ancient India. It is believed that the famous Damascus swords were
made from steel imported from India. In addition to cotton textiles and steel
industries; wood, stone and ivory carvings, silk textiles, pottery, bronze,

brass, silver and copper works, dyeing and calico printing were also
famous throughout the world.
Industrial Revolution in Europe resulted in modem factories. With this the
scale of manufacturing goods increased tremendously leading to
mechanisation. As a result migration of workers occurred from villages to
cities. The barter system of goods with goods came to an end, exchange of
goods with money started.
It is correct that a revolution occurred in the manufacturing sphere but the
traditional village handicrafts and cottage industries witnessed their death
toll. Thousands of artisans were rendered jobless as their manufacturers
could not compete with the fine and low cost goods manufactured in
modem industries. A near chaos prevailed in villages. Goldsmiths,
blacksmiths and weavers began to starve. Thus, modem industry eroded
the strong traditional industrial base.
The Rise of Modern Industry:
The decline of the traditional industry and the rise of the modem industry in
India were neither simultaneous nor casually connected. The beginning of
modem large scale industry in India dates back to 1830 when the first
charcoal fired iron making was attempted in Tamil Nadu.
However, this venture collapsed in 1866. Therefore, the real beginning of
the modem industry in India is recognised with the establishment of cotton
textile industry at Mumbai in 1854. This industry grew tremendously in
1870s due to a spurt in demand in the wake of the American Civil War. By
1875-76, the number of cotton textile mills rose to 47.
The first jute mill was set up at Rishra near Kolkata in 1855. Since the
geographical conditions were very much favourable for jute industry in the
Hugli basin, this industry flourished well and there were 64 mills in 1913-14,
providing employment to over two lakh persons.
Among the other industries which appeared on the industrial scene of India
before the outbreak of World War I in 1914 were woollen textiles, paper and

breweries. The main industrial centres were port cities of Mumbai, Kolkata
and Chennai. This pattern of industrial location was conceived by the
British rulers to facilitate imports and exports. The sole inland industrial
centre of any consequence was Kanpur, the base of military equipment
production.
Inter War Period:
Indian industries made rapid strides during the First World War (1914-18)
due to rise in demand for industrial goods by the Armed Forces. However,
the real spurt was provided by the Indian Fiscal Commission set up in
1921-22. This gave the much needed protection to industries like iron and
steel, textiles, cement, sugar, paper and metals.
One of the most prominent features of Indian industrial scene during this
period was the dispersal of cotton textile industry away from Mumbai. In
1875-76, 61.7 per cent of cotton textile mills were located in Mumbai and
by 1938-39 only 17.5% per cent of the mills remained in Mumbai.
In fact this industry gained a lot as a result of war. On the eve of the war,
India had emerged as the fourth largest cotton manufacturing country next
to the USA, the U.K. and Japan in that order. Jute industry on the other
hand, continued to concentrate in the Hugli basin only. However, the
number of jute mills rose from 64 in 1913-14 to 107 in 1938-39.
World War II:
While Indian industry prospered during World War I, the Second World War
created problems for Indian industry. India became an active participant in
war and the entry of Japan in the hostilities brought war to Indias doorstep.
However, the impact of war was short-lived and the industry was quick to
recover from the initial shock and exploited the opportunities offered by the
war.
A programme costing Rs. 4 crore for the manufacture of armaments and
explosives was launched in 1941 to meet the immediate requirements of

war. The ordinance factories started producing 700 varieties of ammunition.

There were pressing demands to meet the civilian requirements too.
With this object in view, heavy chemical industry was started in 1941 and
the production of sulphuric acid, synthetic ammonia, caustic soda, chlorine
and bleaching powder commenced. The Hindustan Aircraft Company also
assembled its first aircraft in 1941.
Metal fabricating industries such as copper were also initiated. A wide
variety of engineering industries like machine tools, machinery manufacture
in respect of cotton, tea, and oil processing industries, electrical equipment,
vanaspati manufacturing, power, alcohol, synthetic resin and plastic
industries also flourished.
However, some other industries including diesel engines, pumps, sewing
machines and electric fans suffered a setback. By and large, the
performance of individual industries varied considerably as is indicated in
the Table 27.1.

Table 27.1 Industrial Growth in India (1937 = 100):

Ye
ar
19
39
19
45

Cott
on Jute
Gene Texti Texti Ste Chemic Sug Cem Pap
ral
le
le el als
ar ent er
104.
108
121.
105.4 3
90.3 .0 84.4
88.7 124.8 0
120.
142
196.
120.0 0
84.4 .9 134.1 85.5 196.6 5

It is clear from the table that the overall performance of industry was
satisfactory. Steel, chemicals, cement and paper industries recorded
impressive gains. Cotton textile industry also showed considerable
improvement. However, jute and sugar industries suffered decline.

Industry and Maths

Industrial mathematics is a well-established field within the mathematical sciences
community. Every four years there is an International Congress on Industrial and
Applied Mathematics. In 2003 it was held in Sydney Australia, in 2007 it was held
in Zurich Switzerland, and in 2011 in will be held in Vancouver.
Here Industryrefers to all sectors of manufacturing and service, including business
and engineering.
Industrial mathematics is a branch of applied mathematics, but where the latter can
include theoretical topics from physics, biology, economics and computer science
for example, industrial mathematics focusses on problems which come from
industry and aims for solutions which are relevant to industry, including finding the
most efficient (i.e., cost-effective) way to solve the problem. With the increasing
complexity and sophistication of modern industry, personnel who are able to
understand technical issues, who are able to formulate precise and accurate
mathematical models, who can implement solutions using the latest computer
techniques, and who can convey these ideas to their co-workers who may be
managers, engineers, etc, are becoming a necessary part of many organizations and
companies. Examples of areas in industry that industrial mathematicians can find

employment are signal processing, computer graphics, risk management, system

reliability, software testing and verification, database systems, production line
optimization, and marketing research (see the Applied Mathematics Resources web
page for career information).
Modern manufacturing and service industries have changed drastically in modern
times due to the explosion in the knowledge economy. Fast and inexpensive
computing, office products, the development and utilization of large databases,
have necessitated sophisticated methods to meet new demands. Industrial
mathematics is the enabling factor in realizing and implementing these methods. In
recent years the mathematical community has responded to this growing need for
mathematically trained personnel in industry. Organizations such as the Fields
Institute, MITACS, and PIMS in Canada, and SIAM and the NSF in the United
States (these organizations are found in the references at the bottom) have been
promoting the interaction of mathematics with industry and continue to develop
ways to meet industry's demand for mathematically trained personnel. The creation
of mathematical and statistical modelling and the development of numerical
methods and/or algorithms for computers to obtain solutions for problems in
industry has come to be called industrial mathematical sciences or,
simply, industrial mathematics.There is a current and growing demand for
mathematically trained individuals who are able to move into business and
industry. Numerous reports and studies carried out by professional organizations
show that there is an increasing need in the work force for mathematics graduates
with the practical skills to work with managers, engineers, etc.
Industrial mathematics is an inherently interdisciplinary field. In addition to
mathematics, it includes subjects from fields outside mathematics such as business,

computer science and engineering, and trains mathematics students how to apply
mathematical analysis to problems arising in these areas. An industrial
mathematician has strong analytical and problem-solving skills built upon a
background of computing, mathematics, statistics, and basic science. In addition,
industrial mathematics emphasizes written and oral skills along with teamwork,
skills which are valued highly in industry, but are not part of most traditional
mathematics programs. Since these skills are necessary for graduates to work
effectively with less mathematically inclined co-workers, they are an essential part
of industrial mathematics.
Mathematics and Operations Research in Industry
Students majoring in mathematics might wonder whether they will ever use
the mathematics they are learning, once they graduate and get a job. Is
any of the analysis, calculus, algebra, numerical methods, combinatorics,
math programming, etc. really going to be of value in the real world An
exciting area of applied mathematics called Operations Research combines
mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, engineering,
economics, and social sciences to solve real-world business problems.
Numerous companies in industry require Operations Research
professionals to apply mathematical techniques to a wide range of
challenging questions, Operations Research can be defined as the science
of decision-making. It has been successful in providing a systematic and
scientific approach to all kinds of government, military, manufacturing, and
service operations. Operations Research is a splendid area for graduates
of mathematics to use their knowledge and skills in creative ways to solve
complex problems and have an impact on critical decisions.

The term ?Operations Research? is known as ?Operational Research? in

Britain and other parts of Europe. Other terms used are ?Management
Science,? ?Industrial Engineering,? and ?Decision Sciences.? The
multiplicity of names comes primarily from the different academic
departments that have hosted courses in this field. The subject is frequently
referred to simply as ?OR?, and includes both the application of past
research results and new research to develop improved solution methods.

INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY
Industrial technology is the use of engineering and manufacturing
technology to make production faster, simpler and more efficient.The
industrial technology field employs creative and technically proficient
individuals who can help a companyachieve efficient and profitable
productivity.[1]
Industrial Technology programs typically include instruction in optimization
theory, human factors, organizational behavior, industrial processes,
industrial planning procedures, computer applications, and report and
presentation preparation.[2][3]
Planning and designing manufacturing processes and equipment is a main
aspect of being an industrial technologist. An Industrial Technologist is
often responsible for implementing certain designs and processes.
Industrial Technology involves the management, operation, and
maintenance of complex operation systems.

Industrial Technologist
Industrial Technology program graduates obtain a majority of positions
which are applied engineering and/or management oriented. Since
"Industrial Technologist" is not a common job title in the United States, the
actual bachelor's degree or associate's degree earned by the individual is
obscured by the job title he/she receives. Typical job titles for industrial
technologists having a bachelor's degree include quality systems
engineer, manufacturing engineer, industrial engineer, plant manager,
production supervisor, etc. [1] [5] Typical job titles for industrial technologists
having a two year associate's degree include project technologist,
manufacturing technologist, process technologist, etc.

[1]

A technologist curriculum may focus or specialize in a certain technical

area of study. Examples of this
includes electronics,manufacturing, construction, graphics, automation/robo
tics, CADD, nanotechnology, aviation, etc.
Technological development in industry[edit]
A major subject of study is technological development in industry. This has
been defined as:

the introduction of new tools and techniques for performing given

tasks in production, distribution, data processing (etc.);

the mechanization of the production process, or the achievement of a

state of greater autonomy of technical production systems from human
control, responsibility, or intervention;

changes in the nature and level of integration of technical production

systems, or enhanced interdependence;

the development, utilization, and application of new scientific ideas,

concepts, and information in production and other processes; and

enhancement of technical performance capabilities, or increase in the

efficiency of tools, equipment, and techniques in performing given tasks.

[6]

[1]

Studies in this area often employ a multi-disciplinary research methodology

and shade off into the wider analysis of businessand economic
growth (development, performance). The studies are often based on a
mixture of industrial field research and desk-based data analysis and aim to
be of interest and use to practitioners in business management and
investment (etc.) as well as academics.
In engineering, construction, textiles, food and drugs, chemicals and petrol
eum, and other industries, the focus has been on not only the nature and
factors facilitating and hampering the introduction and utilization of new
technologies but also the impact of new technologies on the production
organization (etc.) of firms and various social and other wider aspects of
the technological development process.[7]
How and When Technological development in industry Performed :
1. Technological Processes based always on (Material, Equipment,
Human skills and operating circumstances.
2. So, If any of these parameters changed, we have to re-calibrate this
technology to match the designed product.
3. This re-calibration can't be considered as a technology change
because industrial technology is not more than an Engineering guide
to achieve the required specification of the designed product.

4. To calibrate any industrial technology, we should make a documented

copy of manufacturing experiments until matching the final product
specifications based on original technology, new changed
parameters and scientific basics.
5. Finally, documentation of the new change should be done to the
original industrial technology for that new case as a new addition.
6. Any application of industrial technology for 1st time or after a long
time stop,Technology processes should be tested by a primary
samples triers as a Re-calibration process.