GEOGRAPHIES AND WELLBEING

Define Wellbeing:
Wealth (Disposable income, GNIp/c)
Health (Life expectancy, IMR)
Happiness (Comparison)
Security (Personal, National)

Define Urban:

- Proportion of people living in towns and cities

Define Urbanisation:

- The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Define Settlements:
- Isolated house/farm
- Hamlet
- Village
- Town
- City
- Megacity

|
| > Rural
|__
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| > Urban (Includes suburbs, dormitory, satellite, commuter towns)
|
Inner & outer

Megacity = 10Million+
Australia: If there are 1000+ people = Urban
Denmark: If there are 250+ people = Urban
India: If there are 10,000 people + >50% working in non-agricultural occupations = Urban
Types of Urban places
Political
Canberra, Washington DC, London
Financial/Trade
Dubai, New York, Shanghai, Tokyo, Singapore, Rotterdam, London, Hong Kong, Frankfurt
Entertainment
Gold coast, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Monaco, Macao
Defence
Puckapunyal, Darwin, Alert
Mining
Kalgoorlie, Ballarat, Broken Hill, Mt Isa
Industrial
Shenzhen, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Yokohama, San Fransisco, Silicon Valley
Education
Oxford, Cambridge, New York, Tokyo, Melbourne, London,
Religion
Vatican city, Jerusalem, Mecca, Varanasi, Medina, Qom, Lhasa
Most urban places have multiple functions. Melbourne for example is a political capital,
entertainment, education, industrial, financial centre

P.Q.E
Patterns - What is the overall impression?
Statement, back up with specifics
Quantification - Give specific values
3 examples
Exceptions - How are they different to the overall pattern?
name specific and why they are exceptions.
The places with a high rate of urbanisation (>75%) are places with a higher amount of GNIp/c, for
example, the Americas, Australasia and Western Europe. Exceptions to this, are the South
Americas, with their high amount of total population living in the mega cities, regardless of their
lower GNIp/c.
The places with a low rate of urbanisation (<49%) are places with a lower amount of GNIp/c, for
example, Asia and Africa. Exceptions to this, are Gabon and Guyana, Gabon with a high
urbanisation rate and surrounded by places with a low rate, and Guyana with a low urbanisation
rate and surrounded by areas with a high rate.
How Cities Grow
1. National Increase (Birth rate > Death rate)
Pull - Pull people into an area
2. Rural - Urban Migration --> Push/Pull factors
Push - Push People out of an area
3. Urban - Urban Migration
Push Factors
Landlessness
War and Civil disorder
Intolerance of alternative lifestyles
Desertification (Dry, arid land)
Rapid population growth
Rural poverty (Complete poverty)
Lack of educational opportunity
Transfer of land from subsistence to commercial (export-orientated) production
Pull Factors (A rational decision to move from a rural to urban to find employment/services)
Employment opportunities
Promise of higher standards of living
Entertainment
Medical facilities
Educational opportunities
Who is likely to move?
Younger males (15-45)
Single people
Young Families (Kids too young to work)
Majority of single young women
Most likely to have some basic education
Impacts of movements
Urban areas have become the major economic powerhouses of the country.
Infrastructure may not keep up with the population's growth.
Housing may be difficult, and will make people who move, homeless on the footpath, streets,
vacant area, abandoned land (Squatters).

Shanty Towns
Process of development
Vacant land: Near a building site (Very temporary shelters)
"Over Time": The site becomes more permanent, shelters are more stable
"Later": The buildings become more solid/secure, larger and some services develop
Rent free? Services limited? Security? Water? Electricity? Employment?
Changing China
1/10/1949 - Establishment of a Communist government (Controlled the means of production for
"improvements")
Page 178: Understanding the Topic & Thinking Geographically
1a. 65% of Australia live in the cities
1b. Governments, more jobs, transportation, markets, services.
1c. More housing and living areas.
1d. Australian cities have a larger area for the same population.
1e. They provide services to tourists.
1f. Because they attract tourists and older people who are looking for retirement locations.
All of Australia's cities are around the coast, and mostly towards the south-easterly part of Australia
Q1. Where did the people who inhabited the area around Melbourne, were called?
The aboriginals - Koulen nation
Q2. What year did the europeans make a first settlement in Melbourne?
1835
Q3. Where did those settlers come from?
Tasmania
Q4. What is the current population of Melbourne?
4.3 Million
Q5. When was Melbourne the capital of Australia?
1901
Q6. What street in Melbourne is Parliament House?
Spring Street
Q7. Where was Melbourne's airport before Tullamarine opened?
Essendon
Q8. Which of these suburbs is the oldest, Waverley, Frankston or Pakenham
Frankston
Q9. Name a river that flows through Melbourne aside from the Yarra
Maribanong
Q10. What is the height of the tallest building in Melbourne?
280 stories
Q11. Where does Melbourne's major source of power come from?
Gippsland
Q12. Caroline springs: N, S, E, W of the CBD?
West

Melbourne's Urban Structure - In Theory

In the middle of most cities, there is a CBD.
In front of a CBD, there is a High income pocket.
Around the CBD, there is a Industry/warehousing buildings.
Around the Industry, there is Low income housing.
The largest area, is Middle income housing.
On the end of the large area, there is a New high income area.
In between the middle and the high housing, there is a Regional shopping centre(RSC).
Around the entire urban area, there is Waste Treatment, Power station, Cemetery, Sports venue,
Airport, University, Dormitory suburbs. New Industrial and housing zone.
Reality.
CBD, Inner mixed Zone (South Yarra, Fitzroy, South Melbourne), Suburban Zone (Caulfield,
Doncaster), Peri-urban zone (Rural-Urban Fringe. Dingily, Melton, Lilydale, Sunbury, Belgrave.
Upway.)
1. CBD (Central Business District)
Characteristics:
A. Centrality - Road and rail focuses on the CBD = access
B. Land values - Very high values associated with "Capital improved value"
C. Land uses - Offices (Private companies, government offices), Retailing (Declining),
Entertainment (Growing), Residential (Growing)
Problems and solutions
-Microclimate
-Aesthetics (Mixed development)
2. Inner Mixed Zone (IMZ)
Older suburbs surrounding the CBD. Developed as manufacturing and working class residential.
Some pockets of high income housing.
Eg. Prahran, South Melbourne, Fitzroy, Collingwood, Coburg, North Melbourne, South Yarra,
Toorak, East Melbourne
Mixed land use
1880 - 1970 = Factories, shops and pubs on the outsides with houses and terraces, with a road
through the middle.
A small house would usually have 8-12 people living in it.
Mixed population
IMZ usually had some overseas arrivals living in it. (Job availability (Originally in factories), Rental
housing, Public transport, Support network)
Once they have a lot of money from working, they might move out.
Also had some "Yuppies and dinks" (Professional young middle income people).
Different life style to the suburbs, Renovate, Invest, Close to entertainment.
Young couples may move out, for Space for families, Profit by selling IMZ home
Investors
Buy, renovate and then rent or sell.
Empty-nesters
Older people who are now on their own. (Kids leave the house, which leaves only the parents)
They down size, enjoy the features.
Temporary
Students (Location education, Part time jobs, Entertainment value)

Overall - IMZ populations fell after the 1950's because of lower birthrates and a smaller family size.
Falls of 50-70% were recorded. Since the 1980's populations are rising with governments
encouraging new apartment blocks and factory conversions.
Changes in the Inner Mixed Zone
1. By government
Slum abolition movement 1890's+
1945+ Policy to demolish ALL housing in the IMZ, except the high income areas, churches,
shopping streets. To be replaced with high-rise apartments & walkups. Stopped in the early 1970's,
because of the belief that the new buildings would become slums and ugly appearance. They
cleared and rebuilt about 60 hectares of older housing
Improving Wellbeing
Burma - GNI p/c < $US 2000. LLDC (Least Less Developed Country), Military Dictatorship
transforming to democracy.
What to do with Burma?
Advantages [Assets, Resources]
Access to the ocean for trade
Farming land, with water
Gold and other precious gems
Teak forests
Military dictatorship (mainly)
Tourist attractions (History, Culture, Low cost)

Disadvantages [Problems, Lack of...]

Communications across mountain ranges
Low technology widespread
Poor infrastructure (electricity, transport, health, water)
Cyclone/typhoons
Ethnic conflict, religious conflict ]
Military dictatorship (mostly)
] 50% - 75% budget spent on the military
Health levels of individuals
Costs for infrastructure are high (Where does the money come from? - Borrow money from
countries (India, China) or organisations (World Bank, IMF). - Hire/Buy technology from
elsewhere

ACTIONS
Large scale developments (Regions, nation, expensive)

- Health and education (Investment costs are very high, Returns take years)
- Buying technology and expertise (From elsewhere, expensive and money goes back out of the
-

country)
Infrastructure improvements
Roads and transport
Electricity
Democracy in the end
Sewage system
Water supply (Dam building - Flood control, regulate water supply, irrigation water, electricity)
Manufacturing
Tourism (> 1 billion tourists who crossed international borders, 60%-75% came from the
wealthiest countries) You would need airports, hotels, transport, electricity, water, food

Small scale developments (Local area/individuals)

- Schools
- Farming techniques
- Cow + pig banks

The Prospects for Burma's Economic Development - (Google search article)

3 aims of the President - High economic growth, 1.7-fold rise in per capita, 4 guiding principles
Role of foreign investment - To maintain high economic growth
Importance of trade - for service and investment
Growth poles: Where are they? Is it a problem? - Rangoon and Mandalay, It creates unbalanced
growth within the country.

Overview of Australia's aid to Burma - (Google search article)

- Burma's potential? - Land, natural resources, young population, government wanting to reform
- Challenge for development? - 1/4 of population are in poverty, >1/3 of children are
malnourished, 54% of children complete 5 years of primary school
- 3 objectives of Australian aid - Human development, Peace and stability, Economic growth and
government management
- What has been achieved? - over 140,000 additional girls and boys were enrolled in schools,
326,813 students were provided with essential school supplies and textbooks, saved the lives of
235,313, 980 rice farmers improved 40% of productivity, assisted the Burmese Government to
promote economic growth through a policy and a business forum.

Shiekh Rashid
Sheikh Mahammed Rashid (Current)
1966 - Oil discovered (Oil revenues start to pour in, & the problem was how to use them)(Dredge
the waters for a port)(New airport/Emirates Airlines)(Hospitals, schools)(Workers import)
1971 - United Arab Emirates created
1990 - Oil predicted to last 20 years (Forces a rethink on development)(Huge dry dock built, for oil
tankers)(Emirates Airlines expanded worldwide > Business people, tourists > hotels, sports
events (Sports city), shopping malls, apartments (Architecture/design are a big factor), tax-free
zones (Media city))
2008 - Financial crisis & another rethink.
2014 - GNI p/c $58,000
NOW: Concentrate on property development, providing services such as tourism & banking
Impacts of Dubai's Development

Changed from Less developed country to a Developed country in 50 years.

50,000 in 1966 to 4.5mil in 2015
Income p/c in US$ = 1960s < 1000, 1975 about 17 000, 2014 about 58000 to 2.2 million people
Oil is running out, but the wealth remains in the form of infrastructure, expertise, services.
Reputation of a successful business centre.
Tourist destination, 2014 about 13.2 million tourists
Conservative or liberal?
Hired help: 80% total population (No unions, No minimum wage)
Political and economic control is by the family
Environment concerns (Pollution from cars, Oil spillage danger, Desalinated water costs)
Applied elsewhere: Doha, Abu Dhabi
Thriving trade of importing and re-exporting. Eg. Oil, gold
Competition (Dubai's success is now being copied in places, including Doha, Kuwait, Oman)

REVISION
Key Terms
Content
Evidence vs Speculation
Examples
Discuss, Describe, Explain, Evaluate, Identify, Outline, Justify
Avoid general terms (In recent years... Healthy economy)
To one specific country:
Describe 2 natural advantages for its future development. (Climate, size, resources, location)
Describe 2 human advantages. (Economy, expertise, labour force)
Describe 1 disadvantages.
Burma
Natural advantages: Burma has valuable natural resources such as wood and gold, which will help
its wealth. Good location along the port area for trade and transport.
Human advantages: Labour force is very cheap, tourists
Disadvantage: Most of the population is living rurally which will have an effect on the overall health
and education of the people, as the technology and services is very limited.