AWS Welding Journal November 2013

SWEDEN
Volvo
Trucks
Budapest
Ferenc Liszt
International
Airport
HUNGARY
Factory
Five
Racing
AT THE
CORE
OF GREAT PROJECTS
EVERYWHERE.
usa
Oasis of
the Seas
brazil
Maracan
Stadium
finland
From world-class football stadiums to award-winning airport terminals, ESAB has

played a pivotal role in many impressive projects around the globe. See these
stories come to life at FABTECH 2013.
Heres what else you can look forward to when ESAB comes to FABTECH.
Dont miss exciting demos of Heliarc for AC/DC GTAW (TIG) welding
n Be here for live demos with the Warrior multi-process welding machine
n See live demos of PowerCut manual plasma cutting systems

n Check out new products and processes from Welding Automation and Cutting Systems
n Get a first look at Marathon Pac 2 engineered for productivity and ease of use
n Have a look at our newest PPE, including the Warrior Tech welding helmet
n
o find out how our welding and cutting solutions can help with your next project,
T
visit esabna.com/fabtech2013 and stop by booths N1449 and N1145 in the North Hall.
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products / esabna.com
November 2013_4/06 Cover 10/16/13 4:24 PM Page C1
November 2013
WELDING JOURNAL VOLUME 92 NUMBER 11 NOVEMBER 2013
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDING
AND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING
select arc 1_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 1:37 PM Page C2
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thermatool_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:45 PM Page 1
Thermatools new generation of High Power HF tube and pipe welding

systems incorporates HAZControl Technology - designed to deliver
precise, independent control of weld power and frequency on each and
every mill run. High Power HF Welders from 800kW to 1,800kW now
feature HAZControl Technology, the key to precise weld heat input control.
For further information on how Thermatools HAZControl Technology can
improve your production process please visit us at Fabtech booth C3901.
For the most reliable return on your investment, turn to Thermatool.
Thermatool Corp.
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CAMFIL AIR POLLUTION_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 5:04 PM Page 2
November 2013_Layout 1 10/16/13 1:54 PM Page 3
CONTENTS
40
46
November 2013 Volume 92 Number 11
AWS Web site www.aws.org
Features
Departments
40
Welding Ingenuity + Operational Changes = A Saved Business

See how a job shop on the brink of closing its doors turned
around its fortunes to the point of prosperity
K. Campbell
46
Controlling SMA Welding Fumes in the Mining Industry

Research was conducted to find how best to protect welders
involved in hardfacing operations in the mining industry
K. Sham and S. Liu
52
Alabama Center Preps Trainees for Shipbuilding Jobs

A resurgency in shipbuilding and a shortage of qualified
welders sparked the state of Alabama to address the need
for a skilled workforce with a new maritime training center
M. R. Johnsen
56
Tips for Purchasing Welding Consumables for Nuclear Work

Heres help in finding the right electrodes, wires, and fluxes
to meet the requirements of ASME Section III of the
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
W. J. Sperko
60
FABTECH
Check out all the events and technical presentations the
show has to offer on the welding side
Editorial ............................4
Press Time News ..................6
International Update ............10
News of the Industry ............12
Stainless Q&A ....................18
RWMA Q&A ......................24
Product & Print Spotlight ......28
AWS Show Information..........60
AWS Events at a Glance ........66
AWS Professional Program ....67
AWS Exhibit Highlights..........89
Coming Events ..................164
Certification Schedule ........166
Welding Workbook ............168
Society News....................169
Tech Topics ....................170
Official Interpretations:
A5.11, D1.3, D1.8 ..........170
Guide to AWS Services ......180
Personnel........................182
Red Hots ........................184
Logos ............................193
Classifieds ......................197
Advertiser Index ................198
Welding Research Supplement

313-s Estimation of Weld Joint Penetration under Varying GTA
Pools
A front-side vision system was aided in determining joint
penetration by a neuro-fuzzy model
Y. K. Liu et al.
52
322-s Contribution of Phosphorus and Sulfur on Hot Cracking

Susceptibility for Extra-High-Purity 25Cr-35Ni Stainless
Steels
It was found that the addition of low levels of lanthanum to a highpurity stainless steel reduced hot cracking susceptibility
K. Saida et al.
332-s Microstructure Analysis of Brazed Sapphire to
Inconel 600 Using Porous Interlayer
Experimentation with a porous Cu/Ni composite interlayer was
conducted to evaluate its effectiveness in producing a sound brazed
joint
T. Zaharinie et al.
337-s Simplified Mathematical Modeling of Implant Limit
Stress and Maximum HAZ Hardness
Two simplified models were developed to predict hydrogeninduced cracking in high-strength steel weldments
A. Fotouh et al.
Welding Journal (ISSN 0043-2296) is published

monthly by the American Welding Society for
$120.00 per year in the United States and possessions, $160 per year in foreign countries: $7.50
per single issue for domestic AWS members and
$10.00 per single issue for nonmembers and
$14.00 single issue for international. American
Welding Society is located at 8669 NW 36th St.,
# 130, Miami, FL 33166-6672; telephone (305)
443-9353. Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla.,
and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send
address changes to Welding Journal, 8669 NW
36th St., # 130, Miami, FL 33166-6672. Canada
Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608
Canada Returns to be sent to Bleuchip International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2,
Canada.
Readers of Welding Journal may make copies of
articles for personal, archival, educational or
research purposes, and which are not for sale or
resale. Permission is granted to quote from articles, provided customary acknowledgment of
authors and sources is made. Starred (*) items
excluded from copyright.
On the cover: The Chicago River is a picturesque waterway that winds through
downtown Chicago. The Willis Tower, which at over 1,700 feet tall is one of the
worlds tallest buildings, is pictured here in the background. Photo credit
Todd Rosenberg.
WELDING JOURNAL
Editorial November 2013_Layout 1 10/15/13 4:09 PM Page 4
EDITORIAL
Founded in 1919 to Advance the Science,
Technology and Application of Welding
Enjoy the FABTECH

Experience
When people hear the words trade show, it elicits different thoughts. Buying opportunities. Networking. New technologies.
FABTECH offers the prospect of all three and more.
Back in Chicago this year, Nov. 18 to 21, FABTECH North Americas largest metalforming, fabricating, welding, and finishing event offers attendees a unique experience to meet with old friends and colleagues, and develop new relationships with vendors all under one roof.
Among the 1500 exhibiting companies and more than 35,000 attendees expected at
the show this month are countless relationships built over business deals, annual trade
show visits, and day-to-day contact. FABTECH offers the opportunity to reconnect and
build on those collaborations. And for those who are new to the show, theres the excitement of building the foundation for what it is hoped will become similarly long-term
relationships, all while soaking up the latest products and business solutions.
But its not just about attending FABTECH for the first time or even the 15th time.
Its about the opportunity to share and learn.
Whether visiting on behalf of a small family-owned shop, a large manufacturing facility, or a welding distributorship, FABTECH provides the opportunity see new technologies at work. Even better, it allows attendees to discover the ways these technologies can
translate into real-world solutions ones that help improve productivity, quality, and
profitability. Attendees can even make side-by-side comparisons between products to
weigh out the various features and benefits of each, or participate in hands-on demos
before determining the next step in their buying cycle.
Students who attend and fortunately there are many, signifying an ongoing interest in the fabrication, metalforming, welding, and finishing industries can also get a
firsthand look at the leading technologies, giving them a competitive advantage when
entering into the workforce.
Beyond learning about new technologies on the show floor, there are also many other
avenues for attendees to increase their knowledge. This years show boasts more than
100 education and training programs designed to expand attendees skill sets. These programs, presented by leading industry professionals, cover topics from technology
advancements and best practices to automation, job shop solutions, and more. In addition to enhancing attendees businesses, these programs also offer the chance to network
with peers or even find out what the competition is doing. And they are designed for a
wide variety of audiences, so most any member of a companys team can benefit.
But as anyone whos attended a trade show the size of FABTECH (theres 550,000
net square feet to cover over the course of four days), theres always the need for some
downtime and socializing, too. For fun, consider participating in the contests and giveaways at the show, or attending one of many afterhours receptions or networking events,
including happy-hour events hosted by exhibitors. Or for some laughs, look to the annual FABTECH Cocktails and Comedy event, featuring sketch and improv acts from
Chicagos famed cabaret theater, The Second City, and more. After all, the show is as
much about having fun as it is about networking, learning, and doing business.
So whether attending for half a day or the entire show, take advantage of the many
offerings at FABTECH. Reach out to old colleagues,
network with new vendors, and invest the time to learn
about the many new technologies and solutions available in the marketplace. Attendees can even plan out
a show experience ahead of time. Visit
Fabtechexpo.com to download the FABTECH mobile
app or use the online show planner. See you in
Chicago!
Officers
President Nancy C. Cole
NCC Engineering
Vice President Dean R. Wilson
Well-Dean Enterprises
Vice President David J. Landon
Vermeer Mfg. Co.
Vice President David L. McQuaid
D. L. McQuaid and Associates, Inc.
Treasurer Robert G. Pali
J. P. Nissen Co.
Executive Director Ray W. Shook
American Welding Society
Directors
T. Anderson (At Large), ITW Global Welding Tech. Center
U. Aschemeier (Dist. 7), Miami Diver
J. R. Bray (Dist. 18), Affiliated Machinery, Inc.
R. E. Brenner (Dist. 10), CnD Industries, Inc.
G. Fairbanks (Dist. 9), Fairbanks Inspection & Testing Services
T. A. Ferri (Dist. 1), Victor Technologies
D. A. Flood (At Large), Tri Tool, Inc.
S. A. Harris (Dist. 4), Altec Industries
K. L. Johnson (Dist. 19), Vigor Shipyards
J. Jones (Dist. 17), The Harris Products Group
W. A. Komlos (Dist. 20), ArcTech, LLC
T. J. Lienert (At Large), Los Alamos National Laboratory
J. Livesay (Dist. 8), Tennessee Technology Center
M. J. Lucas Jr. (At Large), Belcan Engineering
D. E. Lynnes (Dist. 15), Lynnes Welding Training
C. Matricardi (Dist. 5), Welding Solutions, Inc.
J. L. Mendoza (Past President), Lone Star Welding
S. P. Moran (At Large), Weir American Hydro
K. A. Phy (Dist. 6), KA Phy Services, Inc.
W. A. Rice (Past President), OKI Bering
R. L. Richwine (Dist. 14), Ivy Tech State College
D. J. Roland (Dist. 12), Marinette Marine Corp.
N. Saminich (Dist. 21), NS Inspection and Consulting
K. E. Shatell (Dist. 22), Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
T. A. Siewert (At Large), NIST (ret.)
H. W. Thompson (Dist. 2), Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
R. P. Wilcox (Dist. 11), ACH Co.
J. A. Willard (Dist. 13), Kankakee Community College
M. R. Wiswesser (Dist. 3), Welder Training & Testing Institute
D. Wright (Dist. 16), Zephyr Products, Inc.
Debbie Doench
Chair, AWS Publications, Expositions, Marketing
Committee (PEMCO)
NOVEMBER 2013
MATHEY DEARMAN_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 5:06 PM Page 5
See us at FABTECH booth #N625
PTN November 2013_Layout 1 10/15/13 4:45 PM Page 6
PRESS TIME
NEWS
Arcet Equipment and Machine & Welding Supply Merge
The businesses of Arcet Equipment Co., Richmond, Va., and Machine & Welding
Supply Co., Dunn, N.C., have merged. They will initially operate as wholly owned subsidiaries of a new entity known as Arc3 Gases, Inc., as a 50/50 merger.
Parker Dillard and Emmett Aldredge Jr. will serve as co-chairmen of the board of
directors of Arc3 Gases. In addition, Emmett Aldredge III will serve as co-president of
the company with Parker Dillard. The executive team includes Andy Ellen as chief financial officer and Christopher Aldredge as chief operating officer. Ray Dillard has
been named Arcets general manager, and Jeff Johnson has been named general manager of Machine & Welding Supply.
The two multigeneration family businesses will operate a total of 46 retail locations
in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia as well as a beverage CO2 business serving the eastern U.S. from Delaware to Florida.
ESAB Sponsors the University of Toronto Baja Team

ESAB Welding & Cutting Products,
Florence, S.C., is sponsoring the University of Toronto Baja Team in the Baja Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) collegiate design competition. The contest,
conducted regionally throughout North
America, begins June 2014 in Peoria, Ill.
ESAB will donate welding equipment,
consumables, and personal protection accessories as they compete to design and
build a rugged, off-road vehicle.
Every year, more than 100 university
By providing welding equipment and additional teams participate in Baja SAE competiaccessories, ESAB will support the University
tions across North America. As part of
of Toronto Baja Team.
these, student members must function as
a team to design, build, test, promote,
and race a vehicle to meet dynamic elements, including acceleration, hill climb, maneuverability, suspension, traction, and endurance. The competitions provide students the
opportunity to complete a challenging project that involves planning and manufacturing
tasks required to introduce a new product to the consumer industrial market. The winning design must be fast, robust, comfortable, safe, and easy to manufacture.
JGM Welding & Fabricating Services Expands

JGM Welding & Fabricating Services, a structural steel fabricator, will expand operations and lease a 75,000-sq-ft facility in Valley Township, Chester County, Pa. The project is
expected to generate a capital investment in excess of $2.5 million in infrastructure improvement, equipment, and employee training costs.
JGMs addition of 44 new jobs is the second jobs announcement in Chester County
this year with the resulting total job creation projected to be more than 130 for the county,
said Governor Tom Corbett.
The company also received a funding offer from the Department of Community and
Economic Development, including a $125,000 Pennsylvania First Program grant, $44,000
in Job Creation Tax Credits, and $19,800 Guaranteed Free Training grant to be used for
training its new workforce at the project site.
Madison-Kipp Corp. Celebrates 115 Years in Operation

Madison-Kipp Corp., Madison, Wis., a manufacturer of aluminum die cast components
and subassemblies for the transportation, industrial, lawn and garden, and leisure-end markets, is celebrating its 115th year of operations. The company will also mark the 110th year
of continuous operations at its current east side location.
MKCs first year of operations occurred in 1898, said Tony Koblinski, company
president and CEO. At that time, less than a dozen employees showed up for work. In
the decades since as the 20th century passed and the 21st century began more than
25,000 dedicated MKC workers have met our customers need for essential precision
metal components.
Publisher Andrew Cullison

Editorial
Editorial Director Andrew Cullison
Editor Mary Ruth Johnsen
Associate Editor Howard M. Woodward
Associate Editor Kristin Campbell
Editorial Asst./Peer Review Coordinator Melissa Gomez
Publisher Emeritus Jeff Weber
Design and Production
Production Manager Zaida Chavez
Senior Production Coordinator Brenda Flores
Manager of International Periodicals and
Electronic Media Carlos Guzman
Advertising
National Sales Director Rob Saltzstein
Advertising Sales Representative Lea Paneca
Advertising Sales Representative Sandra Jorgensen
Senior Advertising Production Manager Frank Wilson
Subscriptions
Subscriptions Representative Tabetha Moore
tmoore@aws.org
8669 NW 36 St., # 130, Miami, FL 33166-6672
(305) 443-9353 or (800) 443-9353
Publications, Expositions, Marketing Committee
D. L. Doench, Chair
Hobart Brothers Co.
S. Bartholomew, Vice Chair
ESAB Welding & Cutting Prod.
J. D. Weber, Secretary
D. Brown, Weiler Brush
T. Coco, Victor Technologies International
L. Davis, ORS Nasco
D. DeCorte, RoMan Mfg.
J. R. Franklin, Sellstrom Mfg. Co.
F. H. Kasnick, Praxair
D. Levin, Airgas
E. C. Lipphardt, Consultant
R. Madden, Hypertherm
D. Marquard, IBEDA Superflash
J. F. Saenger Jr., Consultant
S. Smith, Weld-Aid Products
D. Wilson, Well-Dean Enterprises
N. C. Cole, Ex Off., NCC Engineering
J. N. DuPont, Ex Off., Lehigh University
L. G. Kvidahl, Ex Off., Northrop Grumman Ship Systems
D. J. Landon, Ex Off., Vermeer Mfg.
S. P. Moran, Ex Off., Weir American Hydro
E. Norman, Ex Off., Southwest Area Career Center
R. G. Pali, Ex Off., J. P. Nissen Co.
N. Scotchmer, Ex Off., Huys Industries
R. W. Shook, Ex Off., American Welding Society
Copyright 2013 by American Welding Society in both printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsible for any statement made or
opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors
of specific articles are for informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the
part of potential users.
MEMBER
NOVEMBER 2013
CM INDUSTRIES_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:26 PM Page 7
ALM_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:22 PM Page 8
IT TAKES
TEAMWORK
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Territories are still available for full service welding
distributors. Contact us today if you are interested in joining our team.
ALM_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:22 PM Page 9
ALM proudly sponsored the Richard Petty

Motorsports iconic #43
driven by Aric Almirola
Fabricators can depend on

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See us at
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Intl Updates Nov[1]_Layout 1 10/15/13 4:07 PM Page 10
INTERNATIONAL
UPDATE
Gallery Exhibits Welded Pieces
by Bob Dylan
exhibition in Chemnitz, Germany, in 2007 and several subsequent exhibitions, this show, titled Mood Swings, will feature iron
works by Dylan, alongside original works on canvas and signed
limited editions, all of which will be for sale.
Seven iron gates, welded out of vintage iron and other metal
parts, created by Dylan in his studio will be featured in the exhibition and will be displayed publicly for the first time. These
gates and other objects are the outcome of the artists lifelong
fascination with welding and metalwork.
Thomas Riley Building Reopens after

$60-Million Renovation
The Mood Swings exhibit will showcase ironworks by artist and singer
Bob Dylan. (Image credit: Bob Dylan, 2013 John Shearer.)
Halcyon Gallery, Mayfair, London, is presenting an exhibition
of new works by musician and artist Bob Dylan from November
16 to January 25. Building on the success of his first museum
ved
Ti
C OUNT O N W EILER
Paw Has A
r
ri
er
The Thomas Riley building, originally opened in 1952 at SAIT

Polytechnic, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, recently reopened to students with 162,000 sq ft of renovated learning space. The classrooms and labs in the building have been upgraded to enhance
the learning experience for students in the schools of
Construction and Manufacturing and Automation. Updated
spaces include a home lab that can accomodate the construction
of two 1200-sq-ft homes simultaneously and a brand-new millwright and natural gas compression lab.
Students are our top priority, and we wanted the new spaces
in Thomas Riley to be designed to enhance the curriculum and
ensure our students are highly trained for their current and
future employers, said Scott MacPherson, dean of the School of
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NOVEMBER 2013
2013 Weiler Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Intl Updates Nov[1]_Layout 1 10/15/13 4:07 PM Page 11
Renovations to SAIT Polytechnics Thomas Riley building included

updates to classrooms and labs.
New continuous welded rail in Oman will ensure smoother, no

clickety-clack train rides.
Construction at SAIT Polytechnic. The $60-million renovation

has added 40 years to the life of the building and is focused mainly on improving the student learning experience classrooms,
labs, and study space and giving it the same interior look and
feel as the other new buildings on campus.
Although more expensive than traditional rail tracks, CWR

tracks eliminate rail joints, which are essentially small gaps left at
rail ends to make allowances for metal expansion. The rails are
welded together at a site to make lengths of several kilometers.
Jointless tracks are less subject to wear and last longer than jointed tracks. The result will be a smoother, continuous surface for
the trains to roll along.
Oman is implementing a nonelectrified double-track network
that will be integrated with the GCC Rail Project. Italferr, an
Italian engineering consultancy firm, is underaking the preliminary design of the national rail project. The 1394-mile network
comprises nine segments, the first of which is due to be awarded
a contract for construction before the end of 2014.
Continuous Welded Rail in Oman

Will Mean Smoother Rides
The Sultanate of Omans government recently opted for continuous weld rail (CWR) to allow for the operation of higherspeed and heavier trains across the national rail network.
WELDING JOURNAL
11
NI November 2013_Layout 1 10/14/13 3:44 PM Page 12
NEWS OF THE
INDUSTRY
Bowling Green Assembly Plant Gets $131 Million Technology Investment
General Motors (GM) $131 million technology investment at the Bowling Green Assembly Plant in Kentucky such as the
first production use of a GM-patented process allowing aluminum to be spot welded to aluminum is resulting in the strongest
and most precisely built Corvette in its six-decade history.
New technologies enable more accurate and efficiently produced subassemblies, such as the frame and components attached to
it. Laser-based, three-dimensional inspection systems verify overall assembly tolerances targeted to be 25% tighter than the previous-generation Corvette.
Approximately $52 million of the investment went
to a new body shop that manufactures the cars lightweight aluminum frame in-house for the first time.
This is not only the foundation for the cars greater
driving capabilities, but also the platform on which
the 2014 Corvette Stingray is more precisely constructed. It is 99 lb lighter and 57% stiffer than the
previous-generation frame.
In addition, it is the most complex frame design in
the cars history, featuring main rails composed of five
customized aluminum segments, including aluminum
extrusions at each end, a center main rail section, and
hollow-cast nodes at the suspension interface points.
There are 439 aluminum resistance spot welds on
the Corvette Stingray coupe. GMs new resistance
spot welding process uses a patented multi-ring
domed electrode. Also, laser welding is used in the
frames tunnel subassembly to attach sheet aluminum
closeout panels to the tunnel structure. Laser-based
vision inspection for quality assurance includes Per- A 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray frame makes its way down the composite
ceptron-supplied tools to monitor critical points on line in the new, $52 million body shop at General Motors Bowling Green Asevery Corvette body that comes down the line.
sembly Plant. (Photo by AJ Mast for Chevrolet.)
Miller Electric Donates Equipment Worth

$1 Million to Ferris State
in the welding lab. Installation was completed in August.

The robotic welding cell donations mark the start of a rotating donation program organized by Miller and FSU. Every three
years, the company will update the robotic welding cells with new
equipment, ensuring students stay on top of these technologies
and gain the hands-on experience needed to be competitive as
they enter the workforce.
In addition, Miller worked with FSU staff to offer training to
instructors on the new equipment.
This donation was the result of a long-term partnership between our organizations 20-plus years and it supports the
vision we have for our program and our students, said Jeff Hardesty, associate professor and program coordinator at FSU.
Vera Anderson: The Story of a WWII

World Champion Welder
FSU junior student Charles Adams gets hands-on experience with

one of the robots donated by Miller Electric.
Miller Electric Mfg. Co., Appleton, Wis., has donated more
than $1 million in robotic welding equipment and simulation software to the Welding Engineering Technology program at Ferris
State University (FSU), Big Rapids, Mich. This includes three
complete robotic welding cells that Miller and members of the
program worked together to design modular bases for and install
A recent article by Mary Perez of The Sun Herald, the newspaper covering the Mississippi Gulf Coast, paid tribute to Vera
Anderson, the Worlds Champion Welder, who died Aug. 29
at the age of 90.
She earned the title during World War II while working at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Miss. Anderson was 19 when
she competed against other female welding champions. In 1944,
she won the first Womens National Welding Championship, receiving $350 in war bonds and a trip to the White House.
I was invited to have tea with Mrs. Roosevelt. She talked
about what a contribution the women were making to the war effort, Anderson later said.
continued on page 15
12
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NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY

continued from page 12
IF WE DONT HAVE
YOUR FILTER,
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One call to Donaldson Torit is all it takes to fulll
all your ltration needs. Your call will be answered
by a ltration expert with access to lters of all
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24 hours. Even if your dust collector is from another
manufacturer, the lter performance and quality
service of Donaldson Torit is only a phone call away.
Youre sure to get EXACTLY WHAT YOU NEED.
Vera Anderson raises her welding torch after being named Worlds
Champion Welder in a 1944 competition. (Photo courtesy of Huntington Ingalls Industries.)
When she became the Gulf Coast Welding Champion, that
brought a challenge from Vancouver Yard of Kaisers Shipbuilding Co., which claimed the West Coast Champion, Hermina
Strmiska. She won that challenge on May 28, 1943. Then Moore
Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Oakland, Cal., claimed the previous contestant was not the West Coast Champion. On Jan. 24,
1944, Anderson kept her crown by outwelding Edna Slocum.
In announcing the winner of this contest, NBC announced I
was Champion Woman Welder of the World, Anderson said.
Her story part of the National History Project along
with her picture, history, and welding trophy are on display in
the military museum at Camp Shelby, Hattiesburg, Miss.
U.S. Secretary of Labor Thomas E. Perez recently revealed

$474.5 million in grants to community colleges and universities
around the country for developing as well as expanding training
programs with local employers. Listed below are a few of the
awardees.
In Michigan, Macomb Community College leads a consortium where the total award amount is nearly $25 million. The
Michigan Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing will focus on
CNC machining, welding/fabrication, multiskilled technicians,
and production operations.
In Tennessee, Pellissippi State Community College heads a
Obama Administration Announces

$474.5 Million in Skills Training Grants
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WELDING JOURNAL
15
consortium for which the total award amount is nearly $13 million. The Southeastern Economic and Education Leadership
Consortium implements a partnership in support of developing
educational/career pathways tied to national industry standards/credentials in welding, machining, and manufacturing.
In Wyoming, the Northern Wyoming Community College District has been awarded nearly $2.8 million. It is working with existing Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training-funded programs to develop training curriculum
that lead to credentials for machinists, and award one-year certificates and two-year associates degrees in machine tool technology and welding technology.
NexAir Debuts Advanced Welding

& Cutting Demonstration Lab
NexAir, a large distributor of atmospheric gases and welding
supplies, recently debuted its Advanced Welding & Cutting
Demonstration Lab in Memphis, Tenn. A facility for welding
equipment demonstration and training use, it is outfitted with
new welding equipment and will be used to train employees and
customers. Also, it will be utilized locally by schools with students
interested in the welding profession.
Minnesota Welding Firm Creates Jobs

WFSI, Inc., Sauk Rapids, Minn., a contract welding shop serving the oil and gas, energy, and military markets, plans to expand
its operations and add 32 new positions. This was made possible
with a $200,000 loan to increase its welding and manufacturing
business, according to the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development.
This funding will help us at WFSI acquire major pieces of
equipment, said WFSI CFO Allan Beyer.
Currently, the company employs about 45 people at its facility and plans to fill the additional positions over the next two
years. It recently relocated from a 14,000 to a 145,000-sq-ft facility that will allow production of larger products such as pressure
vessels.
Employment for welders in Central Minnesota is on the upswing as manufacturing activity in the area rebounds from the
Great Recession, added Commissioner Katie Clark Sieben.
The nexAir demo lab offers three welding stations fitted with Fronius, Lincoln Electric, Miller Electric, and Hypertherm equipment
and accessories.
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NOVEMBER 2013
2013
Highlights include a PerformArcTM pre-engineered robotic

work cell, Retro Systems CNC plasma cutting table, and microbulk gas system with two mixers for blending welding gas mixtures. Customers may also bring product specifications of their
own to see how the labs equipment can work for them. All equipment and accessories demonstrated are products sold by nexAir.
The lab is led by Sales Engineer Samantha Noland, an American Welding Society member, who is a welding and robotics
trainer and provides automation sales and support.
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE WELDERS WORLD.
Arapahoe County Approves Permit for

Oil and Gas Pipeline
The Arapahoe County Board of County Commissioners in
Littleton, Colo., have unanimously approved a land-use permit
allowing construction of part of a pipeline to transport natural
gas liquids from Weld County, Colo., to Texas.
Front Range Pipeline, LLC, a partnership with Anadarko Petroleum, Enterprise Products Partners, and Denver-based DCP
Midstream, has received approval for constructing the 435-mile
pipeline across Weld, Elbert, and El Paso Counties.
The pipeline is 16 in. in diameter and will carry an average of
150,000 barrels of liquid per day, but can accommodate up to
230,000 barrels daily. The expected completion date is sometime
within the fourth quarter of this year.
WELDERS ARE OUR WORLD.
Industry Notes
Chicago Bridge and Iron will contribute $100,000 to Central
Piedmont Community College to support welding and nondestructive exam facilities at its Harper Campus, Charlotte, N.C.
Advance Welding, West Springfield, Mass., an AWS Supporting Company Member, is celebrating its 35th anniversary. The
company is Nadcap accredited with merit for fusion and resistance welding, plus brazing; ISO9001/AS9100 certified; and
is a certified FAA Repair Station.
Quality Marine Alaska, Kodiak, was recently featured in the
Alaskan Steel Men series, which follows the adventures of a team
of extreme heavy-metal welders on the Discovery Channel.
Victor TechnologiesTM, St. Louis, Mo., is positioning Tweco
as its single brand for specialty welding products/arc accessories. Starting with the Tweco Fabricator 3-in-1 welding machines, and continuing throughout the Thermal Arc product
line, all welding products will transition.
Shasta College, Redding, Calif., has expanded its cooperative
program with local businesses by working with Sierra Pacific
Industries to train students in practical welding technology
applications. They are constructing projects that will be put
into use by the company at its local wood products facilities.
GEs Measurement and Control business is expanding its portfolio of inspection technologies through a new agreement with
Thermo Fisher Scientific. The company will sell three of
Thermos products in the positive material identification area.
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology, Troy, Ohio, has been
named a Military Friendly School for 2014 by Victory Media
Inc., the media entity for military personnel transitioning to
civilian life.
The Independent Welding Distributors Cooperative recently
announced the addition of Holston Gases, Knoxville, Tenn., a
large independent supplier of many gases, to its membership.
Ten soldiers from Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington
graduated from its first Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Veterans In Piping Welding Program.
Abbott Welding Supply, Olean, N.Y., has purchased Lind Welding Supply, Jamestown, N.Y., allowing it to provide an expanded selection of gases, welding supplies, and products.
Find
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Chicago, IL
www.binzel-abicor.com
WELDING JOURNAL
17
Stainless Final_Layout 1 10/11/13 9:25 AM Page 18
STAINLESS
Q&A
Q: I have been using the ArcWorks software from Lincoln Electric to calculate
Ferrite Numbers for austenitic stainless
steel weld metals. However, my old computer, with the Microsoft Windows XP
operating system, is being replaced and
the new computer, with a newer version of
Windows, does not support the old software. What can I do?
A: I have had similar questions a number

of times over the past several years. My
own desktop computer, with Windows
XP, continued to live long after I converted to laptops, solely for Ferrite Number (FN) calculations with ArcWorks.
However, last year, that desktop died and
went to a landfill. Before I offer a solution, I think it might be of interest to describe the history of computerized calculations of FNs based on earlier diagrams,
the WRC-1992 Diagram, and its forerunner, the WRC-1988 Diagram. For some,
BY DAMIAN J. KOTECKI
this will be a sojourn down memory lane.

Computerized calculations of ferrite
content of nominally austenitic stainless
steel weld metals actually predate the
WRC-1988 Diagram. In 1984, Larry
Clark, then an electrical engineer employed by Combustion Engineering in
Chattanooga, Tenn., wrote a computer
program for the Apple II-c in the BASIC
language, that calculated ferrite percents
(Schaeffler Diagram), FNs (DeLong Diagram), and made graphical displays of the
results. Clark used the graphical presentation of the published Schaeffler and DeLong Diagrams to estimate equations for
the iso-ferrite lines, and since these lines
are neither parallel nor uniformly spaced,
his program had to use two-point measurements to develop an equation for each
iso-ferrite line, then interpolate between
the lines. In 1984, Clark demonstrated his
program at a meeting of the Welding Research Council (WRC) Subcommittee on
Welding Stainless Steel. The Subcommittee recommended WRC distribute or

market the program. In 1990, Clark left
Combustion Engineering for McKee
Foods near Chattanooga, where he works
to this day.
The American Welding Institute
(AWI), founded in 1983 as the American
Welding Technology Application Center,
attempted to carve out a niche for itself
with a number of welding software offerings. Clarks original BASIC program apparently found its way to AWI. AWIs
FERRITEPREDICTOR software as a
concept was reported in the July 1987
Welding Journal. When the software went
commercial in 1988, it offered calculation
of ferrite percent according to the Schaeffler Diagram, and FN according to the
DeLong Diagram.
Meanwhile, the WRC-1988 Diagram
was published under two covers (T. A.
Siewert, C. N. McCowan, and D. L.
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Olson, 1988. Ferrite Number Prediction

to 100 FN in Stainless Steel Weld Metal,
Welding Journal, 67(12), 289-s to 298-s;
and C. N. McCowan, T. A. Siewert, and
D. L. Olson, 1989. Welding Research
Council Bulletin 342, Stainless Steel Weld
Metal: Prediction of Ferrite Content).
McCowan did the work as part of his masters degree studies at the Colorado
School of Mines in Golden, Colo., under
the tutelage of Siewert and Olson. The
work was supported by funds from the
WRC, using data supplied from a number
of sources, mostly welding filler metal
manufacturers, with additional guidance
from the WRC Subcommittee on Welding Stainless Steels. Since completion of
his MS studies, McCowan has been with
the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colo.
The February 1991 Welding Journal included an announcement that FERRITEPREDICTOR was to be revised by
AWI to include the WRC-1988 Diagram
FN calculations. This didnt happen right
away, and a small modification of the
WRC-1988 Diagram that included copper in the nickel equivalent was published as the WRC-1992 Diagram. This
latter Diagram was included in the
ASME Code in 1994 to replace the DeLong Diagram. Then a revision of FERRITEPREDICTOR that included calculation of FN by the WRC-1988 Diagram
and the WRC-1992 Diagram, along with
DeLong FN and Schaeffler percent ferrite, was introduced by AWI in 1995. Unfortunately, the software offerings were
not enough to keep AWI financially viable, and it ceased operations in 1997.
When AWI ceased operations, The
Lincoln Electric Co., a major investor in
AWI, picked up some of the AWI software, including FERRITEPREDICTOR,
which was packaged within Lincolns
ArcWorks software. In order for a personal computer to run either the standalone AWI version of FERRITEPREDICTOR or that incorporated by Lincoln
in ArcWorks, the computer had to exit the
Windows operating system and run in
DOS, which was supported by Windows
98, 2000, and XP. But Windows Vista
in 2006 changed the game exit to DOS
was not supported and it is not supported
by Windows 7 or 8. So I kept my old
desktop PC with Windows XP.
In the December 2000 Welding Journal, martensite boundaries at three levels
of manganese were added to the WRC1992 Diagram. These are quite useful in
predicting microstructures of dissimilar
metal joints and cladding over carbon or
low-alloy steel. Until now, I am not aware
WELDING JOURNAL
19
that these boundaries are addressed in

any computerized predictions of stainless
steel weld metal microstructures. Subsequently, John Vitek at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed a
neural network method of predicting FN,
published in the January and February
2003 Welding Journal. He eventually published it on a Web site supported by
ORNL, which also included Schaeffler,
DeLong, WRC-1988, and WRC-1992 Diagram calculations. That Web site appears to be closed.
Now, for a solution. I developed an
Excel spreadsheet that performs the
WRC-1992 Diagram FN calculations. To
do so, I had to do as Clark did earlier with
the Schaeffler and DeLong Diagrams in
his BASIC program use the two-point
method of deriving an equation for each
iso-ferrite line on the diagram, then devise an interpolation method between the
non-parallel iso-ferrite lines. I then
tested my spreadsheet predictions
against a large number of predictions I
had accumulated using the ArcWorks
software. The results agree within a few
tenths of one FN. The differences seem
random, up to 0.1 to 0.2 FN for nominally
austenitic stainless steel weld metals, and
up to about 0.7 FN for duplex stainless
steel weld metals. The spreadsheet also
includes graphical displays of the results.
An example of the graphical display appears in my September 2013 Stainless
Q&A column. I transmitted the spreadsheet to Gib Gratti, quality assurance
manager at Arcos Industries, who reported very similar results vs. the ArcWorks calculations. So, I am confident
that the spreadsheet is sufficiently accurate for any prediction purpose. I offer it
without charge to everyone. E-mail your
request to damian@damiankotecki.com,
and I will send the Excel spreadsheet
promptly.
20
NOVEMBER 2013
DAMIAN J. KOTECKI is president,

Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants, Inc.
He is treasurer of the IIW and a member of
the A5D Subcommittee on Stainless Steel
Filler Metals, D1K Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Structural Welding; and WRC
Subcommittee on Welding Stainless Steels
and Nickel-Base Alloys. He is a past chair of
the A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials, and served as AWS president
(20052006). Send questions to damian@
damiankotecki.com, or mail to Damian
Kotecki, c/o Welding Journal Dept., 8669
NW 36th St. # 130, Miami, FL 33166-6672.
esab 1_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:26 PM Page 21
astaras 1_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:32 PM Page 22
astaras 2_FP_TEMP 10/14/13 7:45 AM Page 23
RWMA Q&A November 2013_Layout 1 10/11/13 9:22 AM Page 24
RWMA
Q&A
BY DONALD F. MAATZ JR.
Q : We are resistance spot welding on

galvanized coated parts and experiencing what we consider to be short electrode life. We start each production run
with welds that barely meet their size requirements but finish with expulsion so
severe we end up destroying the electrode
face. We are hesitant to change the weld
schedule due to the small initial weld size
and have instead focused on the current
stepper, to little effect. The water flow,
electrode cap size, weld force, secondary
current, and weld time are all in line with
RWMA guidelines. Any ideas would be
appreciated.
A: Your question intrigues me. If it is assumed that all other aspects of your resistance spot welding (RSW) application
are within acceptable industry norms,
and that you are welding parts with a
coating that is not too detrimental (they
all are to a certain extent) to the electrode caps, you may actually have a current stepper boost issue. However, as I
Fig. 1 A resistance spot weld lobe.

will illustrate, this boost issue may be of
a very different kind than you realize.
But, before we move forward, the follow-
ing caveat must be understood: This discussion is really relevant only for automotive-grade coated steel products, with
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the assumption that you are referring to

hot-dipped galvanized parts for your application. I say this as other automotive
grade coatings (electro-galvanized, galvanneal, etc.) do exhibit this behavior but
typically to a lesser degree. The welding
of any other material substrate (stainless,
etc.), or grade of galvanized coating (i.e.,
commercial, military, etc.) on steel, falls
outside of the realm of this articles applicability. Again, please note that for
this discussion, all aspects of the RSW
process are correct for the application
being discussed. The important elements
of material weldability; part presentation; weld gun capability, configuration,
and condition; electrode alignment, cooling, stack-up ratio; plus the actual weld
schedule itself, are suitable for the application. If this were not the case, we would
not be able to correctly evaluate the application for electrode wear and weld
performance over the course of a production run.
To help answer your question, we must
first understand what would occur if we
were spot welding and did not have a current stepper boost feature on our weld
control. As each weld is made, the act of
applying the scheduled weld time and
secondary current, combined with the application of the needed weld force, physically degrades the condition of the electrode contact face. Some in the industry
refer to this as mushrooming. This degradation may be subtle and barely noticeable even after many welds, or it may be
dramatic, occurring very quickly in the
production run. As an example, when the
RSW process is used on bare steel and
the parts are free of dirt and lightly
coated with a known benign oil, it may
be possible to make many thousands of
welds before the electrode caps are no
longer able to produce a weld of acceptable quality. On the other hand, I have
seen coatings that acted so aggressively
as a wear agent that the electrode caps
were essentially ruined and required
maintenance after less than a few dozen
welds. The most common electrode
maintenance activity involves renewing
the contact face geometry either by dressing the electrode cap, or replacing it.
The current stepper is a feature of the
weld control and was created as a means
to help increase the number of welds between electrode maintenance cycles. It
accomplishes this by adjusting the secondary current in a programmed manner
so that the current density (amps/unit
area) remains relatively consistent as the
electrode cap contact face area increases
with every weld. The early weld controls
WELDING JOURNAL
25
only permitted the addition of current at

discrete intervals, and a plot of their profile over time looked like a set of steps,
hence the name. A more modern weld
control permits a customized profile plot
(e.g., boost of 1 amp/weld). However, despite the fact the profile is a sloped line
and no longer looks like a set of stairs,
the name has stuck. As an aside, there
has been movement at the OEM level
away from utilizing the boost feature of
current steppers and strictly using them
as a counter to trigger a maintenance activity. This no-boost, dress early, dress
often philosophy has merit but really
needs to be the subject of a separate
discussion.
An examination of your application
reveals you may be dealing with at
least for the first portion of your production run a large variance with your
electrode contact face resistance. I say
this based on your statement that the
welds initially were almost unacceptably
small at the start of a production run but
grew so hot over time that expulsion ensued. This is a phenomenon that we have
seen frequently and have illustrated with
an additional data point in a weld lobe
plot (see Fig. 1 and also the March 2012
RWMA Q&A for more details on weld
lobes). What is unique about this particular weld lobe plot is that it details the
secondary current value when a new set
of electrodes produces a weld that meets
the requirements of minimum weld size
(MWS). However, once the electrodes
had been conditioned (Ref. 1), the secondary current required to achieve a
weld at MWS (I-Min) was substantially
lower. Additionally, the new electrode
MWS current is only slightly lower than
the conditioned electrode expulsion current (I-Max). From a production standpoint, this represents a real problem as
the electrodes are exhibiting a very dynamic break-in behavior due to variance
with their contact face resistance.
The situation detailed in our example
weld lobe is a result of the electrode cap
surface contact resistance changing rapidly over the initial 30100 welds of their
life cycle. Once the weld-to-weld variability of the surface contact resistance
has been greatly reduced, the effect of
electrode face geometry (see the May
2009 RWMA Q&A for more details on
electrode geometry) becomes the dominant driving force for the weld lobe results. A potential fallout from this dynamic behavior is that the published results for this weld lobe would be of minimal value unless they were confirmed by
26
NOVEMBER 2013
Fig. 2 A resistance spot weld current stepper boost profile.

a Weld Lobe Point Verification. The
Weld Lobe Point Verification test validates a specific set of welding parameters as to its ability to consistently produce welds of acceptable quality. The test
is conducted by establishing the weld
point within the lobe that is to be validated. For typical automotive grade materials, the validation point is usually
5001000 A beneath the expulsion current for a given weld time and utilizes
electrodes configured to mimic a production environment (i.e., out of the box
without conditioning or stabilization).
The welding portion of the validation
consists of a series of peel coupons (typically 30 or more) at the desired validation point. All peeled test welds should
be greater than minimum weld size, and
ideally exhibit no expulsion.
One possible solution to your issue is
to employ a negative stepper boost profile Fig. 2. As detailed in the example,
this type of boost profile permits the utilization of a higher initial starting secondary current with new electrode caps
that quickly fades back to a baseline value
more suitable for conditioned electrode
caps. Once the electrode caps begin to
exhibit normal wear, a positive value of
boost can be programmed, thus prolonging the time between electrode maintenance cycles. While it will take a bit of
experimentation on your part, you should
find that your RSW process will be more
robust and cost effective by employing
this alternative boost strategy.
The RSW process can be very robust,
even on coated materials. However, in
order to achieve that robustness there
are many variables that must be considered, addressed if they are out of compliance, documented for reference, and,
finally, maintained for the life cycle of
the part.
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank James W. Dolfi,
former AWS Detroit Section, D8D and
Auto/Steel Partnership (ASP) Joining
Committee chairman, for his invaluable
perspective on the welding of coated
materials.
References
1. AWS D8.9:2012, Test Methods for
Evaluating the Resistance Spot Welding
Behavior of Automotive Sheet Steel Materials. Miami, Fla.: American Welding
Society.
DONALD F. MAATZ JR. is a laboratory

manager, RoMan Engineering Services. He
is past chairman of the AWS Detroit Section, serves on the D8D and D8.9 Automotive Welding committees, is an advisor
to the C1 Resistance Welding Committee,
is an AWS CWI, and is vice chairman of
the Certified Resistance Welding Technician working group. He is a graduate of
The Ohio State University with a BS in
Welding Engineering. This article would
not have been possible were it not for the
assistance from members of the RoMan
team. Send your comments/questions to
Maatz at dmaatz@romaneng.com, or to
Donald F. Maatz Jr., c/o Welding Journal,
8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166.
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field welders CNC flexibility in a step-bystep format. It operates on a laptop with
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welded structures and components.
Ruukki
Web Site Covers

Pressure Vessel Cutting
The company recently launched a Web
site, www.pressurevesselcutting.com, that
addresses typical problems associated
with manufacturing and fabricating pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and spooling. The site focuses on specially targeted
products and software that reduce weld-
www.ruukki.com
(905) 361-2788
Portable Washbay Station

Offers High Cleaning Power
The Washmaster 500 is a portable, lowprofile wash rack system for industrial and
commercial equipment to clean and degrease many parts, from fork lifts to tool-
products designed to improve productivity and efficiency in day-to-day metalworking operations. The brochure showcases the companys selection of metalworking products, including magna rolls,
vibratory feeders and conveyors, magnetic
drum separators, and grate magnets. Each
product is outlined with a brief synopsis
and the application it serves. The fourpage, full-color brochure is available online and in hard copy format, by request.
ing. It cleans, contains, and filters wash
water, removing contaminants for recycling or proper discharge to drain. Benefits include the GripStart on/off system;
1500 to 2900 lb/in.2 of cleaning power; low
profile; nonskid, flat surface; manufactured to length and width requirements,
the design allows for a multitude of pad
sizes; forklift ports for moving the rack
and filtration unit; and overspray walls in
varying heights. Also, the product features
the RTS 500 washwater water treatment
system.
Eriez
www.eriez.com
(888) 300-3743
WANT TO LAND
Riveer
A JOB AFTER
www.riveer.com
(269) 637-1997
Laser Machine Offers

Expanded Workspace
GRADUATION?
CH
NICAL INS
T
IT
E
CD
TE
UT
The Optiplex CO2 laser cutting system

comes in a 6- 12-ft format. The 4020
model can process materials ranging from
the thinnest gauge steel to 1-in.-thick mild
steel with a workpiece weight capacity of
up to 3527 lb. It also uses the companys
automated AO|5 setup and features PreView Control with a 15-in. touch screen.
The graphical interface visualizes the cutting path and automatically determines
process conditions, including the required
lens, nozzle, feed rate, and laser output
for different materials and thicknesses.
The system features are complemented
by a 4000-W, Type 10 resonator.
Employers want commercial divers that are internationally certified.
CDA Technical
Techni
echnical Institutes
Commercial Diver Progr
Program
ogram offers the
in
internationally
recognized
ecognized DCBC Unrestricted
Unr
Surface Supplied Divers
Divers
r Certification.
Certification.
Start your career training in an internatio

internationally
nally recognized Commercial Diving and
nd Underwater
Unde
Welding program.
Mazak Optonics Corp.

www.mazakoptonics.com
(847) 252-4500
Brochure Showcases
Metalworking Products
The companys Equipment for the Metalworking Industry brochure highlights
Financial
inancial aid available for those who qualify
Approved
oved for Veterans Benefits
For
or more information about graduation rates, the
median debt of students who completed the program
and other important information, visit www.cda.edu.
www
WELDING JOURNAL
29
Power Supply Allows

Increased Data Storage
The Orbitig 240 is a GTAW power
supply and control system that offers users
a lightweight, portable, welding power
supply capable of executing a vast array
of applications. The system provides a PCcontrolled segmented schedule generation method for accurate, flexible parameter control of the welding process. The
new design features increased data storage, allowing technicians to input multiple schedules, as well as record parame-
Program Enables Effective

Eyewear Management
ters during the welding application. The

power supply and control system is suited
for tube joining, small bore pipe, heat exchanger, and process pipe applications.
Liburdi Dimetrics
www.liburdi.com
(704) 230-2516
Built with Pride.

Carestream NDTs Digital Products are
made right here in the USA. We design,
test and manufacture them in the same
plant every day with pride.
The HPX-1 also won the award for
Product Differentiation Excellence*
Excellence*,, how
many other NDT CR systems can say
the same? Its rugged enough to handle
the rigors of our industry and designed to
minimize damage to the imaging plates
by reading them phosphor side up,
unlike some of our competitors.
about service. If you ever need it on an

HPX-1 under warranty well send you a
free loaner within 24 hours while yours
is being repaired to ensure you can
keep working.
At Carestream its all about performance,
both for our products and the people
who support them. Were proud to
manufacture in America and to build
one of the best products in the industry.
Let us show you the difference.
The Honeywell Eyelation program, an

automated system that features on-site,
Web-enabled, touchscreen kiosks, allows
end-users 24/7 access for fitting, selecting,
and ordering prescription eyewear. Providing employees with the prescription
safety eyewear that delivers the performance, style, fit, and comfort they require,
it eliminates paperwork, manages payroll
deduction automatically, and saves time.
The software-based program offers employees more than 65 styles of prescription frames.
Honeywell Safety Products
www.honeywellsafety.com
(800) 446-1802
Software Helps Manage

Accounts Receivables
And, while were talking about the

competition, the next time youre looking
for a CR system make sure to ask them
*F
*Frost
rost & Sullivan
Sullivan 2012
2012 Best Practices
Practices Awards
Awards
FLEXIBLE. RELIABLE. PO
POWERFUL.
WERFUL. DIGIT
DIGITAL.
TA
AL.
ndt.carestream.com
Carestream NDT
2013 Carestream, Inc. Rochester, N.Y. 14608
30
NOVEMBER 2013
FG Receivables Manager is an online

accounts receivable management software. It gives business owners transparent control of their customer accounts
throughout all stages of a credit sale and
allows them to take appropriate actions
hodgson_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:36 PM Page 31
North Americas largest

Plate Rolling, Brake
Forming and Structural
Rolling facility delivers
cost effective solutions.
We serve a wide range of
industries including energy,
transportation, architectural,
construction, mining, metals,
and agricultural as well as
OEMs across North America.
3.5 thick x
200 in length x
40 inside diameter
11 thick
For all of your rolling, forming

and bending needs, please call
1-800-263-2547
www.hcrsteel.com
Email info@hcrsteel.com
Fax 1-905-356-6025
sulzer metco_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:44 PM Page 32
A More
Efficient
Surface
To more effici
efficiently
iently crush rock, min
mining
ing engineers partnered
partnerred with
Sulzer for the answer.
Without a wear-resistant
esistant coating, rock
rock crusher tteeth
eeth can wear out in a matt
matter of a few
days. So when mining engineers asked
ask us to
o help them decr
decrease
ease their downtime and
reduce
educe their maintenance
maintenance costs, we got right to work. Together,
To
, we developed a laser
cladding solution using a MetcoClad system

em and a MetcoClad material
erial to
t create a
thick deposit on all e
exposed surfaces
faces of the teeth
t
with a hardness better
er than 1500 HV300.
The result?
esult? Those rock
r
crushers never worked
ed so har
hard! They crush more
e efficiently and
stay in service
vice substantially longer.
longer
Meet us at:
Fabtech 2013
November 18 21
Chicago IL, U.S.A.
U
Booth N404
www
w.sulzer.com
PRODUCT & PRINT

SPOTLIGHT
less steel, Prodec, and aluminum plate

products with photos, properties, and applications. The site also highlights the
companys precision cold saw cutting
process.
Plus Ten Stainless
to get paid faster. The real-time software

also reduces the amount of time spent
gathering and sorting critical information
on outstanding accounts.
Funding Gates
www.plustenstainless.com
(707) 745-4625
Calculator Identifies Saving

Opportunities
that identifies and measures the impact

of improved productivity and performance on day-to-day bandsawing operations and their effect on profitability. The
calculator guides manufacturers through
the individual cost components of their
sawing operation. For categories with indirect value, this tool allows customers to
measure their value on soft costs. It ultimately identifies opportunities for significant time and cost savings.
Simonds International
www.fundinggates.com
(888) 370-6026
www.simondsinternational.com
(800) 343-1616
Web Site Highlights Cold

Saw Cutting Process
Welding Helmets Offer

Custom Airbrushing
The company recently launched a redesigned Web site, which showcases stain-
The Tagged and Imposter series are

two additions to the companys Extreme
Face Protector welding helmets. The
Tagged series is custom airbrushed by
hand; offers an adjustable 4/913 autodarkening filter (ADF) integrated into a
180-deg viewing lens; and features grind
mode, sensitivity, and delay controls. The
Imposter series can be custom airbrushed
by the customer; comes in two models, the
Chameleon with a fixed 3/10 ADF integrated into its patented 180-deg passive
welding lens and Du Mi with a 2 4 ad-
The SnapShot bandsawing calculator is a data-driven Microsoft Excel tool
Gentec is a total solution provider for your welding, cutting, and gas control needs.
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WELDING JOURNAL
33
Belt Sander Reaches into Areas of Small Access
justable 4/913 ADF with grind mode and

sensitivity delay controls integrated into
the 180-deg welding lens; and offers a
viewing area of more than 23 in..
Save Phace
The 300B is an air-driven

belt sander for metal grinding,
sanding, deburring, and polishing. It is useful for applications
from foundry finishing to sheet
metal fabrication. The sander
can drive a belt abrasive up to
5700 surface ft/min with a front
exhaust directly on the belt for
cooling. It performs material
removal or fine finishing with a
reach into areas of small access.
T. C. Service Co.
www.tcservice.com
(800) 321-6876
www.savephace.com
(866) 783-3223
Weld Inspection Cart

Provides Easy Portability
The companys weld inspection cart allows easy access to all body panel welds
for integrity testing. The carts can be tailored to hold workpieces of any shape.
Components such as fenders, hoods, and
doors can be mounted to the carts with
34
NOVEMBER 2013
mechanical clamps. A pivot feature then

allows the operator to adjust the component up, down, or over for convenient access to either the front or back of the workpiece, making it easier to do visual weld
inspection and physical weld integrity
testing.
Bilsing Automation North America
www.bilsing-automation.com
(586) 463-0686
GREINER_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:30 PM Page 35
Greiners job shop arsenal now includes the

worlds largest steel rolling capacity.
W40x593# I-beam being rolled to a

100-ft. radius.
Our Roundo R-16S Angle Rolling Machine is only the second machine
with this technology and capacity in the world, and the only one in
the United States. It can roll any beam size either the easy way or the
hard way. It can roll a W40-in. by 211-lb. beam to a radius less than
100 ft. with almost no distortion. Plus, roll up to 24-in.-OD pipe with
2-in. wall thickness.
Give it to us straight, and well handle the curves

Plate Forming: 2,750-ton Press Brake with 40' long bed
Plate Rolling: Up to 4-3/4" thick by 12' wide carbon steel
I-Beam Rolling: Up to 44" the hard way and any size the easy way
Pipe Rolling: Up to 24" in diameter with 2 wall thickness
Tube Rolling: Up to 30" square
Channel Rolling: Up to 36" the easy way and 24" the hard way
Angle Rolling: Up to 12" by 12"
Tees: Any size
Solid Bar Rolling: Up to 14" square and up to 16" round
Flat Bar Rolling: Up to 40" by 7" the easy way and
20" by 6" the hard way
Call us at 800-782-2110 for a free quote on your

next Metal Rolling job.
www.greinerindustries.com
Structural Steel Fabrication

Steel Plate & Sheet Metal Fabrication
Miscellaneous Metals
Machining
Rolling & Forming Services
Cutting Services
Industrial Coatings
Industrial & Electrical Contracting
Crane Rental & Trucking Services
Heat-Bending Services
(AISC Certied for Major Steel
Bridge Fabrication)
bohler 1_FP_TEMP 10/14/13 1:21 PM Page 36
Metallurgical know-how for the best welding results.

As a world leading provider of ller metals voestalpine Bhler Welding is now an integrated unit of the steel producer
voestalpine. The three brands provide the deepest portfolio of ller metal solutions and the most competent technical
support in the market for Joint Welding, Repair & Maintenance and Brazing applications.
Bhler Welding
UTP Maintenance
www.voestalpine.com/welding
Fontargen Brazing
Visitt us
at booth
N867 at
from No
FABTEC
vember
H in Chic
18 th-21 st
ago
, 2013
ADVERTISEMENT
Bhler Welding Group is now

voestalpine Bhler Welding
As of September 2013, the Bhler Welding Group, the leading manufacturer of welding consumables, has become a fully
integrated part of the voestalpine Group. Its afliation with the voestalpine Group, a steel-based technology and capital goods
group with about 500 group companies and locations in more than 50 countries and on all ve continents, is also reected by
its name which now changes from Bhler Welding Group to voestalpine Bhler Welding.
Welding know-how joins steel with customer focus

Like no other enterprise, voestalpine Bhler Welding joins
welding expertise with steel expertise. Customers benet
from comprehensive welding and steel know-how from one
source that generates complete welding solutions tailored
to the customers specic performance criteria and base
materials, as well as from a partner offering extremely high
economic stability and technological competence.
The new name and corporate design constitute only the
nal touch in an overarching internal process in which the
entire enterprise has committed itself to absolute customer
focus. Its predominant philosophy is to deliver always the
best possible solution to its industry customers however
challenging a task may be: safely, fast, and by building on
the worldwide availability of its products and consulting
services.
Focused on three business units and three brands

voestalpine Bhler Welding bundles its competence into
three strong brands. Here, customers will nd a focused
range of products and a pool of experts for their special
challenges. The brands at a glance:
Bhler Welding
Creating lasting connections is the most important part of
the welding process. Designed for joint welding in all conventional arc welding processes, more than 2,000 products
from Avesta, Bhler T-PUT, and UTP are now united within
a globally unique product portfolio. The personal application support signicantly adds to the benet for customers, as Bhler Welding creates lasting connections also
between people.
UTP Maintenance
Decades of industry experience and application know-how
in the areas of repair as well as surface and wear protection, combined with innovative and custom-tailored products of the UTP Maintenance brand, guarantee customers
an increase in the productivity, protection, service life, and
performance of their machines and facilities.
Fontargen Brazing
To have insight into the processing methods and to understand them is essential for achieving optimum brazing
results. Experience-based solutions and the knowledge
gained from countless application cases make up this
brands expertise. Fontargen Brazing offers its customers
knowledge and application experience for their brazing
processes on the basis of proven products incorporating
technology made in Germany.
The voestalpine Group

The voestalpine Group is an employee owned steelbased technology and capital goods group that operates
worldwide. With 500 group companies and locations
in more than 50 countries and on all 5 continents, the
Group has been listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange
since 1995. With its top-quality products, the Group
is one of the leading partners to the automotive and
consumer goods industries in Europe and to the oil and
gas industries worldwide. The voestalpine Group is also
the world market leader in turnout technology, special
rails, tool steel, and special sections. In the business
year 2012/13, the voestalpine Group reported revenue
of more than EUR 11.5 billion and an operating result
(EBITDA) of EUR 1.45 billion. It staffs roughly 46,400
employees worldwide.
voestalpine Bhler Welding
voestalpine Bhler Welding (formerly Bhler Welding
Group) operates 40 branch locations in 28 countries
around the globe. It services its customers in more than
150 countries either directly or via a network of over
1,000 carefully selected distribution partners. Its more
than 2,200 experts inform you which ller materials
best meet your needs and provide in-depth technical
advice for custom-tailored solutions with regard to
industrial welding and brazing applications. Its 11 production sites offer a total production capacity of more
than 130,000 tons of welding and brazing consumables.
Find out more:
www.voestalpine.com/welding
weld engineering_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:52 PM Page 39

Campbell Feature November 2013_Layout 1 10/10/13 5:00 PM Page 40
Welding Ingenuity +
Operational Changes =
A Saved Business
Heres how fabrication improvements and
leadership insight transformed Sintel from
nearly closing its doors to an award winner
Gerard Martinez GMA welds a circular steel plate assembly.

While he has been with the company for two years, and appreciates the guidance he gets there, Martinez has welded off and
on for 25 years.
40
NOVEMBER 2013
BY KRISTIN CAMPBELL
KRISTIN CAMPBELL
(kcampbell@aws.org) is associate
editor of the Welding Journal.
Jose Ramirez attaches hinges to a small steel door with GTAW.

During a shift, the eight-year veteran of the company can make
up to 300 welds. Every day I do something different and learn
a lot this way, Ramirez said.
Campbell Feature November 2013_Layout 1 10/10/13 5:00 PM Page 41
Fig. 1 Sintels President and CEO Nick Kulkarni (left) stands with Senior Welding Engineer Scott Keeney (center) and Director of
Engineering and Quality Jeff Falzone (right) by two welding robots in the companys facility.
magine facing this scenario: You just

bought a manufacturing company,
then your biggest customer drops a
bombshell...it does not want to continue
business due to poor product quality and
delivery...sounds like a bad wake-up call,
right?
Hearing this shocking news is exactly
what happened to President and CEO
Nick Kulkarni a week after purchasing
Sintel, Inc., with CFO Nicholas Lardo and
their families in November 2011.
The company was in the worst depths
of chaos, Kulkarni recalled, a businessman and mechanical engineer with a background in manufacturing.
The new owners bought Sintel
(sintelinc.com) in Spring Lake, Mich.,
driven by their strong belief in American
manufacturing.
The ISO9001-2008 certified company
designs and manufactures metal components as well as assemblies for the heavy
equipment, on/off highway truck, and furniture/fixture industries (see lead photos).
Determined to rescue the business, and
save their livelihood and that of 160 employees, they quickly developed and presented a crisis management and turnaround plan.
The most important thing was people
and a steadfast focus from the top down,
Kulkarni said.
Assisted by input from supervisors and

its workforce, ideas were brainstormed to
change welding functions, improve quality and process control, connect production needs, and deliver orders ahead of
schedule Fig. 1.
The result a year and a half later? Their
hard work paid off as operations turned
around and trust was built in what the
company could do.
Not only did Sintel save the business
with its biggest customer Caterpillar,
Inc., the worlds leading manufacturer of
construction and mining equipment,
diesel and natural gas engines, industrial
gas turbines, and diesel-electric locomotives but it also improved its products
for customers in the heavy equipment and
office furniture arena.
This outcome may seem too good to
be true, yet it did happen. Presented is the
story of how Sintel kept its doors open.
Turning the Beat Around

We utilized already existing talent,
said Director of Engineering and Quality
Jeff Falzone. Welders were at the tip of
the spear in changing the companys overall efforts.
With a manufacturing background, he
is a Certified Six Sigma Black Belt and
joined Sintel in 1999 as a quality manager.
To transform the company, during what

Falzone described as the triage phase,
these factors were set into motion:
1. Outside auditors, temporarily hired,
investigated process failure modes and effects analysis, plus evaluated approaches
for corrections where failure modes
occurred.
2. A quality blitz instituted. The big
hitters list consisted of the 25 most significant poor quality issues. Repeatedly
rejected pieces were evaluated. Customer
collaborations took place to redesign
products.
3. Input from Sintels top welders was
sought, which made them feel valued by
having their voices heard and taken
seriously.
4. The companys most important
stakeholders, otherwise known as its
workforce, were empowered to openly
offer feedback.
We worked tirelessly, Falzone said.
Investing from Within

As management sought to stop the
high turnover rate and keep morale high,
employees were gathered for an honest
discussion.
We have to turn this around, Falzone
told them. You need to be part of that
solution. There will be no finger pointing.
WELDING JOURNAL
41
Campbell Feature November 2013_Layout 1 10/14/13 9:09 AM Page 42
Fig. 2 Samuel Bankhead, a welder with

the company for three years, gets ready to
finish an angle bracket guard he welded.
Fig. 3 Welder Lyle Hiskey, standing next

to the workspace where he added brackets to a large plate, has been with the company a few months but has welded for 30
years.
Fig. 4 Tyler Start helps develop procedure qualification records and WPSs, plus
loads parts for the welding robots. He
hopes to be a lead robotic weld technician
and has been with the company for two
and a half years.
Fig. 5 Paul Johnson has been with the
company for almost two years and has
learned to create many welds in that time.
I think it has made me a better welder
working here, he said.
All shifts and personnel have to be part

of the team.
That kicked off more quality efforts
with collecting data, looking at failure
modes, fixing practices, repairing the information technology/communications
infrastructure, and the following various
factors listed in the next section.
Additionally, the wage structure was
overhauled.
Welding Makeover Time

Considering Sintel fabricates more
than 2000 steel parts for Caterpillar, covering a range from inside/outside pieces
for CAT tractors to tread plates for
bumpers, predominately using gas metal
arc welding (GMAW), its welding division
is vital Figs. 25.
Led by Senior Welding Engineer Scott
Keeney, who used his degree in design/
drafting to start at the company and work
his way up, the welding department has
grown substantially. Today, there are 18
welding booths in the facility.
Keeneys a problem-solver, has the
ability to constantly learn, and gets people enthusiastic about welding, Kulkarni
said. This has been his home for 20 years.
He carries a badge of honor here and
transfers those feelings to his welders.
Recently, Keeney earned American
Welding Society (AWS) Certified Associate Welding Inspector status. He has also
42
NOVEMBER 2013
been an AWS member for six years.

His responsibilities include regulating
process control; working with customers
on product design and development; creating welding procedure specifications
(WPSs); recording quality and inspection;
performing weld audits; and tracking results throughout the manufacturing
process.
New Training Methods

Mentoring, Online Learning
My welders were rough diamonds at
first and needed polishing, Keeney said.
Thanks to a mentoring program where
the companys senior welders taught their
expertise to less experienced welders, they
took ownership of their welds and learned

to distinguish them as fair, good, and excellent.
It was a huge transference of knowledge. We sacrificed productivity but
gained downstream payback, Falzone
said.
In addition, earlier this year, Keeney
completed Caterpillar Universitys Welding Train the Trainer Program. He is
qualified for training his welders to be
compliant with quality expectations.
Company welders must also now complete Caterpillars Web-based training
matrix for welding through its Supplier
Development College.
Weve raised the standard immensely, Keeney said, adding that his
Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment. They also follow customer specifications, Caterpillars 1E0099
Arc Welding, and internal WPSs.
Welder Makeup
Fig. 6 After getting laser cut, stamped, brake formed, and welded, steel parts get put
on an overhead line for dry-off oven entry.
welders feel respected. They walk with

purpose and pride now.
Processes Employed
Gas metal arc welding represents
99% of our welding operations, Keeney
said.
Pulsed GMA, gas tungsten arc (GTA),
resistance, robotic, and stud welding are

also used. For example, up to 12,000 resistance welds could be made a day for attaching nuts to metal plates. And at times,
postweld straightening takes place.
Welders adhere to the requirements of
AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code
Steel; D1.3, Structural Welding Code Sheet
Steel; and D14.3, Specification for Welding
Currently, the company has 34 welders.

They work an 8-h day over a morning or
afternoon shift. There are three level classifications A (journeyman), B (apprentice), and C (preapprentice).
Keeney enjoys listening to their ideas
and encouraging them to believe in themselves. Input deserves to be heard, he
said.
Welders are qualified in-house. In addition to having positive attitudes, basic
requirements include knowing the AWS
welding symbol chart, reading blueprints,
understanding technical questions, and
ability to work in various welding positions. Team leaders critique fixtures, facilitate communication issues between
shifts, monitor output, and motivate their
workers.
There are opportunities to advance
with experience and performance. Performance is based on quality and productivity rates.
Day-to-Day Operations
Traditionally, steel parts are first laser
cut, stamped, and brake formed. Welding
supervisors look at their daily dispatch report and assign parts to be made. In turn,
welders execute work orders.
After, parts attached to an overhead
line move through the dry-off oven
Fig. 6.
Any hole threads in the parts are
plugged for powder coating Fig. 7.
Then parts get washed, rinsed, an iron
phosphate coating is applied, rinsing occurs again, and a sealer is added. The curing of the powder-coated parts takes
about 1520 min; they move through this
on a line about 7 ft/min at 400F.
It takes anywhere from one to ten days
for completing each order. There are
areas for final assembly stations, staging,
and auditing. Proper packing instructions
must be followed for shipping Fig. 8.
Quality Checks
Fig. 7 In the powder coating area, one operator covers the front side of a part while another handles the back side.
To evaluate daily process movement,

first-layer weld audits are performed followed by second and third layers.
At the first piece level, welds are inspected by the companys quality department as to weld size, discontinuities,
and other factors. Subsequent welds
WELDING JOURNAL
43
are checked depending on required

frequencies.
Quarterly weld failure mode reports
are conducted, too.
Further testing is completed, as necessary, using validation equipment, cyclical
tests, and finite element analysis.
Other factors include evaluating the
paint thickness, gloss, and color quality.
Its a chain process so nothing gets
left out, Keeney said.
Staying In Line
Organization is needed in the facility,
especially considering up to 15 components could make up just one part.
A real-time system developed in-house
allows visual tracking. Operators can select the pallet to work on, and its organized by the due date, Kulkarni said.
Visual management boards showing
production part approval processes allow
fast tracking. Metric boards list costs, part
numbers, and failure modes. Enterprise
resource planning software with a scheduling algorithm helps daily work plans.
Earning an Award from

Caterpillar
Another component of Sintels upswing is following Caterpillars 7 Steps to
Weld Excellence (7SWE) program, which
according to its Supplier Guide is to ensure compliance with Caterpillar welding
standards (1E0099 Arc Welding).
Recently, the company earned certification into the program, representing
a significant milestone in how far it has
progressed.
To achieve the distinction, Sintel completed an audit, fulfilled outstanding corrective action requirements, and got approval from Caterpillar Process Control
Engineer Joanna Cannon, who is credited
for her instrumental role throughout the
process in encouraging the company to
reach for achieving this award.
The plaque is proudly displayed in the
front reception area.
Characteristics include the following:
1. Supplier Quality Management System Interface with 7SWE
2. Supplier 7SWE/Advanced Product
Quality Planning Interface
3. Weld Process Procedures
4. Supplier Personnel Welding
Program
5. Qualification of Welding Personnel
and Specialized Work Cells
6. Layered Process Audit System
7. Welding Equipment and Fixtures
44
NOVEMBER 2013
Fig. 8 In the packaging area, workers

follow guidelines so finished parts are
securely wrapped for transportation.
Fig. 9 Double the action, double the processing time as two welding robots in
the warehouse operate with coordinated
motion.
Facility Features
Sintel has been housed at its current
headquarter building since 1971. With additions, it now covers 150,000 sq ft.
In the warehouse, steel is delivered
three to four times a day, including thin
sheets and thicker grades.
Many types of equipment are available
for GMA, pulsed GMA, GTA, resistance,
robotic, and stud welding; nitrogen and
oxygen laser cutting; brake forming,
stamping, and pressing; computer numerical control machining; powder coating;
and assembly work Fig. 9.
The only new equipment added as part
of the turnaround were pulsed GMAW
and enhanced ventilation systems with
other safety-related improvements.
Additional capabilities include linear
measuring; nesting software; coordinate
measuring; a 150-ton moving machine for
high-volume jobs; hole punching; gas and
curing ovens; hardness testers; and an internal calibration system.
There are also divisions to house various departments, including welding; research and development; quality assurance; manufacturing and design; engineering; and maintenance because all fixturing is done in-house Fig. 10.
A cell offers many different kinds of
machines in the same area vs. having them

departmentalized with the same kinds of
machines in the same area. Kulkarni mentioned having fast setup times here is beneficial for fabrication. With the right
cross training and people, it can be done
very effectively, he added.
Additional Changes
To get a glimpse into what a shop position consists of, for example assembly or
welding, managers and support personnel
work 2 h each week in those roles. This
experience has been key to having an appreciation for someone elses job and
bringing people together.
Its the eradication of an us vs. them
culture, Kulkarni added. Were all one
team here. It shows a collective cultural
change.
Grand Goals Equipment

Upgrades and Much More
Plans are in the works for upgrading
the companys welding lab. The initial
equipment estimate, set at about $80,000,
will be to add inspection testing tools for
structural integrity, nondestructive and
macro/micro examinations, and finite element analysis software.
Kulkarni further mentioned Sintel also

endeavors to earn defense and heavyequipment specialty contracts.
Also well underway is the further emptying of the inventory space to implement
more lean manufacturing practices, utilizing the open areas left in the facility,
and achieving AWS Certified Robotic
Arc Welding status.
Conclusion
Fig. 10 Quality Supervisor Connie Corbett is shown in the quality assurance division
where responsibilities include making two-dimensional drawings.
There is even talk of possibly using

shielded metal arc welding again on heavy
plates considering the metal makeup of

electrodes has improved.
Sintel has come fairly far in a relatively

short time moving from the triage
phase all the way to getting an award for
weld excellence.
It is a good feeling, Falzone said of
the positive results. This has been a long,
hard journey but worth it. I see the spark
of interest in welders that things are paying off now.
That bad wake-up call has actually
turned into one of the best experiences
for it started this home-grown turnaround.
Weve come back in a big way, Kulkarni added. And keeping up that credibility with its long-term employees is how
they will continue to do it right.
WELDING JOURNAL
45
Sham II feature_Layout 1 10/10/13 12:58 PM Page 46
Controlling
SMA Welding Fumes
in the Mining Industry
hielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
is the most common process used
in the quarry, mining, excavating,
and coal industries for equipment repair,
refurbishment, and small fabrication.
Hardfacing using an alloyed steel electrode is commonly practiced on ore and
shovel buckets, scrapers, rock crusher
jaws, and crusher liners that require a
high surface hardness to withstand impact, abrasion, and wear. Other components used in the steel mills and foundries
may require a combined resistance to severe impact and abrasion, metal-to-metal
wear resistance, heat, and corrosion. It
is important to monitor the fume generated during hardfacing operations because electrodes used in these operations
generally contain high amounts of
chromium, manganese, and nickel, all of
which may cause long-term health effects
when exposed to continuously for long
periods. In confined or poorly ventilated
areas found in some mining operations,
the removal of welding fume may not be
adequate or effective.
In this research, EFeCr-A1 was chosen for an extended study due to its
higher fume-formation rate (FFR) and
manganese content in the fumes. The
EFeCr-A1 (both diameters) is normally
used for hardfacing load-haul-dump
(LHD) buckets, dozer blades, and truck
beds. Small beads (in varying patterns)
are typically deposited on the wear surface of equipment (e.g., loader buckets,
dozer blades, or truck beds) to increase
the wear resistance of these parts that
come into contact with highly abrasive
rocks. The process of hardfacing involves
a considerable amount of welding time.
A typical LHD bucket requires about 40
h of welding to surface the inside of the
mining bucket tooth. Thus, the FFR and
the total amount of fume generated be-
Fumes were
collected under
various conditions
to determine how
to ensure welder
safety when using
shielded metal arc
consumables to
maintain heavy
equipment
BY K. SHAM AND S. LIU

K. SHAM (ksham@mymail.mines.edu)
and S. LIU are with the Center for Welding, Joining, and Coatings Research, Department of Metallurgical & Materials
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colo.
46
NOVEMBER 2013
come important facts to be considered in

welding applications in mining.
Earlier Studies on Fume

Several groups of researchers investigated the relationship between metaltransfer mode and fume formation (Refs.
14). Jenkins et al. concluded that there
are at least two size modes in the mass
distribution of various welding fumes
consistent with aerosol theory. Gas metal
arc welding (GMAW) has more respirable fume than flux cored arc welding
(FCAW) due to the difference in amount
of microspatter. An increase in FFR
might increase the median diameter of
the fume particle agglomerates due to increased fume particle agglomeration
rates. Moreover, typical forces found in
a welding arc (gravity and surface tension, plus hydrostatic, Lorentz, shielding
gas drag, evaporation, and plasmarelated electrodynamic forces) that act
on the molten droplet at the tip of the
electrode must also play fundamental
roles in fume emission.
Modeling work of fume formation has
been conducted by researchers in Europe, Australia, and the United States
(Refs. 5, 6). Sowards et al. experimentally determined FFRs, fume particle size
distributions, fume mass distributions,
and fume chemical compositions for
three SMAW electrodes (Refs. 7, 8). Despite some understanding in fume formation, both in mechanism and practical
measurements, fume formation data for
many electrodes are still not available
and need to be collected. Thus, in the
past few years, researchers have continued to conduct research in control and
characterization of welding fumes (Refs.
813). In FCAW, investigation has revealed that surface tension transfer re-
Fig. 1 Experimental setup used for collection of fume-exposure data. The two filter positions shown: 13 in. above base plate and above gravity torch and 17 in. above center of
the plate on the fume ventilation system. The dimensions of the steel plate on the gravity
welding machine are 8 12 in.
duced the FFR by around 40 to 50%

when compared with constant current
mode (Ref. 10). Experiments with conventional and modified (reduced-energy)
short arcs and (forced) spray arcs using
modern variants similar to pulsed arc
variants also reduced fume formation
(Ref. 13).
Experimental Procedures
The EFeCr-A1 grade SMAW electrodes of 532-in. (4-mm) diameter were
further studied to examine the industrial
effect of hardfacing a bucket tooth based
on welding zones. Four welding condi-
tions were explored: Electrode positive

and electrode negative, and with the ventilation hood on and off for each polarity. For each test, a 6-in.-square area was
hardfaced with 25 EFeCr-A1 532-in.-diameter electrodes on -in.- (19-mm-) thick
A36 structural steel base metal. The target welding current was 125 A, based on
recommendations by the electrode manufacturer. Welding was performed using
a gravity welding machine to ensure
welding consistency during four tested
conditions. Electrode feed rate and travel
speed were monitored during the welding to ensure that all welds were made
consistently. The average electrode feed
rate for all the tests was 2.8 mm/s (6.61

in./min), and the average travel speed
was 1.8 mm/s (4.25 in./min) (Table 1).
Fume collection for this part of the
work was made using personal monitoring pumps supplied by the Colorado
School of Mines (CSM) Department of
Environmental Health and Safety. These
pumps sampled air at 2 L/min as required
by OSHA and MSHA. The filters used
were a mixed cellulose ester medium that
collected particulates greater than 0.8 micron in size. Two filters were used for each
test. The first filter was placed 13 in. (33
cm) above the surface of the plate and directly above the torch on the gravity welding machine (Fig. 1) to simulate the
breathing zone of a welder. The second
filter was placed on the trunk of the fume
ventilation system 17 in. (43 cm) above
the center of the plate and off-center from
the weld path (Fig. 1) to simulate air quality in the area surrounding the welding
operation. The collection pumps were
turned on at the beginning of each test
and were kept on for the duration of laying the 25 welds that covered 36 in.2
(232.3 cm2). The continuous sample collection time allowed for the inclusion of
the dust created during slag removal between passes, adding an additional source
of metal-bearing particulates.
Chemical analyses were performed
according to the NIOSH 7300 procedures (Ref. 14). The digestion solution
was modified such that only nitric acid
was used in the microwave digestion with
inductively coupled argon plasma,
atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES). The X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis was performed on a sample collected during the direct current electrode
negative (DCEN) hood-off test.
Results and Discussion

Further study on the EFeCr-Al electrodes with respect to two distinct welding zones and various combinations of
welding parameters were conducted. Personal monitoring pumps were used to
capture the welding fume to more realistically resemble actual welding condition. Chromium, manganese, and nickel
were selected as metals of interest for the
captured fume analysis. Table 2 presents
the collected fume data for chromium,
manganese, and nickel in total fume in
weight for each variation of electrode polarity and welding zone, welding or fume
extraction trunk position.
Figure 2 shows a 3D chart that relates
two variables, polarity and fume collection position, with VFFRs when the fume
WELDING JOURNAL
47
Table 1 Average Electrode Feed Rate and Weld Travel Speed for Each Tested Condition during Fume Analysis Experiment
Conditio
Time per
Weld (s)
Length of
Weld (mm)
DCEP Hood On
DCEP Hood O
DCEN Hood On
DCEN Hood O
90.4
93.7
91.4
94.4
170
166
159
160
Length of Spent
Electrode (mm)
101
121
131
120
Total Mass of
Electrode (kg)
1.44
1.33
1.28
1.34
Feed Rate
(mm/s)
Travel
Speed
(mm/s)
3.02
2.70
2.65
2.68
1.88
1.77
1.74
1.70
Table 2 Fume Data from All Tests

Location and
Metal
Total
Condition Tested
Weight in
Fume per Area
(mg/mm3) 106
Fume (mg)
DCEP Hood
On Trunk
Positio
DCEP Hood
On Welder
Positio
DCEP Hood
O Trunk
Positio
DCEP Hood
O Welder
Positio
DCEN Hood
On Trunk
Positio
DCEN Hood
On Welder
Positio
DCEN Hood
O Trunk
Positio
DCEN Hood
O Welder
Positio
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
0.889
0.052
0.028
0.0067
0.012
0.001
1.599
0.092
0.040
0.013
0.022
0.0067
1.799
0.029
0.021
0.015
0.0080
0.0021
1.499
0.046
0.043
0.077
0.0042
0.0055
38.28
2.230
1.197
0.288
0.508
0.043
68.85
3.953
1.714
0.567
0.939
0.288
77.46
1.240
0.896
0.654
0.344
0.090
64.55
1.972
1.843
3.323
0.181
0.237
Fume Adjusted to
Fume per Mass
1-h Duratio
(mg/m3)
Electrode (mg/kg)
7.410
0.432
0.232
0.056
0.098
0.0083
13.33
0.765
0.332
0.110
0.182
0.056
14.99
0.240
0.173
0.127
0.067
0.018
12.49
0.382
0.357
0.643
0.035
0.046
0.618
0.036
0.019
0.00460
0.0082
0.000696
1.200
0.069
0.030
0.0099
0.016
0.0050
1.406
0.023
0.016
0.012
0.0063
1.0016
1.121
0.034
0.032
0.058
0.0031
0.0041
Note: All fume data have been adjusted to a 2-h sample time for data comparison. These values are raw manipulations of the collected data and cannot be compared to the time
weighted-average values provided by OSHA and MSHA.
Table 3 Time-Weighted-Average Values of Fume Exposure for Welder Position (Welding Zone) with Dierent Test Condition
Location and Test
Metal
Conditio
DCEP Hood on
Welder Positio
DCEP Hood O
Welder Positio
DCEN Hood On
Welder Positio
DCEN Hood O
Welder Positio
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
chromium
manganese
nickel
8-h Shift for
Test Pad (mg/m3)
3.34
5.90
0.50
6.59
10.90
3.35
7.59
4.00
1.05
38.59
2.10
2.75
Bucket Tooth
Done in 8-h
Shift (mg/m3)
25.05
44.25
3.75
49.43
81.75
25.13
56.93
30.00
7.88
289.43
15.75
20.63
Note: Time-weighted-average values of fume exposure for welder position have also been extrapolated to simulate hardfacing a 13- 31-in. bucket tooth.
48
NOVEMBER 2013
Fig. 2 Comparison of VFFRs adjusted to 1-h duration at welder vs. trunk positions for
hardfacing using EFeCr-A1 SMAW electrodes on 34-in.-thick A36 structural steel base metal
(pyramid chromium, box nickel, and cylinder manganese).
Table 4 OSHA and MSHA Limits for Allowable Fume Concentration Levels for an 8-h
Shi
Element
OSHA Fume Limit 8-h

Shift (mg/m3)
MSHA Fume Limit 8-h

Shift (mg/m3)
Chromium
Manganese
Nickel
1
5
1
1
5
1
hood was on and off during the experiments. All VFFRs were calculated using
the following equation that OSHA and
MSHA use to convert total fume collected to a fume concentration:
(fume collected (mg))/(pump flow rate
(L/min) 0.001(m 3/L) sampling time
(min)) = fume concentration (mg/mg3)
(1)
With respect to polarity, welding in
direct current electrode positive (DCEP)
should increase the melt rate of the electrode, which should in return increase
FFRs and thereby VFFRs. The sums of
the chromium, manganese, and nickel
VFFRs at the fume-extraction trunk position for DCEN and DCEP are 15.4 and
8.1 mg/m 3, respectively, when the fume
hood is on, i.e., active fume extraction.
Consequently, more fume was captured
in the filters. When the fume hood was
off, the sums were 13.2 and 14.4 mg/m3
for DCEN and DCEP, respectively.

These data demonstrate that the usage
of a fume hood and the welding polarity
play a vital role to VFFRs at the trunk
position. At the welder position with the
fume hood off, i.e., no air flow to dissipate or extract, the fume formed, plus
DCEN and DCEP gives VFFRs of the
three elements at the sums of 0.77 and
0.34 mg/m3, respectively. When the fume
hood was on, DCEN and DCEP VFFR
sums are 0.22 and 0.17 mg/m 3. Thus,
when the fume hood was off, the welder
position had higher fume content, in
DCEN and DCEP. When the fume hood
was on, the trunk position had the highest fume content since the fume was
pulled toward the fume hood.
Iron-based particulates were the predominant fume in all the tests; however,
iron, generally seen as less hazardous
than other metal-based particulates, was
not the focus of this investigation.
Chromium was the next most prevalent
fume collected, followed by manganese,

then nickel.
Chromium was greatest in amount, 15
mg/m3, using DCEN with the fume hood
on at the trunk position, whereas using
DCEP yielded only 7.4 mg/m3 (Table 2).
At the welder position with the fume
hood on, the amount of chromium using
DCEN compared to DCEP was also approximately doubled, 0.13 and 0.06
mg/m 3, respectively. Manganese had a
greater content using DCEP with the
fume hood on at the trunk position than
DCEN, 0.43 and 0.24 mg/m 3, respectively. At the welder position for both on
and off conditions using DCEP, manganese was greater than using DCEN.
When the fume hood was off, the
chromium content at the trunk position
using DCEN and DCEP was comparable, 12.5 and 13.3 mg/m 3, respectively.
However, at the welder position,
chromium levels for DCEN, 0.64 mg/m3,
was much greater than DCEP, 0.11
mg/m3. These data seem to indicate that
at the welder position with the fume hood
off, the fume lingers, which can be
viewed as similar to welding in an area
with stagnant air. Manganese content
was greater for DCEP than DCEN when
the fume hood was off at the trunk, 0.77
and 0.38 mg/m3, and the welder position,
0.18 and 0.04 mg/m3. With the fume hood
off, the nickel contents at both positions
were comparable for both DCEN and
DCEP.
The OSHA and MSHA permissible
exposure limits (PEL) for fume concentration for chromium, manganese, and
nickel set for the workers personal
breathing zone for an 8-h shift are shown
and compared with respect to the fume
concentration at the welder position for
both polarities and fume hood conditions. For all conditions at the welder position, the fume concentration levels
were well below the OSHA and MSHA
limits. The chromium fume concentration using DCEN with the fume hood
off, 0.64 mg/m3, is the only welding condition that comes close to the OSHA and
MSHA limit of 1 mg/m3.
Using the equation below in conjunction with the calculations for OSHA and
MSHA fume concentration timeweighted averages, the Table 3 calculations were performed to allow for direct
comparison with the standards for OSHA
and MSHA (Table 4).
Fume Concentration at each site (mg/m3)
Time Exposed at each site (min) =
Total Exposure (mg/m3)
(2)
WELDING JOURNAL
49
Data were taken and extrapolated to

represent the hardfacing of a typical mining bucket tooth. The area of a typical
tooth was estimated to be 270 in.2 (1.714
10 3 cm 2), approximately 7 12 times
larger than the area hardfaced for the experiments of the EFeCr-A1 electrodes.
The time-weighted average for fume exposure for hardfacing the bucket tooth
from Table 3 was calculated by multiplying the experimental fume amount by 712
and then following the two equations
provided above. Comparing Tables 2 and
3, the data show that regardless of the
ventilation system used (fume hood on
or off), both welding zones (welder and
trunk position) would have been exposed
to levels of fumes for chromium, manganese, and nickel above the allowed limits by OSHA and MSHA for an 8-h shift.
Thus, proper safety procedures, including active fume extraction, zone ventilation, and the use of a welding mask with
a respiratory and filtering device must be
implemented. Proper scheduling of welding in confined space should also be made
to ensure welder health.
The XRD analysis was performed on
a sample collected during the DCEN
hood-off test. The collected XRD data
indicated that the primary constituents
of the fume were: iron oxide (Fe 2O 3),
chromium oxide (Cr 2O 3), silica (SiO 2),
and nickel oxide (NiO). Other compounds may have been present, but the
diffraction peaks were not discernable
because of the limited size of the sample.
Conclusions
DCEN with active fume extraction
captured the most fume overall.
Chromium was highest in value at the
trunk position (away from the breathing
zone) for both polarities and fume hood
conditions. With the fume hood on,
DCEN and DCEP welding produced 15
and 7.4 mg/m3 of chromium, respectively.
With the fume hood off, DCEN
and DCEP were 12.5 and 13.3 mg/m 3,
respectively.
Manganese had a higher fume value
for DCEP than DCEN for both fume
hood conditions and positions. At the
trunk position with the fume hood on,
DCEP and DCEN were 0.43 and 0.24
mg/m 3. At the welder position (breathing zone) with the fume hood on, DCEP
and DCEN were 0.10 and 0.07 mg/m 3.
With active fume extraction off, DCEP
and DCEN, the manganese contents
were 0.18 and 0.04 mg/m3.
The welding condition with the lowest fume reading for the welder position
50
NOVEMBER 2013
was DCEP with the fume hood on, i.e.,

active fume extraction.
Extrapolated data for an 8-h shift for
hardfacing a bucket tooth exceeded
OSHA and MSHA allowable limits for
chromium, manganese, and nickel.
Safety procedures and personal protection equipment must be used to ensure
welder health.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Doug Scott of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Spokane Research Laboratory, for his interest and support of part of this work.
The authors would also like to thank the
Environmental, Health, and Safety Department at the Colorado School of
Mines for its guidance on fume analysis,
and Jason Dardano, Paul Gibbs, and
Peerapong Kiattisaksri for their assistance with part of the fume-collection
work reported in this article.
References
1. Jenkins, N. T., Pierce, W.M.G., and
Eagar, T. W. 2005. Particle size distribution of gas metal and flux cored arc welding fumes. Welding Journal 84(10): 156-s
to 163-s.
2. Dennis, J. H., Hewitt, P. J., Redding, C. A. J., and Workman, A. D. 2001.
A model for prediction of fume formation rate in gas metal arc welding
(GMAW) [MIG/MAG welding)], globular and spray modes, DC electrode positive. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
45(2): 105113.
3. Mendez, P. F., Jenkins, N. T., and
Eagar, T. W. 2000. Effect of electrode
droplet size on evaporation and fume
generation in GMAW. Proceedings of the
Gas Metal Arc Welding for the 21st Century Conference, Orlando, Fla.
4. Zhou, S., Norrish, J., and Chen, Z.
1998. Influence of different metal transfer modes on welding fume generation
during gas metal arc welding. Biennial
Materials Conference of the Institute of
Materials Engineering Australasia (Australia), pp. 295300. Wollongong University Press.
5. Deam, R. T., Simpson, S. W., and
Haidar, J. 2000. A semi-empirical model
of the fume formation from gas metal arc
welding. Journal of Physics D: Applied
Physics 33(II): 13931402.
6. Redding, C. J. 2002. Fume model
for gas metal arc welding. Welding Jour-
nal 81(6): 95-s to 103-s.

7. Sowards, J. W., Lippold, J. C., Dickinson, D. W., and Ramirez, A. J. 2008.
Characterization of welding fume from
SMAW electrodes Part I. Welding Journal 87(4): 106-s to 112-s.
8. Sowards, J. W., Lippold, J. C., Dickinson, D. W., and Ramirez, A. J. 2010.
Characterization of welding fume from
SMAW electrodes Part II. Welding
Journal 89(4): 82-s to 90-s.
9. Carpenter, K. R., Monaghan, B. J.,
and Norrish, J. 2009. Influence of shield
gas on fume formation rate for GMAW
of plain carbon steel. Trends in Welding
Research, Proceeding of the 8th International Conference 436442.
10. Srinivasan, K., and Balasubramanian, V. 2011. Effect of surface tension
metal transfer fume formation rate during FCAW of HSLA steel. Int. J. Adv.
Manuf. Technol. 56(1-4): 125.
11. Gonser, M. J., Lippold, J. C., Dickinson, D. W., Sowards, J. W., and
Ramirez, A. J. 2010. Characterization of
welding fume generated by high-Mn consumable. Welding Journal 89(2): 25-s to
33-s.
12. Sowards, J. W., Liang, D., Alexandrov, B. T., Frankel, G. S., and Lippold,
J. C. 2011. A new chromium-free welding consumable for joining austenitic
stainless steels. Welding Journal 90(4): 63s to 76-s.
13. Rose, S. 2012. Approaches for a
better understanding of the formation
and reduction of welding fumes in GMA
welding under consideration of innovative welding processes. Welding & Cutting
5: 303.
14. NIOSH 7300. 2003. Elements by
ICP (Nitric/Perchloric Acid Ashing).
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
(NMAM) 4(3): 18.
Change of Address?
Moving?
Make sure delivery of your Welding
Journal is not interrupted. Contact
Maria Trujillo in the Membership
Department with your new address information (800) 443-9353, ext. 204;
mtrujillo@aws.org.
FRONIUS_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:29 PM Page 51
Johnsen Feature November 2013_Layout 1 10/10/13 4:57 PM Page 52
Alabama Center
Preps Trainees for
Shipbuilding Jobs
BY MARY RUTH JOHNSEN
MARY RUTH JOHNSEN
(mjohnsen@aws.org) is editor of
the Welding Journal.
The AIDT Maritime

Training Center
aims to train
Alabamians for
highly skilled jobs
in the maritime and
other industries
billboard near the AIDT Maritime Training Center in Mobile,

Ala., offering signing bonuses for
welders who agree to come work for a
shipyard best illustrates why the state
needs the training the center offers.
Shipbuilding around the Alabama
Gulf Coast has experienced a resurgence
in recent years, and there is a shortage
of welders. The Maritime Training Center offers training at no cost for employees of companies registered with the facility, as well as to individuals wanting to
learn new skills or upgrade ones they already possess.
The 67,000-sq-ft facility is a subsidiary
of AIDT, a division of the Alabama Dept.
of Commerce. AIDT was established in
fiscal year 197071 to build a healthy
state economy by recruiting and training
a skilled workforce to attract new industries to the state and to expand existing
industries. It provides job-specific preemployment and on-the-job training programs free of charge.
52
NOVEMBER 2013
Fig. 1 The Maritime Training Centers

spacious shop floor offers a variety of
practice areas in addition to the 60
welding booths.
Fig. 2 Students work on this mockup of

a ship module in the large lay-down yard.
The goal is to provide students with experiences similar to what theyll find on
the job.
Fig. 3 The centers shop floor features
60 welding booths; 30 are set up for aluminum welding and 30 for steel.
Fig. 4 Students are exposed to equipment from a variety of manufacturers in
the demonstration area.
Project Manager Tony Hopper explained the Maritime Training Center got
its start in 2007 when it was set up in a
16,000-sq-ft facility at the Brookley Aeroplex, an industrial complex and airport
that lies adjacent to the western shore of
Mobile Bay on the site of a former U.S.
Air Force base. Hopper and another instructor, Troy Cochran, have been with
the center since its beginnings. The state
broke ground on the current facility in
June 2009 and it officially opened November 8, 2010. It features classrooms,
computer labs, an electrical lab, and a
nondestructive testing lab, as well as a
meeting room with space for 200 people.
The shop floor (Fig. 1) includes 60 welding booths, a CNC plasma table, a submerged arc welding machine, a large laydown yard (Fig. 2) with overhead crane
access, a counterbalanced rough terrain
forklift, manlift, scaffolding, and a 10-ton
overhead crane and rigging for safety
training, among other equipment. Eventually, 24 more welding booths will be
added.
The facility is a National Center for
Construction Education and Research
(NCCER) accredited training unit under
the Gulf States Shipbuilders Consortium.
Its stated mission is to provide a technically trained, highly skilled, and educated workforce for industrial and maritime-related technologies, and to promote the growth and expansion of businesses through craft education.
The center does not guarantee employment upon completion of its training, nor do students have to accept a job,
if offered; however, placement rates are
high.
Companies and organizations affiliated with the center, and which offer
services and support, include the following:
Airgas USA LLC
Aker Solutions
WELDING JOURNAL
53
5
Fig. 5 The center aims to replicate real-life work situations, so
students must punch in and out each day.
Fig. 6 Examples of the types of welds students must learn to
produce.
6
Alabama Community College System
Alabama Technology Network
Austal USA
American Welding Society Mobile
Section
BAE Systems
C&G Boatworks
CLOOS Robotic Welding, Inc.
ESAB Cutting Systems
G.A. West & Co., Inc.
Gulf State Shipbuilders Consortium
Gullco
Horizon Shipbuilding
Joint Maritime Test Detatchment
(JMTD)
The Lincoln Electric Co.
Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
Morris Marine Consulting, LLC
Offshore Inland Marine & Oilfield
Services
OTC Daihen, Inc.
Performance Contractors, Inc.
Sabel Steel Industries
Signal International
Vines Consulting, LLC
WESCO
Attached to the center both physically
and in an affiliation with AIDT is the
Austal USA apprentice training site.
AIDT provides the facility and about
75% of the equipment; Austal supplies
the rest of the equipment, the instructors, and the students.
54
NOVEMBER 2013
The Curriculum
The following courses are offered at
the facility:
Structural welding
Structural fitting
Pipe welding
Pipe fitting
Nondestructive examination, which includes the visual, magnetic particle, dye
penetrant, and ultrasonic testing
methods
AutoCAD
Marine design
Ship construction
Forklift training
Manlift training
Overhead crane and rigging
Scaffold building
CNC plasma arc cutting
Marine electrical and marine machinist are expected to be added next year.
Bob Riley was Alabama governor
when the center was being built. The
governor wanted this to be a wellrounded school that would cover all aspects of the maritime industry, Hopper
recalled.
Employees of companies registered
with the center are accepted first, then
individuals with no company affiliation
are allowed to sign up for classes.
The greatest number of students take
structural welding and structural fitting,

Hopper explained. Each year, approximately 550 students take those two
classes; those also include the largest
number of individual enrollees.
Classes are held both day and night,
with the largest enrollment at night. For
example, the daytime beginning welding
course consists of 480 h, held four days
a week over a 12-week period. Day
classes run from 6:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
The same course at night consists of 240
h, four nights a week, over a 15-week period. Night classes run from 6:00 to 10:00
p.m. They are basically the same classes
and students get the same credentials,
but the night classes are at a faster pace,
Hopper explained.
Night classes are more popular, because many students are already working
at shipyards, and come to the center to
upgrade their skills. However, daytime
enrollment has picked up because of
some changes the center has made.
At first, classes were Monday through
Friday for eight hours a day, Hopper
said, but our attrition rate was high because people in service jobs couldnt
make enough in tips to get by with working only two days. We went to four days,
Monday through Thursday, 10-hours a
day, and it improved because students
could work three days. Also, some ship-
Annette Browns decision to accept free

welding training changed her life. Today
she teaches welding at a community
college.
yards began hiring our students parttime

for maintenance, cleanup, fire watch, etc.
This got our students into their system,
which helped them and us.
Welding is taught year round, with
three night and four day terms scheduled
each year. Pipe fitting and pipe welding
run twice a year, February through May
and August through November. Other
courses are scheduled as companies need
them for their employees throughout the
year.
Welding Classes
Instructors teach the shielded metal
arc, gas metal arc, and flux cored arc
welding processes, as well as oxyfuel cutting. The welding curriculum also includes math and marine terminology.
At present, the 60 welding booths are
divided equally between aluminum and
steel setups, but they can be reconfigured
if needed Fig. 3. The booths are
stocked with 18 Lincoln Electric and 42
Miller Electric power sources and wire
feeders. The center also has a demonstration area that includes equipment
from a variety of manufacturers Fig.
4. Companies that book the meeting
room also have access to the demonstration area. This gives students exposure
to a range of equipment from a variety
of manufacturers.
Our product is the student, Hopper
explained. We need to train them generically so theyre familiar with various
Annette Brown understands where the Maritime Training

Centers students are coming from and what training can do for
them. Shes literally been there and done that.
I was there, she recalled. I was living on welfare, food stamps,
and in subsidized housing. She was a single mother of three boys
and making $7 an hour.
At the time the Welding Journal visited, Brown was working at
the Maritime Training Center as a full-time contract instructor for
AIDT and also teaching in the welding technology program at
Bishop State Community College in Mobile. She no longer teaches
at the Maritime Center but remains a full-time member of the
Bishop State faculty.
Originally from the Mobile area, she first learned to weld in
Clearwater, Fla., in 1999. Once she returned to Mobile, she
realized my skill level was not where it needed to be. I saw an ad
for free training for aluminum MIG welding and signed up.
Her training was through a program called Build Mobile, and
Maritime Training Center Instructor Troy Cochran was one of her
teachers. Following that training, she was hired as a pipe welder at
Austal.
She praised the Maritime Training Center program, and urged
people who are in difficult situations to take advantage of the free
training.
I wanted more and I took the steps necessary to get it, she said.
equipment manufacturers.
The centers aim is to replicate a realworld work experience. Students punch
in when they report to the school and out
when classes are over Fig. 5. Beside
practicing in their welding booths, they
work in the outside yard so they are exposed to the conditions found in most
shipyards.
Student Milton Cross had recently retired from the Coast Guard and was looking for a new career. His son-in-law works
for Austal and encouraged Cross to go
for training that could possibly land him
a job there as well.
I enjoy the hands-on (part of the
training), Cross said. The instructors
are attentive. They work to help you perform better.
Larry Abercrombie, another student,
said he thought the program would really be tough after he saw all the types of
welds hed have to learn Fig. 6. But
day after day I see improvement, he
said. Now when I see a new weld its not
freaking me out any more, but it takes
patience.
The center employs five full-time instructors, as well as several office staff
members. Hopper is an AWS Certified
Welding Supervisor, Certified Welding
Inspector (CWI), and Certified Welding
Educator (CWE), as well as a certified
NCCER Master Trainer. Donnie Jemison has more than 30 years of experience
in welding and is an AWS CWI, CWE,
and a certified NCCER Craft Trainer.
Tim Wilson is also a CWI and an NCCER

Craft Trainer who has 35 years of industrial welding experience and 6 years experience teaching at the community college level. Darrel Bryant has been a CWI
since 1999 and is certified by the Scaffold
Training Institute as well as being an
NCCER Craft Trainer. Cochran is a
CWS, NCCER Craft Trainer, and is also
certified by the Crane Institute of America in forklifts and aerial lifts.
The center also has a large part-time
instructor pool it can pull from. Instructors from the equipment vendors teach
the NDE classes, and the equipment
companies cover those costs. The classes
are taught to the requirements for ASNT
Level II certification for each NDE
process. However, it is up to the students
to apply for and take the Level II certification tests.
Cochran teaches welding, forklift
training, manlift, and helps out with pipefitting classes. He got his start in welding
in a farm mechanics class at a vo-tech
school, then became a hull technician
while serving in the U.S. Navy, which gave
him additional welding and fitting experience. He praised the Maritime Training
Center facility and the fact training is at
no cost.
I didnt realize Id like (teaching) as
much as I do, he said. I like helping
people out. One of my best things is when
former students come in and they are in
the trade and doing well (see boxed
item).
WELDING JOURNAL
55
Sperko Feature November 2013_Layout 1 10/10/13 5:03 PM Page 56
Tips for Purchasing

Welding Consumables
for Nuclear Work
BY WALTER J. SPERKO
Heres help in determining what

electrodes, wire, fluxes, and
other welding consumables you
need to meet the requirements
of ASME Section III
hen welding under the requirements of Section III, Nuclear

Components, of the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, there is
an industry-wide perception that one
must perform the testing required by the
filler metal specification for each heat/lot
combination. While this may satisfy some
of Section IIIs requirements, this thinking slights much of what Section III requires for welding consumables.
The objective of this article is to explain in simple terms how to buy electrodes, wire, flux, and other welding consumables to meet the requirements of
ASME Section III.
Since the requirements in all subsections (NB, NC, ND, etc.) are the same, I
will use the designation NX in this article. Since Subsection NB has some special requirements, those requirements
are identified with NB. This article also
refers to the Certificate Holder; this
term means any organization that has a
56
NOVEMBER 2013
Certificate of Authorization from ASME

to manufacture nuclear components.
Demonstrating Conformance
to ASME Section IX
NX-2410 requires that welding consumables be what is specified in the
Welding Procedure Specifications
(WPSs). That is, when the WPS specifies
E7018-H4R, the welding consumable
purchased must meet the requirements
of that classification in the applicable
SFA filler metal specification in ASME
Section II, Part C. Those specifications
say that the filler metal manufacturer certifies the material supplied conforms to
the specification when the AWS classification is marked on the product or the
packaging. While this is sufficient to show
the material meets the requirements of
the SFA specification and Section IX,
Certificate Holders should have on file a
WALTER J. SPERKO (sperko@ asme.org) is

president, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.,
Greensboro, N.C. He is a member of many
ASME committees, but his first appointment
was to Section III, Materials Subgroup (now
the Materials, Fabrication and Examination
Subgroup) in 1979. He is still a member of
that Subgroup, a member of the Section III
committee, and chairman of the Section IX
committee. The opinions expressed in this
article are the opinions of Mr. Sperko, not
the official opinion of the responsible
ASME Committee.
Certificate of Conformance for the specific trade name material(s) they are
using. A Certificate of Conformance
(sometimes known as a typical test report) is not for the specific heat/lot combination being purchased, but from some
heat/lot of that trade name consumable
that was tested at some earlier date. Interpretation III-82-10 supports this approach to complying with the first part
of NX-2410.
When the consumable does not conform to a specification in Section II, Part
C, or it is a G classification (e.g.,
E8018-G), Section IX requires that consumable to be qualified based on trade
name or other established procurement
document such as a company specification, and that trade name or company
identification has to be specified on the
WPS. No Certificate of Conformance is
needed to meet Section IX requirements
for material qualified by this route since
that material does not, by definition, con-
Fig. 1 Pad for chemical analysis of undiluted weld metal (from SFA 5.1).
form to a filler metal specification, although it may be possible to obtain a certificate when the material conforms to a
G classification.
Meeting Section III

Requirements
While the above demonstrates compliance with Section IX, welding material also has to meet the rest of NX-2400,
and thats where the excitement begins.
In brief, NX-2400 requires testing of each
heat and heat/lot combination of consumables for each welding process for
which they will be used. Those test results have to meet the tensile strength
and toughness requirements of the base
metals be welded not those of the filler
metal specification.
Qualifying Manufacturers
and Distributors of
Welding Consumables
The first step is to be sure the consumables manufacturer has a manufacturing process control program that controls the raw materials and formulations
that make up the consumables. NX2420(ah) defines welding consumable
controls using the following terms:
Heats of wire.
Chemically controlled tube, wire, or
strip.
Batches of dry covering mixture, dry
flux blends, and wet flux mixes, and
chemically controlled flux mixes that
are combined with individual heats of
wire or with chemically controlled tube,
wire, or strip to make a lot of covered,
flux cored, or fabricated electrodes.
Lots of submerged arc or electroslag
flux.
Dry blend of supplementary powdered
filler metal.
Chemically controlled mix of powdered filler metal.
These terms are defined in a sufficiently comprehensive way so that they

describe the various methods that all
welding consumable manufacturers use
to control the raw materials that make
up their products; auditors should verify
and document the methods used and confirm they are appropriate to the products
being made.
NX-2420 requires the following combinations to be individually tested for
each welding process in which they will
be used:
Each lot of covered, flux cored, or fabricated electrodes.
Each heat of bare electrodes, rods, or
wires for use with the oxyfuel gas (OF),
gas metal arc (GMA), gas tungsten arc
(GTA), plasma arc (PA), and electrogas (EG) welding processes.
Each heat of consumable inserts.
Each combination of heat of bare electrodes or lot of fabricated electrodes
and lot of submerged arc flux.
For each combination of heat of bare
electrodes or lot of fabricated electrodes, and dry blend of supplementary
powdered filler metal, and lot of submerged arc flux.
The reason for requiring testing of
heats, lots, and combinations of consumables is simple; there is significant interaction between the arc, flux, and weld
metal during welding. The arc is really a
small, traveling electric furnace that
leaves a trail of weld metal in its wake.
In the same manner as the fluxes used in
steelmaking affect the properties of the
steel, so the welding arc, wire, and flux
interact, controlling the properties of the
weld metal. While flux may not be a material by ASMEs definition of material,
the flux and wire compositions definitely
affect the properties of the weld metal,
so each combination has to be tested.
The first step in purchasing welding
consumables is to verify the suppliers of
those consumables control raw materials
and consumables manufacturing as re-
quired by NX-2420(ah). That can be

done two ways:
1. ASME can issue a Quality System
Certificate to the welding consumable
manufacturer. ASME auditors who grant
these Certificates have verified control
as required by NX-2420(ah). The purchase order must specify that the product be manufactured under the manufacturers Quality System Certificate.
2. The Certificate Holder can audit
the manufacturer as permitted by NCA3811(b) for a limited scope quality program demonstrating control as required
by NX-2420(a h). The purchase order
must specify that consumable manufacturing be controlled as specified in NX2420.
If the consumable manufacturer is
going to weld test coupons and do the
heat/lot/batch testing required to meet
NX-2400, control over that aspect must
also be part of its quality program.
My opinion is that welding consumables cannot be purchased from a manufacturer that has not been audited per the
above because it is not possible to satisfy
NCA-3855.5 (unqualified source material) since one could not be sure of the
pedigree of a single length of wire because
that length could have a splice in it.
If welding consumables pass through
distributors who store the material, their
quality system for control of storage and
identification also needs to be audited.
Welding of Consumable
Test Coupons
NX-2420 requires each heat, lot, and
combination of welding consumables to
be tested. While NX-2410(b) provides a
list of information required to be supplied to the organization doing the testing of the consumable, that organization
could be the Certificate Holder itself, so
dont read that list as a requirement to
have the consumable manufacturer do
the testing.
Chemical Analysis of the

Weld Metal
When welding P-Numbers 1, 3, 4, 5A,
5B, 5C, 6, 7, 9, and 11 base metals, NX2431 requires mechanical testing of the
weld metal (tension and impact testing).
However, the following are exempt from
mechanical testing:
Austenitic stainless steel and nonferrous welding materials
Consumable inserts
Welding materials used for GTAW root
WELDING JOURNAL
57
deposits with a maximum of two layers.

The only testing required for these
materials is chemical analysis for the elements specified in Table NX-2432 and
for the elements specified in the filler
metal specification or WPS. When either
specifies compositional limits, the weld
metal has to meet those requirements.
When filler metals will be deposited
using GTAW, PAW, and GMAW (except
for A-8 deposits), the wire may be analyzed directly (see Table NX-2432.1-1).
For other processes, undiluted weld deposits must be prepared as specified by
the applicable SFA specification. Figures
1 and 2 show typical test assemblies.
For austenitic stainless steels (A-number 8 or 9 materials), the delta-ferrite
also has to be reported; that can be determined by the chemical composition of
the weld metal or wire for GTAW as applied to the WRC ferrite diagram in NX2433.1-1 or by magnetic testing of a weld
pad following AWS A4.2.
Mechanical Testing of the

Weld Metal
All other welding consumables used
to join P-Numbers 1, 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 5C, 6,
7, 9, and 11 base metals have to be mechanically tested. This means a test assembly similar to that shown in Fig. 2 has
to be welded using each heat, lot, or combination of consumables that will be used
in production. NX-2431.1 spells out the
required testing, specifically that tension
and impact test specimens have to be removed as shown in Fig. 2 for all processes.
Test assemblies have to be welded
using each process with which the consumable will be used; this means that a
single heat of ER70S-2 that will be used
for both GTAW and GMAW has to be
tested with each process. Welding also
has to be done within the range of preheat and interpass temperatures that will
be used in production welding, not the
range in the SFA specification (e.g.,
225350F in the case of SFA-5.1).
If the production weld will be heat
treated, the tension and impact specimens must be heat treated for at least
80% of the time the component will be
heat treated. This means the Certificate
Holder must anticipate any postweld
heat treatment (PWHT) that will be performed on the weld metal, including
those heat treatments performed during
shop welding, field welding, and repairs,
including repairs the owner performs
after installation. NX-4622.1 requires
that the design specification provide the
58
NOVEMBER 2013
Fig. 2 Groove weld test assembly for mechanical properties and soundness of weld
metal.
extent of such additional heat treatments,

so when the engineer who wrote the specification balks at giving you a PWHT
holding time, point to that paragraph
its a code requirement.
Tensile Strength
Requirements
The tensile strength of the filler metal
must meet the specified minimum tensile
strength of the base metals it will join, or
the lower of the two if the tensile
strengths are different. Tensile testing has
to be done in the as-welded condition if
the production weld will be left as-welded
and in the heat-treated condition if the
production weld will be heat treated.
Toughness Testing
Requirements
Just as the tensile strength of the weld
metal has to meet that of the base metal,
the weld metal has to be tested at or
below the test temperature of the base
metal that it will join. It must also meet
the same acceptance criteria as that base
metal or the lower of the two if the acceptance criteria are different; however,
unlike tensile strength, impact acceptance criteria for the base metal depend
upon its thickness and the lowest service
temperature of the component being
built. Impact testing has to be done in the
as-welded condition if the production
weld will be left in the as-welded condition and in the heat-treated condition if
the production weld will be heat treated.

When welding Subsection NB piping,
pumps or valves thicker than 2 in. (64
mm) or a vessel of any thickness, NB2300 requires the material manufacturer
to perform a series of drop-weight tests
to establish the lowest no-break temperature TNDT for that material. The manufacturer then has to perform Charpy impact testing at 60F (33C) above TNDT.
If 35 mils (0.89 mm) lateral expansion
and 50 ft-lb (68 J) absorbed energy are
achieved, T NDT + at 60F becomes the
lowest service temperature (LST) for
that lot of base material. This exercise is
performed for all materials in a component, and the highest TNDT determined
for all the materials used determines the
LST for that component.
Since weld metal toughness has to
equal or exceed that of the base metal,
welding consumables must undergo drop
weight testing followed by impact testing, except that its only necessary to do
the drop-weight testing 10F (5C) below
the highest T NDT determined per the
above. Since the Certificate Holder will
purchase the materials discussed in the
previous paragraph, the Certificate
Holder will determine and advise
whomever will be testing the welding
consumables of the TNDT required.
For all other construction Subsection NB piping or other components
equal to or less than 2 in. thick and all
vessels, piping, pumps, valves, and other
components built to other Subsections
materials have to be tested at a temperature no higher than the LST as established
Table 1 Impact Testing Requirements for Piping, Pumps, and Valves (Table NB2332(a)-1 Modified)
Nominal Wall Thickness
in. (mm) (Note 1)
Lateral Expansion
mils (mm)
8 (16) or less
Over 58 to 34 (16 to 19) inclusive
If over 212 in. (64)
No test required
20 (0.50)
25 (0.64)
40 (1.00)
Drop weight testing and Charpy testing
Note 1: For pumps, valves, and other components, use the thickness of the connecting piping.
in the Design Specification (NX-3211).

NC 2311(b) is typical of the other subsections, and it states the following:
The Design Specification shall state
the Lowest Service Temperature for the
component.
Accordingly, when working to other
subsections, be sure the Design Specification gives you the LST.
The acceptance criteria for the base
metal is a function of the thickness of the
component being welded as shown in
Table 1; the weld metal needs to meet the
same toughness criteria as the base metal
it will join.
While Subsection NB specifies only
lateral expansion acceptance criteria for
piping, pumps, and valves as shown in
Table 1, Subsection NC and others also
have ft-lb acceptance criteria (see Table
NC-2332.1-2). The Certificate Holder
can use either mils or ft-lb criteria, but,
since lateral expansion criteria are the
same in all subsections, and the ft-lb criteria are a function of the yield strength
of the base material to be welded, I rec-
ommend using mils acceptance criteria

when preparing your specification for
purchasing welding consumables.
The typical SFA specification requires
that five impact specimens be prepared,
but NX-2321.2 requires only three. Three
test specimens should be tested, not five.
NX-2350 has provisions for retesting if
one specimen falls below the required
toughness.
Practical Observations
Regarding Impact Testing
The Design Specification defines the
LST for most Section III construction,
and the Owner or the Engineer has to
provide it to the Certificate Holder.
When I worked for an NPT stamp holder
back in the 1970s, we ordered welding
materials and qualified our WPSs at 32F
(0C) since the plant operating fluid was
water whereas containment structures
and spent fuel transport casks can have
very low service temperatures, but a
lower temperature (e.g., 20F (29C)

as is commonly found in the filler metal
specifications) can be used if the acceptance criteria can be met. We also postweld heat treated filler metal and WPS
qualification test pieces for 16 h, qualifying them for 20 h. Those writing specifications for purchasing welding consumables should be aware that the lowest
service temperature or the acceptance
criteria that one has to meet can be modified by the results of qualifying WPSs in
accordance with NX-4335, so be sure to
check the WPSs you will follow when
specifying the impact testing requirements for welding consumables.
Summary
The manufacturer needs to control
welding consumables so that the metal
and fluxes that make up those consumables are uniquely identified by heat, lot,
batch, and blend; that control needs to
be verified by the Certificate Holder.
Each heat, lot, batch, or blend combination must be tested and must meet the
same tensile and impact test requirements as the base metal that that consumable will be used to join and those
requirements are different from those of
the filler metal (SFA) specifications.
Mechanical testing has to be done in
the same heat treatment condition as the
production weld.
Chemical composition of the weld
metal has to meet the requirements of
the filler metal specification, and
austenitic stainless steel weld metal has
to exhibit a minimum ferrite number
(FN) of 5.
A Welding Consumables Purchasing Checklist

NX-2410(b) gives you the following checklist of what you need
to know before purchasing welding consumables for nuclear
work.
1. Welding process to be used.
2. SFA specification and classification, or other identification
if no SFA specification applies.
3. Minimum tensile strength in the as-welded or heat-treated
condition or both
4. Drop weight test for material in the as-welded or heattreated condition or both if the base metal is drop weight tested;
the lowest service temperature must be known.
5. The Charpy V-notch test temperature and the lateral expansion or the absorbed energy requirements based on the impact test requirements of the base metal to be welded in the aswelded or heat-treated condition or both.
6. The preheat and interpass temperatures to be used during

welding of the test coupon based on a WPS that will be followed
in production welding.
7. Postweld heat treatment time, temperature range, and maximum cooling rate if the production weld will be heat treated.
8. Elements for which chemical analysis is required per the
SFA specification or WPS and NX-2432.
9. Minimum delta-ferrite for A-numbers 8 or 9 weld metal.
10. Shielding gas when using GMAW or EGW to produce Anumber 8 or 9 weld metal.
This list is useful not only as a checklist of requirements but
also as a list the Certificate Holder can use to push the Engineer
to provide the required base metal toughness test temperature,
acceptance criteria, and PWHT holding time when they have not
been provided in the design specification.
WELDING JOURNAL
59
Professional Program 2013 Final_Layout 1 10/9/13 4:29 PM Page 60
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Registration
North Americas largest metal forming, fabricating, welding and

finishing event will be held at the North and South Halls of
McCormick Place, Chicago, Illinois, USA, November 1821, 2013.
The upcoming event is expected to cover more than 550,000 net
square feet and anticipates over 35,000 attendees and 1500
exhibiting companies.
There is no cost to attend the FABTECH exposition when you

register by Friday, November 15.
FABTECH provides a convenient one stop shop venue where

you can meet with world-class suppliers, see the latest industry
products and developments, and find the tools to improve
productivity, increase profits, and discover new solutions to all of
your metal forming, fabricating, welding, and finishing needs.
Register today online at fabtechexpo.com. Or, download a

printer-friendly registration form from the Web site and fax to
(508) 743-9696.
Location
McCormick Place
2301 S. Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60616
(312) 791-7000
www.mccormickplace.com
Show Dates and Hours
Monday, November 18, 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
Tuesday, November 19, 9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
Wednesday, November 20, 9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
Thursday, November 21, 9:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m.
Technology Pavilions
To guide attendees to products and services easily, the show floor
is organized into Pavilions that are geared toward specific
industries and technologies. FABTECH will encompass both
North and South halls of McCormick Place.
Beginning November 16 and onsite, registration is $50.

Admission to the exposition is FREE for FMA, SME, PMA,
AWS, and CCAI members.
No one under the age of 16 will be admitted, and proof of age

may be required.
Conference session pricing is based on program and number of
sessions purchased.
Cancellations and refund requests (for paid conference
registrations) must be made in writing and faxed to Attn:
FABTECH Conference Cancellation at 313-425-3407 no later
than October 28, 2013, to receive a full refund minus a $50
administrative fee. Cancellations received after this date are nonrefundable. Substitutions are allowed.
Transportation
L Trains: Not all of Chicagos eight L lines are elevated. They
do, however, connect the city via above-ground, street-level and
subway trains and serve 144 stations all over town, making the L'
one of the most efficient and affordable methods of transportation
available. Two lines offer round-the-clock service: the Blue Line,
which connects the airport and downtown, and the Red Line, with
service between the North and South Sides, via downtown.
Buses: More than 100 routes lace the city; buses stop every few
blocks. Several lines operate 24 hours. Exact change is required.
Fares
Single Trip: $2.25. Pay cash or purchase a reloadable Transit Card,
available at L stations and on transitchicago.com.
Enjoy unlimited rides on all CTA buses and trains with the below
passes, which activate upon first use and are good for the number
of consecutive days shown on the front of the pass.
1-Day CTA Fun Pass: $5.75
3-Day CTA Pass: $14
7-Day CTA Pass: $23
METRA COMMUTER RAIL
The high-speed Metra train connects outlying suburbs to
downtown and is an easy way to get into the heart of the city fast.
For fares and maps, visit METRAs website at metrarail.com.
TAXIS
Taxis are plentiful and easy-to-hail in downtown, and offer a
convenient way to get around the city. Taxis charge a base rate of
$2.25 for the first 19 mile, plus $.20 for each additional 19 mile. If a
gas surcharge is in effect, a sign will be displayed inside the taxicab
and a surcharge may apply. Tolls are an extra charge; taxis charge
$1 for the first additional passenger over age 12 and under age 65.
Each additional passenger after first passenger, over 12 and under
65 is $.50. It is standard to tip the driver about 1520% of the fare,
plus $12 per bag if the driver helps you with luggage. Please note
that all fares are subject to change.
60
NOVEMBER 2013
FABTECH Hotel Accommodations
Embassy Suites Chicago Downtown
3.0 Miles
Travel Planners is the official housing vendor for FABTECH.

Booking here is the only way to receive these exclusive benefits:
Embassy Suites Chicago Lakefront (CCAI HQ)
3.0 Miles
Fairfield Inn and Suites Downtown
5.0 Miles
Youll receive hotel support prior, during, and after the event.
Fairmont Chicago
2.7 Miles
There are no service fees to make your reservations.
Four Points by Sheraton Magnificent Mile
3.0 Miles
Immediate confirmations no waiting or wondering.
Hilton Chicago (AWS HQ)
1.8 Miles
Update or even cancel your hotel reservations with no fees or

penalties.
Hilton Garden Inn Magnificent Mile
3.2 Miles
Descriptions, photos, and maps to help you choose the perfect

hotel.
Holiday Inn Chicago Mart Plaza
4.0 Miles
Hyatt Mag. Mile (frmly Wyndham Chicago)
2.2 Miles
Hyatt Regency Chicago (FMA HQ)
2.0 Miles
Get The Best Hotel Rates
Hyatt Regency McCormick Place
Adjacent
Book your room through the official FABTECH hotel block and
you are guaranteed to get the best rates (if you find a lower rate,
let us know). Free shuttle service is available to and from
McCormick Place and designated event hotels.
Intercontinental Chicago Magnificent Mile (SME HQ) 2.0 Miles
To find hotel information, make room reservations, take

advantage of free shuttle, special discounts and more, go to
fabtechexpo.com/accommodations
Official FABTECH Hotels
Hotel Names
Distance from
Convention Center
Omni Hotel Chicago
2.0 Miles
Palmer House Hilton
2.0 Miles
Radisson Blu Aqua Hotel
3.0 Miles
Renaissance Blackstone Chicago Hotel
1.9 Miles
Renaissance Chicago Hotel
2.9 Miles
Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers
1.5 Miles
Swissotel Chicago
3.1 Miles
the Wit, a member of the Hilton Family
3.0 Miles
W Chicago Lakeshore
3.6 Miles
Westin Chicago River North
4.0 Miles
Avenue Crowne Plaza Hotel Chicago
5.0 Miles
Chicago Marriott Downtown Magnif. Mile
3.1 Miles
Westin Michigan Avenue Chicago (PMA HQ)
4.0 Miles
3.2 Miles
Wyndham Grand Riverfront (frmly Hotel 71)
2.5 Miles
Courtyard by Marriott Downtown River North
WELDING JOURNAL
61
CONNECT WITH FABTECH

FABTECH is not just an event, its a year-round experience. Connect and engage with other industry professionals and show
attendees on FABTECHs social media sites before, during, and after the event.
Check out the new FABTECH blog. Find the latest industry news and technology updates, along
with updates on the FABTECH exposition and conference at blog.fabtechexpo.com.
Like us on Facebook at facebook.com/fabtechexpo and interact with our fans.
Follow us on Twitter, @fabtechexpo and #fabtechexpo, to receive information and updates on the
show and the industry.
Network with hundreds of industry professionals in our FABTECH LinkedIn group and join the
active conversations.
Watch FABTECH on YouTube at youtube.com/fabtechexpo and share and discuss .
FABTECH 2013 IS MOBILE

A native app is available now for iPhone, iPad and Android devices. Theres also a Web-based
version of the application for all other Web browser-enabled smartphones. The application is
designed to enhance your show experience and puts important event information in the palm of your
hand so you can access it anytime, anywhere. With features and tools like these, you wont miss a
minute of the action:
Interactive floor maps that make it easy to find who (and what) you are looking for
Personalized agenda planner you can use to create a list of must-see exhibits
A full schedule of education sessions and the ability to add to your planner
Real-time alerts that remind you of whats happening at the show
A live Twitter stream that connects you to up-to-the-minute show news
Local destination information with restaurant options and things to do
Download the FABTECH 2013 App Now at fabtechexpo.com/mobile
SPECIAL EVENTS/PROGRAMS
Monday, November 18
skills to earn the title of Best Welder in America. Contestants

will make a single-pass SMAW weld with E7018 on low-carbon
steel. Speed and quality will be the criteria. For more information,
go to www.aws.org/education.
10:00 a.m. 5:30 p.m.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18
Tuesday, November 19
1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
BRAZING SYMPOSIUM
Room N137
Registration Code: W39

Wednesday, November 20
11:00 a.m.
Announcement of winners
PROFESSIONAL WELDING COMPETITION
North Hall,
Booth N2299
Professional welders can sign up onsite to compete for a $2500

first prize, a $1000 second prize, and a $500 third prize. Dont miss
the chance to cheer on competitors as they demonstrate their
62
NOVEMBER 2013
The 39th International Brazing and Soldering Symposium (IBSS)

will be held November 18, 2013, at McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill.
At this Symposium authors will be presenting original and
unpublished current research, applications, and new
developments in a broad spectrum of technical areas within the
brazing and soldering fields. The sessions will have something for
the scientists and the engineers to the practitioners and the
novices who are considering brazing and soldering solutions to
their joining applications. Technical and tutorial sessions will
present some of the latest developments and provide information
to assist you with your joining needs.
2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.

AWS EDUCATION PROGRAM Q & A
Room N227B

This one hour session will provide a brief overview of new AWS
educational initiatives and products including American Welding
Online and the AWS virtual classroom. After the presentation,
AWS Education Services staff will be available to answer questions.
3:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
HAPPY HOUR
Location: North and South Halls
Mix and mingle with other attendees and exhibitors during Happy
Hour beginning at 3:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 19. Held on
the exhibit hall floor, Happy Hour is a great way to network with
peers in a relaxed, entertaining environment while perusing the
technology in exhibitor booths. Complimentary beverage ticket
with event registration.
Judging
A team of AWS Certified Welding Inspectors will judge the
competition, based on criteria of AWS D16.4, Specification for the
Qualification of Robotic Arc Welding Personnel.
To Enter the Competition
You may register for the competition at the Robotic Welders
Competition booth on the show floor, Monday and Tuesday.
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 19
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20
WELDING WARS COMPETITION
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21
ROBOTIC ARC WELDING CONTEST
certification examination, will test the contestant's ability to

manipulate a welding robot using the teach pendant in a robotic
welding cell to achieve desired results. Contestants will be
required to demonstrate familiarity with the components of a
robotic arc welding cell, program the machine to weld a test
coupon, actually weld the coupon, and visually verify its quality.
Booth #N2099
Registration & Competition Hours

Monday, November 18
10:00 a.m 5:30 p.m. (Registration)
9:30 a.m. 4:45 p.m. (Registration and Competition)
9:30 a.m. 1:00 p.m. (Competition)
3:00 p.m. (Awards)
Thursday, November 21
9:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m. (Robotic demonstrations all day)
Robotic welding technicians will compete at FABTECH in
Chicago to win free training and examination for the Certified
Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW) Operator or Technician
certification. Competition will include a timed written test and a
challenging exercise with a live welding robot a simulated
CRAW coupon-welding exam. The top three competitors will win
an AWS duffel bag. Each participant will receive an AWS T-shirt
with logo. The first-place winner will receive AWS CRAW training
and the opportunity to sit for a complimentary CRAW
certification exam.
North Hall N2293
Teams of three student welders (16+) can sign up online ($10 entry
fee per person). Each team will fabricate a weldment on a supplied
print using GTAW, GMAW, and plasma cutting, with sheared and
cut material provided, within a time limit of two hours. A panel of
certified welding inspectors will evaluate all weldments to AWS
D1.1 based on accuracy of project to print specifications, weld size,
overall weldment appearance, craftsmanship, professionalism,
safety, etc.
7:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m.
AWS PRAYER BREAKFAST
MY FAITH AT WORK
Room N137

Galen White, a senior welding engineer at Maxal International in
Traverse City, Mich., a division of Hobart filler metals will speak.
Prior to joining Maxal, he was the welding engineer at the ITW
Welding Technology Center in Glenview, Ill., and at Miller
Electric Mfg. Co. in Appleton, Wis.
Galen is currently serving on several AWS subcommittees
including AWS D1G (Structural Aluminum) and has recently
developed a curriculum for the Boy Scouts of America to earn
their Welding Merit Badge in Northern Michigan. He is a
graduate of Ferris State University with a B.S. degree in Welding
Engineering Technology and has several welding-related patents.
He is active in his local church and serves as one of the worship
Who Should Compete?

You should compete if you are at least 19 years old, have a stateor military-approved high school equivalency, and have three or
more years of experience in welding or robotics, with one year of
experience as a welder, including at least six months of experience
in manual or semiautomatic welding.
The Contest
A short multiple-choice test of knowledge on welding
fundamentals and robotic arc welding systems will be
administered. A performance test, based on the CRAW
WELDING JOURNAL
63
leaders and loves to play guitar. In addition to welding, he enjoys

riding his motorcycle and hunting/fishing. Galen and his wife,
Natalie, have three daughters aged 10, 13, and 14.
7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
AWS CERTIFICATION EXAM
Room N230A
Advance application required. Take your exam to certify as a CWI,

CWE, CWS, CWSR, SCWI, CWEng, or test for endorsements.
Call 1-800-443-9353 ext. 273, or go to www.aws.org/certification
for details on the certification and registration requirements.
AWS SOCIETY EVENTS

9:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
Room N228
During the AWS Opening Session and the 93rd Annual Business
Meeting, 2013 AWS President Nancy Cole will give the
presidential report and Dean Wilson will be inducted as the AWS
President for 2014. Following the induction, the 2013 Class of
AWS Counselors and Fellows will also be introduced. This
meeting is open to all AWS members and show registrants.
10:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
COMFORT A. ADAMS LECTURE
Room N228
The Comfort A. Adams lecture this year is titled Welding of

Nickel Base Alloys for Energy Applications by John N. DuPont.
John N. DuPont, an AWS Fellow and a Fellow of ASM
International, earned his PhD in materials science and
engineering from Lehigh University where he is presently the
R. D. Stout Distinguished Professor. He also serves as associate
director of Lehighs Energy Research Center and holds a joint
appointment in the Mechanical Engineering Department.
His research interests include processing-microstructure-property
relations in solidification and joining of materials, laserengineered net shaping, and alloy development. He has published
about 140 papers, edited four books, and holds one U.S. patent.
DuPont received the Adams Memorial Membership Award,
Charles H. Jennings Memorial Award, William Spraragen
Memorial Award, McKay-Helm Award, A. F. Davis Silver Medal
Award, Warren F. Savage Memorial Award, Prof. Koichi
Masubuchi Award, and the William Irrgang Award. DuPont
received the National Science Foundation Presidential Early
Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President
Clinton, and the Lehigh University College of Engineering
Teaching Excellence Award.
DuPont is a Principal Peer Reviewer for the Welding Journal, a
reviewer for the Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,
and serves on the editorial board of Science & Technology of
Welding and Joining.
6:30 p.m. The Hilton Chicago
AWS OFFICERS/PRESIDENTS/
COUNTERPARTS RECEPTION
Hilton
Grand Ballroom
This reception is held annually during the show and is open to all
registrants. Take advantage of this opportunity to meet the AWS
Officers, and network with members and prospects. A
complimentary hors doeuvres buffet is included, along with a
cash bar. Evening business attire.
64
NOVEMBER 2013
12:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.

AWS AWARDS/
AWS FOUNDATION LUNCHEON
Room N228
As the Society and the industry it serves have grown, so has the
need to recognize outstanding scientists, engineers, educators,
and researchers. Join an assembly of distinguished award
presenters, recipients, and guests for a well-paced ceremony and
a delicious lunch. The cost for attending the ceremony is $30 and
is open to all registrants. Tickets will also be available at the door.
2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.
AWS NATIONAL NOMINATING COMMITTEE
OPEN MEETING
Room N135
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18
AWS OPENING SESSION & ANNUAL
BUSINESS MEETING
AWS Members are requested to submit their recommendations

for National Officers to serve during 2015. Nominations must be
accompanied by 16 copies of biographical material on each
candidate, including a written statement by the candidate as to
his/her willingness and ability to serve if nominated and elected.
10:00 a.m. 10:30 a.m.
R.D. THOMAS, JR.
INTERNATIONAL LECTURE
Room N135
The years R.D. Thomas, Jr. Award recipient is Prof. Xiao-Ling

Zhao from Monash University. His lecture is titled ISO
Standards for Welded Hollow Section Joints.
Prof. Xiao-Ling Zhao is the holder of a Bachelor and Master
degree in Mechanical Engineering from Shanghai JiaoTong
University, a PhD and Doctor of Engineering in Civil Engineering
from The University of Sydney and a MBA jointly awarded by The
University of Sydney and The University of New South Wales,
Prof. Zhao has been a member of WTIA (Welding Technology
Institute of Australia) since 1992 and an active participant in the
IIW (International Institute of Welding) in the last 20 years.
Prof. Zhao has been chairing the IIW Subcommission XV-E on
Tubular Structures since 2002. Under his leadership the XV-E
subcommission wrote two ISO standards (ISO 14346 and ISO
14347), four design guides (available in 4 languages) and one text
book on welded hollow section joints, and organized five
International Symposia on Tubular Structures.
10:30 a.m.
AMERICAN COUNCIL OF IIW (immediately following the
R.D. Thomas, Jr. International Lecture)
Room N135
American Council of the IIW, meeting of the U.S. member body
of the International Institute of Welding.
12:00 noon 2:00 p.m.
SECTION APPRECIATION LUNCHEON/
IMAGE OF WELDING AWARDS CEREMONY Room N228
The best and brightest stars in the welding industry will be
honored for their outstanding industry achievements at the 11th
Annual Image of Welding Awards. Presented by the AWS and
WEMCO, a standing committee of AWS, the Image of Welding
Awards is the industrys top honors saluting the years most
outstanding public initiatives and programs that promote the
image of welding. By invitation only. The Image of Welding
Awards Ceremony will be held in conjunction with the AWS
Section Appreciation Lunch.
PRICING INFORMATION
Welding Track
Member
NonMember a
1-Day AWS Educational Sessions
$150
$235
$225
$310
1/2-Day Seminar
$335
$420
1-Day Conference or Seminar
$550
$635
2-Day Conference or Seminar
$775
$860
2-Day RWMA Resistance

Welding School
$775
$860
1-Day Professional Program
$150
$235
4-Day Professional Program
$225
$310
Student Professional Program
$75
$90b
AWS Awards Luncheon
$30
$30
AWS Prayer Breakfast
$10
$10
a
b
Non-member price for AWS Sessions only includes a one-year AWS Individual Membership.
Non-member Student Professional Program price includes a one-year AWS Student Membership.
Exhibit-only attendance is FREE through November 15, 2013. Beginning Nov. 16 and
on-site, the cost to attend the exhibits is $50. FMA, SME, AWS, PMA and CCAI members
may always attend the exhibits for FREE with a valid membership card.
Finishing, Stamping, Cutting, Lasers, Forming &

Fabricating, Job Shop Solutions, Automation & Robotics,
Lean, Management, and Tube & Pipe Tracks
Member
Non-Member
1/2-Day Workshop
$299
$299
Full-Day Workshop
$399
$399
Member
Non-Member
1 Session
$150
$175
2 Sessions
$280
$325
3 Sessions
$375
$445*
4 Sessions
$475
$545*
$680
$780*
Full Conference
(5 or more sessions)
Includes (1) $22 lunch ticket
Rates good through Oct. 4. After this date, please add $25.
*Non-member rates for 3 or more sessions include a one-year complimentary membership to one of
the co-sponsoring associations (FMA, SME, PMA, CCAI).
WELDING JOURNAL
65
SCHEDULE-AT-A-GLANCE
Monday, November 18
WELDING
SEMINARS
W10: API 1104 Code Clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.

W11: Metallurgy Applied to Everyday Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
CONFERENCES
W23: Welding Dissimilar Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:15 a.m. 2:30 p.m.
PROFESSIONAL
PROGRAM
W28: Session 1: Automation and Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.

Session 2: NSF-CIMJSEA - Welding Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
Session 3: Applied Technology I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
EDUCATIONAL
SESSIONS
W34: AWS Educational Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
SPECIAL
PROGRAMS
W38: AWS Education Program Q&A FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.
W39: Brazing Symposium FREE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
AWS Professional Welders Competition - Day 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10:00 a.m. 5:30 p.m.
Robotic Arc Welding Contest Day 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10:00 a.m. 5:30 p.m.
AWS Events Annual Business Meeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
Comfort A. Adams Lecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
FINISHING
STAMPING
S10: NEW! Precision

Punching and Cutting
Technology B
C20: Running Efcient

Paint Systems B
C30: NEW! BEST PRACTICES:

Choosing the Right
Technology for Your
Paint Line I
C21: NEW! FINISHING

ESSENTIALS: System
Design Basics B
C31: FINISHING ESSENTIALS:

The Importance of Cleaning
Prior to Pretreatment &
Pretreatment Troubleshooting
B
C22: Trends in Industrial

Coatings A
C32: NEW! Emerging

Technologies A
S20: NEW! In-Die Electronics I
S30: NEW! An Engineering

Approach to Design I
F30: NEW! Cutting: Dual
Process Integration A
CUTTING
F10: NEW! Trends and
Advances in Laser
Technology B
F20: Fiber/Solid State or

CO2 Laser Technology I
F11: Tooling Solutions for

Metal Fabrication I
F21: Roll Forming

Best Practices B
F31: Roll Form Tooling &

Troubleshooting A
JOB SHOP
SOLUTIONS
F12: Cost Estimating for

the Job Shop B
F22: Designing Parts for

Sheet Metal B
F32: NEW! Material Handling

Solutions for the
Job Shop B
AUTOMATION &
ROBOTICS
F13: Using Robotics in

Metal Forming and
Fabrication I
LASERS
FORMING &
FABRICATING
F33: NEW! Automation

Solutions for Press Brakes
with Tech Tour I
F01: WORKSHOP: NEW! Driving the Lean TransformationAre You Prepared for Change? I
LEAN
MANAGEMENT
TUBE & PIPE
66
NOVEMBER 2013
F14: NEW! Lean Principle:

Strategic Planning and
Organizational Alignment
I

Visual Workplace I

Developing People and
Processes B
F15: NEW! How Much Is Your

Company Worth? A
F25: NEW! Leading Your

Organization to
Protability I
F35: NEW! Sustainable

Manufacturing
in the 21st Century I
F27: NEW! Forming Stainless

Steel Tubes I
WELDING
SEMINARS
W12: D1.1 - Code Clinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.

W13: The Why and How of Welding Procedure Specications B . . . . . .8:30 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
W14: The Why and How of Welding Procedure Specications A . . . . . .1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
W15: The Why and How of Welding Procedure Specications B A . . . . .8:30 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
W16: Welding of Stainless Steel - Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
W19: ASME Section IX, B31.1 & B31.3 Code Clinic - Day 1 . . . . . . . . . .8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
CONFERENCES
W24: So Youre the New Welding Engineer - Day 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
W26: Thermal Spray Technology: High-Performance Surfaces . . . . . . . . 9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
PROFESSIONAL
PROGRAM
W29: Session 4: Keynote Speaker 1 and Keynote Speaker 2 . . . . . . . . .8:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
Session 5: NSF-CIMJSEA - Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
Session 6: NSF-CIMJSEA - Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
Session 7: Welding Metallurgy I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
Session 8: Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
EDUCATIONAL
SESSIONS
W35: AWS Educational Sessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

Plummer Lecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10:45 a.m. 11:45 a.m.
SPECIAL
PROGRAMS
TECHNOLOGY
FINISHING
STAMPING
CUTTING
W40: AWS Awards Luncheon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.

AWS Professional Welders Competition - Day 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
Welding Wars Competition - Day 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
Robotic Arc Welding Contest - Day 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9:30 a.m. 4:45 p.m.
8:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
10:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m.
C40: Conceptos Bsicos de

Pintura en Polvo en
Espaol B
C50: Building Blocks of

Powder Coating B
C41: Introduction to
Electrocoating B
C51: NEW! FINISHING

ESSENTIALS: Getting
Hooked on Paint Racks I
S40: NEW! Engineering

Optimum Sheet Metal
Stamping Costs: Blank,
Tools, Presses I
S41: NEW! Material Handling:
Requirements and
Variations of the Job I
F40: NEW! Introduction to
Laser Cutting Best
Practices B
C52: Advances in Porcelain

Enamel I
C62: NEW! Get Ready for

OSHA or EPA to
Come Calling I
S50: Advances in Stamping

Technology I
S60: In-Die Value-Added

Assembly I
F50: NEW! New Developments

in Waterjet Cutting I
F60: NEW! Industrial
Applications in Lasers I
LASERS
FORMING &
FABRICATING
JOB SHOP
SOLUTIONS
1:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m.

C60: Powder Coating Color
Change: Its All About
the Time A
C61: NEW! FINISHING
ESSENTIALS: Achieving
an Excellent Powder
Coated Finish B
F41: Leveling: Making

Material Flat I
F51: Coil Processing from

Start to Finish B
F61: NEW! Bending and

Forming Technology I
F42: NEW! Press Brake

Safety: Changes to
ANSI B11.3 2012
Explained B
F52: NEW! Lean and Safe: A

Winning Combination I
F62: NEW! Maintenance for

the Job Shop B
AUTOMATION &
ROBOTICS
F43: Automated Deburring

with Tech Tour I
LEAN

Standardized Work for
Shop Floors and
Leaders I
F64: NEW! Lean Tools:

Value Stream Mapping
Addressing the
F54: NEW! Lean Principle: Flow
Differences Between
and Pull Valve I
the Ofce and the Shop
Floor B
F45: NEW! Developing

Business Process and
Strategy I
F55: NEW! Practical

Approach to Developing a
Strategic Plan I
MANAGEMENT
F02: WORKSHOP: NEW! Building a Competency-Based Training

& Development Program B
TUBE & PIPE
F57: NEW! Advancements in

Welding Tube Production I
F65: NEW! Put Your

Customer First! Improve
Customer Relations to
Increase Protability I
F66: NEW! Workforce:
Recruitment Strategies B
F67: NEW! Inspecting and
Troubleshooting
Welded Tube A
WELDING JOURNAL
67
WELDING
SEMINARS
W17: Welding of Stainless Steel - Avoiding Weld Defects . . . . . . . . . . .

W20: Advanced Visual Inspection Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W19: ASME Section IX, B31.1 & B31.3 Code Clinic Day 2 . . . . . . . . . .
W21: Build it Better Day 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONFERENCES
W24: So Youre the New Welding Engineer Day 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
W25: Thermal Spray Basics FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.
RWMA SCHOOL
W27: RWMA Resistance Welding School Day 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:45 a.m. 5:30 p.m.
PROFESSIONAL
PROGRAM
W30: Session 9: High Energy Density Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . .

Session 10: Applied Technology II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Session 11: Welding Metallurgy II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Session 12: Arc Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Session 13: Solid-State Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EDUCATIONAL
SESSIONS
SPECIAL
PROGRAMS
TECHNOLOGY
FINISHING
STAMPING
CUTTING
FORMING &
FABRICATING
JOB SHOP
SOLUTIONS
AUTOMATION &
ROBOTICS
LEAN
MANAGEMENT
TUBE & PIPE
NOVEMBER 2013
8:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.

8:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
1:30 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
1:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.
1:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.
W36: AWS Educational Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

W41: AWS Prayer Breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m.
AWS Professional Welders Competition Award Announcement . . . . . . . . 11:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
Welding Wars Competition Day 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
R. D. Thomas, Jr., International Lecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10:00 a.m. 10:30 a.m.
Robotic Arc Welding Contest Day 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
10:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m.
1:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m.
C70: NEW! Innovations

in Powder Coating
Application Equipment A
C80: FINISHING ESSENTIALS:

Manual Powder
Coating B
C90: Cost Saving Measures for

Powder Coating A
C71: NEW! Innovations in

Pretreatment A
C81: Efcient Curing With

Infrared for Industrial
Finishing B
C91: NEW! FINISHING

ESSENTIALS: Impacting
Our Environment A
C72: NEW! Innovations in

Mechanical Finishing A
C82: NEW! Improving Transfer

Efciency in Liquid
Finishing Operations I
C92: NEW! Is Powder Over

E-Coat Right for You? I
S70: NEW! Regulatory

Compliance I
S80: NEW! Traceability and

Production Efciency B
S90: NEW! Game Changing

Technology to Increase
Productivity I
F70: NEW! Innovations in

Plasma Cutting I
F80: Comparative Cutting

with Tech Tour B
F90: NEW! Laser Joining
Considerations with Tech
Tour I
LASERS
68
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.

8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
F71: NEW! Press Brakes

for Operators I
F81: NEW! Press Brakes for

Engineers A
F72: NEW! Business

Solutions to Streamline
Your Job Shop I
F82: Plate Fabrication B
F91: NEW! Punch Press

Technology with Tech Tour
B
F73: Automation: Robotic

Material Handling for
Lean High Mix/Low
Volume Shop B
F74: NEW! Lean Tools: Quick
Changeover and TPM I
F84: NEW! Lean Tools: 5S

Workplace Organization
and Standardization B
F94: NEW! Lean Facility:

Operating for Increased
Protability I
F75: Marketing for

Fabricators I
F85: NEW! Achieve Your

Sales Goals B
F95: NEW! Grow Your Business

Using the Web and
Social Media I
F76: NEW! Workforce:

Preparing Next Gen
Leaders I
F86: NEW! Workforce: Boost

Performance Through
Employee Engagement I
F97: NEW! Principles of
Tube Bending B
Thursday, November 21
WELDING
SEMINARS
W21: Build it Better Day 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.

W22: Corrosion of Welds: Causes and Cures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:30 a.m. 3:00 p.m.
RWMA SCHOOL
W27: RWMA Resistance Welding School Day 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:00 a.m. 3:45 p.m.
PROFESSIONAL
PROGRAM
W31: Session 14: NSF-CIMJSEA Mechanical & Corrosion Properties . . . .8:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
Session 15: Weldability Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
SPECIAL
PROGRAMS
AWS Certication Exam (advance application required) . . . . . . . . . . . . .7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
TECHNOLOGY
STAMPING
LASERS
FORMING &
FABRICATING
JOB SHOP
SOLUTIONS
LEAN
MANAGEMENT
8:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
10:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m.
S100: NEW! Deep Draw Technologies B
F100: NEW! Laser Scanning I

F03: WORKSHOP: NEW! Precision Sheet Metal Operation Prep Course and Certication Exam
F102: Low Volume High Variety I
F104: NEW! Lean Tools: 3 Proven Paths to
Major Prot Improvement A
F105: NEW! Strategically Growing Business
in North America I
Questions regarding the educational programs at FABTECH can be

directed to the following representatives:
WELDING
STAMPING
FINISHING, COATING
Contact AWS,
Martica Ventura
mventura@aws.org
800-443-9353
Contact PMA,
Marianne Sichi
msichi@pma.org
216-901-8800
Contact CCAI,
Kelly LeCount
Kelly@goyermgt.com
859-356-1030
FORMING &
FABRICATING,
JOB SHOP,
MANAGEMENT,
TUBE & PIPE
CUTTING, FORMING &

FABRICATING, LASERS,
LEAN, MANAGEMENT
Contact FMA,
Julie Maddock
juliem@fmanet.org
888-394-4362
Contact SME,
Ila Lee
ilee@sme.org
800-733-4763
SCAN THIS QR CODE WITH YOUR MOBILE

DEVICE TO REGISTER TODAY!
WELDING JOURNAL
69
Welding Show 2013

Professional Program
Pick and choose between concurrent sessions for the latest in welding
research and commercial developments. Pay by the day or attend the
entire four-day program, with special discounts for students and
members of AWS, FMA, SME, PMA, or CCAI.
4-day Professional Program Member: $225, Nonmember: $310
Registration Code W32
H. 4:30 p.m. A Study on Robust Weaving Width

Control Algorithm Using Arc Sensor in
TIG Welding
Seokhyoung Lee, Hyeong-Soon Moon,
Jong-Cheol Kim and Ji-On Kim,
Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
I. 5:00 p.m.
4-day Student Professional Program Member: $75, Nonmember:

$90 Registration Code W33
1-day Professional Program Member: $150, Nonmember: $235
Monday Registration W28, Tuesday Registration W29, Wednesday
Registration W30, Thursday Registration W31
Development of a Macro/Micro
Telerobotic Welding System for Working
in the Nuclear Pipeline Maintenance
Haichao Li, Hongming Gao and Na Dong,
State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and
Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, and
YuMing Zhang, University of Kentucky
1:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m.

SESSION 2:
NSF-CIMJSEA WELDING METALLURGY
Monday, November 18
1:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
SESSION 1:
AUTOMATION AND SENSORS
Room N139
Chair: Prof. D. Farson, The Ohio State University

A. 1:00 p.m. Real-Time Detection for Short-Circuit
Mode GMAW
Yoni Adonyi, Joseph Russell, Derek Hoyt and
Nathan Berthiaume, LeTourneau University,
B. 1:30 p.m. Using Intelligent Automation to
Improve Tank and Vessel Welding
Productivity and Quality
Jeffrey Noruk and Blake Holmes,
Servo Robot Inc.
C. 2:00 p.m. Case Studies: Implementation of
Sensors for Robotic Welding
Chris Anderson and Jack Moore,
Yaskawa Motoman
D. 2:30 p.m. The Use of Vision System for Robotic
Laser Welding of Tube-to-Tubesheet
Paul Denney, The Lincoln Electric Co.
E. 3:00 p.m.
F. 3:30 p.m.
Closed-Loop Controlled Microwave

Design for Ceramics to Metal Joining
Yoni Adonyi, Allen Worcester,
Seung Hyun Kim and Tim Privitt,
LeTourneau University
Development of Single-Side Resistance
Spot Welding Technology Applying
In-Process Welding Current and
Electrode Force Control
Muneo Matsushita, Rinsei Ikeda and
Kenji Oi, JFE Steel Corp.
G. 4:00 p.m. Vision Based Real-Time Monitoring and

Control of Metal Transfer in Laser
Enhanced Gas Metal Arc Welding
Yan Shao and YuMing Zhang, University of
Kentucky
70
NOVEMBER 2013
Room N140
Chair: Prof. J.C. Lippold, The Ohio State University

A. 1:00 p.m. Development of a New Generation Cast
Pin Tear Test for Evaluation of
Solidification Cracking in Weld Metals
T. C. Luskin, B. T. Alexandrov and
J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State University,
and S. L. McCracken, Electric Power
Research Institute
B. 1:30 p.m. Varestraint Weldability Testing:
Comparison of Laser and Arc Welding
Stephen Tate and Stephen Liu, Colorado
School of Mines
C. 2:00 p.m. Metallurgical Characterization of HighStrength Alloys Competitive Evaluation
of Welding vs. Hot Induction Bending
Tiffany Y. Ngan, B. T. Alexandrov and
J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State University,
and John Lawmon, American Engineering &
Manufacturing, Inc.
D. 2:30 p.m. Postweld Heat Treatment Response of
2.25Cr-1Mo Steel
David Hodgson and J. C. Lippold,
The Ohio State University
E. 3:00 p.m.
The Microstructural Evolution and

Aging Response of Dissimilar Metal
Welds Involving Alloy N
Robert Hamlin and John DuPont,
Lehigh University
F. 3:30 p.m.
Precipitate Evolution in Cr-Mo Welds

Soumya Mohan and S. Suresh Babu,
The Ohio State University, and Teresa Melfi,
Badri Narayanan and Ben Schaeffer,
The Lincoln Electric Co.
G. 4:00 p.m. Microstructural Characterization and

Bond Evolution in Dissimilar Material
Welds Made Using VHP UAM
Niyanth Sridharan and S. Suresh Babu,
SESSION 3:
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY I
Room N230A
Chair: Dr. P. Hochanadel, Los Alamos National Laboratory

A. 1:00 p.m. Development of AC Gas Metal Arc
Welding for Welding Thin Automotive
Components
Frank Armao, The Lincoln Electric Co.
10:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.

SESSION 5:
NSF-CIMJSEA MODELING
Room N139
Chair: Prof. S. Kou, University of Wisconsin
B. 1:30 p.m. Measuring Equipment for Welding

Properties of MIG/MAG Welding Wires
Kai Boockmann and Michaela Boockmann,
Boockmann GmbH
A. 10:00 a.m. Effect of LTTW on Weld Distortion and

Residual Stress Control Experimental
Verification and Numerical Modeling
Sindhu Thomas, Ali Alshawaf and
Stephen Liu, Colorado School of Mines,
and Zhili Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
C. 2:00 p.m. Waveform in Arc Welding of Aluminum

Alloys Effect on Bead Profile and
Performance
Jian Zhang and Murat Acar, The Lincoln
Electric Co.
B. 10:30 a.m. Multi-Scale FEA Modeling of Brazed

Joint Structures in Ni-Based Superalloys
for Gas Turbine Applications
Brian Riggs, B.T. Alexandrov and
Avraham Benatar, The Ohio State University
D. 2:30 p.m. Development of a Versatile Deep Bore

Laser Cladding Tool
Andrew Nissly, Nittany Laser Technologies,
and Edward Reutzel and Todd Palmer,
Penn State University
C. 11:00 a.m. Weld-Metal Solidification of Ternary

Mg-Al-Sr Alloys an application of
computational thermodynamics
Tayfun Soysal and Sindo Kou, University of
Wisconsin
E. 3:00 p.m.
Using Welding Information to Drive

Continuous Improvement
Caleb Krisher, Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
F. 3:30 p.m.
Dissimilar Metal Welding Critical

Considerations for Assured Success
Russel Fuchs and Jeff Soltis, Bohler Welding
Group USA, Inc., and Herbert Heuser and
Bernd Hoberg, Bohler Schweisstechnik
Deutschland GmbH
D. 11:30 a.m. Modeling Microstructure Evolution

during Laser Metal Deposition
K. Makiewicz, A. Prabhu, S. S. Babu and
A. Chaudhary, The Ohio State University
G. 4:00 p.m. Zone Flow Fume Extraction

Technology
Allan Hilbert, Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
H. 4:30 p.m. Optimization of Corrosion Resistance
and Weldability A Challenge for
Superduplex Filler Metals
Joe Zawodny and Russel Ruchs, Bohler
Welding Group USA, Inc., and Volker Gross
and Bernd Hoberg, Bohler Schweisstechnik
Deutschland GmbH
I. 5:00 p.m.
Failure Analysis of Lean Solution

Cooler Exchanger Tube-to-Tube Sheet
(TTS) Weld Failure
Hamad Almostaneer, Mohammed Al-Rabie
and Harry Schrijen, Sabic Technology Center
8:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
SESSION 4:
KEYNOTE ADDRESSES
Room N139
Chair: Prof. J. N. DuPont, Lehigh University

A. 8:00 a.m.
B. 9:00 a.m.
Keynote Speaker 1 Evolution of Steels,

Joining Trends and Challenges in the
Automotive Industry
Murali D. Tumuluru
Keynote Speaker 2 Additive
Manufacturing Developments for
industrial Exploitation - A Suite of
Processes
Ian Harris, Edison Welding Institute
10:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.

SESSION 6:
NSF-CIMJSEA PROCESSING
Room N140
Chair: Prof. J. Steele, Colorado School of Mines

A. 10:00 a.m. Influence of Fluid Convection on
Formation of Weld Pool during Laser
Cladding
Y. S. Lee, S. Suresh Babu and Dave Farson,
The Ohio State University, and
Mark Nordin, Rolls Royce
B. 10:30 a.m. Gas Metal Arc Welding of Magnesium
Alloys: Spattering and Gas Porosity
Dustin Wagner, Youngki Yang,
Hiromi Konishi and Sindo Kou,
University of Wisconsin
C. 11:00 a.m. A Novel Technique for Laboratory-Scale
Collision Welding and Collision Welding
Parameter Characterization
Bert Liu and Anupam Vivek, The Ohio
State University
D. 11:30 a.m. Characterization of Robotic Gas Metal
Arc Welding
Andrew Neill and John Steele, Colorado
School of Mines
2:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
SESSION 7:
WELDING METALLURGY I
Room N139
Chair: Dr. B. Alexandrov, The Ohio State University

A. 2:00 p.m. Microstructure Characterization of
High-Cr Ni-Based Filler Metal
Xiuli Feng, Eric Fusner and J. C. Lippold,
WELDING JOURNAL
71
B. 2:30 p.m. Development of Continuous Cooling

Transformation Diagrams for Weld Metal
of Creep-Resistant Steels
Joseph Steiner, B. T. Alexandrov and
J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State University
F. 4:30 p.m.
C. 3:00 p.m. Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical

Properties of Thermally Simulated
Eglin Steel
Brett Leister and John DuPont,
Lehigh University
G. 5:00 p.m. Data Driven Models of Human Welder

Behavior: A Comparison between
Unskilled and Skilled Welders
WeiJie Zhang and YuMing Zhang,
University of Kentucky
D. 3:30 p.m. Development of CCT Diagrams for the

CGHAZ of Creep-Resistant Steels
Katie Strader, Xiuli Feng, B. T. Alexandrov
and J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State University
E. 4:00 p.m.
F. 4:30 p.m.
An Investigation of the Effect of Nickel as

an Alloying Agent on Toughening and
Strengthening Mechanisms in HighStrength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Submerged
Arc Welding (SAW) Multiple-Pass Welds
Kin-Ling Sham and Stephen Liu, Colorado
School of Mines
Comparison of Etching Techniques and
Microstructure Analysis for Grade T22
steel Weld Metal
Xiuli Feng, B. T. Alexandrov, Joseph Steiner,
Katherine Strader and J. C. Lippold, The Ohio
State University
G. 5:00 p.m. Microstructural Evaluation of Penetration

Enhancing Flux through Paint, and Cored
Wire Addition to 304L Stainless Steel
Kevin Faraone, Honeywell FM&T and
2:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
SESSION 8:
MODELING
A. 2:00 p.m. Laser Microwelding to Form Electrical

Contacts on Photovoltaic Devices
Ashwin Raghavan, T. DebRoy, and
Todd Palmer, The Pennsylvania State University
B. 2:30 p.m. Grain Refinement of Aluminum Alloy Weld
Metal
Carl Cross, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
and P. Schempp, A. Pittner and M. Rethmeier,
BAM
C. 3:00 p.m. Physics-Based Formulation of Heat
Generation for Thermo-Mechanical
Modeling of Rotary Friction Welding
Wei Zhang and S. Suresh Babu, The Ohio State
University, and David Mahaffey, AFRL,
Wright-Patterson AFB
D. 3:30 p.m. Optimum Design Based on Mathematical
Model and Neural Network to Predict
Reinforcement for Duplex Fillet Joints
Carolina Payares-Asprino and John Steele,
Colorado School of Mines, and Lusia Fernanda
Espinosa, Universidad Simon Bolivar
E. 4:00 p.m.
72
8:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.

SESSION 9:
Room N139
HIGH ENERGY DENSITY WELDING PROCESSES
Chair: Prof. T. Palmer, The Pennsylvania State University
A. 8:00 a.m.
Improved Drilling Studies of Crimped

Tubes of 304L
T. J. Lienert, J. O. Sutton and R. T. Forsyth,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
B. 8:30 a.m.
Investigation of Plasma Arc Welding as a

Method for the Additive Manufacturing of
Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Components
Joe Stavinoha, Wolf Robotics, and
Bruce Madigan, Montana Tech
C. 9:00 a.m.
Effect of Mn and N Vaporization during

Laser Beam Welding of Alloy 21Cr 6Ni 9Mn
Weldment Mechanical Properties
Erik Pfeif , M. Mataya and D. Olson,
Colorado School of Mines, and Carl Cady and
Shang Liu, Los Alamos National Labs
D. 9:30 a.m.
Laser-GMA Hybrid Welding of Alloy 690

Jared Blecher, Huiliang Wei, Todd Palmer and
T. DebRoy, The Pennsylvania State University
Room: N140
Chair: Prof. S. S. Babu, The Ohio State University
Weld Penetration Control in GTAW Based

on 3D Weld Pool Measurements
YuKang Liu and YuMing Zhang, University of
Kentucky
NOVEMBER 2013
Development of High-Cr, Ni-Base Filler

Metals Based on Computational and
Experimental Techniques
Adam Hope and J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State
University
E. 10:00 a.m. A TIG and Laser Process for Titanium

Welding with Cryolite-Containing Fluxes:
Penetration Enhancement and Corrosion
Resistance
Ali Aishawaf, Stephen Liu and Tariq AlSabti,
Colorado School of Mines
F. 10:30 a.m. Evolution in Laser Enhanced GMAW:
Using Pulsed High Power Density Fiber
Laser
Jun Xiao and YuMing Zhang, University of
Kentucky and Guangjun Zhang, Harbin
Institute of Technology
8:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
SESSION 10:
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY II
Room N140
Chair: N. Porter, Edison Welding Institute

A. 8:00 a.m.
Getting Outside Your Own Box:

Implementing an End-User Driven Product
Development and Design Processes
John Henderson, Ross Fleishmann and
David Pryor, Victor Technologies
B. 8:30 a.m.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties

and Productivity Using the Various SMAW
Techniques for Pipelines
Quenton Champ and Russel Ruchs, Bohler
Welding Group USA, Inc., and Manfred Hofer,
Bohler Welding Holding GmbH
C. 9:00 a.m.
Recent Developments in Joining

Technologies for Electronic Packaging
Weiping Liu, Indium Corp.
D. 9:30 a.m.
How to Keep Stainless Steel 100%

Stainless
Robert Sauders, Bohler Welding Group
USA, Inc.
E. 10:00 a.m. Productivity Improvements for GTAW

Pipeline Girth Welding
Andrew Wasson, Nathan Nissley, Neerav Verma
and Rick Noecker, ExxonMobil Upstream
Research Co.
F. 10:30 a.m. Improvement to Drawn Arc Stud Welding
Process
David Workman and Nancy Porter,
Edison Welding Institute
G. 11:00 a.m. Control of Welding Distortion in Large
Stainless Steel Structures
Suresh Srinivasan, Consultant, and N. Raju,
Welding Research Institute
1:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.
SESSION 11:
WELDING METALLURGY II
Room N139
Chair: Prof. P. Mendez, University of Alberta

A. 1:30 p.m. Use of Calorimetry to Create CCT
Diagrams
P. F. Mendez, J. Gibbs and A. Kamyabi,
University of Alberta
B. 2:00 p.m. Electrode Life, Tensile Properties and
Weld Microstructures in Resistance Spot
Welding of Hot-Stamped Ultra-HighStrength Steel Sheets
Kevin Chan, Huys Industries Ltd.,
Dulal Chandra Saha, Sashank Nayak and
Paulo Penner, University of Waterloo, and
Elliot Biro, ArcelorMittal Dofasco Inc.
C. 2:30 p.m. Welding of Advanced Naval Steels
Jason Bono and John DuPont,
Lehigh University
D. 3:00 p.m. Investigation of the Weldability of HighCr Ni-Based Filler Metals
Timothy Luskin, B. T. Alexandrov and
J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State University, and
S. L. McCracken, Electric Power Research
Institute
E. 3:30 p.m. Cold Metal Transfer Weld Overlays
Application in Nuclear Power Repair
Nathaniel McVicker, Eric Przybylowicz,
B. T. Alexandrov and J. C. Lippold,
F. 4:00 p.m.
Resistance Spot Welding of UNS S32304

and UNS 32205 Duplex Stainless Steels
Yves F. da Silva, GGB Brazil, Dany Centeno
and Sergio Brandi, University of Sao Paulo,
Valdir Furlanetto, Welding Science, and Marcio
Batista, Volkswagen Brazil
G. 4:30 p.m. Time-Temperature Transformation in 3207

Hyperduplex Stainless Steel
Doris Ivette Villalobos Vera and J. C. Lippold,
H. 5:00 p.m. Investigation of Processing Properties of
Copper Based Filler Metals in MIG and
Laser Brazing Processes of Steel Sheets
with Different Strength Characteristics
Michael Ebbinghaus, Fontargen
I. 5:30 p.m.
Metallurgy of Laser Cladding Ni-WC Wear

Resistant Overlays High Cr White Cast Iron
for Oil and Gas Applications
G. Wood, D. Hamre, S. Guest, K. Bell,
P. F. Mendez, University of Alberta
1:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.

SESSION 12:
ARC WELDING PROCESSES
Room N140
Chair: Prof. Shujun Chen, Beijing University of Technology

A. 1:30 p.m. Efforts to Reduce Manganese Fume
Emissions during Flux Cored Arc Welding
of Standard Carbon Steels
Stanley Ferree, ESAB Welding and Cutting
Products
B. 2:00 p.m. Arc Separability and Measurement of Arc
Components
Shujun Chen, Fan Jiang and Zhenyang Lu,
Beijing University of Technology, and
YuMing Zhang, University of Kentucky
C. 2:30 p.m. Effect of Waveform and Frequency on AC
Square Wave Submerged Arc Welding of
AISI 304L Joints for Cryogenic
Applications
Karine dAvila Zaccari, Antonio Souza and
Carlos Faggiani, Lincoln Electric Brazil, and
Sergio Brandi, University of Sao Paulo
D. 3:00 p.m. Metal Transfer Control in Arcing-Wire
GTAW
Shujun Chen, Ning Huang, Zhenyang Lu,
YuMing Zhang and Yan Liu, Beijing University
of Technology
E. 3:30 p.m.
Effect of Waveform and Frequency on

Submerged AC Square Wave Equipment
on Weld Metal Chemical Composition of
ER308L, ER309L, ER2209 and ER2594
Jair Mendonca, Infraero, Sao Paulo,
Karine dAvila Zaccari, Lincoln Electric Brazil,
and Sergio Brandi, University of Sao Paulo
F. 4:00 p.m.
Feasibility Study of Cross Arc Welding

Process
Shujun Chen, Liang Zhang, Zhenyan Lu,
Yuming Zhang and Yuping Wang, Beijing
University of Technology
G. 4:30 p.m. Corrosion Resistance of Autogeneous

Duplex Stainless Weld Metal Deposited by
Orbital TIG Welding Process
Chan Kim, Jeong-Kweon Joo, Young-Pil Kim
and Jun-Tae Choi, Hyundai Heavy Industries
Co., LTD
WELDING JOURNAL
73
Professional Program 2013 Final_Layout 1 10/14/13 10:03 AM Page 74
H. 5:00 p.m. Mechanical and Microstructural Properties

of CMT-MIG Welded AW 5083 and AW
6082 Aluminum Alloys
B. Gungor, Turkish Naval Forces, E. Kaluc
and E. Taban Kocaeli University, and A. Sik,
Gazi University
I. 5:30 p.m.
Relation between Stability of the Pulse

Cycle Time and Weld Surf Undulation in
Pulsed GMA Welding
Rajasekaran Shanmugam and R. Umarani,
El-Shaddai Welding and Cutting Consultants
1:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.

SESSION 13:
SOLID-STATE WELDING PROCESSES
Room N135
8:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
SESSION 14:
Room N139
NSF-CIMJSEA MECHANICAL & CORROSION
PROPERTIES
Chair: Prof. Y.M. Zhang, University of Kentucky
A. 8:00 a.m.
Stress Relaxation of Candidate NickelBase Superalloy Welds for Advanced

Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plants
David Tung and J. C. Lippold,
B. 8:30 a.m.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Mitigation of

7003 Al-Mg-Zn-Cu Alloy Gas Metal Arc
Welding
Tyler Borchers, S. Suresh Babu, Wei Zhang and
David Phillips, The Ohio State University
C. 9:00 a.m.
Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Dissimilar

Metal Welds under Cathodic Protection
Hydrogen Kinetics and Fracture Behavior
Desmond Bourgeois, B. T. Alexandrov,
Jamey Fenske and J. C. Lippold,
D. 9:30 a.m.
Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Nickel

Based Alloy Weld Overlay and Coextruded
Coatings
Andrew Stockdale and John DuPont,
Lehigh University
Chair: Prof. Y. Adonyi, LeTourneau University

A. 1:30 p.m. Effects of Welding-Induced Residual
Stresses on Fatigue Crack Propagation
in Friction Stir Welded API 5L X80 Pipeline
Steel
Jeffrey Soward and J. David McColskey,
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
and Antonio J. Ramirez and Victor Pereira,
Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory
B. 2:00 p.m. Spin Explosive Solid Bonding of Copper
on Low-Carbon Steel Base Plate
Jianping He, Donald Sirois, Howard Wikle and
Bryan Chin, Auburn University
C. 2:30 p.m. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of
Aluminum Alloys
Kevin Chan and Nigel Scotchmer,
Huys Industries Ltd., and Adrian Gerlich,
University of Waterloo
D. 3:00 p.m. Friction Stir Welding of 1-in.-Thick Steel
Mike Eff, Brian Thompson, Tim Stotler and
John Seaman, Edison Wedling Institute
E. 3:30 p.m.
Flash Butt Welding Techniques for Coil

Joining of Advanced High-Strength Steels
Robert Matteson, Taylor-Winfield Technologies
F. 4:00 p.m.
High Frequency-Enhanced Friction Stir

Welding of Bridge Steels
Yoni Adonyi, Hayden Adams, Nathan Dix and
Devon Peluso, LeToureanu University
G. 4:30 p.m. Friction Stir Welding of In-Situ

Synthesized Al+12Si/TiC Metal Matrix
Composites
Manas Mahapatra, Belete Sirahbizu Yigezu and
P. K. Jha, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, and N. R. Mandal, Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur
H. 5:00 p.m. The Strength and Metallography of
CANCELLED Bimetallic Friction Stir Joint between
AA6061 and High Hardness Armor Steel
Richard Miller, Focus Hope Industries
I. 5:00 p.m.
74
Tool Geometry Effect on the Thermal

Condition and Material Flow of FSW of
7039 Aluminum Alloys
Manas Mahapatra, D. Venkateswarlu and
S. P. Harsha, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, and N. R. Mandal, Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur
NOVEMBER 2013
E. 10:00 a.m. Microstructural and Mechanical

Characterization of Developed Multiphase
Wide Gap Braze Alloys for the Repair of
Nickel-Based Superalloys
Scott Nelson and Stephen Liu, Colorado School
of Mines, and Srkanth Kottilingam,
GE Power & Water
F. 10:30 a.m. Microstructural Evolution and Creep
Rupture Behavior of Inconel Alloy
740H Welds
Daniel Bechetti and John DuPont,
Lehigh University
G. 11:00 a.m. Stress Rupture Evaluation of Steel
Welding Consumables
X. Chai and S. Kou, University of Wisconsin,
J. Bundy, Hobart Brothers, and
S. Suresh Babu, The Ohio State University
8:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
SESSION 15:
WELDABILITY TOPICS
Room N140
Chair: Prof. S. Liu, Colorado School of Mines

A. 8:00 a.m.
Effects of Welding Variables on the

Weldability of High-Manganese Steel
Jae-Hee Lee, Young-Pil Kim and Jun-Tai Choi,
Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., LTD
B. 8:30 a.m.
Evaluation of Heat-Affected Zone

Hydrogen-Induced Cracking for HighStrength Steels Using
Xin Yue, Xiuli Feng and J. C. Lippold,
Professional Program 2013 Final_Layout 1 10/14/13 10:03 AM Page 75
C. 9:00 a.m.
D. 9:30 a.m.
Dilution Effect on Solidification Modes in

Dissimilar Metal Welds
Ivan Mendoza and J. C. Lippold,
Evaluation of an Enhanced Flux Cored Consumable
Application of the Delayed Hydrogen

Cracking Test Ranking Susceptibility of
Welds to Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking
under Cathodic Protection
Desmond Bourgeois, B. T. Alexandrov,
Shu Shi and J. C. Lippold,
Effect Welding Variables on Porosity in 2.5Cr-1Mo GMAW

Wires
Eric Przybylowicz, Derek Jones and Bryan Riggs, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio.
Mary Bechie, Goran Lokas, Patrick Long and Timothy

McGoughan, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Distortion Correction Factors for Weld Planner Software
E. 10:00 a.m. Stress-Relief Cracking in Creep-Resistant

Steel Welds
Katie Strader, B. T. Alexandrov and
Brandon Romesberg, Cameron Benedict, John Kurth and Chris

Lubbers, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
F. 10:30 a.m. Susceptibility to Hydrogen-Assisted

Cracking in Creep-Resistant Steel Welds
Joseph Steiner, Xiuli Feng, B. T. Alexandrov
and J. C. Lippold, The Ohio State University
Joseph Russell, William Bunker, Stephanie Nystrom, Derek Hoyt

and Nathan Berthiaume, LeTourneau University, Longview, Tex.
G. 11:00 a.m. Preliminary Assessment of Hydrogen

Embrittlement in Multi-Pass Weld Metal of
Pipeline Steels Using Implant Test
H. Y. Song, S. Suresh Babu and W. Zhang,
Tim Privitt, Nathan Sumrall, Jeff Trosen and Tyler Antcliff,

LeTourneau University, Longview, Tex.
AWS POSTER SESSION

The AWS Poster Session held November 1821 during show
hours is an integral part of the AWS Professional Program.
Graphic displays of technical achievements are presented for
close, first-hand examination in the Poster Session. Posters present welding results and related material, which are best communicated visually, as well as research results that call for close
study of photomicrographs, tables, systems architecture, or other
illustrative materials. Posters are presented in five categories:
Students in High School Welding Program, Students in a TwoYear College or Certificate Program, Undergraduate Students,
Graduate Students, and Professionals. Be sure to stop by and
observe this years entries.
GMAW Transfer Mode Monitor
Microwave Welding
Hybrid FSW-HFI Process Development: Implementation

of Innovative Welding Systems
Ryan Alleman and Danielle Walter, LeTourneau University,
Longview, Tex.
Design of Portable Friction Stir Welding System and the
Development of Active Feedback Controls
Bryan Patton, Sylvester Stafford and Clay Varner, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, Miss.
Category D: Professional Level
Investigation of TCHP Surface Coatings for Extended
Life
Anita Hancox, John Keane, and Dave Evans, Allomet
Corporation, North Huntingdon, Pa.
Category A: 2-Year Degree Student Level

Carbon Migration in Dissimilar Welds
Simon Rowe, Cuesta College, Los Osos, Calif.
Ballistics Testing of FSW 2050-T8
Aluminum-Lithium Alloy
Michael Lannom, Jim Farrington, and Brent Helmick, Orange
Coast College, Costa Mesa, Calif.
Category B: 4-Year Degree Student Level
Development of a Highly Reliable Hot Isostatic
Press Can Weld
Cory OBrien, Andrew Irwin, and Jared Proegler, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio.
Grain Refinement in 52M Filler Metal through Ultra-Slow
Current Pulsing
Erik Birkinbine, Vernon Kreuter, and Nathan McVicker, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio.
WELDING JOURNAL
75
CONFERENCES
9:40 a.m. 10:15 a.m.
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18
Brian D. Laite, CB&I
NDE Techniques for Dissimilar Weld Metal Structures
8:15 a.m. 2:30 p.m.
WELDING DISSIMILAR METALS
Room N135

Conference Chair: Ben Pletcher
8:20 a.m. 8:30 a.m. Welcome Remarks
Ben Pletcher
8:30 a.m. 9:05 a.m. Keynote Address
In todays modern welding and fabrication industry, joining dissimilar metals together is required in order to maximize the beneficial properties of both metals. This discussion will focus on the
requirements of NDE procedure qualifications using computed
radiography (CR) and ultrasonic testing (UT). Also discussed
will be some specific application of each technique.
10:15 a.m. 10:30 a.m. Coffee Break
10:30 a.m. 11:05 a.m.
The Welding of Nickel Alloys to Stainless Steels
Damian Kotecki, Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants
Brian D. Gaal, Special Metals Wire Products
Dissimilar joints involving stainless steel can include a stainless

steel of one microstructural family to a stainless steel of another
microstructural family (e.g., austenitic stainless steel to martensitic stainless steel), stainless steel to carbon steel or low-alloy
steel, and stainless steel to nickel-based alloys. Cladding of carbon steel or low-alloy steel is also a dissimilar metal joint. Since
many of these joints are more easily produced without cracking
when filler metal that deposits weld metal that is austenitic with
a small amount of ferrite under the dilution conditions of the
particular joint is used, the WRC-1992 Diagram is a very useful
tool for selecting filler metal for all such joints. This presentation
will highlight the use of the Diagram for such joints and also
examine transition zones along the fusion boundary of such
joints, where cracking sometimes occurs.
Nickel alloys and nickel alloy welding products enjoy a unique

position in the fabrication of stainless steels because they exhibit
excellent corrosion resistance both in high-temperature and in
low-temperature aqueous environments. Many fabrications are
most efficiently designed in a combination of stainless and nickel-based alloys and are usually welded with the high-nickel welding products. There are three major constraints in choosing a
welding product for joining stainless steels to nickel alloys: the
first is metallurgical compatibility. Considering the fact that most
stainless weld metals have resistance to hot-cracking due to a
small amount of ferrite phase (Ferrite Number FN) generated by
a careful balance of austenite stabilizers and ferrite stabilizers,
they are disqualified when diluted with nickel alloys. A nickel
alloy welding product will need to accept dilution from each side
of the dissimilar joint and provide acceptable corrosion resistance and mechanical properties to allow the joint to be qualified
for use. The mechanical properties required by the application
are the second constraint. The final constraint is special servicerelated conditions such as thermal stability and creep resistance.
Once these constraints have been satisfied, high-quality weld
joints may be made between nickel alloys and stainless steels.
9:05 a.m. 9:40 a.m.

Welding of Dissimilar Chromium-Molybdenum Alloys,
Critical Considerations for Assured Success
Russel Fuchs, Bohler Welding Group North America
In fossil fuel-fired power plants, different heat- and creep-resistant steels are used depending upon the different temperatures
and oxidation behaviors found in the boiler and superheater
area. This requires not only the welding of these materials to
themselves, but also to each other. The right choice of filler metal
depends on which combination of base materials will be used, as
well as the desired properties. Carbon diffusion is one phenomenon that is well known when welding steels with different carbon
and chromium contents. This paper discusses the welding of dissimilar chromium-molybdenum steels, welded with matching
consumables to both materials one matching to the lower
chromium steel and one to the higher chromium steel. Also
included in the investigation are Cr-Mo filler metals with additions of carbide-forming elements. The results show that there is
a different behavior depending upon which filler metal is used,
and how proper filler metal selection can eliminate or greatly
reduce the problem of carbon diffusion.
11:05 a.m. 11:40 a.m.

Codes and Standards: Do They Address Dissimilar Metal
Welding?
Ben A. Pletcher, Select-Arc Inc.
Codes and Standards provide a baseline for engineering design,
fabrication, and final service life. They serve as a guiding metric for
industries to follow. But do they adequately address the complicated nature of dissimilar metal welds? A survey of the ASME codes,
specifically Section VIII, Section IX, and B31.3, will provide a basis
for the discussion, while incorporating industry feedback.
11:40 a.m. 12:45 p.m. Lunch
12:45 p.m. 1:20 p.m.
Challenges Encountered with Post Weld Heat Treatment
of Dissimilar Weldments
William F. Newell, Jr., Euroweld Ltd.,
Each base metal and weld metal has an optimum postweld heat
treatment (PWHT) regime. PWHT is generally determined by
experimental results or specified from code rules. Code rules are
normally straightforward for base metal (s) and weld metal(s) of
similar composition and mechanical and physical properties.
Challenges are introduced when dissimilar materials or transition joints are involved. The strength, coefficient of expansion,
microstructure behavior, and lower critical transformation temperatures of each individual material become important.
Oftentimes a compromise, multiple PWHTs or transition
76
NOVEMBER 2013
material(s) must be utilized. This presentation will focus on the

major challenges and solutions for PWHT of dissimilar weldments and transitions when low-carbon, austenitic stainless,
chrome-moly, or nickel-based materials are involved.
1:20 p.m. 1:55 p.m.
Explosive Welding Dissimilar Metals
Don Butler, High Energy Metals, Inc.
Explosive welding is an interesting, viable and vetted technique
for welding dissimilar metals. This presentation will show how
the explosive welding process works, its advantages and limitations. Pictures and illustrations of specific applications will be
shown and discussed.
1:55 p.m. 2:30 p.m.
Crack-Free Welding of Nickel-Based Alloys
Donald J. Tillack, Tillack Metallurgical Consulting, Inc.
This talk primarily examines the austenitic-to-ferritic weld joint
by far the most commonly encountered dissimilar combination and one that is present in hundreds of pipe and tubing joints
in power plants, refineries, and chemical plants. Techniques for
determining dilution and the resulting composition of a dissimilar weld are explained. Constitutional (ferrite) diagrams are used
to analyze typical dissimilar welds. Both nickel-based and stainless alloys are covered.
2:30 p.m. Adjournment
1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.
Pre- and Postweld Operations

Team
8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

SO YOURE THE NEW WELDING
ENGINEER
Room N227b

How to get up to speed quickly. How to ask the right questions.
How to get the results you need, save money, and stay out of
trouble! This two-day conference is for managers, engineers,
designers, and others with welding responsibility but limited
exposure to or background in welding. The conference focuses
on arc welding applications, but the principles have universal
applicability. Presentations and discussion are based on the
Application Analysis Worksheet, which was developed to teach
a senior college course to engineers about to enter industry, with
the objective of helping them develop a path to understand and
deal with the challenges they were about to face.
2:00 p.m. 3:30 p.m.

Arc Welding Process Modes What are You Using?
Bob Bitzky, ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
3:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
The Welding Procedure
Lee Kvidahl, Ingalls Shipbuilding
4:30 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
Making Your Procedure Robust: Controlling the Critical
Parameters
Dennis Harwig, American Welding Society
DAY 2 WEDNESDAY
8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m.
DAY 1 TUESDAY
8:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m.
Weld Quality Requirements of Different Types of

Applications: Commercial, Military, Industry
Welcome and Introduction
Dick Holdren, Arc Specialties
8:30 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
9:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
The Application Analysis

Fritz Saenger, Consultant
Welding Costs
Pete Ullman, Techniweld
10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.
Key Background Information

Walter Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
11:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
Matching the Base Materials and the Weld
Tom Myers, The Lincoln Electric Company
12:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Lunch
What is Productivity?
Fritz Saenger, Consultant
11:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
The Automation Decision
Jeff Noruk, Sevo Robot Corp
12:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Lunch
WELDING JOURNAL
77
9:50 a.m. 10:10 a.m.

Capabilities of the Delta Triple Anode DC plasma
Spraying Torch in Industrial Production Applications
Alan Burgess, SprayWerx Technologies Inc., and Thomas Schlaefer,
Andreas Wank, GTV Verschleiss-Schutz GmbH
Since the development of the DC plasma spraying process and its
introduction in industrial production in the early 1960 s there has
been ongoing development with the aim to improve process stability and efficiency. One major goal was arc stabilization that
could be achieved either by special electrode/nozzle designs.
Triple anode technology marketed under the trade name GTV
Delta is an anode-stabilized torch design and has proven unsurpassed productivity and process stability in industrial applications while demonstrating significant advantages where large surface areas and/or thick coatings are required. Technical and economic capabilities of the GTV Delta are presented in detail. A
unique option for the Delta is a quick-change powder injector for
spraying of metallic bond and ceramic top coats further increasing productivity. Applications include cylindrical sputter targets
with coating thickness exceeding 10 mm, IGT turbine blades, and
Y2O3 coatings for protection of aluminum components in semiconductor industries. The GTV Shark Process is a new highvelocity twin-wire arc system capable of producing low-cost
dense wire arc coatings. Industrial applications and capabilities
will be discussed.
1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.

Welding Safety
Kevin Lyttle, Praxair
2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.
Aluminum
Tony Anderson, Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
3:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.
Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels
William Newell, W. F. Newell & Associates, Inc.
4:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
Review of the Applications Analysis and a To Do List
Team
5:00 p.m. Adjourn and Individual Discussions
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGY: HIGHPERFORMANCE SURFACES
Room N128

9:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. Keynote
Thermal Spray: Science, Engineering, Art, Myths, and
Tribal Knowledge
Daryl E. Crawmer, FASM, TS-HoF, Thermal Spray Technologies, Inc.
Science, engineering, art, mythology, and tribal knowledge blend
together to make thermal spray an intriguing and often amorphous technology. The speaker will attempt to enlighten, inform,
and entertain us, and sometimes challenge our tightly held beliefs
about thermal spray as a technology. Among the points discussed
will be coating bonding, powder particle sizes, rules of thumb for
material properties, powder carrier gas, and Six Sigma.
9:30 a.m. 9:50 a.m.
Advanced Uses of Robotics in Thermal Spray
Daniel C. Hayden, Hayden Corp.
In the past few decades, robots have done much to improve the
consistency and repeatability of thermal spray applications.
However, much of the programming done for thermal spray
applications is relatively simple when compared to other industrial uses for six-axis robots. With some exploration, it is possible
to leverage substantially more of todays sophisticated robots
on-board computing capacity to make thermal spray applications
more efficient, more user friendly, and more accurate. This discussion with look at a few topics, within the context of advanced
programming language, that can help coating engineers improve
their processes, and help managers improve their bottom lines.
78
NOVEMBER 2013
10:10 a.m. 10:30 a.m.

Improved Coating Yield through Powder Feed
Optimization
Mo VandenBergh, Oseir
Cost of thermal spray coatings depends mostly on the cost of feed
stock and how effectively and consistently they are deposited as
seen both in the coating quality and deposition efficiency. Highspeed CCD cameras as well as other particle sensing equipment
have been shown to be effective at optimizing spray parameters.
To those ends these devices are relatively expensive and require
a degree of talent and experience to operate making them less
desirable as a daily production tool. The advent of a new, small,
simple, low-cost system that can be dedicated to a spray cell now
makes monitoring production effective and feasible on a daily
basis especially where, radial feed of powder in plasma processes
is the norm. Simple indicators can detect slight changes in powder particle size distribution, and carrier gas flows that have been
seen to affect powder trajectory changing particle temperature
and velocity distributions. These changes affect coating quality,
coating cost, or both. This work will look at the cost effectiveness
of utilizing the SprayWatch G system in maintaining the optimal
plume characteristics.
10:30 a.m. 10:50 a.m. Morning Break
10:50 a.m. 11:10: a.m.
Fabrication of an Erosion-Resistant Coating for
Be-Cu Alloys in Harsh Environments by HVOF
Thermal Spray Process
Khorameh Farokhzadeh, A. Demiri, A. Edrisy, K. Farokhzadeh,
R. Fillion, University of Windsor, and A. Granger, J. Vitek,
Sharkskin Coatings Ltd.
Drilling components in oil and gas industry are exposed to
extreme conditions of surface degradation by severe fluid erosion
and abrasive wear. In order to inhibit premature failure and
enhance their service life, deposition of tungsten carbide-based
thermal spray coatings have been associated with many improve-
ments. In this investigation, spray parameters were optimized for

deposition of WC-Co-Cr coatings on Be-Cu substrates using
high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) process to minimize any adverse
effects on substrates magnetic and mechanical properties especially by overheating. The topography and phase configuration of
the coated surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and X-ray diffraction
(XRD). The erosion performance of the coated samples was
evaluated using an in-house fabricated slurry erosion tester
against drilling mud to replicate field conditions. Slurry erosion
rates were found to be dependent on the flame temperature and
extent of transformations during the deposition process.
11:10 a.m. 11:30 a.m.
Advancements in Cold Spray Applications
David Wright, Accuwright Industries
We propose to show the most recent advancements of cold spray
applications for new materials and practical uses including stainless steel and Inconel-based materials and their metallurgical
properties with proposed uses and material values.
11:30 a.m. 11:50 a.m.
Thermal Spray Starts with Training
Dale Moody, Plasma Powders and Systems, Inc.
The April issue of the Welding Journal contains an article encouraging adding Introduction to Thermal Spray to any
Introduction to Welding class. This presentation takes that to
the next level by laying out an education program leading to certification for a thermal spray operator. The program outlines a
suggested format, video training sources, literature recommen-
dations, basic laboratory needs, and internet contacts. It also

summarizes what a student should be looking for in selecting an
educational institution for thermal spray training.
11:50 a.m. 12:10 p.m.
Wire Arc Spray Advances in Equipment,
Coatings, and Applications
Bob Unger, Polymet Corp.
Wire arc spray has grown to be the predominant thermal spray
process for producing metallic coatings. Advances in equipment
technology and the development of numerous new innovative
coating materials have led to a wide expansion of successful
applications. The process has moved from its roots of dimensional restoration to being a true design tool to combat wear and corrosion in a wide variety of applications and industries throughout
the world. This presentation discusses these advances and resulting successful applications.
12:10 p.m. 1:10 p.m. Lunch
1:10 p.m. 1:30 p.m.
Hard Chrome Alternatives Using Thermal Spray
Joseph P. Stricker, St. Louis Metallizing Company
This talk will focus on the reasons for changing from the typical
industrial hard chrome plating for various industrial applications
as well as aerospace applications. A focus on the use of highvelocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process, testing, and verification of
tungsten carbide and chrome carbide materials to enhance part
performance without the environmental risks associated with
hard chrome plating.
WELDING JOURNAL
79
1:30 p.m. 1:50 p.m.

NIOSH Recommendations on Hexavalent
Chromium - 2013 Update
Jeffrey Abelson, Donaldson Company, Inc.
NIOSH has recently recommended to OSHA lower hexavalent
chromium exposure levels than what were previously OSHAendorsed. This recommendation has renewed the discussion on
acceptable emission levels in the thermal spray and welding communities. As a result, companies are advised to review their
manufacturing processes and equipment and consider implementing proactive changes. This paper addresses some of the
questions the new NIOSH recommendations have generated
including: 1) What are the new NIOSH recommendations? 2)
What has the inspection activity been for the standard as it exists
today? 3) How can a worker be exposed to hexavalent chromium
and how might it affect the body? 4) What types of engineering
controls are recommended? 5) What steps are recommended to
help prove requirements are being met?
1:50 p.m. 2:10 p.m.
Metal Spray: An Overview of Thermal Spray Processes
David Wright, Accuwright Industries
We propose to show the various metal spray processes and general uses, along with strong points and weaknesses for each of the
Thermal Spray processes, specifically, plasma flame spray, twin
wire arc spray, HVOF (high-velocity oxygen fuel) spray, combus-
tion powder/wire spray, and cold gas-dynamic spray. We will

show specific examples of how each process is unique and how to
select the best process for various practical applications.
2:10 p.m. 2:30 p.m.
Life without Thermal Spray: The Cost to Industry
Two Case Studies
Jean Mozolic, The Mozolic Group
The thermal spray industry is estimated to be $7B annually
including equipment, systems, spare parts, services and consumables. This relatively small industry however has provided
numerous cost-saving and life-extending solutions to critical
industries such as aerospace, oil and gas, primary metal, printing,
automotive, and others. What would the cost be to industry if
thermal spray solutions did not exist? In this presentation the
cost impact on critical applications in the aerospace and automotive industries will be explored and how thermal spray keeps our
air and land fleets moving.
2:30 p.m. 2:50 p.m.
Beyond the Repair
Bruce Dulin, Hausner Hard Chrome
This paper compares postcoating treatments used to enhance
coating properties for thermal sprayed repair applications. Focus
will be on economical, technical, and time-driven issues associated with iron- and nickel-based coatings.
2:50 p.m. 3:10 p.m. Afternoon Break
3:10 p.m. 3:30 p.m.
Tubular Constructed Wire, the Latest Advancement in
Thermal Spray Consumable Technology
David J. Urevich, ArcMelt Company L.C.
Advancements in thermal spray consumables have declined over
the past decade. The thermal spray industry has put tremendous
emphasis on powder feedstock consumables, governing their use
in combustion and atmospheric plasma spray applications.
Combinations of elements and inorganic compounds, along with
a studious use of metal oxides, have produced many new and
exciting feedstock possibilities. Multinodal nano and metal
matrix composites (MMCs) as examples have been investigated
heavily in recent years, but have yet to bring about any significant
change in feedstock manufacturing or production. The equipment used to deposit these materials has also become the industry standard. HVOF and APS are but two of these high-energy
processes, which have proven effective in depositing the bulk of
all coatings associated with the thermal spray industry. Recently
however, the twin-wire arc spray (TWAS) process, a lesser used
and understood process, has come to the forefront. This presentation will detail eight years of development that lead to the production of tubular constructed wires (TCWs) and the benefits of
their use. Results will show that not only does the TCW technology enhance the TWAS process, but it will also produce coatings
that rival their high-energy cousins.
3:30 p.m. 3:50 p.m.
Novel Molten Metal Corrosion Resistance Thermal
Sprayed Coatings
Curt Glasgow, MesoCoat, Inc.
There is currently a great interest in developing materials to pro-
tect tools and parts from molten-metal corrosion including zinc

pot rolls, metal forming tools, including extrusion dies, zinc and
aluminum metal die, casting dies, and stamping and forging
tools. Thermal spray coatings are often deposited on such parts
to improve their durability under hostile working conditions such
as corrosive environment, abrasion, and high temperatures.
However, none of the current techniques including thermal spray
technology provide sufficient life for the desired productivity in
the corresponding processes. In this presentation, novel coatings
generated by thermal spraying technology will be presented.
These coatings have potential to offer chemical stability, high
hardness and strength at required high temperatures, and
extraordinary high molten-metal corrosion resistance.
3:50 p.m. 4:10 p.m.
Recycling Thermal Spray Overspray Dust and More
How to Maximize the Value of Overspray Materials
and Do Right by the Earth
Scott McLaughlin, McLaughlin & Associates Thermal Spray, Inc.
Want to keep your thermal spray waste and by-products out of
landfills and generate some extra cash at the same time? Your
overspray dust has value and there are recyclers willing to pay
you for it. This presentation will discuss simple ways to get the
most out of your overspray dust, spent dust cartridges, and all
other materials for which you no longer have a use. Furthermore,
sending your overspray materials to landfills as hazardous waste
is extremely expensive and unnecessary. You can recycle them
and in many cases be paid for your materials, converting the
overspray dust from an expensive cost center to a cash-generating profit center. Subjects will include the need to have the different materials segregated; overspray dust; maximize return;
settlement of overspray dust; most high value materials; spent
cartridges; and spent grit blast material. All in all, recycling is
good for your business and good for the Earth.
4:10 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
Robotic Control in Thermal Spray Coating Using Tool
Center Points and Work Objects
Surface dust levels not to exceed quantity rating 1 in accordance with ISO 8502-3.
Soluble salts on the surface shall not exceed 20 mg/m2
How important is it to follow all these rules? What if it is impractical or impossible to achieve these conditions? Should thermal
spray still be attempted?
Unknowingly these rules are quite often broken and these coatings still perform well. What happens when we purposely break
these rules? We will discuss applying these coatings to hand-tool
prepped surfaces (no abrasive blasting), red-hot welds, wet surfaces, icy surfaces, and dusty surfaces. Questions about soluble
salts will be answered.
Frank Accornero, Robotic Synergy LLC

The 6-axis robots used in many industrial applications offer great
versatility. To take the greatest advantage of this versatility in
thermal spray coating deposition, understanding and using the
tool center point (TCP) and the work object (WO) is key. Using
these tools has several benefits including accurate and repeatable
coating deposition with respect to thickness control and quality
control. In addition, using the TCP and WO allows the programmer to write more efficient programs and reduce the time it takes
to write them. The TCP and WO will be defined and examples of
benefits will be shown.
4:30 p.m. 4:50 p.m.
Applying Thermal Spray Anodic Coatings (Zn, Al, and
their Alloys) to Less Than Ideally Prepared Surfaces
James Weber, Sulzer Chemtech USA
Any well-written thermal spray specification (AWS, NACE,
SSPC for example) will clearly state the surface preparation and
environmental conditions needed when applying thermal spray
zinc, aluminum, and their alloys. Most often the following
requirements are stated;
Near-white metal (SSPC-SP10,/ SA-2.5) or better
Sharp angular blast profile of 3-5 mils (75-125 microns)
Relative Humidity <85%
Surface dew point >5F (3C) above the dew point of the surrounding air
4:50 p.m. 5:00 p.m. Q&A and Adjourn

1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.
THERMAL SPRAY BASICS:
PUTTING COATINGS TO WORK
Room N128

This basic introduction to thermal spray benefits will cover four
major areas: processes, equipment, applications, and industry
usage.
Processes covered will include molten metal flame spraying,
powder flame spraying, wire flame spraying, ceramic rod flame
spraying, detonation flame spraying, high-velocity oxyfuel spraying (HVOF), cold spraying, plasma spraying, electric are spraying, and RF plasma spraying.
Equipment will be on display. Several spray guns will be available for attendees to handle and discuss throughout the class.
Other larger items such as complex systems and spray booths will
be illustrated and discussed.
Application examples will be presented for a variety of requirements from several different industries.
Industry usage charts will be reviewed listing several processes
and coating applications used by various industries.
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SEMINARS
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.

API 1104 CODE CLINIC
Room N227A
ASME SECTION IX,

B31.1 & B31.3 CODE CLINIC
Room N230A
This four-hour course covers general code provisions, including

qualification of welding procedures for welds containing filler
metal additions, design and preparation of the joint for production
welding, nondestructive testing and acceptance standards, and
automatic welding with and without filler metal additions.
Attendees will practice open codebook testing under time constraints. NOTE: Clinic fee does not include a copy of API 1104,
Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities (20th Edition). API 1104
may be purchased from WEX at (888) 935-3464. Attendees will
receive our study guide, AWS API Code Clinic Reference Manual.
This 16-hour seminar will help you prepare for the ASME
Section IX, B31.1, and B31.3 examination for endorsement or
Part C of the CWI. Note that endorsements are supplemental
inspection credentials available to AWS Certified Welding
Inspectors (CWIs) and Senior Certified Welding Inspectors
(SCWIs), but non-CWI/SCWIs can also participate in the seminar and examination to enhance their educational background.
Participants are expected to provide their own codebooks. Please
note that there is a separate application and fee required to take
the certification exam.
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
THE WHY AND HOW OF WELDING

PROCEDURE SPECIFICATIONS
METALLURGY APPLIED TO
EVERYDAY WELDING
Room N138

Metallurgy of welds in carbon and low-alloy steels shouldnt be
complicated. This short course will help you understand how
welding affects the properties of base materials, and how weld
defects occur.
Who Should Attend: Owners, inspectors, engineers, and supervisors who specify welding and need to understand the interactions
of base and filler metals, and welding processes should attend.
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
D1.1 CODE CLINIC
Room N227A

The one-day seminar will provide a road map through the
code, emphasizing the ability to locate important paragraphs,
charts and tables quickly, which is crucial to understanding the
code when working under stressful deadlines. In addition to
practice questions, a practice exam will be administered, and the
instructor will illustrate the use of the code under time constraints, creating deadline pressure similar to the test environment. If you're taking the CWI exam, this clinic has proven to be
valuable test preparation. As a leading construction code, D1.1 is
the ideal tool to teach effective code use.
Room N137
8:30 a.m. 12:00 noon (Beginner)

1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. (Advanced)
8:30 a.m. 5:00 p.m. (Beginner and Advanced)
Welding procedure specifications ensuring consistent, predictable welding process performance as a welding professional.
If you are constantly responding to customer demands for
increasing the performance and quality of weldments while controlling costs, optimizing your welding procedure specifications
(WPSs) for performance and profitability may be the key. A wellwritten WPS defines, measures, analyzes, improves, and controls
(DMAIC) quality in the welding process. This two-part workshop revisits the fundamentals of WPSs for both the seasoned
professional and those individuals seeking to become more proficient in the authoring and application of a WPS in fabrication.
A hands-on approach to advanced instruction in the formulation
and writing of WPSs is presented in the afternoon.
Who Should Attend:
This session will benefit owners, managers, engineers, and CWIs
who must qualify, write, or revise welding procedure specifications to satisfy codes and contract documents.
What Will Be Addressed?
This workshop is divided into two half-day sessions. The morning
session addresses the fundamentals of WPSs. Topics include:
Standard terminology
Welding processes
Filler metal
Shielding gases
Current and voltage range, travel speed, and heat input
Joint design tolerances
Joint and surface preparation
Preheat/interpass temperature
Welding positions
Standard WPSs
The afternoon session focuses on the mechanics of WPSs by different codes and standards. Topics include:
Proper preparation and qualification of welding procedure
specifications
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NOVEMBER 2013
Documenting standard procedure qualification testing for

commonly used processes for joining ferrous plate and pipe
Selecting and documenting welding variables
Specifying essential and nonessential variables commonly used
in sample AWS, ASME, and API code formats
Different techniques to author WPSs
WELDING OF STAINLESS STEEL
Room N138
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. (Part 1 The Basics)

8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. (Part 2 Avoiding Weld Defects)
This seminar has two independent parts: Part 1 The basics and
Part 2 Avoiding weld defects. You may register for either day
or for both days. The program focuses on the basic weldability of
all types of stainless steels. If you need a comprehensive look at
the weldability of stainless steels, particularly the 300 series, this
course is for you.
Topics Covered:
Compliance to a specific code
Why alloys are stainless
Dos and donts of documentation
Stainless steel differences
When a discontinuity is OK
Selecting a stainless for use
When a defect is rejectable
Mechanical properties
Why visual inspection can be the most effective NDE technique
Properties after welding
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
Heat treatment factors

Selecting filler metals
BUILD IT BETTER
Gas vs. flux shielding
Room N134
Code requirements
Answers to your questions about selecting and welding stainless steels
Concerned about welding productivity levels and quality issues?

This two-day seminar will delve into the idea that welding is an
engineering science that can be controlled and measured. Codes
and standards that will be discussed include the AWS D1,
Structural Codes; AWS D9.1, Sheet Metal Code; AWS D17.1,
Fusion Welding for Aerospace Applications, and many others.
Designers, inspectors, and QC specialists will gain new insights
and career-enhancing knowledge.
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
8:30 a.m. 3:00 p.m.
You Can Learn:

Five stainless steel types
The effects of welding on all types of stainless steels
Why some stainless steels require preheat and others prohibit it
ADVANCED VISUAL INSPECTION

WORKSHOP
Room N230B
CORROSION OF WELDS:
CAUSES AND CURES
Room N138
An 8-hour course for CWI exam candidates to review the basic

concepts and applications of visual inspection. After a discussion
of the limitations and advantages of visual inspection, types of
weld data that may be obtained by visual inspection are presented and discussed. Includes the many types of discontinuities
encountered during the visual inspection of welds. Common
tools used for visual inspection are presented and discussed (a
machinists scale, dial calipers, micrometers, fillet weld gauges,
the Palmgren gauge, and the V-WAC). Participants will use these
gauges to make measurements on weld replicas. This will prepare candidates for Part B of the exam.
Corrosion in Welded Metallic Systems
A sample weld specification containing acceptance criteria is presented and discussed, after which students use the specification
and visual inspection tools to evaluate the weld replicas using a
series of specific questions and scenarios.
By attending, you can learn:
How to use weld-measuring instruments
Corrosion, resulting in the severe degradation of materials, is

one of the most expensive engineering problems in our industrial society; estimates have been made that the annual cost of corrosion in the U.S. exceeds 100 billion dollars.
Welded structures are often subjected to corroding environments; in some cases, the weld and base metal corrode uniformly at the same rate. In other cases, the results are accelerated corrosion of the weld compared to the base metal, or the base metal
may corrode at a much faster rate leaving the weld metal relatively intact.
A logical starting point for dealing with corrosion of welds is to
define corrosion and then list the various types of corrosion that
can occur, with examples. There are many different forms of corrosion recognized and various corrosion mechanisms. The most
common of these will be covered in the course. Following corrosion types, methods for their avoidance will be covered.
WELDING JOURNAL
83
Who Should Attend:
9:45 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
This session will benefit owners, managers, engineers, and

inspectors who must monitor, inspect, prevent, and repair weldments in corrosive environments.
Weld-Ed in Action
What Will Be Addressed?

This course will begin by addressing the fundamentals of corrosion. Other topics to be examined include:
Pitting corrosion
Jodi Lancaster
Ms. Lancaster will share how she is utilizing the Weld-Ed professional development Information at Livingston Area Career Center.
10:00 a.m. 12:00 noon
Intergranular corrosion
Applications of Weld-Ed Professional Development:

Implementation of Module Content into the Classroom
Stress corrosion cracking
Module 1 Welding Metallurgy Mark Baugh
Erosion/corrosion
Module 2 Joining and Cutting Processes Dan Turner
Crevice corrosion
Module 3 Design, Assembly & Robot Welding Rick Polanin
Galvanic corrosion
Module 4 Codes, Standards & Safety Joel Johnson
Alloying for corrosion resistance
Module 5 Laser Welding Tim Baber
Corrosion protection mechanisms
Specific examples of the use of module content and laboratory

exercises in the education and training of welding technicians.
EDUCATIONAL SESSIONS
12:00 noon 12:15 p.m.
Room N131

1-Day AWS Educational Sessions:
Room N131
Monday Registration Code: W34

Tuesday Registration Code: W35
Wednesday Registration Code: W36
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
2013 Weld-Ed Educators Conference Agenda
9:00 a.m. 9:15 a.m.
Welcome/Introductions
Monica Pfarr
9:15 a.m . 9:45 a.m.
Weld-Ed Overview
Duncan Estep
An introduction to the National Center for Welding Education &
Training (Weld-Ed) and the contributions to date in the field of
welding education.
Online Module Offerings

Duncan Estep
12:15 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Lunch
1:00 p.m. 1:15 p.m.
Overview of Tech Tour, Formation of Tour Groups
Rick Polanin
1:30 p.m. 2:30 p.m.
Tech Tour on Show Floor with Lincoln Electric/Miller
Electric
2:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m.
Tech Tour on Show Floor with Miller Electric/ Lincoln
Electric
3:45 p.m. 4:15 p.m.
Wrap-Up/Evaluations/Raffle
Duncan Estep
8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. 8:15 a.m.
Welcome/Introduction
8:15 a.m. 9:00 a.m.
STEM Education in the Welding Classroom
David Hernandez, American Welding Society
9:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m.
Attracting and Engaging Students to Address the
Manufacturing Labor Shortage
Deanna Postlethwaite, The Lincoln Electric Co.
84
NOVEMBER 2013
9:30 a.m. 9:45 a.m. Networking Break

9:45 a.m. 10:45 a.m.
Veterans to Welders - Career Building Americas Finest
Scott A. Mazzulla, Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
10:45 a.m. 11:45 a.m.
Plummer Memorial Award Lecture
Dr. Richard W. Polanin
This years Plummer Memorial Education Lecture is titled The
Future of Welding Education by Dr. Rick Polanin. Polanin is
professor and program chair of the Manufacturing Engineering
Technology and Welding Technology programs at Illinois Central
College. He holds a bachelors and masters degree from Illinois
State University and a doctorate from the University of Illinois.
In addition to his responsibilities at the college, Polanin is a consultant in manufacturing engineering, and welding engineering
and inspection. He has published text books, numerous papers,
and made many technical presentations in the areas of manufacturing, robotics, welding, and manufacturing education. Polanin
is a graduate of the Illinois Scholars program sponsored by the
Illinois State Board of Education and Illinois Community
College Board and is a Certified Manufacturing Engineer,
Certified Welding Inspector, and a Certified Welding Educator.
Polanin is a Co-Principal Investigator for a National Science
Foundation grant sponsored Advanced Technology Center
Weld-Ed.
11:45 a.m. 1:30 p.m. Lunch
1:30 p.m. - 2:00 p.m.
Atkins Memorial Award Lecture
Greg Siepert, Hutchinson Community College
2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.
Getting Onboard with the New School of Learning
Apps in Welding
Robert Udy, Salt Lake Community College
3:00 p.m. 3:15 p.m.
8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m.

Redefining the Welding Classroom
9:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
Mastery Based Blended Learning
Robert Shigley, Victor Technologies
10:00 a.m. 10:15 a.m. Networking Break
10:15 a.m. 11:15 a.m.
Lincoln Electrics Update of Training Tools for Welding
Education
Jason Schmidt, The Lincoln Electric Co.
11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m.
Finally a Welding Code Tutorial for Instructors
Robert Udy, Salt Lake Community College
12:15 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Lunch
1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.
Miller Electric Educational Presentation
John Luck and Philip Sabee, Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.
ESAB Educational Presentation
Dwight Myers, ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
3:00 p.m. 3:15 p.m. Networking Break
3:15 p.m. - 4:00 p.m.
Recruiting Students to Your Welding Program
Group Discussion
4:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
New AWS Apps for Welding Education
Practical Welding Metallurgy Object Lessons in Welding

SA514 Materials
Larry Zirker, Zirker Consulting and Technology Inc.
3:15 p.m. 3:30 p.m. Networking Break

3:15 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
SENSE Update
Ed Norman, EDCO Industries LLC, and Steve Houston, American
Technical Publishers
4:30 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
SENSE Implementation Q&A
Ed Norman, EDCO Industries LLC, and Steve Houston, American
Technical Publishers
8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
WELDING JOURNAL
85
RWMA
RESISTANCE WELDING SCHOOL
12:15 p.m. 12:45 p.m. Lunch
Welding Controls
Don Sorenson, Director of Engineering, ENTRON Controls, LLC
7:45 a.m. 5:30 p.m.

RWMA RESISTANCE WELDING SCHOOL
12:45 p.m. 2:45 p.m.
Room N227A

The two-day resistance welding school is sponsored by the
American Welding Society and the Resistance Welding
Manufacturing Alliance, and conducted by industry specialists.
The basics of resistance welding and real-life applications of the
process are covered. Participants learn at their own pace and
discuss specific welding concerns with the instructors. You are
invited to bring your own samples for discussion.
Please plan to be present for both days of the school. The program
is limited to 100 students. In addition, there will be tabletop
exhibits both days, demonstrating the latest resistance welding
products offered by RWMA-member companies. The registration
fee includes a copy of the Resistance Welding Manual, Revised
Fourth Edition (a $125 value), and a course binder containing all
instructor presentations.
7:45 a.m. 8:00 a.m.
Welcome and Introduction to Resistance Welding
Bill Brafford, Tuffaloy Products, Inc.
8:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m.
Basics of Resistance Welding video Part 1
8:30 a.m. 11:00 a.m.
Electrodes and Tooling
This discussion focuses on the selection, descriptions, and

applications of welding timers, contactors, and accessories. Packed
with a punch, Don drives home H = I2 RT in a way youll never
forget. He shows you how this invaluable formula is used in every
resistance welding application every day, every cycle, all the
time.
3:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
Electrical Power Systems
Mark Siehling, Vice President Engineering,
RoMan Manufacturing Inc.
This session reviews the descriptions and maintenance of electrical
power components and conductors from the weld control to the
electrode. This lively presentation has something for everybody.
Utilizing several small demonstrations, Mark helps you
understand this very important part of the resistance welding
process that will keep you on the edge of your seat.
8:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.
Welding Processes and Machines
Room N227A
Tim Foley, Automation International, Inc.

This session will reinforce the very essence of how the resistance
welding process works and how the process relates to each of the
four resistance welding processes. This session will be full of
application examples from each process and how machinery
utilizes the individual components and elements illustrated in the
other sessions.
Bill Brafford, Tuffaloy Products, Inc.

Focus on the classification, selection, and maintenance of
electrodes and fixtures as they pertain to numerous applications.
By revealing some problem-solving techniques and suggestions,
Bill will familiarize you with some powerful problem/
evaluation/solution techniques that will keep your production
process running longer and your operation more efficient.
11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. Tabletop Exhibits
10:15 a.m. 10:45 a.m.

Basics of Resistance Welding video Part 2
10:45 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Bruce Kelly, Kelly Welding Solutions
With over 30 years experience in the auto industry, specifying,
installing, and troubleshooting resistance welding systems, Bruce
will give you tips on how to find the reasons why welds dont turn
out the way you would like. This presentation is filled with real-life
examples of problems that baffled maintenance persons.
12:00 p.m. 1:15 p.m. Lunch
1:15 p.m. 3:15 p.m.
Initial Machine Setup
Robert Matteson, TaylorWinfield Technologies, Inc.
Robert takes you through the selection and maintenance
procedures of proper weld schedules and preventive maintenance
programs designed to make your resistance welding operations
profitable. Hands-on demonstrations peak this presentation.
3:15 p.m. 3:45 p.m.
Q & A Session
86
NOVEMBER 2013
AWS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS

All AWS technical committee meetings are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend a meeting should contact the staff secretary of the
committee at AWS, 8669 NW 36 Street, #130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-9353.
H - Hilton Chicago
C - Convention Center
Sunday November 17
2:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.
(H) Room Marquette
C7B Subcommittee on Electron Beam
Welding and Cutting
Staff Contact: C. Lewis, ext. 306
4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.
(H) Room Marquette
C7C Subcommittee on Laser Beam
Welding and Cutting
6:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m.
(H) Room Marquette
C7 High Energy Beam Welding and
Cutting Committee
Monday November 18
8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
(C) Room N127
C2 Committee and Subcommittees on
Thermal Spraying
Staff Contact: J. Rosario, ext. 308
8:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
(C) Room N230B
D10P Subcommittee on Local Heat
Treating of Pipework
8:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m.

(C) Room N130
B1B Subcommittee on Visual
Inspection
Staff Contact: E. Abrams, ext. 307
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

(C) Room N133
D17K Subcommittee on Fusion
Welding
Staff Contact: A. L. Diaz, ext. 304
1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.

(C) Room N230B
D18 Committee on Welding in
Sanitary Applications
9:00 a.m. 12:00 noon

(C) Room E256
A5H Subcommittee on Filler Metals
and Fluxes for Brazing
Staff Contact: S. Borrero, ext. 334
1:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.
(C) Room E256
Brazing and Soldering
4:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m.

(H) 4M
NESCC Welding Task Group
Staff Contact: A. Alonso, ext. 299
Tuesday November 19
8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
(H) Room Buckinghams
D15C Subcommittee on Track
Welding
Staff Contact: J. Rosario, ext. 308
8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m.

(C) Room E256
Brazing and Soldering Manufacturers
Committee (BSMC)
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

(H) Room 4M
C6D Committee on Friction Stir
Welding
9:00 a.m. 10:30 a.m.

(C) Room N127
G2D Subcommittee on Reactive
Alloys
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.(C) Room N130

D9 Committee on Sheet Metal
Welding
10:30 a.m. 12:00 p.m.

(C) Room N127
A5K Subcommittee on Titanium and
Zirconium Filler Metals
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

(C) Room N133
D17D Subcommittee on Resistance
Welding in the Aircraft and Aerospace
Industries
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

(C) Room N133
D17K Subcommittee on Fusion
Welding in the Aircraft and Aerospace
Industries
9:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.

(C) Room N134
D17J Subcommittee on Friction Stir
Welding for Aircraft and Aerospace
1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.

(C) Room N1127
WHB Welding Handbook Committee
Staff Contact: A. OBrien, ext. 303
1:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m.

(C) Room N130
B1C Task Group on the Welding
Inspection Handbook
10:00 a.m. 11:30 p.m.
(C) Room N130
B1A Subcommittee on
Nondestructive Examination of Welds
4:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m.
(C) Room N130
B1 Committee on Methods of
Inspection
4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m.

(C) Room N127
Additive Manufacturing Task Group
Staff Contact: A. Alonso, ext. 299
Wednesday November 20
8:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
(C) Room N130
D14I Subcommittee on Hydraulic
Cylinders
1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.
(C) Room N130
D14E Subcommittee on Cranes and
Presses
7:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m.

(C) Room N127
D16 Committee on Robotic and
Automatic Welding
Thursday November 21
9:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m.
(C) Room N133
D17 Committee on Welding in the
Aerospace Applications
8:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m.
(C) Room N127
D14 Committee on Machinery and
Equipment
8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m.
(C) Room E256
WELDING JOURNAL
87
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Welding Show 2013

Exhibit Highlights
This alphabetical listing of exhibitors in the 2013 AWS Welding Show offers a preview of what they display in each
booth. AWS Sustaining Member Companies are highlighted in color.
ABB, Inc. Robotics
www.abb.com/robotics
N1436
ABB will exhibit its industrial robots, modular

manufacturing systems, and services. The
company will also feature competencies to
offer turn-key systems, and together with its
integrators, can provide specialized process
and application know-how.
Abicor Binzel Corp.

www.binzel-abicor.com
Ajan Elektronik Servis Sanayi N654

Ve Ticaret Ltd. Stl.
www.ajancnc.com
Alabama Laser
www.alabamalaser.com
N618
Alabama Laser will offer its laser services, including

cladding,
welding,
cutting,
N854
Abicor Binzel Corp. will offer its GMA, GTA,

and robotic air- and water-cooled torches with
accessories and welding chemicals.
Above Material Technology

Co., Ltd.
www.amt-alloys.com
N307
Above Material Technology, a professional

metallurgy company, will display its titanium
welding wires, nano stainless steel atomized
powders for thermal spraying and PTA hardfacing, and WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr spraying
powders.
Ace Industrial Products

N2030
www.aceindustrialproducts.com
Ace Industrial, a manufacturer of portable and
mobile welding fume extractors and related
equipment, will showcase its extractors featuring a filter matching system that enables a
welder to maximize extraction performance.
Advanced Cylinder Products N207

www.weldcylinders.com
Air Liquide Industrial U.S. LP N267
www.us.airliquide.com
Air Products and
N2334
Chemicals, Inc.
www.airproducts.com/microbulk
N2819
Airflow Systems, Inc.

www.airflowsystems.com
Airflow Systems will highlight its industrial air

filtration systems for dust and mist collection,
fume extraction, and vehicle exhaust
removal.
Airgas, Inc.
www.airgas.com
N1174
Airgas will promote its products, service, and

expertise for industrial gases and welding
equipment, including, the latest in automation, safety, and vending. Visitors can find out
how productive their welding operation is with
the companys welding efficiency analysis.
WELDING JOURNAL
89
etching/marking, heat treating, and hybrid

welding. It will also present custom laser systems, process development, laser research
services, and a range of machining services.
AlcoTec Wire Co.

www.alcotec.com
N1449
AlcoTec will exhibit its aluminum welding wire.

In addition, it is a source for all of the aluminum
alloys currently registered for welding applications along with the development and introduction of new welding alloys.
ally dust-free mill scale, paint, and rust removal

applications along with Spark Buster that
transforms your high-speed grinder into a multipurpose saw for cutting ferrous metal and
stainless steel.
America Fortune Co.

www.americafortune.com
N2828
Alfra USA LLC

www.alfra.us
N472
America Fortune Co., a subsidiary of Beijing

Tianhai Industry Co. Ltd., will display its cylinders for high-pressure gas, fire fighting, composite, accumulator shells, acetylene, and
cryogenic
applications.
Allcryo
www.allcryo.com
N547
American Friction Welding

www.teamafw.com
ALM Materials Handling

www.almmh.com
N772
ALM will feature its positioners available in single column (headstock) capacities, 5000 lb
and head/tailstock, plus fixed or adjustable capacities from 8000 to 65,000 lb. They can be
used to raise and position weldments or assemblies to a convenient height and working
position.
Alpha Professional Tools

www.alpha-tools.com
N228
Alpha Professional Tools will feature its virtu-
American Friction Welding will show a video of

the direct drive rotary friction welding process.
Visitors will see samples of possible material
combinations and geometry of parts, including
special alloys, bimetal configurations, and
near-net-shapes for manufacturing industries
that involve automotive, construction, agriculture, chemical, food, and machinery.
American Institute of
Steel Construction
www.aisc.org
American Society for
Nondestructive Testing
www.asnt.org
90
NOVEMBER 2013
N247
N331
N1957
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing will showcase its network of sources, including technical expertise, personnel certification requirements, career opportunities,
industry developments/evolving technology,
and technology transfer.
American Technical
Publishers
www.atplearning.com
N2834
American Torch Tip Co., Inc. N2616

www.americantorchtip.com
www.aws.org
N1700
The American Welding Society (AWS) was

founded in 1919 as a multifaceted, nonprofit
organization with a goal to advance the science, technology, and application of welding
and related joining disciplines.
AWS Certification. The Society develops and
administers a variety of certification programs
for welding professionals to help industry identify qualified personnel and provide individuals
with meaningful career objectives.
The AWS Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)
program currently has more than 37,000 CWIs
and Certified Associate Welding Inspectors.
The AWS CWI program has become the gold
standard for welding inspector credentials and
has enhanced the careers of many thousands
of welding professionals. In 1989, the AWS
weld aid_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:51 PM Page 91

3M_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 5:18 PM Page 92
Certified Welder program was launched to

document the qualifications of welders nationwide. Certified Welder certifications are
maintained by AWS in a National Registry.
The testing facilities that conduct the qualification procedures are accredited by AWS and
published in a list of Accredited Test Facilities.
In 1991, the AWS Certified Welding Educator
program was introduced, allowing welding instructors to earn this important credential.
AWS also offers several endorsements designed to enhance an individuals credentials
and/or satisfy 9-year recertification for CWIs
and Senior Certified Welding Inspectors. Current endorsements include D1.1, D1.2, D1.5,
D15.1, D17.1, API 1104, ASME Section IX:
B31.1 and B31.3, ASME Section VIII Div. 1
and IX, Structural Bolting, and Structural
Drawing Reading.
Other AWS certification programs are Senior
Certified Welding Inspector, Certified Welding
Supervisor, Certified Radiographic Interpreter, Certified Welding Fabricator, Certified
Robotic Arc Welding Operator and Technician, Certified Welding Engineer, and Certified Welding Sales Representative. All of
these programs are offered domestically and
many are offered internationally. Stop by the
booth to find out why AWS certifications may
be the right answers for you and your company.
Welding Journal en Espaol contains the best

from the Welding Journal and articles unique
to the Latin market.
Inspection Trends serves the nondestructive
examination industry including more than
35,000 AWS Certified Welding Inspectors. It
contains timely features on all phases of nondestructive examination, profiles of inspection
personnel, newest technology, and columns
that bring the latest industry news and practical answers to inspection questions.
AWS American Welding

Online
http://awo.aws.org
N1599
American Welding Online (AWO) is an online

educational community for the welding industry. As part of the American Welding Society,
its core mission is to advance the science,
technology, and application of welding and allied joining and cutting processes, including
brazing, soldering, and thermal spraying.
AWO provides online courses, blogs, podcasts, virtual conferences, and other educational resources for the welding community.
Drop by its booth near the Careers in Welding
Trailer for a chance to win free online courses
and to see how it can help you advance your
career through education.
See us @ Booth
N2215
QUALITY TOOLS THAT GO TO WORK WITH YOU
AWS Membership. AWS provides services to

nearly 70,000 individual members and 2200
corporate members worldwide. AWS members include engineers, scientists, educators,
researchers, welders, inspectors, welding
foremen, company executives, and sales associates. Member interests include automatic, semiautomatic, and manual welding,
as well as brazing, soldering, ceramics, laminations, robotics, and safety and health. Drop
by the booth located at the entrance to the
North Hall to sign up for an Individual Membership and receive a popular welding publication (up to a $192 value) at a 90% discount.
Browse through the AWS Bookstore to save
25% on 300+ AWS publications.
Save $135 and get a two-year AWS Membership when you sign up for the Professional
Program at FABTECH. Stay informed on the
latest products, trends, and technology
through 12 issues of the Welding Journal.
Looking for a job? Establish valuable partnerships with others in your field by attending
local AWS Section meetings and dozens of
educational events. Gain a voice in determining the future of your industry by getting involved in one of the Societys 150 technical
committees. For depth, detail, and technical
insight, AWS has the answers you need.
Welding Journal/Welding Journal en
Espaol/Inspection Trends. Welding Journal is the official publication of the American
Welding Society. This monthly magazine contains feature articles on practical and applied
welding technology, information on AWS activities and programs, a variety of monthly
columns, and peer-reviewed welding research papers. Industry experts also answer
readers questions regarding stainless steel,
aluminum, brazing, and resistance welding.
The Welding Journal has received numerous
editorial and design awards over the years.
WELDING JOURNAL
93
AWS Competition Lounge
N2094
The AWS Competition Lounge will be for the

Robotic Arc Welding Contest, Welding Wars
Competition, and Professional Welders Competition. Visitors there can also find out more
about the Certified Robotic Arc Welding program and AWS Educational products.
AWS Foundation
www.aws.org/foundation
N2499
Explore Career Opportunities in Welding on

the AWS and Lincoln Electric Co.s educational mobile exhibit. Test your welding skills
in the virtual welding lab with VRTEX 360
machines. The exhibit includes other educational components and a social media center.
Join us as we work to attract a new welding
workforce for the future.
AWS Professional Welders

Competition
N2299
Professional welders can sign up onsite for a

$2500 first prize, $1000 second prize, and
$500 first prize. Competitors will make a single-pass SMAW weld with E7018 on low-carbon steel. Speed and quality will be the criteria. Attendees are encouraged to cheer on the
competitors as they demonstrate their skills to
earn the title of Best Welder in America.
More information is at www.aws.org/education/fabtech/2013profweldcomp.html.
AWS Publications/
N2100
World Engineering Xchange
www.awspubs.com
World Engineering Xchange (WEX) will spotlight welding and engineering industry publications, including its support for welding education by working on behalf of the American
Welding Society.
AWS Robotic Arc Welding

Contest & Demonstration
N2099
Robotic welding technicians will compete to

win free training and examination for the Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW) Operator
or Technician. Competition will include a
timed written test and a challenging exercise
with a live welding robot. The top three competitors will win an AWS duffel bag. Each participant will receive an AWS T-shirt with logo.
The first-place winner will receive AWS
CRAW training and the complimentary opportunity to sit for an actual CRAW exam.
AWS Welding Wars

Competition
N2293
Teams of three student welders (16+) will sign

up online ($10 entry fee per person). Each
team will fabricate the weldment on a supplied
print using GTAW, GMAW, and plasma cutting, with sheared and cut material provided,
within a time limit of 2 h. A panel of Certified
Welding Inspectors will evaluate all weldments to AWS D1.1 based on accuracy of
project to print specifications, weld size, overall weldment appearance, craftsmanship,
professionalism, and safety. For more information, visit www.aws.org/education.
AMET, Inc.
www.ametinc.com
AMET will highlight its automated welding

systems; integrated systems with the companys controls, process equipment, and weld
fixtures; and DSP technologies to achieve
welding requirements.
Anand Arc Ltd.

www.anandarc.com
N2092
Antec Electronics Co. Ltd.

www.antec.cn
N2467
Antec will offer its autodarkening welding helmets and filters. All products meet the ANSI
Z87.1,CE EN379 standards.
APEL International
www.apelfilters.com
DryRod Flux and

Rebaking Ovens
Safetube Industrial
Storage Containers
dryWIRE Flux Cored
Wire Ovens
Visit us at FABTECH
Booth N2052
Chicago, IL
November 18-21, 2013
www.dryrod.com
94
NOVEMBER 2013
N419
APEL International will present its pulse-jet

pleated bags, cartridge filters, plus FDA-certified, high-temperature, and custom filters built
to OEM or greater specifications.
DryRod Portable and

Bench Rod Ovens
N649
ESAB 2_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:29 PM Page 95
AN EXTRAORDINARY
MACHINE DEMANDS AN
EXTRAORDINARY OFFER.
For a limited time, get your choice of a $500 manufacturer rebate

or a $1,000 ESAB shopping spree with the purchase of any Warrior
ready-to-weld package.
Youve probably heard about Warrior by ESAB the breakthrough
welding machine thats as rugged and reliable as you are.
Designed with extensive input from real-world welders like you,
its the cost-efficient, multi-purpose welding machine you need.
And with an offer like this, now is the time to get it.
Contact your ESAB sales rep or distributor or visit
www.esabna.com/gearup to nd out more. But hurry
this offer wont be around as long as your Warrior will.
VISIT US AT FABTECH 2013, BOOTH N1145 & N1449.
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products / esabna.com / 1.800.ESAB.123

HARRIS PRODUCTS_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:34 PM Page 96
Aquasol Corp.
www.aquasolwelding.com
N639
Aquasol will offer its products, including water

soluble paper and tape, EZ Purge preformed
water soluble purge dams, I-Purge modular
inflatable bladder system, EZ Zone aluminum
tape, Fiback fiberglass backing tape, SoluGap and Steel Space socket weld spacer
rings, SoluShim alignment sticks, plus OX100X and Pro-OX 100 oxygen monitors.
Arc Abrasives, Inc.

www.arcabrasives.com
N2669
Arc Abrasives will present its expertise in

evaluating applications, providing individualized systems, and addressing abrasive metalworking applications.
Arc Machines, Inc.

www.arcmachines.com
N2642
AMI will exhibit its orbital welding (GTAW)

systems that weld tube-to-tube, tube-to-fitting, tube-to-tube sheet, pipe-to-pipe, pipe-tofitting, and many custom designed applications. The company provides welding
systems for various industries, including nuclear, aerospace, biotechnology, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical.
Arc Products
www.arcproducts.com
N1125
Arc Products will feature its mechanized welding products, including seam tracking equipment, torch height control (AVC), magnetic
arc control, and a complete line of orbital arc
welding equipment. The company will also
offer separate components or assembly of
complete turn-key welding packages.
Arc Specialties, Inc.

www.arcspecialties.com
N974
Arc Specialties will offer its automated and robotic equipment. The company is a supplier
for engineering services, systems integration,
service, parts, and training.
Arcon Welding
Equipment LLC
www.arconweld.com
N2317
Arcon Welding Equipment will showcase its

corrosion-protected, inverter-based SMA,
GTA, GMA, and stud welding machines designed for harsh environments such as offshore platforms, shipyards, mines, power
plants, and rental fleets.
ArcOne
www.arc1weldsafe.com
N1865
Dedicated to the personal protection of welding professionals, ArcOne will highlight its
autodarkening welding helmets, respiratory,
and head/face protection, including the iDF
intelligent darkening filter.
Ardleigh Minerals, Inc.

www.ardleigh.net
N417
ATI Industrial Automation

www.ati-ia.com
N623
ATI Industrial Automation will offer its robotic

accessories and robot arm tooling, including
automatic
tool
changers,
multiaxis
force/torque sensing systems, utility couplers,
robotic deburring tools, robotic collision sensors, and compliance devices.
ATI Stellram
www.atistellram.com
Atlanta Drive Systems, Inc.
www.atlantadrives.com
N2330
N317
Atlanta Drive Systems will present its range of

rack and pinion drive systems, servo reducers, and linear actuators.
Auburn Manufacturing, Inc.

www.auburnmfg.com
N2107
Auburn Manufacturing will exhibit its NFPA

51B-compliant Hot Work fabrics. With 20 FM
approved fabrics to choose from, it helps prevent fires in critical industries like shipbuilding,
nuclear power, petroleum, and steelmaking.
WELDING JOURNAL
97
Avani Environmental
N2600
Intl., Inc.
www.avanienvironmental.com
Avani Environmental will feature its ventilation
and exhaust equipment for vocational and industrial facilities.
AVS Industries LLC

www.avsind.com
N2157
AVS will display its high-temperature silica

fabrics for welding, cutting, and thermal protection in various weights and widths up to 60
in. It will also be showing its reflective insulating fabrics using aluminized foil and Mylar
film, and its specialty silica products consisting of tapes, ropes, and sleeving.
Axelent, Inc.
www.axelentusa.com
N2119
Axelent will offer its perimeter safety fencing

products, including X-Guard for robotics,
machine automation, material handling, logistics, and mills.
B&Bartoni spol s.r.o.

www.b-bartoni.cz
N2809
and a family of flux-integrated brazing alloys

with alloy and noncorrosive flux combined in
a flexible matrix.
Bay State Surface

N511
Technologies
www.baystatesurfacetech.com
Bernard
www.bernardwelds.com
Bay State will showcase its line of plasma

spray and twin wire arc spray equipment, plus
other products, including robots, turntables,
acoustic enclosures, dust collectors, and a
line of thermal spray powder and wire.
BeamMaster (AGT)
www.beam-master.com
N2082
AGT will spotlight its robotic equipment. Using

Fanuc robots, 3D vision, and software intelligence, the company uses SelfLearning technology to provide welding, cutting, grinding,
gouging, and marking robotic systems to lowvolume, high-mix production environments.
Beijing Essen Welding &

N344
Cutting Fair
www.beijing-essen-welding.com
Axxair-USA
www.axxairusa.com
N2008
Bellman-Melcor LLC
www.bellmanmelcor.com
B&B Steel Products, Inc.

www.b-b-jack.com
N2866
Bellman-Melcor will highlight its brazing and

soldering alloys, brazing and soldering preforms, patented ChannelFlux brazing alloys,
See us at FABTECH booth # S2270
98
NOVEMBER 2013
N2121
N836
Bernard will demonstrate its semiautomatic

GMAW and FCAW welding guns, consumables, accessories, and manual arc products.
Bessey Tools North America N2223

www.besseytools.com
Bessey Tools will offer its professional hand
tools for the clamping and cutting technology
fields.
Bevel Tools
www.beveltools.com
N2567
Bevel Tools will present its router bits for metal

and power tools used for fabricating a weld,
paint, or architectural edge on most metals.
Its standard Bevel Mate and Bevel Mite
bits come in radius, 45 deg, and weld edge 30
and 37.5 deg cutting angles.
BF Entron Ltd.
www.bfentron.co.uk
N208
BF Entron will exhibit its range of resistance

welding controls from small AC controls to
large MFDC inverters as well as 3-phase and
HARBERTS_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:34 PM Page 99
mk products_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:19 PM Page 100
cascade systems. The controls cater to most

resistance welding technologies, including
spot, seam, and projection welding. Monitor
systems include machine mounted monitors
and portable analyzers.
Bluco Corp.
www.bluco.com
N2411
Bluco will display its new line of manual

rollover positioners. These can be used as
stand-alone fixturing systems or complement
your existing fixturing system. With 360 deg of
rotation, the welder has full access to all sides
of the part.
BMM Welding Material Co.

www.bjmmt.com
N325
Bohler Welding Group

N867
USA, Inc.
www.bohlerweldinggroupusa.com
The North American team of Bohler Welding
Group, a member of Voestalpine, represents
eight global filler metal manufacturing mills of
six brands Avesta, UTP, Bohler, TPUT,
Soudokay, and Fontargen. The newest products will be on display along with a Soudokay
cladding products/process video and unveiling of a new distributor retail display.
N329
N2541
Buffalo Shrink Wrap

N2425
www.buffaloshrinkwrap.com
Bore Repair Systems will offer its portable

GMA bore welding machines, align boring
bars, and accessories used in the repair of
worn bores. Its equipment is used in mining,
construction, machining, and marine industries. Visitors will see its new direct-mount
welding system, QC torch system, and many
accessories.
Buffalo Shrink Wrap will provide a line of

heavy-duty shrink wrap and application
equipment for protecting items during shipping and storage.
Bosch Power Tool Corp.

www.boschtools.com
N549
Bradford Derustit Corp.

www.derustit.com
N2004
Bug-O Systems will feature track, automation,

and motion control systems for arc welding
and cutting.
Bradford Derustit will present its pickling products for stainless and other metal cleaning
products. Demonstrations and information on
new products will also be available.
Broco, Inc.
www.brocoinc.com
Bruker AXS, Inc.
www.bruker.com
N406
N1583
Bruker will exhibit a range of analyzers for use

in alloy and elemental analysis. The S1 Titan
is a light tube-based analyzer, which provides
rapid alloy grade identification and chemistry.
Bug-O Systems/Weld
Tooling Corp.
www.bugo.com
Buhin Corp.
www.buhincorp.com
N1815
N1987
Buhin will show industrial confined space ventilators along with accessories such as ducting, couplers, and reducers. It will further
show its new, intrinsically safe 12-in. VelocityPN pneumatic ventilator.
Built Systems
www.builtsystems.net
N1482
Built Systems will showcase its height-adjustable modular manufacturing systems. Additional products will include flexible assembly
workstations, height-adjustable machine
bases, and material handling equipment that
incorporates Kaizen/Lean and 5S principles.
Bonal Technologies, Inc.

www.bonal.com
Bore Repair Systems, Inc.

www.borerepair.com
See us at FABTECH booth # N536
WELDING JOURNAL 101
Bullard Abrasives, Inc.

www.bullardabrasives.com
N700
Bullard Abrasives will showcase its abrasive

grinding and cutting wheels used on portable
power tools. Its offering will consist of Type 27
wheels, flap discs, thin cutoff wheels, chop
saw blades, and an array of other abrasive
products. Premium pipeline wheels for use in
the oil/gas industries are this years new
product.
C.M.M. will showcase its capabilities in project management, design, and detailing light,
medium, and heavy automation for welding.
Cadi Co., Inc.

www.cadicompany.com
N2109
Burny & Kaliburn

N1125, N2605
www.burnykaliburn.com
Cadi will showcase its high-conductivity copper alloys (RWMA Classes) in rod, bar, coil,
plate, seam weld wheels, electrodes, and
special shapes. It will also highlight its custom
finished machined items, produced internally
from the RWMA materials listed above, with
resistance welding machinery and controls.
Burny Kaliburn, a Lincoln Electric Co., will

offer an array of conventional and high-current density plasma cutting systems.
Cambridge Vacuum
Engineering
www.camvaceng.com
C H Symington & Co., Inc.

www.chsymington.com
N1949
C-spec
www.cspec.com
N2005
Cambridge Vacuum Engineering will demonstrate its electron beam welding machines. Its
equipment range includes systems ranging
from 50 to 200 kV with beam powers up to
100 kW.
N1494
C-spec will display its WeldOffice software

that manages welding documentation. It automatically creates and checks welding procedure specifications and welder performance qualification records for compliance with
ASME IX, AWS D1.1, and ISO standards.
Capital Weld Cleaners

N2318
www.capitalweldcleaners.com
C.M.M. SRL
www.nuovacmm.com
Carr Lane Manufacturing Co. N2007

www.carrlane.com
N1589
Capital Weld Cleaners will present its electrochemical cleaners that clean discoloration
from recently welded stainless steel material.
Carr Lane will provide a selection of tooling

components and related workholding products for virtually every industry, including jig
and fixture components, quick change tooling
plates and accessories, drill bushings, power
workholding devices, and toggle clamps.
CDS Corp.
www.cdsindexers.com
N2858
CDS will exhibit its high-precision motion control products. The company specializes in indexing and servo controlled turntables, precision link conveyors, walking beams, part
handlers, and other heavy-duty positioning
equipment.
CEIA USA
www.ceia-usa.com
N2445
CEIA will feature its medium- to highfrequency induction heating units.
Centerline (Windsor) Ltd.

www.cntrline.com
N2419
Cerbaco Ltd.
www.cerbaco.com
N2020
Cerbaco will provide samples from its line of

500+ configurations of nonmetallic weld backings that permit finished quality, complete joint
penetration welds from one side. Technical
assistance and free custom design services
will also be offered.
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102 NOVEMBER 2013
KOIKE ARONSON_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:38 PM Page 103
The Broadest Line.

The Best Support.
Koike Aronson, Inc./Ransome designs and

manufactures one of the industrys broadest lines of
welding positioners and thermal cutting products.
That kind of world-leading position would be the

end-all for most companies. But for Koike, its merely
a good start. Were also the only company in the
business whose machines are serviced when needed
by the same experts who build them. That means every
cutting machine, every positioner, and every portable
is supported by a master technician who knows it
literally inside and out.
LD-R
Portable
Bench Positioner
Give Koike Aronson, Inc./Ransome a call. We probably

have the right machine for your job.
Follow us on
Auto Picle
Portable Pipe Cutting
Versagraph Extreme
Thermal Cutting Machine
Positioners
Headstock & Tailstock
Visit us at Booth #N806

at FABTECH in Chicago
Koike Aronson, Inc./ Ransome
Arcade, NY USA 800-252-5232
www.koike.com
hascor_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:40 PM Page 104
CGW-Camel Grinding
Wheels USA
www.cgwcamel.com
N2241
CGW-Camel Grinding Wheels will show its

abrasive products, including Semi-Flex-Rigid
discs and wheels for surface preparation,
Green Grind, cotton fiber, and Quickie Cut.
Changzhou City Yunhe

Welding Material Co. Ltd.
www.czyunhe.com
N347
Changzhou Huarui Welding

& Cutting Equip. Co. Ltd.
www.huarui-cn.com
N546
N2821
Changzhou Shine science and technology

company will showcase its welding helmets.
Yangzi River Welding will highlight its solid,

submerged arc, and low-alloy steel welding
wires and welding torches.
Changzhou Zhengyang
www.zywelding.com
N338
Chart, Inc.
www.chartindustries.com
N2155
N2409
Chart will present its products and systems for

a variety of cryogenic and gas processing applications, including the companys compact
horizontal bulk storage tank. Its equipment is
used for purification, liquefaction, production,
storage, distribution, and end-use applications of natural gas and industrial gases.
Cheil Grinding Wheel

USA, Inc.
www.kprixabrasives.com
N1988
Cheil will exhibit its bonded abrasive products, including depressed center and cut-off
wheels.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.

www.cp.com
Changzhou Wujin Golden

Globe Welding & Cutting
Machinery Co. Ltd.
www.cn-goldenglobe.com
N1991
Changzhou Zhengyang will offer its wire for gas

shielded, flux cored, and aluminum welding.
Changzhou Longren
N2822
Mechanical & Electrical Co. Ltd.
www.longrenwelding.com
Changzhou Shine Science
& Technology Co. Ltd.
www.shine-xunan.com
Changzhou Yangzi River

N459
Chicago Pneumatic will feature its tools, including the new CP3850 series grinders that
offer fast material removal, economical operation, and operator ergonomics.
Chung I Silver Solder Co. Ltd. N230

www.chung-i.com
Chung I Silver Solder will show its silver brazing and phosphorous copper alloys made in
rods, wires, rings, and foil/fluxes for cutting
tools, air conditioner, refrigerator, heat exchange, faucet, and electric terminal applications.
CK Worldwide
www.ckworldwide.com
N2211
Clara Vision
www.weldingexpert.net
N2571
Clara Vision will display Welding Expert, its

welding tool for fast and accurate weld bead
inspection, measurement, and welding certification for use in weld inspection, analysis,
quality control, and measurement.
Clean Air Filters, Inc.

www.clean-air-filters.com
N372
Clean Air Filters will highlight its cartridge

cleaning/recycling services along with a
cleaning system that provides a dry cleaning
process without the use of chemicals to clean
filters.
WELDING JOURNAL 105
Climax Portable Machining

& Welding Systems
climaxportable.com
N261
Climax will demonstrate its portable tools

used for on-site machining, welding, and
cladding. The company will also have details
on its custom and standard machine manufacturing, rental programs, and equipment
training.
Cloos Robotic Welding, Inc. N1149

www.cloosrobot.com
CM Industries, Inc.
www.cmindustries.com
COB Industries, Inc.
www.cob-industries.com
N1849
N203
COB Industries will be introducing pipe purging technology, including the QuickPurge II,
an inflatable purge dam that is impossible to
overinflate. It will also be showcasing the
PurgEye weld purge monitors, welding enclosures, pipe freezing systems and plugs, plus
performing pipe purging demonstrations.
Cobra Torches, Inc.

www.cobratorches.com
N1383
Compressed Air
www.airbestpractices.com
N2845
Compressed Air Best Practices magazine, a

free monthly print and online journal dedicated to teaching industrial compressed air
users how to reduce the energy costs (kW)
associated with their compressed air systems, will be exhibiting. Its how to articles
teach plant engineers how to conduct system
assessments on air compressors, blowers,
vacuum, and pneumatic systems.
Computer Engineering, Inc. N2328

www.thinkcei.com
CEI, a producer of welding documentation
software, will offer software systems for generating fully code-checked welding documents (procedure qualification records, welding procedure specifications, and welding
performance qualifications) and tracking
welder continuity.
Computers Unlimited
(TIMS Software)
www.cu.net
TIMS will feature its software systems for specialty gas and welding supply distributors.
Highlights include fully integrated cylinder
tracking/management, order processing for
gases, hardgoods and rental equipment, inventory/warehouse management, truck routing/dispatching, electronic vendor price updates, EDI and e-commerce, and imaging
with data analysis tools.
Concoa, Inc.
www.concoa.com
106 NOVEMBER 2013
N2174
N1679
Concoa will show its gas control devices and

systems for fabrication, analytical, scientific,
aerospace, environmental, pharmaceutical,
otc daihen_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 5:08 PM Page 107
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See us in Chicago at
Fabtech/AWS
Your Key to the Future of Welding
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DF MACHINE_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:27 PM Page 108
electronic, medical, petrochemical, and metalworking applications.
Construction Electrical Products will showcase its power distribution products for temporary power needs. On display will be its single-phase and 3-phase products, including
480-V units for welding applications.
Cor-Met, Inc.
www.cor-met.com
Why Weld
Manually?
N2166
N1831
Cor-Met will highlight its high-alloy, flux cored

welding wires and electrodes. Specialties include nickel- and cobalt-based consumables,
stainless steel, tool steel, alloy steels, hardface, and alloys for repairing forging dies and
components. New products will include QWP
flux-coated and flux-cored GTA rods with multiple stainless and special manufacture
grades.
CoreTemp Abrasives
N1594
www.coretempabrasives.com
K-BUG 1200
Smallest trackless, digital
compact llet welder in the
industry
Quick Setup - runs directly
on the work
Rugged, reliable gear
driven design, includes
3-year warranty
Capable of traveling
up to a 75 incline
Visit us at Fabtech
Booth N1815
1-800-245-3186
www.bugo.com
CoreTemp Abrasives, with a built-in training

instructor on the label of every grinding wheel,
flap disc, and cutting wheel, will offer live
demonstrations. Scan its patent-pending QR
barcode with any smart phone to download a
3-min video of how to properly use that
product.
Corewire Ltd.
www.corewire.com
N515
Corewire will present its flux- and metal-cored

wires for hardfacing applications. Wires for
applications in the cement, quarrying, earthmoving, and similar industries will also be
available.
CS Unitec, Inc.
www.csunitec.com
Cyl-Tec, Inc.
www.cyl-tec.com
Construction Electrical
Products
www.cepnow.com
1-866-733-3272
N2629
N628
Dakota Ultrasonics
N1933
www.dakotaultrasonics.com
Dataweld, Inc.
www.dataweld.com
N570
DE-STA-CO
www.destaco.com
N1846
DE-STA-CO will feature its clamps, grippers,

indexers, slides, conveyors, robotic tooling,
and remote-handling products for workplace
and automation needs. The focus will be on
customers needs for streamlining manufacturing processes.
Visit Red-D-Arc Welderentals

in Chicago at Booth N1174 to
view our weld automation and
induction heating equipment,
and cutting table services
Cyl-Tec will exhibit its compressed gas cylinders, cylinder services, and cylinder accessories. Products include DOT/TC highpressure, acetylene, aluminum, portable
cryogenic, and beverage carbonation
cylinders.
WELDING JOURNAL 109
Dengensha America Corp.

www.dengensha.com
N429
Diamond Saw Works, Inc.

www.diamondsaw.com
Dengensha America will promote its complete line of resistance welding equipment, including pedestal welding machines, lightweight and servo weld guns, automatic nut
and bolt feeders, controls, consumables, and
spare parts.
Diamond Saw Works will highlight its line of

band, jig , recipricating, air, and circular saw
blades, along with hole saws, and power hacks.
D/F Machine Specialties, Inc. N2064

www.dfmachinespecialties.com
Dinse is a manufacturer of robotic and manual air- and water-cooled welding guns for all
applications, including aluminum or soft material applications utilizing push pull technology. The company will also feature its cold and
hot wire feeding systems for laser welding and
plasma brazing.
D/F Machine Specialties will highlight its design, development, and manufacture of American made GMAW guns and GTAW torches
for robotic and welding automation equipment. The company will show its line of waterand air-cooled torches featuring tandem,
open-arc, gasless, sub arc, hardbanding,
hardfacing, and overlay welding torches for
steel and aluminum.
Diagraph MSP, an ITW Co.

www.diagraphmsp.com
N729
Diamond Ground
Products, Inc.
www.diamondground.com
N2439
Dinse, Inc.
www.dinse-us.com
Direct Wire & Cable

www.directwireusa.com
N2057
N2136
Direct Wire will offer its welding cables, including the Flex-a-Prene and Ultra-Flex with
their unique flexibility and durability.
Diversi-Tech, Inc.
www.diversitech.ca
N2455
Diversi-Tech is equipped to design, supply,

and install a complete line of air filtration products such as downdraft tables, wet and dry;
dust and fume collectors; capture arms and
blowers; weld booths; oil-mist collectors;
scrubbers; make-up air systems; cartridge filter cleaning systems, and the Fume Tracker.
Demonstrations will be conducted.
Diamond Ground Products will feature its

leadership in tungsten and tungsten preparation, dedicated to the improvement of weld
quality and welder productivity.
110 NOVEMBER 2013
N1989
hypertherm_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:18 PM Page 111
MORE POWER
TO BUILD
Cut fast. Cut thick.

The new Powermax125
works as hard as you do.
See it at FFABTECH,
ABTECH, Booth S9
S951
51
Introducing the Powermax125

Cuts 1-1/2", severs 2-1/4"
100% duty cycle works all day
Gouging, mechanized and handheld
torch options
P LAS MA | LAS E R | WATE

T RJ ET | AUTO MA
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HOBART_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:36 PM Page 112
D e d i c a te d to Tra i n i n g t h e B e s t W
elders
i n t h e Wo
TECHNICAL TRAINING
Technical training at the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology is
designed to provide training for personnel involved with welding support
groups. Those who need a practical working knowledge of welding such
as engineering, quality control & management personnel will find these
one & Two week courses very beneficial. The courses are comprised of
approximately 80% classroom lecture/discussion & 20% laboratory
demonstration. Courses are available to provide either a generalized
background or to target specific areas related to welding.
As an additional service for manufacturing, service industries, educational
& government agencies, the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology has
the facilities to develop specialized training to meet specific needs &
requirements. Specialized training involves the designing of special skill
courses to meet specific objectives (tool steel welding, sanitation piping,
aerospace, etc.)
The Institute maintains a staff of instructors, technicians & training experts who are available to teach welding
skill & qualification/certification courses at any location. Field training is available to all industrial firms, contractors,
utility companies, etc. Advise us of your requirements & our staff will help evaluate your training needs, determine
possible solutions & implement the necessary training.
WELDING TRAINING CURRICULUM

Complete training programs including DVDs, instructor
guides, and student workbooks. Designed with input from
welding instructors, video modules are designed to present core information and model proper technique,
so students can work through the videos and practice
sessions independently with the aid of their workbooks
and coaching from you. Visit our website to see a
complete line of offerings.

Visit Our Web Site for a List of Courses Available
rld.
DM3D Technology LLC

www.dm3dtech.com
N1990
Dr. Gold & Co.

www.carrymate.com
N2534
DualDraw LLC
www.DualDraw.com
N328
Durum USA
www.durumusa.com
N315
Easom Automation
Systems, Inc.
www.easomeng.com
N1985
Dynaflux, Inc.
www.dynaflux.com
N1882
Easy Abrasives LLC

www.easyabrasives.com
N2870
ELCo Enterprises
www.wire-wizard.com
N616
Dynatorch, Inc.
www.dynatorch.com
N1874
Dynatorch will promote its CNC plasma, oxyfuel, and laser cutting machines with both
plate and tube capability, which are compatable with air plasma and high-end mechanized plasma. Fiber lasers are also available
.
N636
Elcometer, Inc.
www.elcometerndt.com
N2167
Elcometer will spotlight its corrosion gauges,

precision gauges, and flaw detection gauges,
which are ideal for measuring wall thicknesses and the detection of flaws in a wide
range of applications, including the oil and gas,
marine, power, and civil engineering sectors.
E. H. Wachs Co.
www.ehwachs.com
ELCo Enterprises will offer its full line of weld

wire dispensing and weld cell support equipment. Featured this year will be the new and
improved Torch Wizard nozzle cleaning stations, the Wire Wizard wire guide module
system, and other new products for both robotic and semiautomatic welding applications
for all wire sizes.
Dynaflux will feature its chemicals for surface

treatment as well as its nondestructive examination products, lenses, faceshields, head
gear, portable rod ovens, and water recirculators. Personnel will answer questions about
pickling and passivation of stainless, and will
conduct live demos of a new and improved
heat tint brush removal system.
E.H. Wachs will feature its ISO-certified

portable machining and valve turning equipment, including I.D. and O.D. mounted weld
prep machine tools designed to cut, bevel,
counterbore, and remove welds and face
flanges on pipes and vessels of all sizes and
schedules under all conditions and environments.
WELDING JOURNAL 113
Electron Beam
Technologies, Inc.
www.electronbeam.com
N536
Electron Beam Technologies will feature its

Fast 'N Easy bulk electrode handling accessories used to deliver the welding electrode
from the payoff to the feeder. Also, presented
will be the EB-flex, electron beam cross linked
Class K standard welding cables in popular
sizes. Engineers will be available to discuss
your needs.
Element Materials Technology N111

www.element.com
Element Materials Technology will spotlight its

expertise in material testing and inspection,
failure analysis, and product qualification testing. The focus will be on four core industries:
transportation, aerospace and defense, oil
and gas, and power generation.
Ensitech PTY Ltd.

www.tigbrush.com
N1897
Ensitec will feature its TIG Brush stainless

steel weld cleaning system.This product, combined with a comprehensive range of fluids,
provides an end-to-end process for preparing,
cleaning, passivating, and protecting welded
and fabricated stainless steel surfaces.
Entron Controls LLC

www.entroncontrols.com
Environmental Air Solutions N2859

www.keeptheheat.com
Equipois, Inc.
www.equipoisinc.com
Powder and Paste

Wire and Foil
Rings and Preforms
Cut Length Rods
IN STOCK and waiting for you!
Aimtek is proud to offer a variety of value-added services from

custom labeling, to specialized packaging, to parameter
development and application assistance. Our technical Engineering
Department and knowledgeable staff will help meet your standard
and custom requirements from concept to production.
We understand that a small request can make a big difference.
N2546
Equipois will present its zeroG technology,

which allows operators to maneuver tools,
parts, and other payloads as if weightless,
with complete freedom of motion and without
external power. The company will offer solutions for nearly every stage in metal finishing.
ESAB Welding &

Cutting Products
www.esabna.com
Aerospace Grade
Brazing & Welding
Alloys
N206
N1145, N1449
ESAB will highlight its complete line of welding and cutting equipment and welding filler
metals. With more than 100 years of experience, the company is committed to providing
customized solutions for their customers.
Etal/Indux Sa De Cv
N630
Etal manufactures resistance welding consumables and brazing alloy products for automotive manufacturers along with heating
and ventilating applications.
Evobeam
www.evobeam.com
N223
Evolution Power Tools LLC

N256
www.evolutionpowertools.com
Evolution will spotlight its industrial metal cutting products, metal drilling products, and related accessories with a focus on customer
service.
Factory Cat
www.factorycat.com
N2164
FANUC America Corp.

www.fanucamerica.com
N1169
With more than 250,000 installed worldwide,

FANUC America will feature its industrial robots for aerospace, automotive, education,
heavy and off-road vehicles, medical devices,
metal fabrication, and many other industries.
The company will also offer ROBOGUIDE
simulation, force sensing, and iRVision.
Fastenal Co.
www.fastenal.com
N2461
Fastenal will present Fast Solutions, industrial vending that brings the option for on-hand
inventory to the factory floor and allows customers to track/control consumption of virtually anything.
Fein Power Tools, Inc.

www.feinus.com
N264
Fein Power Tools will showcase and provide

hands-on demonstrations of its full range of
metal working products, including magnetic
base drills, stainless steel finishing systems,
hand grinders and stationary belt grinding
114 NOVEMBER 2013
machinery. Magnetic base drills, hand

grinders, and cordless drills/drivers will be
displayed.
Felton Brushes Ltd.

www.feltonbrushes.com
N2070
Ferris State University

www.ferris.edu
N1996
Ferris States nationally recognized Welding

Engineering Technology program is the
largest of its kind in the United States. The
program is designed to produce plant-level
welding engineering technology graduates
who are involved in the concept, design, and
engineering of weldments and implementation of welding processes.
FH Automation
www.fhautomation.com
N1899
Fibre-Metal By Honeywell
www.fibre-metal.com
N2261
Fibre-Metal, part of Honeywell Safety

Products, will offer its protective caps,
faceshields, and welding helmets known for
consistent quality.
Filter 1
www.filter-1.com
N2354
Flame Technologies, Inc.

N2036
www.flametechnologies.com
Fronius USA LLC

www.fronius-usa.com
Flame Technologies new products will include flow gauges, flow meters, cutter kits,
large size exothermic burning bars, Scorpion
heavy-duty hose, and more. On display will be
the new HydroMist line of industrial cooling
fans, utilizing flash evaporation technology,
which results in dramatically cooled air.
Fronius will offer a sneak peak of its new

product lines coming in 2014.
Freer Tool & Supply

N1982
www.freertoolandsupply.com
Freer Tool & Supply will feature its modular
weld tables and accessories, including
NAAMS components. Distributor partner to
workholding companies De-Sta-Co, Carr
Lane, Industrial Magnetics, Inc., Halder, and
Te-Co. Die component distributor for Danly
IEM, Lamina, Sankyo Oilless, and Kaller.
Frommelt Safety Products

www.frommeltsafety.com
N2023
Frommelt Safety will offer its automated barrier doors/curtains to protect personnel from
hazards associated with manufacturing
processes. Ideal alternative to light curtains,
integrated PLe (Cat. 4) interlock switches on
high-speed door provide protection by restricting access and guard against process
hazards. New Defender model features many
upgrades.
N1161
Frontics America, Inc.

www.fronticsamerica.com
N2168
Funabori Co. Ltd.

www.funabori.co.jp
N219
Fusion, Inc.
www.fusion-inc.com
N1833
Fusion will highlight its paste brazing and soldering filler metals, dispensers, and automatic machines. Rotary soldering machines
will demonstrate joining brass/copper parts.
Also featured will be post braze cleaners and
ultrasonic cleaning tanks. Personnel will be
available to discuss application needs in
steel, stainless, copper, brass, aluminum, and
carbide.
G & J Hall Tools, Inc.

www.gjhalltools.com
N2068
G & J Hall Tools will premier its electromagnetic drills and annular cutters.
Gaozhou City Longsafety

Labor Insurance
www.longsafety.com
N340
WELDING JOURNAL 115
Gaozhou City Longsafety Labor Insurance

will highlight its leather working gloves, welding gloves, leather aprons, foot covers, and
welding clothes.
Gasflux Co.
www.gasflux.com
N374
Gasflux will feature its liquid Gasflux, paste

and powder fluxes, plus silver and bronze
brazing filler metals. The exhibit will have live
demonstrations.
GAWDA
www.gawda.org
N321
GAWDA is a trade association serving more

than 500 gases and welding supply distributors, manufacturers, independent manufacturers representatives, and individual members, and is the major trade association
representing the industrial gases and welding
supply industry. The association provides access to expert safety and compliance consultants for all of its members and leads the
industry in providing education, industry information, and networking opportunities.
GE Measurement & Control N2139

www.geinspectiontechnologies.com
Golden Eagle Minmetals

N339
(Beijing) Welding Materials Co.
www.goldeneaglebj.com
Genesis Systems Group

www.genesis-systems.com
Goss, Inc.
www.gossonline.com
N2049
Grainger
www.grainger.com
N1879
GSM America, Inc.

www.gsmotion.com
N2869
Gullco International
www.gullco.com
N2204
N1155
Genesis Systems Group will feature its capabilities in designing, building, and implementing robotic arc welding systems, assembly
automation systems and robotic tooling, material handling, nondestructive inspection
cells, and robotic waterjet cutting systems.
Genstar Technologies, Inc.

www.genstartech.com
N641
Genstar Technologies will present its quality

welding apparatus and various gas control
and handling devices, pressure regulators, fittings, and valves. Custom product configurations, total system integration, reliable engineering, and support can be provided.
Goffs Enterprises, Inc.
N2105
Goffs will showcase its weld screens constructed with a strong, lightweight extruded
aluminum frame to create a retractable barrier to sparks, fumes, and contaminants;
block 100% UV light; and stand up to the
toughest shop environments. Custom configurations are available.
Gullco will highlight its design and manufacture of welding and cutting automation systems for applications in shipbuilding, tank and
bridge construction, railcar, and other heavy
fabrication industries.
Hangzhou Apollo Import and N1588

Export Co. Ltd.
www.apollowelding.com.cn
Hangzhou Apollo manufactures and exports
all kinds of welding materials, including welding consumables.
Harberts Products, Inc./

AlliedFlux Reclaiming Ltd.
www.recycleflux.com
N1822
GE Measurement & Control will promote its

nondestructive testing and inspection solutions that deliver accuracy, productivity, and
safety to customers in a wide range of industries, including oil and gas, power generation,
aerospace, and transportation.
116 NOVEMBER 2013
sellstrom_FP_TEMP 10/16/13 1:49 PM Page 117
select arc 2_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 1:56 PM Page 118
HARDSURFACING
HARDSUR
RFA
FACING
NICKEL
NICK
EL ALLOYS
STAINLESS STEEL
LOW ALLO
ALLOY
CARBON
C
ARBON STEEL
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE IN:
Select-Arc,
c, Inc. produces
pr
over
50 premium
emium ux cored
cor and metal
cored
ed stainless steel welding
electrodes.
odes. This broad
br
range of
austenitic, martensitic, ferritic
and duplex wir
wires
es is designed
for a wide variety of welding
applications from
fr
auto exhaust
parts to cryogenic
yogenic tanks, marine
environments
onments to power generation
plants, food and pharmaceutical
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ocessing equipment to textile
facilities - and many more.
mor
These exceptional stainless steel
electrodes
odes deliver outstanding
welding characteristics such as:
U Finely rippled, well
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U Smooth arcc transfer with
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U Higher deposition rates and
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U Intergranular
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And, of course, all Select-Ar
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For moree information on
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at 1-800-341-5215 or visit our
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w.
www.select-arc.com.
Stainless Steel
Tubular Electrodes
Harberts Products/Allied Flux will promote its

custom closed-loop SAW flux/slag crushing
(reclaiming/recycling) service.
Harris Products Group

N1125
www.harrisproductsgroup.com
The Harris Products Group, a Lincoln Electric
Co., will showcase its capabilities in design,
development, and manufacture of cutting,
welding, brazing, and soldering equipment,
as well as consumables and gas distribution
systems.
N2123
H. C. Starck GmbH
www.hcstarck.com
Haynes International will feature its HASTELLOY and HAYNES high-performance alloys for use in corrosion and high-temperature applications. Standard products include
wire and welding consumables, pipe and
tube, sheet and plate, fittings, and bar.
N411
H. C.Strarck will promote its high-tech powders and components made of technology
metals, advanced ceramics, and welding and
thermal spray powders. The Amperit portfolio
has thermal spray powders, including carbides, oxides, MCrAlYs, and metals. Technical support is available
Hermes Abrasives Ltd.

www.hermesabrasives.com
N2218
Heron Machine & Electric

Industrial Ltd.
www.heronwelder.com
N332
Hex-Hut Shelter Systems Ltd. N147

www.hex-hut.com
SuperFlash 2-Gas Adjustable Mixer

Provides customized mixed gases for
welding machines and other operations
Available for all popular 2-gas mixtures
Fully adjustable, less than 1Ft3
in size, and very low maintenance
Call us or visit www.oxyfuelsafety.com
to see how much money you can save
vs. buying pre-mixed gases!
Hex-Hut Shelter Systems will feature its

welding shelters and tents for structural steel,
piling, and pipeline applications. Products include Hex-Hut VPU, a heavy-duty portable
unit for piling; Octo-Hut welding tent, a lightweight pipeline unit; and Grab-a-Shack
welding tent, a free-standing unit.
HI TecMetal Group, Inc.

www.htg.cc
N1972
Hisco
www.hisco.com
N523
Heromin will highlight its welding products,

arc welding equipment, welding consumables, and automatic welding carriages.
Welding machines include inverters, GTAW,
GMAW, and stud.
SAVE MONEY
GET BETTER RESULTS
ad
N217
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Heromin Machinery
Canada Ltd.
www.heromin.ca
Hermes Abrasives will offer its complete line

of coated and bonded abrasive products for
metalworking applications, including nonwoven web, cloth, paper, fiber, and syntheticbacked sheets, rolls, discs, and belts.
Mixer model 0801-4410

for Ar/CO2
Superash Compressed Gas Equipment / IBEDA Inc.

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Haynes International
www.haynesintl.com
WELDING JOURNAL 119
Hisco will offer its services as a specialty distributor serving the electronic assembly and industrial manufacturing markets. The companys inventory includes adhesives, silicones,
tapes, films, precision hand tools, and clean
room materials.
Hot Coils will promote its pipe heat treatment

products, including Preweld Coils for preheat
treatment and hydrocarbon bakeout applications, and Postweld Coils with integrated
computerized controls for preheat and postweld (stress relief) heat treatment.
H & M Pipe Beveling

Machine Co., Inc.
www.hmpipe.com
N2000
Hotfoil EHS, Inc.

www.hotfoilehs.com
N323
Hobart Brothers
www.hobartbrothers.com
N831
Hyundai Welding
www.hyundaiwelding.com
N2666
Hobart Brothers will highlight its filler metals, including tubular wires (flux-cored and metalcored), solid wires, and covered electrodes
under the brand name Hobart.
Hobart Institute of Welding

Technology
www.welding.org
N627
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology offers

training in all major welding processes. Skilldevelopment courses, certifications, technical training, and customized training for corporate welding needs are available on- or
off-site. Also offered are complete training
programs, including DVDs, instructor guides,
and student workbooks.
Hot Coils
www.hotcoils.com
N774
IBEDA/Superflash
N400
Compressed Gas Equipment, Inc.
www.oxyfuelsafety.com
IBEDA/Superflash will display its lines of
flashback arrestors, quick connectors, manifolds, heating equipment, thermal spray, and
other compressed gas components. The
booth will feature demonstrations of its flashback arrestors and gas mixers.
Ideal Welding Systems LP

www.idealweld.com
N1694
Ideal Welding Systems will feature its automated resistance welding equipment for
sheet metal and wire fabricated products. On
display will be the CSR102 automated welding machine for 2D or 3D sheet metal and wire
welded products, such as electrical enclosures, ATMs, cash registers, metal shelving,
and other sheet metal and wire products

using a resistance welding procedure.
igm Robotic Systems, Inc.

www.igmusa.com
IMC Marks, LLC
www.imcmarks.com
IMPACT Engineering, Inc.

www.impactwelding.com
Industrial Air Solutions

N509
www.industrialairsolutions.com
Industrial Air Solutions, a manufacturer of
portable and central-style vacuum systems
and equipment for controlling dust, mist,
smoke, and fume, will feature its Coral SPA
product line at the booth.
The W-80 is a straight cut-off machine that cuts 2" 8" pipe at 90, 30 off 90, and
3712 off 90. The pipe is conveyed into the cutting area via a motorized carriage. An
encoder allows for travel display in inches on a counter on the main controller. Kerf or
bevel is not compensated for. The remote control box on the carriage enables the
operator to perform functions required to load and clamp the pipe into the chuck. The
cutting is done in an enclosure to capture sparks and smoke.
2323 East Pioneer Ste. A, Puyallup, WA 98372 USA (253) 848-9288 Fax: (253) 848-9295 sales@watts-specialties.com
120 NOVEMBER 2013
N1867
IMPACT Engineering will display its ARCAgent monitoring equipment that supports all
arc welding processes in manual and robotic
applications. It provides control of weld production metrics, part tracking, quality, and
process analysis.
W-80 Pipe Cutter
N371
IMC Marks will display its recently released

NO. 1X Solid Stick Paint Marker, its first skinless solid stick that does not require a cap.
The marker writes on glass, plastic, cardboard, and other surfaces, and can write
under oil and water.
Watts the best way to cut pipe
See us at FABTECH Chicago Booth N2271
N2649
ARCOS 2_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:24 PM Page 121
Arcos, The Standard of Excellence in

Covered Electrodes and Bare Wire,
offers two outstanding welding
products designed to withstand
critical temperature extremes.
Arcos 625 and Arcos 1N12 (625) are
nickel-chromium-molybdenum products
which are designed to be virtually immune to chlorideion stress-cracking. They feature moderate strength,
good fabricability and excellent oxidation resistance.
Each is military-approved and provides superior
corrosion resistance, over a range of temperatures
from cryogenic to extremely elevated (up to 1,800F).
Arcos 625 is ideal for welding alloys 625, 601, 802
and 9% nickel. This wire is well suited for welding
piping systems and reactor components in the power
generation industry and for high temperature service
in a wide variety of other engineering applications.
as 625, 800, 801, 825 and 600.

This covered electrode is the smart
choice for applications including
petrochemical plants, reactor
components, furnace equipment,
heat exchangers and offshore
marine environments.
To learn about the many advantages of specifying Arcos
625 and Arcos 1N12, call us today at 800-233-8460
or visit our website at www.arcos.us.
Arcos Industries, LLC
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Arcos 1N12 (625) is utilized for welding alloys such

weartech_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:50 PM Page 122
Cobalt & Nickel-based Alloys
Your partner in
wear-resistant
consumables.
See us at FABTECH 2013
McCormick Place
Chicago, Illinois
Booth #N1125
AR12-117
The Lincoln Electric Co. All Rights Reserved.
www.lincolnelectric.com
P: 714.683.2430
F:714.683.2500
1177 N. Grove St.
Anaheim, CA 92806
Industrial Solutions &

N116
Innovation, LLC
www.industrialsolutions-llc.com
mounted, audio-visual display alerts the wearer

when to charge the batteries or change the air
filter, and does not require fit testing.
International Welding Technologies will display its lines of portable and special-purpose
stud welding equipment and fasteners.
Innerspec Technologies
www.innerspec.com
Intercon Enterprises, Inc.

www.intercononline.com
InterTest, Inc.
www.intertest.com
N452
Intercon Enterprises will be showcasing its InterPurge line of pipe-purging equipment, including purging units and monitors, pipealignment clamps, and other pipe-welding
accessories. Baer hardware and weld-on
hinges will be displayed, as well as TIGRIP
plate-lifting clamps and under-the-hook lifting
equipment.
Innerspec Technologies will demonstrate its

temate Ti-W(ERW), an automated system
for inspection of longitudinal welds in ERW
tubes, that meets API standards. Installed
right after the welding operation, it uses an
electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT)
to perform ultrasonic nondestructive testing of
tubes at higher temperatures, without couplant.
Integrated Manufacturing
Group, LLC
www.imgprecision.com
International Thermal
Spray Association (ITSA)
www.thermalspray.org
N1388
N2130
International Welding
Equipment, LLC
www.iwestore.com
Interactive Safety Products will feature its

PUREFLO line of head-, eye-, and face-protection equipment with a powered respiratory feature designed for welders. The helmet-
MIG [GMAW]
Electrodes [
N1688
International Welding
N270
Technologies, Inc.
www.internationalwelding.com
N407
The International Thermal Spray Association

booth will highlight the services of its 68 member companies worldwide. As a Standing
Committee of the American Welding Society,
it is dedicated to expanding the use of thermal
spray technologies for the benefit of industry
and society.
The IMG booth will feature its build-to-print

CNC complex machining and welding products for gas tungsten arc and electron beam
welding.
Interactive Safety
Products, Inc.
www.helmetsystems.com
N2153
[
[
IPG Photonics
www.ipgphotonics.com
N470
N1474
IPG Photonics will highlight its high-power

fiber lasers and amplifiers at the booth, including active fiber lasers, direct diodes, and
amplifiers from 0.52 m. Other products to
be featured are 1 m industrial lasers up to 50
kW, for a wide range of applications, that feature low beam divergence, air cooling, power
efficiency, and long diode life.
Irco Automation, Inc.

www.ircoautomation.com
N1684
The IRCO Automation booth will display its

positioning equipment and automated welding systems designed for demanding industrial welding and fabricating operations.
Ironworkers Management
N2006
Progressive Action Cooperative
Trust (IMPACT)
www.impact-net.org
The IMPACT booth will detail the unions services as a Labor Management Taft Hartley
Trust, to expand job opportunities for Union
1-800-521-0332
Rolled Alloys has

been the Premier High
Performance Weld
Wire Source for
Over 30 Years!
WELDING JOURNAL 123
Ironworkers and their signatory contractors

through progressive and innovative labormanagement cooperative programs.
ITW Professional Brands

Dykem Brand
www.dymon.com
N161
ITW Professional Brands, a division of Illinois

Tool Works, will feature Dykem industrial marking products, Scrubs premoistened wipes,
Spray Nine disinfectants and degreasers,
Dymon specialty cleaning products, and Atlantic Mills disposable food-service products.
Japan Die & Mold Industry

Association (JDMIA)
www.jdmia.or.jp
N1384
The JDMIA booth will feature the services of

the associations 400 member companies
and how their high-quality work has contributed to Japans rapid economic growth.
JASIC Technologies
America, Inc.
www.jasictech.com
N434
JASIC Technologies America will showcase

its new line of RAZORWELD inverter arc
welding machines, featuring single-phase
and three-phase multisystem machines as
Laser Markers
Laser Welders
Laser Cutting
Systems
Resistance
Spot Welders
Hot-bar Reflow
Soldering Systems
and More!
well as welding and cutting torches. Featured

will be its partners from Australia and China.
Javelin Industrial
www.javelinindustrial.com
N1884
Javelin Industrial will display its portable fabrication equipment, including collapsible pipe
stands, V-heads, pipe rollers, grinder holders,
and grounding equipment designed for
shops, oil field, on-site fabrication, and
pipeline welding.
JAZ USA, Inc.

www.jazusa.com
N700
Jennifer Costa Studio

N1402
www.jennifercostastudio.com
Artist Jennifer Costa will be at the booth to display a number of her welded functional sculptures, including metal lamps and tables. Costa
has worked with welded and cast metals for 20
years. She currently serves as a professor of art
and Teaching Chair at Illinois Central College.
Jenoptik Laser
Technologies
www.jenoptik.com
N2465
Jetline Engineering
www.jetline.com
N730
Jetline will feature its equipment for automated arc welding systems at the show. Displayed will be weld fixtures with cold and hot
wire, joint tracking, arc-length, travel and oscillation controls, vision systems, and the
9900 Computer Controller for complete system control.
Jiangsu Meixin
N422
Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd.
www.sh-lanya.com
Jiangsu Meixin will display its newest products including an extensive line of autodarkening welding masks, instruments, and associated products.
Jingyu Welding &

Cutting Co., Ltd.
www.jingyuwelding.com
N345
JLC Electromet Pvt., LLC

www.jlcelectromet.com
N2811
JLC Electromet will display its lines of nickel and

nickel-based specialty alloys in wire, strip, and
ribbon forms. Featured will be electrode core
wires for making finished electrodes, gas metal
arc and gas tungsten arc welding alloys, and
alloy strips for various welding applications.
John Tillman Co.

www.jtillman.com
N2404
Since 1948, Miyachi Americas purpose has been to help its customers solve
manufacturing challenges by engineering and building high quality, precision welding,
soldering, sealing, marking and cutting equipment to satisfy their most critical and
demanding needs.
Contact us today for a FREE sample evaluation. Half a century
of experience, combined with a wide range of technologies to
choose from, ensures you'll find the right equipment for YOUR
application.
http://offers.miyachiunitek.com/wj13
Corporate Office: 1820 S. Myrtle Ave. P.O. Box 5033 Monrovia, CA 91017-7133
Tel: (626) 303-5676 FAX: (626) 358-8048 info@miyachiamerica.com
www.miyachiamerica.com 24/7 Repair & Service: 1-866-751-7378
124 NOVEMBER 2013
HI TECMETAL_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:35 PM Page 125
F out why Brazing Experts

Find
t
all
al over the globe specify HTG...
...and get a FREE BRAZE EXPERT hat in the process!
Free Hat Deal!
Just email your vCard or business card

to: quotete
quoteteam@htg.cc
eam@ht
and we will send
you your BRAZE EXPERT
EXPER hat and
our new R&D Laboratory brochure
br
out to you ASAP!
www.htg.cc
.htg.cc
1101 East 55th Street,

Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44103 216-426-6612
triangle_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:48 PM Page 126
John Tillman will display a broad sampling of

its line of products, including welding gloves,
clothing, welding blankets, curtains, and
screens, plus welding accessories designed
for a safer and more-productive workplace.
Joysun Abrasives Co., Ltd.

www.joysunabrasives.com
N2069
Joysun Abrasives, an ISO-certified manufacturer, will display its extensive line of

flapdiscs, flapwheels, Strip-it discs, sanding
and filing belts, and Scotch Brite belts.
JP Nissen Co.
www.nissenmarkers.com
N718
KAAST Machine Tools, Inc.

www.kaast-usa.com
N654
Kaast Machine Tools will feature its lines of

CNC and conventional lathes, mills, drills,
saws, and grinders at its booth. Other products will include pallet changers, 5-axis
heads, laser, waterjet, plasma, press brakes,
shears. and plate rolls.
Kaierda Group Co., Ltd.

www.kaierda.com.cn
N2441
Kalas Wire, Inc.

www.kalaswire.com
N2429
Kalas Wire will display samples of its ISO-certified welding cables used in the oil and gas
industries.
Kaplan Industries, Inc./

Midwest Cylinder
www.kaplanindustries.com
N356
Kimberly-Clark Professional
www.kcprofessional.com
N1804
Kimberly-Clark Professional will display

safety and other products from its key brands:
Kleenex, Scott, WypAll, Kimtech, and Jackson Safety.
Kawasaki Robotics (USA), Inc. N467

www.kawasakirobotics.com
Kiswel USA, Inc.

www.kiswelusa.com
Kemper America, Inc.

www.kemperamerica.com
N661
Kemper System America

(Cantesco)
www.cantesco.com
N955
Kiswel will showcase its lines of flux-core and

solid welding wires for carbon and stainless
steel, and covered electrodes for a variety of
steels.
Kennametal Stellite
www.stellite.com
N539
Keystone Fastening
Technologies
N2856
Keystone Fastening Technologies will feature

its capacitor discharge and drawn-arc stud
welding equipment in portable handgun models and fully automated production machines,
accessories, and metalworking abrasives.
Displayed will be studs in mild steel, stainless
steel, aluminum, and other alloys.
Klimawent USA, LLC

www.klimawentusa.com
N2655
N2840
The Klimawent booth will present the companys line of local exhausts for welding
fumes, fans, vehicle-exhaust extractors, filtering units, and a range of other ventilation
products.
KLINGSPOR Abrasives, Inc.

www.klingspor.com
Kobelco Welding of
America, Inc.
www.kobelcowelding.com
Koike Aronson, Inc.
www.koike.com
N334
N1808
N806
SERIOUS AIR for SERIOUS PLACES
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Powerful Evaporative Cooling

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See Us At Fabtech
Booth N2847
WELDING JOURNAL 127
Koike Aronson will offer demonstrations of its

cutting, welding, and positioning equipment at
the show. Featured will be the Koikejet waterjet cutting machine, including a complete
welding cell equipped with head/tailstock and
manipulator on a travel car, and the new PNC12 Extreme plasma cutting table.
Lapco Manufacturing will display a number of

products in its extensive line of work wear, including long-lasting, cost-efficient, and flameresistant garments.
KUKA Robotics Corp.

www.kukarobotics.com
N606
Kuka Systems
North America, LLC
www.kukanao.com
N330
The Laserage Technology booth will detail the

companys services to handle both low- and
high-volume production welding, laser cutting
and drilling, and finishing operations, including cable assembly, ceramic machining, and
scribing with cleanroom assembly to meet
ISO requirements for medical device OEMs.
KUKA Systems North America will feature its

flexible, highly automated manufacturing systems, with applications in the automotive,
aerospace, railway, energy, and other industries.
KULLEN-KOTI GmbH
www.kullen.de
LA-CO Industries/Markal
www.markal.com
N423
N2003
LA-CO Industries will display its line of handheld, industrial-grade marking products designed for applications in the welding, industrial, and metal fabrication markets.
Lapco Mfg., Inc.

www.lapco.com
N2825
Laserage Technology Corp.

www.laserage.com
N167
LeTourneau University
www.letu.edu
N1798
Liburdi Dimetrics Corp./

Liburdi Automation,
Inc.www.liburdi.com
N1820
Liburdi Dimetrics will display its vision-based,

high-precision tube and pipe orbital welding
products, Dabber and Pulsweld power
sources, multiaxis articulated motion systems, and controllers for applications in the
turbine, aerospace, nuclear, and industrial
industries.
Lin An Da Yang Welding

Material Co., Ltd.
www.hzdayang.com
N216
Lin An Da Yang Welding will showcase its

lines of welding consumables, electrodes,
wire, and fluxes at the booth.
Lincoln Electric Co.
N1111, N1125,
N1411, N1425
www.lincolnelectric.com
Lincoln Electric representatives will be available to answer your questions and provide
demonstrations of the companys fabrication
equipment, consumables, automation, software, and training products. On display will be
the Power Wave, SuperGlaze, and
VRTEX virtual arc welding trainer, among
other welding equipment.
Linemaster Switch Corp.

www.linemaster.com
N872
Linemaster Switch will display its complete

line of foot controls, including electric, pneumatic, linear, Hall-effect, air-powered, USB,
and wireless models, designed for numerous
applications.
LONGEVITY Welding &

Cutting Products
www.longevity-inc.com
LORD Corp.
www.lord.com
N352
N2252
The LORD Corp. booth will feature structural

adhesives for joining metals, composites,
BEVEL-MILL PLATE BEVELERS

Model 9000
Bevel up to 13/16
Fast, accurate bevels
Easy to operate
128 NOVEMBER 2013
SEVERAL MODELS AVAILABLE
Model PRO 12
Bevel at 10 feet
per minute
Power Feed
800-886-5418
Fax 810-632-6640
www.heckind.net
DIAMOND GROUND_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:27 PM Page 129
KOBELCO_FP_TEMP 10/16/13 1:51 PM Page 130
Code Data
DW-A55EH
Rutile-based
AWS A5.20 E71T-12MJ H8

ASME SFA-5.20 E71T-12MJ H8
Flux Cored Wire
Outstanding Features
Meets AWS A5.20 E71T-12MJ. Excellent

impact value at low temperature down to
-40F can be obtained.
Produces weld metal with less than

0.5%Ni. This Ni composition allows this
wire to conform to the A-1 composition
in QW-440, section IX in the ASME
standard.
Excellent weldability not only in

horizontal but also in vertical and
overhead
welding
position
with
75-80%Ar - Bal.CO2.
All position welding can be achieved

with good bead appearance, negligible
spatter, and easy slag removal.
Typical chemistr y of all weld metal (%) and Diffusible hydrogen content (mL/100g)
Si
Mn
Ni
Example
0.05
0.63
1.17
0.010
0.007
0.38
[H]d
6.9
AWS Spec.
0.12
0.90
1.60
0.03
0.03
0.50
8.0
Shielding gas: 75%Ar-25%CO2, As welded
Typical mechanical proper ty of weld metal
0.2%P.S
(ksi)
T.S
(ksi)
Elongation
(%)
Impact value (ft-lbf)

-50 F
-40 F
Example
81
87
29
93
98
AWS Spec.
58
70 - 90
22
Not specified
20
Test method: AWS A5.20, Welding parameter: 250A-29V, Shielding gas: 75%Ar-25%CO2, As welded
Diameters: 0.045
Spool size: 28lbs, 44lbs
XR-Series
This reduction contributes to a safer

environment by reducing the potential
exposure to Hexavalent Cr in the workplace.
75% Ar-25% CO2 gas mixture or 100% CO2
(75% Ar-25% CO2 recommended)
Introducing Kobelcos new XR-Series wires
Our XR-Series wires have

reduced the Hexavalent Cr
production in the
welding fume over
conventional wires
Kobelco XR-Series
available now:
DW-308L-XR/E308LT0-1/4
DW-309L-XR/E309LT0-1/4
DW-316L-XR/E316LT0-1/4
Kobelcos XR-Series wires drastically reduce
Hexavalent CR production
4755 Alpine, Suite 250, Stafford, Texas 77477

281-240-5600 Toll-free: 800-961-3158 Fax: 281-240-5625
www.kobelcowelding.com
KOBELCO WELDING OF
AMERICA INC.
Distribution Centers: Houston Cincinnati Salt Lake City

Chicago Philadelphia Birmingham
plastics, wood, rubber, and glass. Detailed

will be how the products can be a lower-cost
alternative to welding, riveting, taping, or mechanically fastening a wide variety of dissimilar materials.
LORS Machinery/
2611
Resistance Welding Solutions, Inc.
www.lors.com
LPR Global, Inc.
www.lprglobal.com
N2169
Lucas-Milhaupt Global
Brazing Solutions
www.lucasmilhaupt.com
N2230
Lucas-Milhaupt will showcase its metal-joining

products and services, including alloys, fluxes,
product design, training, and brazing technical
assistance for the electrical/electronic, appliance, and transportation industries.
Lutz Precision k.s.

www.lutz-precision.com
N1699
Luvata Ohio, Inc.

www.luvata.com
N2405
Luvata Ohio will display its line of copper

welding consumables for resistance welding,
including caps, tips, shanks, and adapters,
and gas metal arc welding tips, diffusers, and
nozzles.
Machitech Automation
N1690
www.machitechautomation.com
The Machitech Automation booth will highlight the companys CNC cutting equipment
and a wide range of cutting systems using
laser, plasma, waterjet, and robotic technologies.
MAGMAWELD
www.magmaweld.com
BURR MONSTER
Premium Carbide Burrs
N236
Magmaweld will display its welding consumables, welding and cutting machines, and automation equipment.
Magnatech, LLC
www.magnatechllc.com
N2200
Th
Maryland Brush Co.

www.marylandbrush.com
N1584
The Maryland Brush booth will display its line

of stringer bead, cup, and stem-mounted end
brushes, with both knot and crimped-wire
construction in carbon- and stainless-steel
wire, and long- and shoe-handle scratch
brushes.
Manufacturing Solutions, Inc. N674

www.msi-tx.com
Manufacturing Solutions will feature its chamfering and pipe-beveling machines, marking
equipment, hydraulic bar shears, nut-assembly
tables, cylindrical parts feeders, bolt cross
drills, bolt-shortening tools, and its manufacturing services for a variety of industries.
is
n
i
F
T
g
in
ch
u
o
Huge Stocking Inventory

Resharpening Services & Specialty Burrs
mONSTER tOOL
Same Day Shipping from:

Boston, Chicago, Dallas and San Diego
MADE IN USA
PHONE: 888-CARBIDE (227-2433)
sales@monstertool.com
www.monstertool.com
WELDING JOURNAL 131
EH 2013 Final layout_New 2006 EH-Layout 10/17/13 8:15 AM Page 132
Material Management
Solutions, Inc.
www.mmsracks.com
N1385
Material Management Solutions will showcase its new touch-screen-controlled, hydraulic tree rack storage system designed to
hold up to 95,000 lb, with inventory control
and other features.
Matheson
www.mathesongas.com
N2661
The Matheson booth will feature industrial,

welding and safety supplies, gas-handling
equipment, purification systems, engineering
and gas-management services, and on-site
gas generation.
Mathey Dearman
www.mathey.com
N625
Mathey Dearman will display its pipe-cutting

and beveling machines, and pipe-alignment
and reforming clamps for fast, accurate
fit-ups.
Matuschek Welding
N2833
Products, Inc.
www.matuschekwelding.com
Matuschek Welding Products will feature resistance welding controllers, instrumentation,
and equipment for the sheet metal and microwelding industries. Shown will be mid- and
132 NOVEMBER 2013
high-frequency DC inverter power supplies,

precision weld heads, and hand-held process
analyzers.
MCR Safety
www.mcrsafety.com
N518
The MCR Safety booth will display products

in the MCR Safety, Memphis Glove, Crews,
and River City lines, including gloves,
glasses, garments, and other safety gear designed for safety, comfort, and style.
cluding zirconia high-density trimmable flap

discs, long-life grinding wheels , Type 1 and
Type 27 Black Lightning thin cut-off wheels,
and 14-in., half-round and pipeliner files.
Meta Vision Systems, Inc.

www.meta-mvs.com
N2111
Meta will demonstrate its vision-guided welding robot and laser sensor-driven welding positioner at the booth. To be introduced at the
show will be a weld bead detection system for
pipe coating control, and an ERW inspection
system that measures weld joint offset as well
as bead width and height.
Medi Mall, Inc.

www.medimassager.com
N2306
Meltric Corp.
www.meltric.com
N2031
Metabo Corp.
www.metabousa.com
MeltTools, LLC
www.melttools.com
N2841
Metabo will feature its heavy-duty portable

electric power tools and abrasives, including
angle grinders, high-torque, compact 6- and
7-in. grinders, and cordless grinding and
drilling tools.
The MeltTools exhibit will feature its line of

cameras for remote monitoring and troubleshooting of machine welding and cladding
operations to improve productivity, weld quality, and safety.
Mercer Abrasives
N2808
A Division of Mercer Tool Corp.
www.mercerabrasives.com
Mercer Abrasives will showcase its wire
wheels and files for the welding industry, in-
Metallizing Equipment
Co., Pvt., Ltd.
www.mecpl.com
N2444
N409
Metallizing Equipment will present its line of

thermal spray coating equipment, including
spray powders, wires, masking tapes, and
HVOF; arc spray, flame spray, and plasma
spray equipment; control consoles; spray
booth dust collectors; and acoustic-chambers.
trumpf_FP_TEMP 10/16/13 1:53 PM Page 133
member ad_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 6:06 PM Page 134
Metal Man Work Gear Co.

www.metalmangear.com
N2447
Metal Science
Technologies Pty., Ltd.
www.metalscience.com.au
N520
Metrode Products, Ltd.

www.metrode.com
N1125
Metrode Products will showcase its welding

consumables for welding low-alloy steels,
alloy steels, and nickel-based alloys for most
welding processes, as well as wire and flux
combinations for submerged arc welding.
Michigan Pneumatic
N2074
Tool, Inc.
www.michiganpneumatic.com
Michigan Pneumatic Tool will display its line
of air-powered tools for the manufacturing,
marine, petrochemical and construction industries.
Micro Air Products

www.microaironline.com
N436
Micro Air will showcase its industrial air cleaners, dust collectors, clean-air booths, environmental booths, downdraft tables, mist collectors, and wet collectors.
Midalloy
www.midalloy.com
N1857
Mexico Industry Newspaper N2831

www.mexicoindustry.com.mx
Miller Electric Mfg. Co. N1136, N836

www.millerwelds.com
Miller Electric will conduct equipment demonstrations at its booths. Showcased will be areas
dedicated to oil and gas, aluminum welding,
shipbuilding and heavy-equipment manufacturing. Featured will be products from ITW
Welding companies, Hobart Brothers, MAXAL,
Bernard, Weldcraft, and Tregaskiss.
Miyachi Unitek Corp.

www.miyachiamerica.com
N2079
Miyachi Unitek will display its laser welding,

marking, cutting, micromachining, resistance
spot welding, and hot-bar reflow soldering
equipment at the show.
N2017
MK Products will introduce its new CobraTurn digital turntable for all welding
processes at the show. Also featured will be
its Cobramatic aluminum welding and orbital tube welding systems.
Motofil Robotics SA
N1892
MTI Instruments, Inc.

www.mtiinstruments.com
N1590
MTI Instruments will demonstrate its Microtrak PRO 2D laser sensor for automated weld
joint tracking and bead inspection that works
on shiny surfaces in harsh environments.
MK Products, Inc.
www.mkproducts.com
WELDING JOURNAL 135
MTI Power Services

N2309
www.mtipowerservices.com
Multiquip, Inc.
www.multiquip.com
MELLER OPLADEN GmbH N2471

www.mueller-opladen.de
Multiquip will feature its line of light construction equipment, welding machines, generators, and lighting systems for the construction,
industrial, telecom, government, and oil and
gas markets.
Multi-Contact USA
N2673
www.multi-contact-usa.com
Multi-Contact will showcase its ISO 9001-certified electrical connectors with applications in
the test measurement, power-distribution, automation, medical, and renewable-energy industries.
N474
Nabtesco Motion Control, Inc.N2106

www.nabtescomotioncontrol.com
Nabtesco will present its line of gear box solutions, useful for various applications.
Orbital Welding
of Sanitary Process Lines
made EZ
SIMPLE OPERATION
Making a perfect weld is now as
simple as selecting tube/fitting O.D.
and wall thickness, and pressing
Start Weld! The intuitive symbolbased touch screen interface
minimizes operator training and
qualification time.
AFFORDABLE TECHNOLOGY
The modular EZ Orbital System is
used with standard GTAW power
sources. Priced at 1/3 of industry
standards, this affordable tool
should be in every welders toolbox.
Nachi Robotic Systems, Inc.

www.nachirobotics.com
N842
Nation Wide Products

N2400
www.nationwide-products.com
National Bronze & Metals, Inc.N1930
www.nbmmetals.com
National Bronze & Metals will show its line of
continuous cast bronze, brass, and copper alloys, including centrifugal casting, wrought
copper alloys; bars, sheets, and plates; bronze
wear plates; and finished machined parts.
National Kwikmetal
Service LP
www.nks.com
N2804
National Standard LLC

www.nationalstandard.com
N1854
Nederman, Inc.
www.nedermanusa.com
N2469
Nelson Stud Welding

N1811
www.nelsonstudwelding.com
Nelson Stud Welding will demonstrate its new
capacitor-discharge equipment, as well as its
inverter drawn arc equipment systems. Both
lines represent lightweight and compact designs for portability. Process monitoring will
also be displayed.
New Anhua (Zhengzhou)

Abrasives Co., Ltd.
www.newanhua.com
New Fire Co., Ltd.
www.newfire.biz
N348
N2133
Newland (Tianjin) Welding

N225
Wire and Metal Products Co., Ltd.
www.groco.cn
NIMAK NA
www.nimak.us
N456
Ningbo Feihong United

New-Materials Co., Ltd.
www.feihongcn.com
N516
Ningbo Feihong United will feature its line of

copper, silver, aluminum, nickel, and stainless
steel-based welding wires and other welding
materials.
Ningbo Geostar
N1587
Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd.
www.geostargroup.cn
www.MagnatechLLC.com
E-mail: info@MagnatechLLC.com Phone: (+1) 860 653-2573
136 NOVEMBER 2013
Ningbo Jinfeng Welding &

N353
Cutting Machinery Manufacture
Co., Ltd.
www.jinfeng-weldcut.com
Ningbo Jinfeng Welding &Cutting will feature
its line of cutting nozzles, thermal cutting
(laser, plasma, oxygen), pipe, and beam
structure products.
EH WACHS_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:28 PM Page 137
aws educ (wldg eng conf)_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 11:44 AM Page 138
Founded in 1919 to advance the science, technology and application of welding and allied joining
and cutting processes worldwide, including brazing, soldering and thermal spraying
www.aws.org/conference
www
w.aws.org/conference
.aws.org/con
.
you outside your

your "comf
Are you
"comfort
for
o t zone"
welding in your
your operations?
in dealing with welding
group of highly experienced
experienced welding
welding engineer
two-day AWS
A group
engineerss will hold a two-day
AWS conference
conference for
for
manufacturing professionals
proffessionals
e
who ha
ve tto
o mak
e decisions about w
elding that are outside their
manufacturing
have
make
welding
"comf
for
o t zone."
"comfort
If yyou
ou ffind
ind yourself
yourself facing
facing questions
questions in the welding
welding area that relate
relate to...
to...

...this conf
erence will not
not give
give you
you ALL the answ
ers, but it will tell
tell you
you how
how to
to approach
approach the
conference
answers,
challenges of w
elding, and provide
provide you
you with valuable
valuable take-home
take-home ttools.
ools.
welding,
AWS
A
WS
S Conference:
Conferre
ence:
SO
YOURE
REE THEE NEW
N
WELDING
N ENGINEER
NG
ENGIN
NEER
November 19-20, 2013
McCormick Place
Chicago, Illinois
Ho
How
w tto
o ge
gett up tto
o speed quic
quickly.
kly. How
How to
to ask the right questions.
Ho
How
w tto
o ge
gett the results yyou
ou need, sa
save
ve mone
money,
y, and sta
stayy out of tr
trouble!
ouble!
This two-day
two-day conf
conference
ference is ffor
or
o manager
managers,
s, engineer
engineers,
s, designers,
designers, and o
others
thers with
with welding
welding responsibility
responsibility but limited
limited
e
exposure
xposure tto
o or back
background
ground in w
welding.
elding. The conference
confer
e ence ffocuses
oc
o uses on ar
arcc w
welding
elding applications, but
but the principles
principles have
have
u
universal
niversal applicability.
applicability. Presentations
Presentations and discussion
discussion are based
based on the Application
Application Analysis
Analysis Worksheet,
Wo
Worksheet, whi
which
ch was
was
d
developed
eveloped tto
o tteach
each a senior col
college
lege cou
course
rse tto
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engineers
ngineers about
about to
to enter
enter industry,
industry, with
with the objective
objective off helping
helping them
them
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develop
evelop a path tto
ou
understand
nderstand and deal
deal wi
with
th the challenge
challengess the
theyy w
were
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aboutt tto
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ace
a .
Registerr att www

www.fabtechexpo.com
w..fabtechexpo.com
.fabtechexp
Ningbo Powerway Alloy

Material Co., Ltd.
www.pwalloy.com
Nordfab
www.nordfab.com
N542
N2853
Nordfab will showcase its Quick-Fit ducting

that installs quickly and is adaptable to existing duct systems.
North (Nanjing) Instrument

N430
Technology Industries Group
www.northgroup.cn
Northern Plasma.com
www.northernplasma.com
N2089
Norton Abrasives
www.nortonindustrial.com
N461
Osborn
www.osborn.com
N2836
Osborn will exhibit its vast array of manufactured brushes from a small paint brush to a
large furnace roll.
OTC DAIHEN, Inc.

www.daihen-usa.com
N842
OTC Daihen will feature its welding, cutting,

and positioning equipment; torches; robots;
standard and custom arc welding cells; and
accesories. The company will also be displaying its new FD Series robots.
Outokumpu VDM USA, LLC N2142

www.outokumpu-vdm-usa.com
Outokumpu will offer its range of corrosionand heat-resistant materials, including nickel,
titanium, and zirconium alloys; all common
nickel products such as alloys 200, 400, 600,
800, 625, 622, and C-276; as well as proprietary alloys 31, 33, 59, 602CA, and its new
2120 and 31 plus alloys.
Oxford Alloys, Inc.

www.oxfordalloys.com
N2873
Oxylance, Inc.
www.oxylance.com
N2149
Norton Abrasives will feature new rapid-prep,

surface-conditioning discs, ceramic blazecoated abrasives, and NorZon Plus depressed center/cut-off products for steels,
chrome, cast iron, and tough alloys.
NSRW
www.nsrw.com
s Positive Material Identication

s Fast alloy ID and chemistry
s Completely non-destructive
s Prevents material mix-up
s Lightweight only 1.44kg / 3.17 lbs,
including battery
N2618
NSRW will present its copper alloys and refractory metals, including beryllium copper,
chrome copper, zirconium copper, C11000,
and C10100. The company will also show its
standard welding components and designand-build custom parts.
Ohio State University, The

mse.osu.edu/we
N1799
Olympus NDT
www.olympus-ims.com
N2449
New!
New
ew!
Olympus will showcase its test, measurement, and imaging instruments for welding
applications, including the new OmniScan
MX2, IPEX UltraLite videoscope, WeldRover,
and various scanners and ultrasonic thickness gauges.
OR Lasertechnology, Inc.
www.or-laser.com
N370
N1919
OR Lasertechnology will show its laser systems. Information will be available on its system sales, wire sales, repair service, laser
welding training, and job shop services.
Orbitalum Orbital
N636
Cutting + Welding
www.ehwachs.com/orbitalum
Orbitalum will present its portable tube saws;
tube facing and pipe end prep machines; and
orbital welding systems, including power supply/controllers, and open and closed welding
heads.
ORS Nasco
www.orsnasco.com
N1467
Denition of Prrecision
Optrel AG
www.optrel.com
Integrated Camera
Small Sp
Spot Collimator
The S1 TITAN
TIT
TAN
TA
Ultra light and exceptionally
ceptionally accur
accurate
XRF alloy analyzer which provides

vides grade ID and
lemental chemistry of virtually
ually an
any alloy.
www.bruker.com/s1titan
Innovation with Integrity
hhsales@Bruk
hhsales@Bruker-Elemental.net
uker-Elemental.net
r-
Handheld XRF
See us at FABTECH booth #N1583/S1937
WELDING JOURNAL 139
Pace Technologies Corp.

www.metallographic.com
N420
Pace Technologies, a supplier of metallographic equipment and supplies, will offer cutoff saws, polishers, and analytical equipment.
Pador Marketing Group

www.pador.com
N2434
Pador Marketing Group, which represents the

Pipe Fabrication Institute, will exhibit the Rotoweld welding workstation, Beaver S pipe
beveling machine, team positioners, and
grippers.
Pan Taiwan Enterprise

www.pantaiwan.com.tw
N242
Pan Taiwan Enterprise will present its personal protective equipment, including welding
helmets, hard hats, welding goggles, spectacles, face shields, hearing protection, respirators, coveralls, welding gloves, safety wear,
safety harnesses, and welding accessories.
Panchmahal Steel, Ltd.

www.panchmahalsteel.co.in
N243
Panchmahal will feature wire rods for drawing; and cored wires in coil and cut lengths.
Welding wires for GTAW,GMAW, and SAW

will also be shown.
Pandjiris, Inc.
www.pandjiris.com
N2011
Parker Domnick Hunter

www.parker.com
N2803
Parker Domnick Hunter will present its process

water chillers and compressed air treatment
products, including desiccant and refrigerated
air dryers along with high-efficiency filtration,
welding actuators, and controls, plus air and
water supply units for resistance welding.
PDS Bartech, Inc.

www.pdsbartech.com
N2172
PDS Bartech will display portable heat treating machines, gas and electrical furnaces,
and supplies.
Pearl Abrasive Co.

www.pearlabrasive.com
N2849
Pearl Abrasive will showcase its coated and

bonded abrasives, diamond superabrasives,
and equipment.
Permadur Industries, Inc.

www.permadur.com
N2206
Permadur Industries will exhibit its magnetic

and vacuum plate handling systems, along
with individual, permanent lifting magnets and
load positioners.
Pferd, Inc.
www.pferdusa.com
N1841
Phoenix International, Inc.

www.phx-international.com
N2052
Phoenix International will feature its new Type

4 flux-cored wire oven, ideal for flux-cored
wire and general-purpose storage. The Type
4 holds four 12-in. or three 16-in. spools for
moisture-free storage.
Pipe Fitters Local

Union #597
www.pf597.org
N2289
Plasma Automation, Inc.

N2625
www.plasma-automation.com
Plasma Automation will feature the new Fabricator SS CNC high-density plasma cutting
system. The company offers precision/clean
edge cut quality on mild steel up to 1 in., and
up to 2 in. with the addition of oxyfuel. Also
featured will be Fabricator heavy duty,
Elite/Monarch precison plasma cutting, Visoft
software, and custom rollform equipment.
Plasma Powders &

Systems, Inc.
www.plasmapowders.com
140 NOVEMBER 2013
Polymet Corp.
www.polymet.us
N1401
N415
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Praxair, Inc.
N1432, S2325
www.praxairdirect.com
Pro-Fusion Technologies
www.pro-fusiononline.com
Praxair will feature live demos of its welding

productivity equipment and introduce the
companys latest technologies and products,
such as its ProStar PRS CNC plasma cutting
tables. Attendees can meet Ryan Friedlinghaus of West Coast Customs and bid on a
customized go-cart, with proceeds going to
Wounded Warrior Project.
PT-Mat
www.ptamaterial.com
Praxair Surface
N416
Technologies/TAFA, Inc.
www.praxairsurfacetechnologies.com
Precitec, Inc.
www.precitec.us
N2830
N2209
N306
PT-MAT will present its line of hardfacing

equipment and consumables, including manual and automated plasma tranfer arc (PTA)
equipment used for weld cladding of components subject to wear and corrosion. The
company will also feature its line of consumables, including cored wires and powder for
PTA, laser cladding, and thermal spray.
PTR-Precision
Technologies, Inc.
www.ptreb.com
N2649
Preston-Eastin, Inc.
www.prestoneastin.com
N666
PushCorp, Inc.
www.pushcorp.com
N355
Pro Arc, Inc.

www.proarcinc.com
N519
Pyro Shield, Inc.

www.pyroshield.com
N1582
Pro Arc manufactures custom-fabricated

steel and sheet metal components. It offers
high-definition cutting, forming and bending,
welding, precision machining, fabricating, and
assembly per customer specifications.
DONT GET LEFT IN THE DUST!
PROFAX/LENCO
www.profax-lenco.com
N1825
Pyro Shield will exhibit its manufacturing heat

treating pads, welding blankets, high-temperature insulation products, furnace liners, furnace modules, high-temperature gaskets,
seals, tadpoles, silica, silicone-coated and
fiberglass fabrics, heat shields, and die cutting tools.
Quality Equipment
Distributors, Inc.
www.qeddirect.com
N1986
Raajratna Stainless Wire

(USA), Inc.
www.raajratna.com
N2566
Raajratna, an ISO 9001:2008 accredited company, will feature its line of stainless steel wires.
Radyne Corp.
www.radyne.com
N2042
Radyne will provide a hands-on demonstration of the VersaPower-Xtreme Induction

power supply with Digital IQ intelligent controls, which was designed for brazing, soldering, or heating.
Rasco FR, Inc.

www.rascofrc.com
N673
Rasco, a work-wear manufacturer, will feature its newest available products, including
its garments certified to NFPA 2112 and
ASTM F1506.
Ratermann Mfg., Inc.

www.rmiorder.com
N2254
Reis Robotics USA, Inc.

www.reisroboticsusa.com
N2061
GO ORANGE
Grand Prize:
FABTECH 2013
Booth #N2436
$2,500 gift card for a
Visit WALTER Surface Technologies

at FABTECH to see how we can
help you save time and money.
Best of all, you can enter to win
one of several FREE prizes we
will be awarding throughout the
show, including a $2,500 gift card
redeemable for a Richard Petty
Driving Experience at a qualifying
track near you!
Learn more at www.walter.com
WELDING JOURNAL 143
Reis Robotics, an automation technology company, will showcase its capabilities for turnkey
solutions in all major application fields.
Resistance Welding
N1700
Manufacturing Alliance (RWMA)
www.aws.org/rwma
RWMA is a standing committee of the American Welding Society. It is an alliance of companies and individuals who all have a common interest and focus the resistance
welding process. Since 1935, RWMA has
been the authoritative source of information
and experience for the resistance welding industry. Its mission is to advance resistance
welding technology, broaden its use, and
promote its economic benefits. RWMA is
driven by active subcommittees that develop
programs and initiatives to advance the resistance welding process, its education, and
promotion.
RWMA offers an intensive two-day course
about the basics of resistance welding once a
year through the Emmet A. Craig Resistance
Welding School. The school is designed to
give operators, production supervisors, engineers, and others the opportunity to study,
better understand, and further their knowledge in the theory, applications, and equipment used in resistance welding.
Revco Industries, Inc.

www.blackstallion.com
t
Es
N2236
ab
er
ica
N1967
Rex-Cut Abrasives will display its high-performance, nonwoven cotton fiber and other
premium abrasive products.
Rexarc International
www.rexarc.com
N544
Rexarc, a producer of high-quality acetylene

plants, will spotlight its compressed gas distribution systems, custom manifolds, and industrial, medicinal, and specialty gas equipment.
Robotmaster-In-House Solutions will exhibit

Robotmaster offline software for robots. The
software seamlessly integrates robot programming, simulation, and code generation
inside a CAD/CAM program.
RoboVent Product Group

www.robovent.com
N1861
RoboVent will exhibit its line of clean air products, designed to improve manufacturing performance.
Rofin-Sinar, Inc.
www.rofin.com
N849
Rhino Cutting Systems

N2632
www.rhinocuttingsystems.com
Rolled Alloys
www.rolledalloys.com
N506
Rhino Cutting Systems will highlight its custom-engineered oxyfuel and plasma cutting
machines for 2D and 3D bevel and complete
weld prep applications.
Rolled Alloys will present its extensive inventories of plate, sheet, bar, pipe, fittings, and
welding materials maintained in nickel alloys,
duplex stainless steels, stainless steels, titanium, and cobalt alloys.
Right Brain Developments

Robotiq
www.robotiq.com
N209
N1871
Robotiq will showcase its line of robotic tooling, designed to maximize return on investment in high-mix automated manufacturing.
Robotmaster-In-House
Solutions
www.inhousesolution.com
40
in 19
d
e
li s h
nT
orc
144 NOVEMBER 2013
Rex-Cut Abrasives
www.rexcut.com
hTip
.com
N505
RoMan Mfg, Inc.

www.romanmfg.com
N1684
RoMan Manufacturing, a manufacturer of highcurrent, low-voltage power sources, will offer information on its line of more than 7000 designs,
customizable to any configuration, specification, or requirement.
Romar/Red Rock LLC

www.redrockusa.com
Mad
e In
Th
eU
.S
.A
)
80 0
(
l
l
a
C
8
234
N259
7
47
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CALL
FOR
PAPERS
www.aws.org/rwma
A STANDING COMMITTEE OF
International Symposium on Advances in Resistance Welding

American Welding Society and RWMA (Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance)
April 28-30, 2014 / Atlanta, Georgia
AWS and RWMA welcomes industry researchers, engineers, scientists, and academics involved in various resistance welding fields
from all over the world to present and publish high-quality technical papers. Papers will be selected for technical quality,
appropriateness, and significance. Authors are solicited to contribute to this symposium by submitting technical abstracts that
illustrate research results, projects, and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in resistance welding technology.
Categories may include, but not limited to:
Advances in resistance welding of steels (especially AHSS and coatings)

Resistance welding of light materials (aluminum, magnesium)
Advances in resistance welding equipment (machines, tooling, and controls)
Advances in resistance welding electrode materials
Resistance and forge welding of dissimilar materials
Methods for monitoring and controls
Solid-state welding processes (high-frequency, flash, projection, etc.)
Tubular structures
Practical application studies
New resistance welding processes
IMPORTANT DATES:
Application Form and Abstract: January 7, 2014

PLEASE
Manuscript and PowerPoint Presentation: March 31, 2014
PRINT (or use online form at aws.org/rwma-authors):
Presenter (if known) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

(If there are additional authors, please submit the above information for each co-author on a separate sheet.)
Company or Organization: _____________________________________________
Email: ___________________________________________
Title or Position: ______________________________________________________
Phone: ___________________________________________
Address: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
City/State/Zip: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PROPOSED TITLE: (10 words or less) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Please complete Author Application Form and submit it, along with an abstract, to 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166.
Attn: Patrick Henry, Education Development Dept., RWMA Spring 2014 International Symposium on Advances in Resistance Welding
or email it to: phenry@aws.org or complete the online form at aws.org/rwma-authors
Romar/Red Rock will exhibit its line of turning

rolls, positioners, manipulators, and controls.
rose plastic USA LP

www.rose-plastic.us
N211
rose plastic will offer its line of plastic-protective packaging systems. The products are
useful for the metalforming, fabricating, and
welding markets.
ROUECHE CO. LLC, THE

www.trcwelding.com
Ruko Tool, Inc.
www.rukotool.com
N100
N1971
Sakura of America
N2815
www.sakuraofamerica.com/
industrial
Sanrex Corp.
www.sansha.co.jp
Sakura will exhibit its markers and writing instruments that range from broad to ultrafine
marking for removable or permanent applications. Its solid-paint markers mark on almost
any surface indoors and outdoors. Low-chloride/low-halogen and glow-in-the-dark versions
will also be available.
Sandvik Materials
N1869
Technology
www.smt.sandvik.com/nafta
Ruwac Industrial Vacuums will feature its

portable, explosion-proof, central, silo, and
specialty industrial vacuum cleaner systems.
Sandvik Materials Technology will feature its

stainless and nickel alloy welding and spray
wires. Additionally, weld wire for alloys such
as duplex, superduplex, hyperduplex, and superaustenitics will be shown. The companys
exhibit will also introduce nickel-based welding wire suited for automated hot-wire GTA
overlay of subsea components.
Saf-T-Cart, Inc.
www.saftcart.com
Sanpo Publications, Inc.

www.sanpo-pub-co.jp
Ruwac Industrial Vacuums

www.ruwac.com
N572
N1836, N1934
Safety Supply Illinois

N1591
www.safetysupplyillinois.com
Safety Supply Illinois will offer its safety supplies, equipment, and training for the welding
and manufacturing industries.
N221
Sanpo Publications, a sponsor and organizer of

the Japan International Welding Show and
Hubtec welding and laser exhibition, will display
its published welding news, Japan NDT news,
welding technology, and other welding-related
books, including an English-language journal of
welding for the Asia-Pacific region market.
N2366
Sanrex will feature its line of semiconductor

devices and power supply equipment for
welding, metal finishing, plating, and electrical regulators.
Saru Silver Alloy

Private Limited
www.sarusilver.com
N425
Saru Silver will showcase high silver brazing

alloys, copper-based brazing alloys, and
brazing fluxes in wires and rods, foils and
strips, preforms such as washers and shim
pieces, and flux-coated rods.
Save Phace, Inc.

www.savephace.com
N149
Save Phace will debut its second-generation

welding helmet, the EFP2, featuring a viewing
area of more than 40 in. and a 4 4-in. ADF
integrated into the 180-deg welding lens.
Schaefer Ventilation
www.schaeferfan.com
N2847
Schaefer Ventilation will offer its ventilation

and thermal comfort solutions for circulating,
exhausting, evaporative cooling, or infrared
heating needs.
Our new NDZ Projection Welding System is

a perfect example how Dengensha America
engineers short and long-term resistance
welding value. Combining our NDZ
Pedestal Welder with a Dengensha
Feeder, count on economy, durability
and reliability with installation,
set-up, and operation that are
all easy and trouble-free.
Youll minimize investment
and maintenance costs,
yet maximize your
productivity options.
Call: 440-439-8081
Web: dengensha.com
See Us At Fabtech:
Booth #N429
WELDING JOURNAL 147
Sciaky, Inc.
www.sciaky.com
N223
Sciaky will exhibit its additive manufacturing

solutions and large electron beam (EB) welding systems with internal moving guns, suited
for large-scale parts. Aditionally, the company
will showcase Evobeams small EB systems
with external guns, suited for rapid production
of small-scale parts.
Scrape-N-Burr
www.scrapenburr.com
N166
Scrape-N-Burr with DuaLast edge technology blades will be on display. The companys welder/metal fabricators heavy-duty
weldment and work area cleanup tool was designed for the harsh environment of the welding and metal fabrication industries.
Selectrode Industries, Inc.

www.selectrode.com
N540
Selectrode Industries will offer its welding alloys of all types and sizes. The companys
supplies are either unbranded and bulk packaged or printed, packaged, and private labeled under a customers brand name.
Sellstrom Manufacturing Co. N1829

www.sellstrom.com
welding helmets and autodarkening welding

filters, faceshields, emergency shower/eyewash, fall arrest equipment, and more.
Shandong Juli Welding

Co., Ltd.
www.sdjlhc.com
Senor Metals Pvt., Ltd.

www.senormetals.in
Shandong Juli Welding will offer an array of

welding materials, including welding electrodes and wires.
N154
Senor Metals will show its copper-based alloys; brazing and welding wires; spot welding
electrode caps; EDM wires; high-copper alloys such as chromium, chromium zirconium,
cadmium, and tellurium coppers, and components made from these alloys; extruded rods;
profiles; tubes; wires; fastener wires; Ingots;
centrifugal castings; and components.
Servo-Robot, Inc.
www.servorobot.com
N1936
Servo-Robot will introduce the following new

products: Wiki-SCAN/Ship and WikiSCAN/Robo weld inspection systems, a new
arc process control system to assist weld
process optimization, the latest MWR
portable multiprocess welding robot, the
RoboFind 350 joint finder and adaptive measuring system, and the AutoTrac/PWP automated tank welding system.
Shandong Huaye Tungsten

& Molybdenum Co., Ltd.
www.huayewumu.com
N346
Shandong Roitie New

Material Science and
Techology Co., Ltd.
www.roitie.com
Shanghai Hutong Enterprise N522

Group International Trade Co., Ltd.
www.hutong.com
Shantou Inst of Ultrasonic
Instruments Co., Ltd. (SIUI)
www.siui.com/ndt
of the Ferrite Content in Austenitic

and Duplex Steel
148 NOVEMBER 2013
Fischers Feritscope FMP30

is the ideal solution for fast,
precise measurement of ferrite
content of constructional steels,
welded claddings, austenitic
stainless steels and duplex steels.
N2547
SIUI, an ultrasound equipment manufacturer in

China, will show its range of UT products, including phased array/TOFD ultrasound flaw detectors, conventional ultrasound flaw detectors,
and coating/through coating thickness gauges.
FERITSCOPE FMP30 Measurement
1-800-243-8417 1-860-683-0781 Fax: 1-860-688-8496

www.Fischer-Technology.com info@fischer-technology.com
N443
Shanghai Gonglue
N440
Machinery & Elect Tech Co., Ltd.
www.xunweld.com
Sellstrom will display a range of safety products, including goggles, protective glasses,
Non-destructive measurement
in the range of 80% Fe or 0-120
WRC number.
Battery or AC powered
Large, backlit display
Automatic probe recognition
Statistical evaluation
USB interface
Multiple application memories
FISCHER DataCenter Software
N1921
Shenzhen Stahlwerk
N2466
Welding Technology Co., Ltd.
www.stahlwerk-welding.com
Sherwin, Inc.
www.sherwininc.com
N2820
sia Abrasives, Inc.

www.sia-usa.com
N2817
SMK Co., Ltd.

www.e-smk.com
N220
SMK will display its incorrect nut setting detection system for nut/bolt welding that detects with
high accuracy whether or not a nut/bolt is set
correctly immediately prior to welding.
Soph, Inc.
N1382
sia Abrasives will exhibit its complete abrasive systems as well as products tailored to
specific requirements and applications for the
surface treatment of every type of material.
Soph, a full-service magnetic workholding supplier, will offer electro, permanent, and electropermanent magnets for workholding, material
handling, quick die, and mold clamping.
Sideros Engineering
www.siderosonline.com
Sorex Welding Co., Ltd.

www.sorex.com.tw
N1597
Simufact-Americas LLC
N1968
www.simufact-americas.com
Simufact-Americas, a software and service
company specializing in simulation of the
manufacturing process, will showcase its
Simufact.welding and Simufact.forming
software.
N1586
Sorex Welding, a welding consumables manufacturer based in Taiwan, will exhibit SMAW
electrodes and its FCAW, GMAW, GTAW, and
SAW materials. Also on display will be the
companys flux cored wires.
Southern Copper & Supply

www.southerncopper.com
N2861
Special Metals Welding

Products Co.
www.pccenergygroup.com
N2040
Special Metals Welding Products will highlight

its nickel-based welding consumables for
joining nickel alloys, high-performance steels,
cast irons, and dissimilar metals as well as
overlaying on steel for corrosion or erosion
protection. Product trademarks include Inconel, Inco-Weld, Ni-Rod, and Incoloy.
Spinduction Weld, Inc.

www.spinduction.com
St. Louis Metallizing Co.
www.stlmetallizing.com
Stubli Corp.
www.staubli.com
N1492
N408
N2673
Stubli will premier its quick-connect systems

for all types of fluids, gases, and electrical
power. Single and multiple connectors, tool
changers, quick mold change systems, and
electrical contacts will be featured.
SMC Corp. of America

www.smcusa.com
N1887
Southern Stud Weld, Inc.

www.studweld.com
N1697
Steelmax Tools
www.steelmax.com
Smith Equipment
www.smithequipment.com
N1136
Southern Welding
Systems Intl
www.swsintl.com
N1922
Steelmax Tools will offer a range of metalworking tools for the fabricator, welder, and
MRO. There will be many new introductions
with live demonstrations. On display at its
N2423
GOSS offers a Complete Selection of Quality Torch Equipment

that is Individually Tested and Engineered for Performance.
Oxy-Fuel Equipment & Tips
Replacement Cutting & Welding Tips
Air-Acetylene & Air-Propane Soldering, Brazing
& Heating Products
Choice of the Contractor

1-800-367-4677 www.gossonline.com
WELDING JOURNAL 149
booth will be a full range of portable magnetic

drills, annular cutting tools, metal cutting
saws, blades, lifting magnets, beveling machines, and welding automation.
SteelTailor, Ltd.
www.steeltailor.com
N874
SteelTailor will show its affordable, small CNC

solutions, including portable CNC cutting machines, bench gantry CNC cutting machines,
and laser engraving machines.
Steiner Industries
www.steinerindustries.com
N2025
Steiner Industries will exhibit its line of protective clothing, gloves, and welding supplies
designed to promote safety and increase productivity in the workplace.
Strecker GmbH & Co. KG

www.streckerusa.com
N1483
Strecker will be featuring its line of welding machines, offered with training and installation.
Strong Hand Tools

www.stronghandtools.com
N2249
Strong Hand Tools will introduce its high-precision, German-made Siegmund welding tables
for heavy-duty fixturing. On demonstration will
be the BuildPro MAX modular welding table
along with the companys FrameBuilder welding table kits for efficient 2D and 3D framing.
Strong Hold Products

www.strong-hold.com
N1943
velopments in Ultra-Clamps. The companys

argon purge dams will be presented and
demonstrated for those welding stainless
steel pipe and other exotic metals.
Stud Welding
Associates, Inc.
www.studwelding.com
N2806
Sundisc Abrasives USA

www.sundiscusa.com
Sundisc Abrasives, along with Rhodius, will

offer a variety of products, including flap discs
and wheels, cutoff wheels, grinding discs,
burrs, fiber and quick-change discs, nonwoven, PSA, sheets, shop rolls, belts, and
blades. On display will be the companys new
beveling tool, Bevel Mite.
Suhner Industrial
N2047
Products, Inc.
www.suhnerabrasivesusa.com
Sulzer Metco US, Inc.
www.sulzer.com
N404
Sulzer Metco will show its surface engineering

solutions for wear control, corrosion prevention,
thermal or electrical insulation and conduction,
clearance control, repair, and restoration. It will
also offer thermal spray equipment and materials encompassing high-temperature brazing,
laser cladding, PTA, weld overlay, and matrix
materials in powder or wire forms.
Sumner Manufacturing
Co., Inc.
www.sumner.com
N2473
N552
Sunstone Engineering
N2033
www.sunstonespotwelders.com
Sunstone Engineering will exhibit microwelding
solutions and an offering consisting of capacitive discharge, AC, pulse-arc, micro GTA, and
laser welding products. To help determine the
best solution for its customers, the company offers a free sample evaluation as well as consulting for custom spot welding applications.
Superior Abrasives, Inc.

www.superiorabrasives.com
Sumner will feature several new pipe welding

setup tools, including the Hold-E pipe securing clamp. Also at its booth will be information
on the new aluminum gantry and latest de-
N320
Superior Abrasives will showcase industrialgrade coated and nonwoven abrasive products such as quick-change discs, belts, specialties, and engineered products.
Publish Your Research in the
and Youll Get

Your research sent to more than 68,000

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See Us At The FABTECH booth #N2020
150 NOVEMBER 2013
arc one_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 4:03 PM Page 151
aws educ (awo)_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 11:10 AM Page 152
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Booth N1599 at FABTECH.
You might WIN a Google
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Not going to FABTECH?
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AWO newsletter. We'll enter you into a
drawing to win one of two CWI
preparation courses.
Anyone. Anywhere. Any Time.
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own pace.
Booth
Bo
N155
N1559
9
Superior Glove Works, Ltd.

www.superiorglove.com
N1585
Superior Glove Works will feature its line of

cut-resistant gloves, suited for applications including metal stamping/fabrication, welding,
automotive assembly, and much more.
Superior Products
www.superiorprod.com
N2134
Swagelok Company
www.swagelok.com
N2416
Swagelok will offer its line of equipment, tools,

and fluid system components. On display will
be the M200 orbital welding supply, which offers modular fixturing with the versatility to
weld numerous tubing, pipe, and component
combinations required for system fabrication.
Taylor Winfield
Technologies, Inc.
www.taylor-winfield.com
N2071
TDC Filter, Inc.

www.tdcfilter.com
N2264
TDC Filter will feature its line of more than

4000 finished filters in nearly 20 types of highquality filter media. The companys products
are designed for virtually every industry and
dust type including abrasives, welding fumes,
laser cutting, and general dust collection. It of-
fers customized filter solutions, in-house and

third-party laboratory analysis, and on-site
technical field support.
TEAM Industrial Services

N530
www.teamindustrialservices.com
Team Industrial Services will showcase its
services aimed at minimizing equipment and
asset downtime, and providing online maintenance, inspection, and repair. The company
provides critical services to its customers that
enable them to maintain and operate their facilities in a safe and productive manner. Its
trained and certified technicians are available
worldwide around the clock.
Team Industries, Inc

www.weldpositioner.com
N2533
Team Industries will feature a Generation IV

elevating weld positioner, which offers variable height adjustment up to 6 ft from floor to
center of chuck. The self-leveling option provides quick height adjustments while maintaining the selected angle on the gripper face.
The companys products have been designed
and built by pipe fabricators for pipe welding.
TEC Torch Co., Inc.

www.tectorch.com
N2028
Techalloy
www.techalloy.com
N1125
Techalloy will showcase its nickel alloy and

stainless steel welding consumables for the
automotive, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries as well as the oil and gas industry.
The companys products are also used in the
power-generation, nuclear, and food industries, and corrosive environments in the
paper, pulp, and marine industries.
Techflex, Inc.
www.techflex.com
N2832
Techniweld
www.techniweldusa.com
N1974
TECMEN Electronics
Co., Ltd.
www.techmen.cn
N2131
TECMEN will exhibit its autodarkening welding helmets, which are approved by ANSI,
CSA, DINplus, Din-Gepruft, GS, CE, and
AS/NZS under the newest standards. Also
shown will be its high-quality autodarkening
filter, welding masks, powered air-purifying
respirator, and welding accessories.
Tecoi Corte S.L.

www.tecoi.com
N200
Tecoi Corte will showcase its capabilities for the

design, manufacture, installation, and maintenance of industrial-grade machines for cutting
metals using plasma, oxyfuel, and laser. It will
also feature its plate machining equipment for
WONDER GEL
Stainless Steel Pickling Gel
WELD AFTER
WELD BEFORE
Achieve maximum corrosion resistance to stainless steel.

Surface contamination may drastically reduce the life of
stainless steel. Wonder Gel removes (pickles) stubborn impurities,
cleans the toughest slag, scale and heat discoloration
and restores (passivates) the protective oxide layer.
Come visit us at Booth N2004

for a demonstration!
Nov. 18-21, 2013
BRADFORD DERUSTIT CORP.
PO Box 1194
Yorba Linda, CA 92885-1194
International ph: 714.695.0899
International fax: 714.965.0840
e-mail sales@derustit.com
www.derustit.com
WELDING JOURNAL 153
cutting, drilling, tapping, countersinking, facing,

and beveling by edge milling.
Telwin SPA
www.telwin.com
N670
Telwin will show its line of arc welding machinesfor the SMAW, GMAW, and GTAW
processes and plasma cutting machines.
These high-quality, Italian-made products are
distributed in more than 120 countries.
Tempil
www.tempil.com
Tennessee Rand, Inc.
www.tennrand.com
N2003
N1125/N871
Tennessee Rand, a provider of engineering,

machining, and integrated robotic systems,
will showcase its capabilities as a full-service
automation integrator with core competencies
in advanced welding system design, highquality weld fixtures, robotic integration,
process automation, and ongoing service and
support.
Terralux
wwwterraluxportable.com
N103
Thermacut, Inc.
www.thermacut.com
N855
Thermacut will introduce a new line of manual

plasma cutting replacement torches for sys-
GH2T
GANTRY SERIES
tems from 12 to 120 A. Also on display will be

the new Silver Pro electrodes for mechanized
plasma cutting systems, replacement consumables for the latest manual cutting systems and
its new laser cutting consumable line.
Thermco Instrument Corp.

www.thermco.com
N215
Thermion, Inc.
www.thermioninc.com
N418
Thermo-Calc Software
www.thermocalc.com
N1484
Thermo-Calc will feature its software and

databases for computational thermodynamics and diffusion simulations for multicomponent systems. Featured will be ThermoCalc, a powerful tool for thermodynamc
calculations; DICTRA, a unique tool for accurate simulations of diffusion-controlled
transformations; and TC-PRISMA, a new
tool for predictions of precipitation kinetics.
Thompson Friction Welding N330

www.thompson-friction-welding.com
Thompson, part of KUKA Systems, will
show its new series of direct-drive rotary
friction welding machines for producing
components such as piston rods, hydraulic
cylinders, drill pipes, and truck axles. The
products include innovations that streamline
production and boost accuracy. The com-
pany will also feature its range of linear friction welding machines.
3M
www.3m.com/occsafety
N825
3M will exhibit its line of welding safety products. Featured will be the Speedglas brand,
which is a vital part of the companys diverse
range of personal protective equipment.
THR Machinery
www.thrmachinery.com
N1592
Tianjin Xinsen Welding

Materials Co. Ltd.
www.xinsenwelding.com
Tip Tig USA
www.tiptigusa.com
N439
N2844
Tip Tig will highlight its manual and automated

GTAW processes capable of consistently producing code-quality welds without weld rework, and which utilizes the lowest possible
weld heat. Information will be provided on
how the equipment reduces skilled labor requirements, which aids in cost reduction.
Titus Flux, Inc./American

Welding & Flux
www.titusflux.com
N2054
ALL NEW
W 2-TON ALUMINUM GANTRY
RY!
3 Available
Av
in 8', 10', 12' & 15' or 3
m, 4 m & 5 m beam lengths
3 2 Metric To
Ton (4,400 lb)
Capacity
3 Minimum Pieces 2 A-Frames

with 8" casters, Trolley,, Cross
Beam and attaching hardware
3 Aluminum Frames & Beam
3 Lightweight & Extremely Portable
3 Anodized frame
3 Quick Tw
Two-Person
Assembly
3 8" Locking Casters
3 Adjustable Span
3 Quick Height Adjustment

3 Pinch Point Free
Push button leg lock

release & locking
Lift mast and remove

quick-action mast
locking pin no bolts!
Casters can be locked

at 90 degree angle for
easy transport
No pinch points
spacer prevents
pinched ngerrs
A-Frame legs
lock in closed
or opened position
w w w. s u m n e r. c o m
888.999.6910
154 NOVEMBER 2013
SUMNER MANUFACTURING
M
COMPANY,
Y,, INC.
INC
TJ Snow Co.
www.tjsnow.com
N800
T.J. Snow will feature its new, used, and remanufactured resistance spot, projection,
seam, and flash/butt welding machines. The
company also offers multigun and portable spot
welding guns, all related consumable copper
components, weld checkers, and force gauges.
Information will be provided on its in-plant welding machine service and welding seminars.
Top Cat Air Tools

www.tcservice.com
N2170
Top Cat will display its portable, industrial,

pneumatic tools for material removal and surface-conditioning applications. Its line of
products include a variety of grinders and
sanders for weld preparation, finishing, blending, and polishing, including vertical, horizontal, right-angle, extended, and die grinders,
sanders, and polishers.
Torchmate
www.torchmate.com
N1125
Torchmate will show its CNC gantry tablebased plasma cutting systems, including the
Torchmate X table and expandable Growth
Series CNC prototyping system. Most systems can be customized with a router, waterjet,
engraver, glue gun, or other tools.
Trafimet USA
www.trafimetusa.com
N2273
Trafimet will show its GMAW, GTAW, and

plasma torches and consumables. Based in
Italy with a location in Hialeah, Fla., the company serves all of North America.
Tregaskiss
www.tregaskiss.com
N836
Tregaskiss will show its line of robotic GMAW

guns, peripherals, and consumables. Product
lines on display will include TOUGH GUN robotic GMAWS guns and peripherals, TOUGH
LOCK consumables, QUICK LOAD liners
and Liner AutoLength system, and TOUGH
GARD antispatter products.
Trendex Information
Systems, Inc.
www.trendexsys.com
N2032
Trendex will showcase the new Gastrend

Graphical software designed for the welding
supply distributor. A demonstration will show
how to control A/R, A/P, G/L, and inventory,
enter counter sales invoices and orders using
bar codes and track cylinders. Routrend, its
mobile invoicing system, can be used to generate invoices in the truck.
Tri Tool, Inc.

www.tritool.com
N611
Tri Tool will exhibit its portable pipe machining

and welding equipment including OD- and IDmounted cutting and beveling machines,
HPUs, and the new AdaptArc multiple
process orbital welding system. Live machining and welding equipment demonstrations
will be performed.
Tri-Mer Corp.
www.tri-mer.com
N1894
Tri-Mer will display its Tri-Flow compact filters,

which combine HEPA-level performance, a
MERV 16 rating, self-cleaning advantages,
long service life, and efficiencies of 99.999%
on 0.5+ microns. Also featured will be the
companys environmental control booths with
HEPA level filter performance.
Tru-Weld Stud Welding

N1890
Products
www.truweldstudwelding.com
Trystar
www.trystar.com
N2636
Tsubaki KabelSchlepp
America
www.ustsubaki.com
N1920
Tsubaki KabelSchlepp will highlight its cable

and hose carrier/management systems, which
are the link between the constantly moving and
stationary components of machinery. The companys products include dynamic cable and
hose carriers, cables for motion, TotalTrax systems and chip protection, all of which are used
across a wide array of industries.
WELDING JOURNAL 155
Tulsa Welding School

www.weldingschool.com
N2234
VERNON Tool
www.vernontool.com
TWI North America LLC

www.twinorthamerica.com
N1486
VERNON Tool will exhibit its line of pipe and

tube cutting and beveling machines, and pipe
profilers and pipe fab machinery. The company
also produces the Greenwood brand shut-off
valves used in the oil and gas industries. The
companys products are used in the construction, heavy fabrication, and energy segments.
U-Mark, Inc.
www.umarkers.com
N525
U-Mark will feature its broad array of innovative markers for industrial and professional
use, including paint markers, ink markers,
and specialty markers. Shown will be its new
M-15 broad tip permanent marker. Information will also be provided on its competative
distributor programs.
United Abrasives, Inc./SAIT

www.unitedabrasives.com
United ProArc Corp.
arcinmotion.com
N2128
N318
Arc-In-Motion/ProArc Quality will show a positioner suitable for thermal spray and welding, as well as its new design, high-efficiency
Athlete series CNC plasma cutting machine.
Uniweld Products, Inc.

www.uniweld.com
N2215
Uni-Weld will show it line of oxyfuel flame

tools and accessories for the professional
welder and metal fabricator for use in construction, bridge building, shipbuilding, railroading, mining, and farm applications. The
company has been in business since 1949,
and more than 80% of its products are made
in its south Florida facility. Staff will perform
live product demos during the show.
156 NOVEMBER 2013
N1125
Victor Technologies/ N1457, N1461

Tweco
www.victortechnologies.com
Victor Technologies will feature its cutting,
welding, and gas control equipment under
brand names that include Victor,
VictorThermal Dynamics, VictorArcair,
VictorTurboTorch, Tweco, Thermal
Arc, Stoody, and Firepower.
Victory Plasma Systems

www.victoryplasma.com
N2453
Victory Plasma Systems will exhibit its line of industrial downdraft and water table plasma cutting systems, which are available in sizes ranging from 4 8 to 14 40 ft with a Cutmaster
A120, Auto-Cut 100300 A, or Ultra-Cut
100400 A plasma units with an XT or Victory II
controller. The company fabricates, delivers,
and installs complete turnkey systems, and
also builds rail and pipe-cutting systems.
botics programming, machining simulation,

off-line programming, and automotive.
Vitronic Machine Vision

www.vitronic.com
N1491
VSM Abrasives
www.vsmabrasives.com
N1932
VSM Abrasives will show its line of coated

abrasives. Featured will be its new diamond
products as well as its complete line of ceramic and other coated abrasive products.
The company will be giving away resin fiber
discs for visitors to try.
Wall Colmonoy Corp.

www.wallcolmonoy.com
N305
Wall Colmonoy will exhibit its line of surfacing

and brazing products, coatings, and engineered components that are used across the
aerospace, automotive, oil and gas, mining,
energy, defense, glass container, and other
industrial sectors.
Walter H. Jelly, Ltd.

www.walterjelly.com
N2867
Walter H. Jelly will show its self-sealing (no

equipment needed) cellulose safety seal
bands that apply to gas tank valves for protection from dust and contaminants, and that
validate a filled tank.
Visual Components
N2084
www.visualcomponents.com
Walter Surface Technologies N2436

www.walter.com
Visual Components will offer information on

its simulation solutions in areas such as ro-
Walter Surface Technologies will exhibit its

surface treatment technologies that include
high-productivity abrasives, power tools, tooling, chemical tools, and environmental solutions for the metalworking industry.
Washington Alloy Co.

www.weldingwire.com
N600
Washington Alloy will offer information on how

it provides customers with the service and
quality they expect, which is accomplished
through employee involvement, systematic
problem solving, and a commitment to complying with requirements to continually improve the effectiveness of its ISO 9001:2008
registered quality management systems.
Watts Specialties, Inc.

www.wattsspecialties.com
N2271
Watts Specialties will display its pipe and tube

cutting machinery with cutting capabilities
ranging from 114 to 72-in.-diameter pipe. The
company also offers a full range of materialhandling support equipment as well as comprehensive software packages that generate
3D model parts to be cut, as well as auto
nesting and CAD interface.
Wayne Trail Technologies

www.waynetrail.com
N1125
Wayne Trail Technologies will feature its automated systems used in the metalforming,
joining, and fabricating industries. Market
segments include press automation; robotics,
welding, and fixturing; laser systems; tube
bending and fabricating; hydroform and struc-
tural frame automation; system integration;

and build-to-print manufacturing services.
Weld-Aid Products
www.weldaid.com
Weartech
www.weartech.net
Weld-Aid will show its NOZZLE KLEEN coatings that maximize tip, nozzle, and diffuser life;
WELD KLEEN coatings that minimize the
need for grinding by preventing spatter buildup;
LUBE-MATIC coatings that maximize tip and
liner life; and BRITE ZINC, which provides a
high-luster, zinc-rich, rust-inhibiting coating for
the repair of galvanized steel.
N1125
Weartech will display its line of cobalt- and

nickel-based wear-, corrosion-, and high-temperature-resistant alloys. The company manufactures all types of hardfacing consumables
such as rods, electrodes, wires, and powders.
In addition, it casts solid alloy parts and provides machining and hardfacing services.
Weiler Corp.
www.weilercorp.com
N2431
Weiler will show its power brushes for metal

cleaning, grinding, deburring, or finishing. It
offers wheel, cup, end, and tube brushes, as
well as the Roughneck weld cleaning brush
line that now includes the Dually, a dualhex nut stringer bead wheel; TigerDisc,
Saber Tooth and Big Cat flap discs.
Weld Engineering Co.

www.weldengineering.com
N1818
Weld Engineering will display its complete line

of medium- and heavy-duty submerged arc
flux handling systems; air- and electric-powered automatic, portable, and tractor units;
advanced pressure feed and recovery systems; and flux rebake and holding ovens.
Staff will provide live demonstrations.
N2228
Weld-Ed National Center for N1999

Welding Education & Training
www.weld-ed.org
Weld.com
www.weld.com
N2009
Weld.com connects people, products, and

services globally through its Web site. The
site helps welders of all skill levels stay informed and ahead of the competition and provides information to help you to grow your
business. Mr. Tig will be available to answer
questions.
Weldas Co.
www.weldas.com
N1843
Weldcoa
www.weldcoa.com
N2225
Weldcoa will show its products that help you

move, fill, and store cylinders. The company
specializes in industrial cylinder fill systems,
pallets, specialty gas labs and fill facilities, liq-
WELDING JOURNAL 157
uid fill systems, automation, cylinder gas

packs, and cryogenic pump installation, service, and pump automation.
Weldcraft
www.weldcraft.com
N1136
Welder Training & Testing

Institute
www.wtti.com
N1997
WTTI offers students the necessary occupational training and certifications that can lead to
employment in the welding field. The companys industrial services division supports industrys demand for training, certification, and
inspection. It also stocks plate and pipe
coupons for welding or brazing, and offers procedure or performance qualification testing.
Weldship will showcase its services to supply

tube trailers, gas and liquid storage assemblies,
and CO2 transports to industrial gas manufacturers, independent distributors, and specialty
chemical producers. Products are available for
both lease and sale. Complete retest/rehab capabilities are available at its locations in Bethlehem, Pa., and Gainesville, Tex.
Wendt USA will exhibit its lines of flap discs,

including ceramic, silicon carbide, zirconium,
and aluminum oxide; flap wheels; felt polishing products; surface finishing rolls; surface
finishing tools; 5/8-11 threaded flap wheels;
nonwoven finishing flap wheels; abrasive flap
bands; abrasive and nonwoven belts; and
carbide burrs.
Welker Engineered Products N2871

www.welkerproducts.com
Wenling Wanshun Electromechanical Manufacturing Co. Ltd.

N234
www.zjwanshun.com
Welker will display its innovative, flexible automation components used for locating, clamping, lifting, sliding, positioning, and ejecting.
WEMCO
www.aws.org/wemco
N1700
Weldsale LLC
www.weldsale.com
N811
WEMCO an association of welding manufacturers is a standing committee of the

American Welding Society (AWS) dedicated to
providing a common voice to the welding industry. This influential organization represents
manufacturers who make products for welding
processes and applications. It also provides information and services to welding industry
end-users, distributors, and manufacturers.
WEMCO hosts beneficial annual events, which
include welding industry speakers and leaders,
and enlightening presentations about the latest
issues and trends in the welding industry, while
providing a platform for dynamic forums. Members are exposed to networking opportunities
that promote the exchange of ideas in a noncompetitive atmosphere.
Weldship Corp.
www.weldship.com
N421
Wendt USA LLC

www.wendtusa.com
Welding Alloys USA

www.welding-alloys.com
N2018
Welding Alloys will feature its low- and high-alloyed cored wires, hardfaced wear plates, automated welding equipment for surfacing applications, and solutions for industrial welding,
surfacing, and joining applications through its
Integra Services.
Weldlogic, Inc.
www.weldlogic.com
158 NOVEMBER 2013
N2539
N1947
Wenling Wanshun Electromechanical will offer

information on its capabilities for designing,
manufacturing, and marketing various types of
welding and electromechanical equipment.
Wenzhou Xidin Electronics

Technology Co. Ltd.
N445
West Chester
Protective Gear
www.westchestergear.com
N2458
West Chester will show its IRONCAT gloves

and apparel designed for the unique heat
shielding, dexterity, and protection demands
of SMA, GMA, and GTA welding applications.
Developed by welders for welders, the products are available through a nationwide network of safety distributors, welding supply
houses, and specialty retailers.
Western Enterprises
N2266
www.westernenterprises.com
Winnox Industries Ltd.
www.winnox-weld.com
N446
Winnox Industries will show its range of products that includes copper alloys, aluminum alloys, leather welding gloves and jackets,
leather and fiberglass welding blankets, welding curtains, welding tool bags, and leather
and polyester cable covers.
Wuxi Volcano Welding & Cutting develops

and produces a variety of equipment, including welding rotators, positioners, and manipulators all built through CE and ISO 9001 certifications. The company can also build
equipment to a customers requirements.
Wirecrafters
www.wirecrafters.com
Xiris Automation, Inc.

www.xiris.com
N1945
WireCrafters will feature its wire partitions

commonly used for tool cribs, secured storage cages, machine barriers, and robotic
work cell enclosures. Several styles in both
woven and welded wire, as well as custom
fabrications, are available.
Wisconsin Wire Works, Inc. N1984

www.wisconsinwireworks.com
Wisconsin Wire Works will exhibit its copper
alloy brazing and welding wires. The company produces ERCu, ERCuSi-A, ERCuSn-A
and C, ERCuNiAl; ERCuMnNiAl; and ERCuAlA1, 2, and 3 welding wires, as well as the
following copper brazing alloys: RBCuZn-A,
RBCuZn-B; RBCuZn-C, and RBCuZn-D.
Products are finished in coils, spools, and cut
rods in a range of diameters form 0.030 to
0.250 in.
Wise Welding Technology

& Equipment Co. Ltd.
www.wtec.com.cn
Witt Gas Controls
www.wittgas.com
Wolf Robotics LLC
www.wolfrobotics.com
N342
N2066
N861
Wolf Robotics, a robotic metalworking integrator, will highlight its standard cells and custom-engineered systems for arc welding and
cutting, machine tending, and material-removal applications. The company provides
24/7 customer service, operation and process
training, and a complete parts department.
Wuhan Welhel Photoelectric N1955

Co. Ltd.
www.welhel.com
N2217
Xiris will be exhibiting machine vision inspection products for the welding/metal fabrication
and tube and pipe industries including the
XVC-O weld camera for monitoring open arc
welding; the XVC-S weld camera for monitoring submerged arc welding tube and pipe production; and the WI2000p postweld inspection system that detects quality defects.
Yaskawa America, Inc.

www.motoman.com
N818
Yaskawa Motoman will introduce new arc and

spot welding robots and controller, double
trunnion ferris wheel positioners and an education cell. Also shown will be an ArcWorld
workcell with Robotiqs Kinetiq Teaching that
allows hand guiding of a welding robot for simplified teaching, and adaptive welding technology for joint finding and tracking.
Yildirim Sogutma Hava

N2854
Komp Ins Gida San Tic Ltd.
www.yildirimsogutma.com.tr
Yildirim Cooling will show its line of AOY
chillers and CMY compressed-air dryers.
York Portable Machine Tools

www.yorkmachine.com
N532
York will display its line of portable, powerful,

easy-to-use bore welding machines and boring
bars designed for on-site or in-shop repairs to
worn pin and bearing fits. Factory-trained field
representatives will be on hand to discuss packages ranging from 1 to about 32 in.
Yunnan Hengyu Optical

Electronics Co. (Optech Co.)
www.artotic.com.cn
N545
Zarbeco LLC
www.zarbeco.com
N571
Zipp Air Tool Co.

www.zipptool.com
N2087
Zipp Air Tool will exhibit its line of industrial

pneumatic tools that includes fastening tools,
air files, air saws, grinders, air hammers, impact wrenches, and needle scalers. Its line of
tools is also available in user friendly, ergonomic versions.
Zhejiang Changzheng
N438
Project Carbon Electrodes Co. Ltd.
www.czcarbon.com
Zhejiang Xinrui Welding
Material Co., Ltd.
www.xinruigroup.com
N442
Zhejiang Xinrui will showcase its line of brazing

materials and flux, vapogas flux and vaporizer,
flux cored wire for aluminum and copper aluminum brazing, and automatic brazing machines.
Zhejiang Yuejian Machinery

Manufacture Co. Ltd.
www.yuejian.com.cn
N444
Zhejiang Zhongda Special

Steel Co. Ltd.
www.zhongdasteel.com
N1994
Zhengzhou Anxin
Abrasives Welding
N1956
Zibo Maike Welding

Equipment Co. Ltd.
www.maike-welding.com
N304
ZJ Industries, Inc.
www.zjindustriesinc.com
N1917
ZRID.Pty. Ltd.
www.zrid.us
N1992
Wuhan Welhel Photoelectric will display its

line of high-quality autodarkening welding
helmets. The companys products are CE,
ANSI, AS/NZS, and ROHS approved.
Wuxi Hualian Precision

Machinery Co. Ltd.
Wuxi Ronniewell
Machinery Equipment
www.ronniewell.com
N343
N2846
Wuxi Ronniewell Machinery will feature its capabilities for manufacturing wind tower welding equipment. The company has CE and ISO
certificates for its equipment.
Wuxi Volcano Welding &

Cutting Equipment Co. Ltd..
www.volcanocn.com
N447
WELDING JOURNAL 159
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additional scholarships For the 2013-2014 school year
Coming Events Nov._Layout 1 10/14/13 9:32 AM Page 164
COMING
EVENTS
NOTE: A DIAMOND ( ) DENOTES AN AWS-SPONSORED EVENT.
ASNT Fall Conf. and Quality Testing Show 2013. Nov. 47, Rio
Hotel, Las Vegas, Nev. The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing. www.asnt.org.
Crane Users Conf. Nov. 1214, Hyatt French Quarter Hotel, New
Orleans, La. www.craneconference.com.
POWER-GEN Intl Event. Nov. 1214, Orange County Convention Center, Orlando, Fla. www.power-gen.com/event-info.html.
Intl Conf. for Vision Guided Robotics. Nov. 1315, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. www.visiononline.org/events/.
AWS Professional Program. Nov. 1821. FABTECH, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Numerous sessions offered on the
latest in welding research and commercial developments. Pick
one day or attend the entire four-day program. Sponsored by
American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 223;
www.fabtechexpo.com.
FABTECH 2013. Nov. 1821, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill.
This exhibition is the largest event in North America dedicated to
showcasing the full spectrum of metal forming, fabricating, tube
and pipe, welding equipment, and myriad manufacturing technologies. American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 223;
Welding Dissimilar Metals Conf. Nov. 18. FABTECH, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Sponsored by American Welding
Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 223; www.fabtechexpo.com.
So Youre the New Welding Engineer Conf. Nov. 19, 20.

FABTECH, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Sponsored by American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 223; www.fabtechexpo.com.
5th Thermal Spray Technology: High-Performance Surfaces.
Nov. 19. McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Sponsored by Intl Thermal Spray Assn., an AWS Standing Committee. itsa@thermalspray.org. American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext.
264; www.fabtechexpo.com.
RWMA Emmet A. Craig Resistance Welding School. Nov. 20,

21. FABTECH, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Sponsored by
American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 223;
Alloys in Power Plant Technology Intl Conf. Nov. 26, 27. NH
Berlin-Mitte, Berlin, Germany. www.vdi-international.com/alloys.
CyberSE 2013, Intl Conf. on Cyber Science and Engineering.
Dec. 14, 15. Guangzhou, China. www.cyberse2013.org.
United States-European Welding Standards Conf. Jan. 27, 28.

American Welding Society World Headquarters, Miami, Fla.
Cosponsored by AWS and GSI (Gesellschaft fr Schwisstechnik,
Intl.). Topics to include welding standards covering structural
fabrication, pressure vessels, railway vehicles, and company certi-
Weld Test Stand

The Weld Test Stand
allows for quick,
secure clamping and
positioning of pipe
or plate test
assemblies.
164 NOVEMBER 2013
fication. Topics will be compared and discussed. Contact P. Henry,

phenry@aws.org; (800) 443-9353, ext. 215.
AERODEF Manufacturing. Feb. 2527. Long Beach Convention
Center, Long Beach, Calif. The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. (800) 733-4763; www.aerodefevent.com.
FABTECH Canada. March 1820. Toronto Congress Centre,
Toronto, Ont., Canada. www.fabtechcanada.com.
Metal & Steel Saudi Arabia 2014. April 710. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Visit www.metalsteelsaudi.com.
FABTECH India colocated with Weld India. April 1012. Pragati Maidan Exhibition Complex, New Delhi, India. Concurrent
with the 2014 Intl Congress of the IIW. Cosponsored by AWS,
FMA, SME, PMA, CCAI, and India Institute of Welding.
www.fabtechexpoindia.com.
JOM, 18th Intl Conf. on Joining Materials. April 2629. Konventum LO-Skolen, Helsingr, Denmark. In association with the
Intl Institute of Welding, cosonsored by American Welding Society, Japan Welding Society, Welding Technology Institute of Australia, Brazilian Welding Society, and others. E-mail
jom_aws@post10.tele.dk; download brochure at www.aws.org/wj/
JOM-18-CallForPapers.pdf.
Robotic Contact Tip Specialist

ITSA International Thermal Spray Assn. Annual Meeting.

April 2426. Savannah, Ga. Sponsored by ITSA, an AWS Standing Committee. itsa@thermalspray.org; www.thermalspray.org.
visit our web site
www.tokinarc.com
e-mail: trading@tokinarc.co.jp
1509 Okubo-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Hamamatsu-Shi,

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WELDING JOURNAL 165
x Cert Schedule Nov._Layout 1 10/10/13 5:02 PM Page 166
CERTIFICATION
SCHEDULE
Certification Seminars, Code Clinics, and Examinations 2014
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)

LOCATION
SEMINAR DATES
Charlotte, NC
Jan. 510
Miami, FL
Exam only
Beaumont, TX
Jan. 1217
Long Beach, CA
Jan. 1924
Denver, CO
Jan. 2631
Miami, FL
Jan. 2631
Pittsburgh, PA
Jan. 2631
Corpus Christi, TX
Exam only
New Orleans, LA
Feb. 914
Waco, TX
Feb. 914
Seattle, WA
Feb. 914
San Diego, CA
Feb. 2328
Atlanta, GA
Feb. 2328
Mobile, AL
March 27
Kansas City, MO
March 27
Houston, TX
March 27
Norfolk, VA
March 27
Milwaukee, WI
March 27
Birmingham, AL
March 914
Indianapolis, IN
March 914
Boston, MA
March 914
Portland, OR
March 914
York, PA
Exam only
Miami, FL
March 2328
Chicago, IL
March 2328
Springfield, MO
March 2328
Dallas, TX
March 2328
Minneapolis, MN
March 30April 4
Las Vegas, NV
March 30April 4
Syracuse, NY
March 30April 4
San Francisco, CA
April 611
New Orleans, LA
April 611
Nashville, TN
April 611
Corpus Christi, TX
Exam only
Miami, FL
Exam only
St. Louis, MO
Exam only
Annapolis, MD
April 27May 2
Detroit, MI
April 27May 2
Corpus Christi, TX
April 27May 2
Fresno, CA
May 49
Miami, FL
May 49
Albuquerque, NM
May 49
Oklahoma City, OK
May 49
Corpus Christi, TX
Exam only
Birmingham, AL
June 16
Hutchinson, KS
June 16
Spokane, WA
June 16
Bakersfield, CA
June 813
Pittsburgh, PA
June 813
Beaumont, TX
June 813
Miami, FL
Exam only
Hartford, CT
June 2227
Orlando, FL
June 2227
Memphis, TN
June 2227
EXAM DAT
Jan. 11
Jan. 16
Jan. 18
Jan. 25
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
Feb. 1
Feb. 15
Feb. 15
Feb. 15
March 1
March 1
March 8
March 8
March 8
March 8
March 8
March 15
March 15
March 15
March 15
March 22
March 29
March 29
March 29
March 29
April 5
April 5
April 5
April 12
April 12
April 12
April 12
April 17
April 19
May 3
May 3
May 3
May 10
May 10
May 10
May 10
May 31
June 7
June 7
June 7
June 14
June 14
June 14
June 19
June 28
June 28
June 28
Certified Welding Educator (CWE)

Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code
Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).
Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
CWSR exams will be given at CWI exam sites.
Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
LOCATION
SEMINAR DATES
Atlanta, GA
Jan. 610
New Orleans, LA
Mar. 31April 4
Minneapolis, MN
July 1418
Miami, FL
Sept. 1519
Norfolk, VA
Oct. 1317
CWS exams are also given at all CWI exam sites.
EXAM DATE
Jan. 11
April 5
July 19
Sept. 20
Oct. 18
9-Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI

(No exams given.)
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education requirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken at any site
listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
LOCATION
SEMINAR DATES
Miami, FL
Dec. 813, 2013
New Orleans, LA
Jan. 510
Denver, CO
Feb. 914
Dallas, TX
March 914
Miami, FL
March 2328
Sacramento, CA
April 27May 2
Boston, MA
April 27May 2
Charlotte, NC
May 49
Pittsburgh, PA
June 16
Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
LOCATION
SEMINAR DATES
EXAM DATE
Seattle, WA
Feb. 2428
March 1
Houston, TX
March 31April 4
April 5
Las Vegas, NV
May 59
May 10
The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
The seminar dates (S:) are followed by exam dates (E:)
S: Feb. 1720, E: Feb. 21; S: April 710, E: April 11; at
Genesis-Systems Group, Davenport, IA; (563) 445-5688
S: Jan. 2022, E: Jan. 23, 24; S: March 1719, E: March 20, 21
S: May 1921, E: May 22, 23; at
Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7736
ABB, Inc., Auburn Hills, MI; (248) 3918421
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-8542
OTC Daihen, Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800
On request at
MATC, Milwaukee, WI; (414) 297-6996
IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the
seminar/exam or exam. Applications received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visiting our Web site www.aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. Verify your event dates with the Certification Dept.
to confirm your course status before making travel plans. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to
register online, visit www.aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars. Apply
early to avoid paying the $250 Fast Track fee.
166 NOVEMBER 2013
COMING EVENTS
The Netherlands. Visit www.offshoreenergytoday.com/announcingoffshore-energy-2014-the-netherlands/.
FABTECH 2014. Nov. 1113, 2014. Georgia World Congress

AWS Weldmex, FABTECH Mexico, METALFORM Mexico.
May 68. Centro Banamex, Mexico City, Mexico. www.fabtechmexico.com.
mfg4 colocated with MicroManufacturing Conf. and Exhibits.
May 68. Connecticut Convention Center, Hartford, Conn. The
Society of Manufacturing Engineers; (800) 733-4763;
www.mfg4event.com.
Intl Laser Technology Congress AKL 14 and Expo. May 79.
Aachen, Germany. Visit www.lasercongress.org/en/home/.
MMTS Montreal Mfg. Technology Show. May 1214. Place
Bonaventure, Montreal, Que., Canada. www.mmts.ca.
Center, Atlanta, Ga. This exhibition is the largest event in North

America dedicated to showcasing the full spectrum of metal forming, fabricating, tube and pipe, welding equipment, and myriad
manufacturing technologies. American Welding Society.
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 264; www.fabtechexpo.com.
FABTECH 2015. Nov. 912, 2015. McCormick Place, Chicago,

Ill. This exhibition is the largest event in North America dedicated
to showcasing the full spectrum of metal forming, fabricating, tube
and pipe, welding equipment, and myriad manufacturing technologies. American Welding Society. (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 264;
Educational Opportunities
Composites Manufacturing. May 1315. Northern Kentucky

Convention Center, Covington, Ky. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. www.sme.org/composites.
Brazing School Fundamentals to Advanced Concepts. Nov.

1921 (Simsbury, Conn.). www.kaybrazing.com/seminars.htm;
dan@kaybrazing.com; (860) 651-5595.
Metal & Steel Middle East 2014. May 1517. Cairo, Egypt. Visit
www.metalsteeleg.com.
CWI Preparation Courses. Nov. 1115. D1.1 Endorsement: Nov.

15; API Endorsement: Nov. 8. All courses and endorsements
held at Welder Training & Testing Institute, 1144 N. Graham St.,
Allentown, Pa. www.wtti.com; (610) 820-9551, ext. 204.
THE BIG M including SME Annual Meeting, RAPID Conf. and

Expo, and North American Research Conf. June 912. Cobo Center, Detroit, Mich. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. www.thebigmevent.com.
FABTECH, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. Sponsored by

RWMA (Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance), an AWS
standing committee. www.aws.org/rwma/school.html.
7th Offshore Energy Expo and Conf. Oct. 28, 29. Amsterdam RAI,
Emmet A. Craig Resistance Welding School. Nov. 20, 21. At
WELDING JOURNAL 167
Welding Workbook November 2013_Layout 1 10/15/13 4:49 PM Page 168
WELDING
WORKBOOK
Datasheet 344
Location and Occurrence of Fusion Welding Discontinuities

Fusion welding is used to describe the group of welding
processes that utilizes the melting of a base metal or of a base
metal and filler metal to produce a weld. A discontinuity is an
interruption of the typical structure of a material, such as a lack
of homogeneity in its mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect. The following characteristics must be taken into consideration when
identifying and evaluating fusion weld discontinuities:
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Acuity or sharpness
4. Location with respect to the weld, the exterior surfaces of
the joint, and the critical sections of the structure
5. Orientation with respect to the principal working stress and
residual stress.
Discontinuities are characterized not only by their size but
also by their shape. Planar-type discontinuities such as cracks,
laminations, incomplete fusion, and incomplete joint penetration create serious notch effects. Three-dimensional discontinuities amplify stresses by reducing the weldment area. Spherical discontinuities usually porosity caused by the entrapment
of gas during solidification can occur anywhere within the
weld. Elongated discontinuities may also appear in any
orientation.
Discontinuities commonly found in joints produced by fusion

welding can be classified into three major categories. These are
related to the following: 1) process and procedure; 2) metallurgical behavior; and 3) design.
Discontinuities in weldments may be found in the weld metal,
heat-affected zone, and the base metal. They may be surface or
subsurface discontinuities, requiring application of different inspection methods. They may be dimensional discontinuities, involving concerns with distortion, joint mismatch, and weld size,
among others.
The term fusion-type discontinuities is sometimes used inclusively to describe incomplete fusion, incomplete joint penetration, inclusions, and similar elongated discontinuities in fusion
welds. Although many codes and standards consider fusion-type
discontinuities less critical than cracks, some specifically prohibit
fusion-type defects as well as cracks.
Specific joint types and welding procedures have an effect on
the type, location, and incidence of discontinuities. The welding
process, joint details, restraint on the weldment, or a combination of these may have an effect on the discontinuities to be
expected.
The common weld discontinuities, their typical locations, and
additional remarks regarding occurrence are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1 Types of Fusion Weld Discontinuities

Type of Discontinuity
Location
Remarks
Porosity
Weld metal
Could also be found in base metal and heat-affected zone

(HAZ) if base metal is a casting
Scattered
Cluster
Piping
Aligned
Elongated
Inclusions
Slag
Tungsten
Incomplete fusion
Incomplete joint penetration
Undercut
Underfill
Overlap
Laminations
Delaminations
Seam and lap
Lamellar tear
Cracks (including hot and cold cracks)
Longitudinal
Transverse
Crater
Throat
Root
Toe
Underbead and HAZ
Concavity
Convexity
Weld reinforcement
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld metal, weld interface
Weld metal
Weld interface
Weld metal
Weld interface
Base metal
Base metal
Base metal
Base metal
Weld metal, HAZ, base metal
Weld metal, HAZ, base metal
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld interface, HAZ
Weld interface, HAZ
HAZ
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld metal
Weld metal between passes

Weld root
Adjacent to weld toe or weld root in base metal
Weld face or root surface of a groove weld
Weld toe or root surface
Base metal, generally near midthickness of section
Base metal, generally near midthickness of section
Base metal surface, typically aligned with rolling surface
Base metal, near HAZ
Weld metal or base metal adjacent to weld interface
Weld metal (may propagate into HAZ and base metal)
Weld metal at point where arc is terminated
Parallel to the weld axis. Through the throat of a fillet weld.
Root surface or weld root
Base metal in HAZ
Weld face of a fillet weld
Weld face of a fillet weld
Weld face of a groove weld
Excerpted from the Welding Handbook, Vol. 1, ninth edition, and AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2010, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.
168 NOVEMBER 2013
Society News November_Layout 1 10/10/13 5:19 PM Page 169
SOCIETYNEWS
BY HOWARD WOODWARD
woodward@aws.org
The AWS Foundation Scholarship Wall

Showcases Its Loyal Supporters
Shown Sept. 20 at the AWS Foundation Wall at the Societys World Headquarters in Miami, Fla., a mason mounts the first set of 129 bricks
purchased by donors to the Foundations scholarship fund.
erald Uttrachis editorial in last
months Welding Journal (page 4)
explained how the AWS Foundation has been increasingly successful over
the years. Under his energetic leadership
as chairman, the various scholarship programs have flourished, topped off by the
option for donors to have their names,
company logos, or memorials chipped in
stone for permanent display on the AWS
Foundations Scholarship Wall at the Societys World Headquarters in Miami, Fla.
Every day, passersby pause to read the
names engraved into the bricks that are
displayed in a sheltered, beautifully landscaped location, highlighted by a bluetiled fountain flanked by two pools.
Installation of the first set of 129 bricks
was completed Sept. 23, but there remains
space on the wall for more. Sam Gentry,

Foundation executive director, optimistically said, Well build more walls to display more bricks if we have to. A personalized brick can be ordered for a donation
of $250, and the Foundation expects many
more members will support the program
in the future.
Already, the list of bricks donors represents a whos who of industry notables,
including past AWS presidents, scientists,
industry giants, contributors to the Welding Journal, and other Society members
who want to be identified with furthering
education.
Uttrachis editorial stated the Foundation has benefited almost 4900 students
since its founding in 1989, with more than
$6 million in scholarships. The bricks offer
an opportunity to support your industry

by helping to grow this cause that makes
it possible for young people to access
welding-related graduate and undergraduate educations.
Purchasing a personalized brick is just
one of many options for supporting the
Foundations work.
You can receive information about the
personalized bricks from Vicki Pinsky,
(800) 443-9353, ext. 212; vpinsky@aws.org.
She can also send you, on request, details
about estate planned giving, life income
trusts, bequests, life insurance and life estate contracts, and charitable remainder
trusts that create a trust to pay the donor,
or those designated by the donor, a fixed
income payment for life, with the remainder going to support the Foundation.
WELDING JOURNAL 169
Tech Topics
Interpretation AWS D1.3
Structural Welding Code Sheet Steel
Subject: Welder qualification requirements
Code Edition: D1.3/D1.3M:2008
Code Provisions: 4.7 and 4.8
AWS Log: D1.3-08-I12
Inquiries:
1) Per AWS D1.3:2008, must a welder
perform a qualification test using each WPS
that will be used in production?
2) Per AWS D1.3:2008, if the only difference between the WPS a welder qualified to and the WPS a welder used in production was a change in current and voltage, does the welder need to requalify?
3) Per AWS D1.3:2008, must a welder
be qualified to a WPS used in production
or can it be any properly documented WPS?
4) Per AWS D1.3:2008 can a WPS be removed, revised, or never be used at all in
production without voiding the passing and
qualifying test that the welder achieved to
the documented WPS?
5) Per AWS D1.3:2008, is there any difference in regard to welder qualification requirements between a prequalified WPS
(Clause 3) and a WPS qualified by testing
as defined in Clause 4?
Responses:
1) No, see 4.7.1.2.
2) No, 4.7 does not address voltage and
current changes as essential variables for
welder performance qualification.
3a) For the first part of the question: No,
see response to inquiry (1).
3b) For the second part of the question:
Yes, see 4.8.1.1.
4) Yes.
5) No, see 4.8.1.1.
Interpretation D1.8
Structural Welding Code
Seismic Supplement
Subject: Use of permanent magnets
Code Edition: D1.8/D1.8M:2005
Code Provisions: 7.9 and Annex F
AWS Log: D1.8-05-I01
Inquiry: Are permanent magnet yokes allowed to be used under AWS D1.8:2005,
paragraph 7.9 and Annex F?
Response: No.
Interpretation AWS A5.11
Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy
Welding Electrodes for Shielded
Metal Arc Welding
Subject: Preheat temperature
Code Edition: AWS A5.11/A5.11M:2010
Code Provisions: Figs. 2 and 3
AWS Log: A5.11-10-I1
Inquiry: Should the provisions of Note 6 to
Figure 2 and Note 4 to Figure 3 be interpreted as specifying the minimum preheat
temperature?
Response: Yes.
170 NOVEMBER 2013
New Standard Project

C7.1M/C7.1:201X, Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Allied
Processes. Stakeholders: Electron beam
welders for production in aircraft, aerospace, and automotive industries, and
users in research and defense industries.
To contribute to the development of this
standard, e-mail C. Lewis, clewis@aws.org.
Standard for Public Review
AWS B1.11M/B1.11:201X, Guide for
the Visual Examination of Welds. $25.
10/28/2013. E. Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
AWS was approved as an accredited
standards-preparing organization by the
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) in 1979. AWS rules, as approved
by ANSI, require that all standards be open
to public review for comment during the
approval process. The above revised standard is listed with the review expiration
date. A draft copy may be ordered from
the staff secretary listed.
Revised Standard Approved by ANSI
A5.01M/A5.01:2013 (ISO 14344:2010
MOD), Procurement Guidelines for Consumables Welding and Allied Processes
Flux and Gas Shielded Electrical Welding Processes. 9/17/2013.
This standard was approved by ANSI
effective on the date shown.
ISO Standards for Public Review
ISO/DIS 636, Welding consumables
Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert
gas welding of non-alloy and fine-grain
steels Classification
ISO/DIS 13469, Mechanical joining
Form-fit blind rivets and (lock) bolt
joints Specifications and qualification
of testing procedures
Covered electrodes for manual metal
arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
Classification
ISO/DIS 16237, Mechanical joining
Destructive testing of joints Specimen
dimensions and test procedure for crosstension of single joints
Tubular cored electrodes for gas
shielded and non-gas shielded metal arc
welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels
Classification
Obtain review copies of these standards
from your national standards body, which
in the United States is ANSI, 25 W. 43rd
St., 4th Fl., New York, NY, 10036; (212)
642-4900. In the United States, if you wish
to participate in the development of International Standards for welding, contact A.
Davis, adavis@aws.org.
Technical Committee Meetings

All meetings will be held during
FABTECH in Chicago, Ill.
Nov. 17. C7 High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting Committee. C. Lewis,
clewis@aws.org.
Nov. 17. C7B Subcommittee on Electron Beam Welding and Cutting. C. Lewis,
clewis@aws.org.
Nov. 17. C7C Subcommittee on Laser
Beam Welding and Cutting. C. Lewis,
clewis@aws.org.
Nov. 18. B1 Committee on Methods of
Inspection. E. Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
Nov. 18. B1A Subcommittee on Nondestructive Examination of Welds. E.
Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
Nov. 18. B1B Subcommittee on Visual
Inspection. E. Abrams, eabrams@aws.org.
Nov. 18. B1C Task Group on the Welding Inspection Handbook. E. Abrams,
eabrams@aws.org.
Nov. 18. C2 Committee and Subcommittees on Thermal Spraying. J. Rosario,
jrosario@aws.org.
Nov. 18. D14B Subcommittee on General Design and Practices. E. Abrams,
eabrams@aws.org.
Nov. 18. D17D Subcommittee on Resistance Welding. A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 18. D17J Subcommittee on Friction Stir Welding for Aerospace. A. Diaz,
adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 19. C6D Committee on Friction
Stir Welding. C. Lewis, clewis@aws.org.
Nov. 19. D9 Committee on the Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet Metal.
A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 19. D15C Subcommittee on Track
Welding. J. Rosario, jrosario@aws.org.
Nov. 19. D17K Subcommittee on Fusion Welding. A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 20. A5H Subcommittee on Filler
Metals and Fluxes for Brazing. S. Borrero,
sborrero@aws.org.
Nov. 20. A5K Subcommittee on Titanium and Zirconium Filler Metals. A.
Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 20. D14E Subcommittee on Welding of Presses. E. Abrams, eabrams@
aws.org.
Nov. 20. D14I Subcommittee on Hydraulic Cylinders. E. Abrams, eabrams@
aws.org.
Nov. 20. D16 Committee on Robotic
and Automatic Welding. C. Lewis, clewis
@aws.org.
Nov. 20. D17K Subcommittee on Fusion Welding. A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 20. G2D Subcommittee on Reactive Alloys. A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Nov. 21. C3 Committees on Brazing and
Soldering. S. Borrero, sborrero@ aws.org.
Nov. 21. D14 Committee on Machinery
and Equipment. E. Abrams, eabrams
@aws.org.
Nov. 21. D17 Committee on Welding in
the Aircraft and Aerospace Industries. A.
Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
Opportunities to Serve on AWS Technical Committees
Volunteers are sought to contribute to the following technical committees. Visit www.aws.org/technical/jointechcomm.html
Methods of Weld Inspection, The B1
Committee seeks educators, general interest, and end users. Resistance Welding
Equipment, J1 Committee seeks educators,
general interest, and users. Thermal Spraying and Automotive Welding, the D8 and
C2 Committees seek educators, general interest, and end users. Machinery and
Equipment and Surfacing and Reconditioning of Industrial Mill Rolls, D14 Committee and D14H Subcommittee seek professionals. Contact E. Abrams, eabrams
@aws.org.
Safety and Health Committee seeks ed-
ucators, users, general interest, and consultants. Contact S. Hedrick, steveh@

aws.org.
Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting, C4
Committee seeks educators, general interest, and end users. Friction Welding, C6
Committee seeks professionals. High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting, C7 Committee seeks professionals. Contact C.
Lewis, clewis@aws.org.
Magnesium alloy filler metals, A5L Subcommittee seeks professionals. Contact R.
Gupta, gupta@aws.org.
Robotic and Automatic Welding, D16
Committee seeks general interest and educational members. Local Heat Treating of
Pipe, D10P Subcommittee seeks professionals. Mechanical Testing of Welds, B4
Committee seeks professionals. Contact B.
McGrath, bmcgrath@aws.org.
Reactive Alloys, G2D Subcommittee
seeks volunteers. Titanium and Zirconium
Filler Metals, A5K Subcommittee seeks
professionals. Welding qualifications, B2B
Subcommittee seeks members. Friction
Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys for Aerospace Applications, D17J Subcommittee
seeks members. A. Diaz, adiaz@aws.org.
District Director Awards Announced

The District Director Award provides
a means for District Directors to recognize individuals and corporations who
have contributed their time and effort to
the affairs of their Section and/or District.
Dist. 1. Tom Ferri, director, nominated
the following for this award:
Pat Kein, Maine
Steve Goodrow, Connecticut
Dave Paquin, Boston
Joe Tokarski, Green & White Mountains
Dist. 2. Harland Thompson, director,
nominated the following for this award:
John S. Marter, Philadelphia
Marrinee Temme, Philadelphia
Ken Temme, Philadelphia
Bob Petrone, New Jersey
Paul Iannotta, Long Island
Ken Messemer, Long Island
Bill Naccash, New York
Dist. 4. Stewart Harris, director, nominated the following for this award:
Sergey V. Kobelev, Carolina
Keith Kinlaw, Northeastern Carolina

Mark Gilbert, Southwest Virginia
Russell Wahrman, Triangle
Wayne Smith, Tidewater
Greg Frederick, Charlotte
Dist. 13. John Willard, director, nominated Rick Polanin, Peoria Section, for
this award.
Dist. 14. Bob Richwine, director, nominated the following for this award:
Sherman Cook, Lexington
Shawn Gannon, Lexington
Scott Stringer, Lexington
Erin Fromson, Indiana
Steve Gillig, Indiana
William Judd, Tri-River
Phillip Young, Tri-River
Keith Titizer, Tri-River
Bud Merrill, Louisville
Greg Smith, Louisville
Irvin Ziegler, Louisville
Dan Hayes, Louisville
Ben Coons, Louisville
Joe Daugherty, Louisville

Robert Lee, St. Louis
Dist. 20. Bill Komlos, director, nominated the following to receive this award:
Raymond Harrison, Colorado
Art Waskey, Colorado
Hugh Adams, Colorado
Wanda Adams, Colorado
Dist. 21. Nan Samanich, director,
nominated the following for this award:
Brent Boling, Arizona
Gonzalo Huerta Sr., AWCWT S.C.
Larry Lebsock, AWCWT S.C.
Shanen L. Aranmor, Miller Electric Co.
Alex Bautista, Lincoln Electric Co.
George Rolla, L.A./Inland Empire
Mariana Ludmer, L.A./Inland Empire
Jeff Davis, San Diego
Sam Lindsey, San Diego
George Moore, San Diego S.C., advisor
Sam Colton, AWCWT S.C., advisor
Mike Best, Nevada
Mark Hayes, Nevada
AWS Life Members to Receive Free FABTECH Perks

Life Members of the American
Welding Society are urged to take advantage of their complimentary admission to the upcoming FABTECH exposition plus free registration to the entire Professional Program (a $325
value), scheduled for Nov. 1821 at McCormick Place in Chicago, Ill.
The Professional Program registra-
tion entitles AWS Life Members to attend any of the technical sessions occurring during the four-day period.
Registration forms are available in
issues of the Welding Journal, as well as
in the Advance Program that was mailed
to members previously. You may also
request the form from the Membership
Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 260.
To obtain your free registration,

mark AWS Life Member Free Registration at the top of your Registration Form. Fax both sides of the form
to (305) 443-5647, Attn: Rhenda Kenny,
membership director; e-mail to
rhenda@aws.org; or mail the form to
Rhenda Kenny, AWS, 8669 NW 36th
St., #130, Miami, FL 33166-6672.
Nominate Your Candidate for the M.I.T. Masubuchi Award

The Prof. Koichi Masubuchi Award,
which includes a $5000 honorarium, is
presented each year to one person, 40
years old or younger, who has made significant contributions to the advancement of materials joining through research and development.
Nominations should include the candidates experience, list of publications,

honors, and awards, and at least three
letters of recommendation from fellow
researchers. November 1, 2014, is the
deadline for submitting nominations for
the 2015 presentation.
This award is sponsored by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Dept. of Ocean Engineering. Sponsors
should e-mail their nomination materials to Todd A. Palmer, assistant professor, The Pennsylvania State University,
tap103@psu.edu.
WELDING JOURNAL 171
New AWS Supporters

Sustaining Member Companies
Cactus Wellhead, LLC
4117 Meadow Ln.
Bossier City, LA 71111
Rep.: David Booth
www.cactuswellhead.com
cations. It has five factories with trucks

operating in more than 50 countries. As
an original equipment manufacturer for
Caterpillar, its sells and services its equipment through their dealers worldwide.
LaserCraft Technologies, Inc.

1233-B Palmour Dr.
Gainesville, GA 30501
Rep.: Henry Stewart
www.laser-craft.com
Electrical Builders, Inc.

2720 112 St. S., St. Cloud, MN 56301
Rep.: Jessica Netter Ducharme
www.electricalbuilders.com
Jet Midwest Technik, LLC

9200 NW 112 St., Bldg. 1
Kansas City, MO 64153
Rep: Doug Winter
www.jetmidwesttechnik.com
Jet Midwest is a premier provider of
heavy maintenance, repair, and overhaul
(MRO) services for commercial aircraft.
Its modification and painting facilities are
located on a 64 acre, 1.2-million-sq-ft site
at Kansas City International Airport, featuring on-time, on-budget services.
Wilco Machine & Fab, Inc.

1326 S. Broadway, Marlow, OK 73055
Rep.: Jacob Elliott
www.wilcofab.com
Wilco manufactures fabricated and
machined equipment, products, and tools
for the energy industry worldwide. Having served oil and gas sector customers
for more than 30 years, the company is a
respected provider of quality ASME
pressure vessels, tanks, bulk materialhandling, and energy services equipment.
Deforest Fabrication & Maintenance LLC

PO Box 340246, Tampa, FL 33694
Dublin High School

2233 E. State Hwy. 6
Dublin, TX 76446
Ground Force Mfg.

5650 E. Seltice Way, Post Falls, ID 83854
Rep.: Frederick Schrom
www.gfworldwide.com
Ground Force is a designer and manufacturer of mine-support equipment for
open-pit and underground mining appliSupporting Companies
Coldwater Machine Co., LLC
911 N. Second St.
Coldwater, OH 45828
Jensen Metaltech
450 E. Glendale Ave.
Sparks, NV 89431
Weldco Mfg. LLC
350 S. Franklin
Colbert, OK 74733
XG Mfg.
101 Martin Ct.
Trinity, TX 75862
Affiliate Companies
CTC
PO Box 40
Philomath, OR 97370
Connexus Energy
14601 Ramsey Blvd.
Ramsey, MN 55303
Fabrigas Belize Ltd.

234 Mile George Price Hwy.
Belize City, Belize
Merrill High School

431 W. Alice, Merrill, MI 48637
Ford Steel LLC

24800 Ford Rd., Porter, TX 77365
Quincy Area Vo-Tech Center

219 Baldwin Dr., Quincy, IL 62301
Metex Experts Conseils/Consulting, Inc.

7345 Mousquet, Quebec City
QC, G2K1Y4, Canada
Region Two School of

Applied Technology
5 Bird St., Houlton, ME 04730
Proto Fab, Inc.

685 E. Glendale Ave., Sparks NV 89431
S.E. Oklahoma School of Welding

1710 E. College Ave.
McAlester, OK 74501
Tang How Brothers, Inc.

2425 Estate Cottage, Christiansted
St Croix 00823, U.S. Virgin Islands
Educational Institutions
Delaware Technical C. C.
Innovation & Technology Center
97 Parkway Cir., New Castle, DE 19720
South Seattle C. C.
6000 16th Ave. SW
Seattle, WA 98106
South-Western Career Academy
4750 Big Run South Rd.
Grove City, OH 43123
Member-Get-A-Member Campaign
Listed are the members participating
in the June 1Dec. 31, 2013, campaign.
Members receive 5 points for each Individual and 1 point for each Student Mem-
ber recruited. Standings as of Sept. 20.

See page 177 of this Welding Journal
for campaign rules and the prize list or
visit www.aws.org/mgm.
If you have questions about your member-proposer status, contact Rhenda

Kenny, rhenda@aws.org, or call (800) 4439353, ext. 480.
20+ Points
Jackie Morris, Mobile 40
Robert Richwine, Indiana 25
Dereck Wheeler, Oklahoma City 25
1519 Points
Joseph Vincent, Kansas City 18
Paul Kreitman, Chicago 15

Jamie Terry, Greater Huntsville 15
1014 Points
Rodney Riggs, Tulsa 11
Carl Becker, Cleveland 10
David Hughes, Mahoning Valley 10
Arthur Kinsler, Arizona 10

Chris Layton, Central Arkansas 10
Joe Livesay, Nashville 10
Dennis Nance, Iowa 10
Kyle Williams, Johnstown-Altoona 10
172 NOVEMBER 2013
SECTIONNEWS
Shown at the Lancaster Section board meeting are from left (sitting) Fred Wallbillick, John Ganoe, and Mark Malone, (standing) Chair
Justin Heistand, Robert Blauser, Mike Sebergandio, John Boyer, David Watson, and Brian Gross.
District 1
Thomas Ferri, director

(508) 527-1884
thomas_ferri@victortechnologies.com
tending were Chair Justin Heistand, Fred

Wallbillick, John Ganoe, Mark Malone,
Robert Blauser, Mike Sebergandio, John
Boyer, David Watson, and Brian Gross.
District 2
District 4
NEW JERSEY
TIDEWATER
Harland W. Thompson, director

(631) 546-2903
harland.w.thompson@us.ul.com
SEPTEMBER 17
Speaker: David Oriatti, vice president
Affiliation: Coleman Cable Co.
Topic: Selection and safe use of welding
cables
Activity: The program was held at Snuffys
Steakhouse in Scotch Plains, N.J.
Stewart A. Harris, director

(919) 824-0520
stewart.harris@altec.com
SEPTEMBER 12
Speakers: Ian Houston, Nick Caratelli
Affiliation: Nelson Stud Welding
Topic: History and advancements in stud
welding
Activity: The program was held at Peking
Buffet in Hampton, Va., for 28 members
and guests.
District 3
District 5
LANCASTER
FLORIDA WEST COAST
Michael Wiswesser, director

(610) 820-9551
mike@wtti.com
AUGUST 28
Activity: The Section board met to plan
activities for the upcoming year to include
more student involvement and discuss setting up a Section scholarship. The meeting was held at Lancaster County Career
& Technical Center in Mount Joy, Pa. At-
Carl Matricardi, director

(770) 979-6344
cmatricardi@aol.com
SEPTEMBER 11
Speaker: Tommy Boyers, regional sales
manager
Affiliation: Sonatest, Inc.
Topic: Phased array ultrasonic inspection
Activity: The program was held at
Spaghetti Warehouse in Tampa, Fla.
Speaker David Oriatti (right) is shown with

Paul Lenox, New Jersey Section chair.
Florida West Coast Calendar
Nov. 13, Spaghetti Whse, sinkholes
Jan. 8, Spaghetti Whse, welding wire
Feb. 12, Spaghetti Whse, traffic lights
March 8, Bloomingdale Golf Club
April 9, Spaghetti Whse, SA welding
May 3, Yuengling Brewery, Shrimp-a-Roo
AWS Member Counts
October 1, 2013
Sustaining ......................................609
Supporting .....................................344
Educational ...................................629
Affiliate..........................................533
Welding Distributor........................52
Total Corporate ..........................2,167
Individual .................................59,148
Student + Transitional .................8,827
Total Members .........................67,975
WELDING JOURNAL 173
Pittsburgh Section members are shown during their tour of Caterpillar in September.
SOUTH CAROLINA
SEPTEMBER 19
Activity: The Section members toured the
EnviroSep Fluid & Heat Recovery Systems
facility in Georgetown, S.C. Paul Richey,
operations manager, led the tour, assisted
by Seth Evans, quality control manager,
and David Harvey, account foreman.
District 6
Shown during the South Carolina Section tour of EnviroSep are (from left) guides Seth
Evans, Paul Richey, and David Harvey, with Section Chair Gale Mole.
Kenneth Phy, director

(315) 218-5297
kenneth.phy@gmail.com
District 7
Uwe Aschemeier, director

(786) 473-9540
uwe@miamidiver.com
COLUMBUS
John Menhart (right), Pittsburgh Section

chair, and Dave Summers led the Section
tour of the Caterpillar factory in September.
Shown from left are Chattanooga Section

Chair Thomas Atkinson, speaker and Dist.
5 Director Carl Matricardi, Dist. 8 Director
Joe Livesay, and David Hamilton.
SEPTEMBER 11
Speaker: Bill Bruce, director of welding
and materials technology
Affiliation: Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.),
Inc. (DNV), Dublin, Ohio
Topic: Industry response to pipeline construction quality issues identified by federal regulators
Activity: The talk concluded with a video
and a productive question and answer period. The event, attended by members of
several local technical societies, was held
at La Scala Restaurant in Columbus, Ohio.
PITTSBURGH
SEPTEMBER 10
Activity: The Section members toured the
Caterpillar facility in Houston, Pa., to
study the manufacture of mining, turbine,
and locomotive equipment. Section Chair
John Menhart and Dave Summers served
as tour guides.
Shown at the Chattanooga Section event are

(from left) Chair Thomas Atkinson, Dist. 8
Director Joe Livesay, and Sam Davis.
174
NOVEMBER 2013
District 8
Carl Matricardi, Dist. 5 director, spoke at the
Chattanooga Section program.
Joe Livesay, director

(931) 484-7502, ext. 143
joe.livesay@ttcc.edu
Detroit Section members, students, and guests are shown at the September event.
Central Louisiana Section members are shown at the July meeting.
CHATTANOOGA
DRAKE WELL
SEPTEMBER 12
Speaker: Carl Matricardi, Dist. 5 director
Affiliation: Welding Solutions, Inc.,
founder and president
Topic: Cause of the billboard collapse in
Snellville, Ga.
Activity: Awards were presented to Keith
Coe, Dusti Jones, David Hamilton, Sam
Davis, and David Ivy. Joe Livesay, Dist. 8
director, attended the event.
SEPTEMBER 19
Activity: The members discussed plans for
sponsoring the spring District conference,
starting a Section scholarship, chartering
a Student Chapter, and holding a welding
competition. Erik Speer was elected technical representative and membership committee chair. Robert Fugate was elected
publicity committe chair and Section webmaster.
District 9
District 11
George Fairbanks Jr., director

(225) 473-6362
fits@bellsouth.ne
CENTRAL LOUISIANA
JULY 25
Speaker: George Fairbanks, Dist. 9 director
Affiliation: Fairbanks Inspection & Testing, general manager
Topic: An overview of AWS and how AWS
can enhance your business
Activity: The program was held at Tunks
Cypress Inn in Boyce, La.
District 10
Robert E. Brenner, director

(330) 484-3650
bobren28@yahoo.com
Robert P. Wilcox, director

(734) 721-8272
rmwilcox@wowway.com
DETROIT
SEPTEMBER 12
Activity: The Section held its annual student night featuring the presentation of
scholarships totaling $37,500 to 37 students. Alex Pazkowski, a veteran SkillsUSA competitor, related his experiences
earning the silver medal in the WorldSkills
welding contest in Leipzig, Germany. The
scholarship recipients included Blake
Parks, Nathaniel Vanderhoof, Zachary
Boylard, Bradley Bills, Isira Abeyagunawardana, Andrew Klos, Zackery Brown,
Charles Adams, Nathan Latimer, Kyle
Christensen, Lyle Pompa, Jason Fields,
Joshua Ward, Philip Brown, Joseph Giles,
Justin Greene, Marissa Guysky, Brian
Central Louisiana Section Chair Don

Sanders (right) is shown with George Fairbanks, speaker and Dist. 9 director.
Pearch,
Timothy
Boles,
Milhaly
Gosztonyi, Mark Vladuchick, Jacob
Bortscheller, Cassandra Harper, Michael
Colsell, Garret Carlson, Ryan Kannegieter, Ty Hess, Jonathan Carney, Leonard
Scott III, Nicholas Hilliard, Steven Davis,
Robert Sword, Vito Marinelli, Jessie Delgado, Thomas Trevarrow, Bernard Scales,
and Clay Ernsberger. The event was held
at Schoolcraft College in Livonia, Mich.
District 12
Daniel J. Roland, director

(715) 735-9341, ext. 6421
daniel.roland@us.fincantieri.co
WELDING JOURNAL 175
LAKESHORE
SEPTEMBER 12
Activity:The Section toured ACE (Aluminum Center of Excellence) Marine, a
division of Fincantieri Marine, in Green
Bay Wis. Jeff Frank, production manager,
led the tour and described the precision
tooling used to build the U.S. Coast Guard
Response Boat-Medium.
District 13
The Lakeshore Section members are shown during their tour of ACE Marine.
John Willard, director

(815) 954-4838
kustom_bilt@msn.com
CHICAGO
SEPTEMBER 8
Activity: The Section held its annual summer safari adventure and buffet dinner
outing at Brookfield Zoo. Heading the
event were Tech Chair Craig Tichelar, Jeff
Stanczak, Lisa Moran, and Bob Zimny.
District 14
Several Chicago Section members are shown during their outing at the Brookfield Zoo.
Robert L. Richwine, director

(765) 378-5378
bobrichwine@aol.com
TRI-RIVER
SEPTEMBER 24
Speeaker: John Durbin, welding technology director
Affiliation: Ivy Tech C.C.
Topic: Oxyfuel cutting safety
Activity: The meeting was held at the college in Evansville, Ind.
District 15
David Lynnes, director
(701) 365-0606
dave@learntoweld.com
Bob Worthington helps a Boy Scout earn his
welding merit badge at the Kansas City Section training program.
Speaker Jacob Fort (right) is shown with

Cary Reeves, Oklahoma City Section chair.
District 16
Dennis Wright, director
(913) 782-0635
awscwi1@att.net
KANSAS CITY
FEBRUARY 9
Activity: The Section held its second allday welding merit badge training class for
17 Boy Scouts. The program was held at
the Metropolitan Community College
Business and Technology Campus in
Kansas City, Mo.
Speaker Richard Holdren (right) is shown

with Derek Stelly, Houston Section chair.
176
NOVEMBER 2013
Graham Bettis discussed applications for the

D1.5, Bridge Welding Code, for the North
Texas Section members.
District 17
J. Jones, director
(832) 506-5986
jjones6@lincolnelectric.com
Puget Sound Section members are shown at the September meeting.
NORTH TEXAS
SEPTEMBER 17
Speaker: Graham Bettis, project engineer
Affiliation: Texas DOT, Bridge division
Topic: D1.5, Bridge Welding Code
OKLAHOMA CITY
SEPTEMBER 19
Speaker: Jacob Fort
Affiliation: Fronius USA
Topic: Cold metal transfer
Activity: The program was held at Golden
Corral in Oklahoma City, Okla.
District 18
John Bray, director

(281) 997-7273
sales@affiliatedmachiner .com
HOUSTON
SEPTEMBER 18
Speaker: Richard Holdren, senior welding engineer
Affiliation: ARC Specialties
Topic: The sense and nonsense of procedure qualification
Activity: Among the 135 attendees were
40 students from Industrial Welding Academy. The meeting was held at Bradys
Landing in Houston, Tex.
District 19
Ken Johnson, director

(425) 957-3553
kenneth.johnson@vigorshipyards.com
PUGET SOUND
SEPTEMBER 5
Speaker: Robert Heffernan, welding applications engineer
Affiliation: Praxair
Topic: New high-tech pipe-cutting equipment
Activity: Ken Johnson, Dist. 19 director,
and Rob White are working on two new
seminars. The event was held at Ivars
Salmon House in Seattle, Wash.
District 20
William A. Komlos, director

(801) 560-2353
bkoz@arctechllc.com
District 21
Nanette Samanich, director

(702) 429-5017
nan07@aol.com
District 22
Kerry E. Shatell, director
(925) 866-5434
kesi@pge.com
Speaker Andre Lopez (left) is shown with

James Adamo, San Francisco Section chair.
SAN FRANCISCO
SEPTEMBER 4
Speaker: Andre Lopez, owner
Affiliation: All Metals Welding
Topic: Portable welding operations
Activity: Following the talk, the 41 attendees had a chance to examine the speakers
rig truck outfitted for his portable welding business. Andres Ochoa received his
Gold Member certificate for 50 years of
service to the Society. This past chairmens
night program was attended by past chairs
Andres Ochoa, Andre Lopez, Joe Meyer,
Dale Phillips, Richard Hashimoto, and
Tom Smeltzer.
International
Section
GERMANY
SEPTEMBER 18
Activity: Chair Christian Ahrens presented general information about the Sections status and plans for participating in
FABTECH and the GSI Conference in
January in Miami, and the efforts to obtain ATF status for GSI SLV Munich.
Ahrens also discussed plans for offering
Andres Ochoa (left) receives his Gold Member certificate from Joe Meyer at the San
Francisco Sections past chairmens night
event.
CWI seminars. Dick Seif invited Section
members to visit AWS World Headquarters in Miami. Peter Knauf was named a
Silver Member for his 25 years of service
to the Society. The meeting was held during the Essen Trade Fair in Essen, Germany. The next meeting for election of officers and new business will be held in
Berlin, Sept. 15, 16, 2014.
WELDING JOURNAL 179
Guide to AWS Services

8669 NW 36th St., #130, Miami, FL 33166-6672
T: (800/305) 443-9353; F: (305) 443-7559
Staff phone extensions are shown in parentheses.
AWS PRESIDENT
Nancy C. Cole
nccengr@yahoo.com
NCC Engineering
2735 Robert Oliver Ave.
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
ADMINISTRATION
Executive Director
Ray W. Shook.. rshook@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(210)
Sr. Associate Executive Director
Cassie R. Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . . . .(253)
INTERNATIONAL SALES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(340)

Managing Director
Technical Services Development & Systems
Andrew R. Davis.. adavis@aws.org . . . . . . .(466)
International Standards Activities, American Council of the International Institute of Welding (IIW)
PUBLICATION SERVICES
Director, Operations
Annette Alonso.. aalonso@aws.org . . . . . . .(299)
Technical Activities Committee

Managing Director
Andrew Cullison.. cullison@aws.org . . . . . .(249)
Chief Financial Officer

Gesana Villegas.. gvillegas@aws.org . . . . . .(252)
Welding Journal
Publisher
Andrew Cullison.. cullison@aws.org . . . . . .(249)
Chief Technology Officer

Dennis Harwig..dharwig@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(213)
Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen.. mjohnsen@aws.org . .(238)
Executive Assistant for Board Services

Gricelda Manalich.. gricelda@aws.org . . . . .(294)
National Sales Director

Rob Saltzstein.. salty@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(243)
Administrative Services
Society and News Editor

Howard Woodward..woodward@aws.org . .(244)
Managing Director
Jim Lankford.. jiml@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(214)
Director
Hidail Nuez..hidail@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(287)
Welding Handbook
Editor
Annette OBrien.. aobrien@aws.org . . . . . . .(303)
Director of IT Operations
Natalia Swain..nswain@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(245)
MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS
Human Resources
Director, Compensation and Benefits

Luisa Hernandez.. luisa@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(266)
Director, Human Resources
Dora A. Shade.. dshade@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(235)
International Institute of Welding
TECHNICAL SERVICES
Managing Director, Global Exposition Sales

Joe Krall..jkrall@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(297)
Corporate Director, International Sales
Jeff P. Kamentz..jkamentz@aws.org . . . . . . .(233)
Oversees international business activities involving
certification, publication, and membership.
Director
Ross Hancock.. rhancock@aws.org . . . . . . .(226)
Public Relations Manager
Cindy Weihl..cweihl@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(416)
Webmaster
Jose Salgado..jsalgado@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(456)
Associate Director, Operations

Alex L. Diaz.... adiaz@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(304)
Welding Qualification, Sheet Metal Welding, Aircraft and Aerospace, Joining of Metals and Alloys
Manager, Safety and Health
Stephen P. Hedrick.. steveh@aws.org . . . . . .(305)
Metric Practice, Safety and Health, Joining of Plastics and Composites, Personnel and Facilities Qualification, Mechanical Testing of Welds
Program Managers II
Stephen Borrero... sborrero@aws.org . . . . .(334)
Brazing and Soldering, Brazing Filler Metals and
Fluxes, Brazing Handbook, Soldering Handbook,
Definitions and Symbols, Structural Subcommittees on Bridge Welding, Stainless Steel, and Reinforcing Steel
Rakesh Gupta.. gupta@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(301)
Filler Metals and Allied Materials, International
Filler Metals, UNS Numbers Assignment, Arc
Welding and Cutting Processes, Computerization
of Welding Information
Brian McGrath .... bmcgrath@aws.org . . . . .(311)
Structural Welding, Welding in Marine Construction, Piping and Tubing
Senior Coordinator
Sissibeth Lopez . . sissi@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(319)
Liaison services with other national and international
societies and standards organizations.
Section Web Editor

Henry Chinea...hchinea@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(452)
GOVERNMENT LIAISON SERVICES

Sr. Associate Executive Director
Cassie R. Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . . . .(253)
Chelsea Lewis.. clewis@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(215)

Friction Welding, Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting, High-Energy Beam Welding, Robotics Welding, Welding in Sanitary Applications
Director
Rhenda A. Kenny... rhenda@aws.org . . . . . .(260)
Serves as a liaison between members and AWS headquarters.
Jennifer Rosario.. jrosario@aws.org . . . . . .(308)

Railroad Welding, Thermal Spraying, Welding Iron
Castings, Welding Qualification
Hugh K. Webster . . . . . . . . .hwebster@wc-b.com

Webster, Chamberlain & Bean, Washington, D.C.,
(202) 785-9500; FAX (202) 835-0243. Monitors federal issues of importance to the industry.
CONVENTION and EXPOSITIONS
Director, Convention and Meeting Services

Matthew Rubin.....mrubin@aws.org . . . . . . .(239)
ITSA International Thermal

Spray Association
Senior Manager and Editor

Kathy Dusa.kathydusa@thermalspray.org . . .(232)
RWMA Resistance Welding

Manufacturing Alliance
Management Specialist
Keila DeMoraes....kdemoraes@aws.org . . . .(444)
WEMCO Association of
Welding Manufacturers
Management Specialist
Keila DeMoraes....kdemoraes@aws.org . . . .(444)

Manufacturers Committee
Stephen Borrero..sborrero@aws.org . . . . . .(334)
GAWDA Gases and Welding

Distributors Association
Executive Director
John Ospina.. jospina@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(462)
Operations Manager
Natasha Alexis.. nalexis@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(401)
MEMBER SERVICES
CERTIFICATION SERVICES

Managing Director
John L. Gayler.. gayler@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(472)
Oversees all certification activities including all international certification programs.
Director, Certification Operations
Terry Perez..tperez@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(470)
Oversees application processing, renewals, and exam
scoring.
Director, Certification Programs
Linda Henderson..lindah@aws.org . . . . . . .(298)
Oversees the development of new certification programs, as well as AWS-Accredited Test Facilities, and
AWS Certified Welding Fabricators.
EDUCATION SERVICES
Note: Official interpretations of AWS standards

may be obtained only by sending a request in writing to Andrew R. Davis, managing director, Technical Services, adavis@aws.org. Oral opinions on
AWS standards may be rendered, however, oral
opinions do not constitute official or unofficial
opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition,
oral opinions are informal and should not be used
as a substitute for an official interpretation.
AWS FOUNDATION, Inc.
www.aws.org/w/a/foundation
General Information
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 212, vpinsky@aws.org
Chairman, Board of Trustees
Gerald D. Uttrachi
Director, Operations
Martica Ventura.. mventura@aws.org . . . . . .(224)
Executive Director, Foundation

Sam Gentry.. sgentry@aws.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (331)
Director, Development and Systems

David Hernandez.. dhernandez@aws.org . . .(219)
Corporate Director, Workforce Development

Monica Pfarr.. mpfarr@aws.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (461)
AWS AWARDS, FELLOWS, COUNSELORS
Senior Manager
Wendy S. Reeve.. wreeve@aws.org . . . . . . . .(293)
Coordinates AWS awards and Fellow and Counselor nominations.
180 NOVEMBER 2013
Program Managers
Efram Abrams.. eabrams@aws.org . . . . . . . .(307)
Automotive, Resistance Welding, Machinery and
Equipment, Methods of Inspection
The AWS Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation

established to provide support for the educational
and scientific endeavors of the American Welding
Society. Promote the Foundations work with your financial support. For information, call Vicki Pinsky,
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 212; e-mail vpinsky@aws.org.
MERCER ABRASIVE_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 4:40 PM Page 181
Personnel Nov_Layout 1 10/14/13 2:52 PM Page 182
PERSONNEL
SigmaTEK Appoints VP
SigmaTEK Systems, LLC, a provider
of CAD/CAM nesting and manufacturing
process automation, has promoted John
Reynolds to vice president of engineering.
Reynolds, with the company since 1999,
most recently served as vice president of
operations.
Wall Colmonoy Names

European Manager
Wall Colmonoy
European
Headquarters, Pontardawe, Wales, UK,
has appointed Julian Bracey its senior
purchasing manager
for alloy products,
precision components, and aerobraze
engineered techJulian Bracey
nologies. Prior to
joining the company,
Bracey served as commodity manager Europe (steel) at TRW Automotive.
Sabre Tubular
Appoints Trainer
Sabre Tubular Structures, Alvarado,
Tex., a manufacturer of steel power-delivery poles and substation structures, has
named Donnie Williams technical trainer.
Williams, an AWS
Certified Welding
Inspector and Certified Welding Educator, is an active
member of the AWS
North Texas Section.
Previously, he served
as education supervisor at Lincoln College of Technology in
Donnie Williams Grand Prairie, Tex.
TWB President Named

Worthington Industries, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, has named Ivan Meltzer president of TWB Co., the Worthingtons laser
welded blanking joint venture with Wuhan
Iron and Steel Co. He replaces Michael
Lowrey, interim president and CFO, who
will continue as executive vice president
and CFO. With Worthington for more
than 15 years, Meltzer most recently
served as director of automotive for its
Steel Processing business segment.
182 NOVEMBER 2013
IWDC Names Marketing VP

The Independent Welding Distributors Cooperative (IWDC) has named Ed
Holmes vice president, marketing and

supply chain. Prior to joining the cooperative, Holmes called on IWDC as a vendor partner while at Washington Alloy and
earlier at Steelmax.
Member Milestones
Mike Weller Tapped for Education Award
Mike Weller, president, Miller Electric Mfg. Co., Appleton, Wis., has received the Technical Education Champion Award from the Wisconsin Technical College District Boards Association. The annual award recognizes
business leaders for their support of local technical schools
and addressing key industry issues. Weller was recognized
for his work with Fox Valley Technical College (FVTC).
Among other initiatives, Weller recently served as treasurer and team leader for Friends of FVTC, an advocacy
group that secured 240,000 sq ft of new facilities. He has
led the 30-year Miller-FVTC partnership to establish the
Mike Weller
colleges Advanced Manufacturing Technical Center that
opened in 2011 to expand its welding programs, has served
as an adjunct instructor at the college, is active in the K12 engagement programs, and is an advocate for Wisconsin technical institutions with the governors office. Weller joined AWS in 1995. In 2003, he was named an Honorary
Member by the AWS Board of Directors.
Couch Receives GAWDAs Highest Award

The Gases and Welding Distributors Assn. (GAWDA),
has presented Dick Couch Jr., founder and CEO of Hypertherm Hanover, N.H., its Presidential Award of Excellence to recognize his outstanding contributions to the
industry. Couch, a member of the AWS Green and White
Mountains Section, founded Hypertherm in 1968 on a
patent of water-injection cutting, a process that radially
injects water into the plasma cutting nozzle. Since that
time, his company has introduced numerous technological advances that have improved the cut quality, reliability, and overall performance of metal-cutting systems.
Notable are the introductions of HyPerformance plasma
Dick Couch Jr.
cutting, long-life oxygen cutting, coaxial-assisted jet technology, long-life consumables, the True Hole, True
Bevel, and Rapid Part technologies, CAD/CAM software, among many others. His company is consistently named as one of the best places to work in America, with more than 1300 associates and operations and partner representation
worldwide. In presenting the award, GAWDA President Craig Wood cited Couchs
passion and dedication to improving the gases and welding industry, calling it an
honor to have worked with him over the course of his career.
tritool_FP_TEMP 10/10/13 5:12 PM Page 183
MECHANIZED
WELDING
SYSTEMS
Engineered for Versatility

Designed
D
esigned ssoo yyou
ou ccan
an ddoo
more
m
ore with
with less.
less.
Multi-Process System Performs

GTAW, GMAW-S, GMAW-P, and FCAW
Weld Head Travel up to 100 In/Min
Degree, Time, or Distance Control
Each Track Handles 3 Pipe Sizes
Patented Quick-Change Torch
See us at
FABTECH
Booth N611
(800)968-2605 (916)288-6100 www.tritool.com
October-2013 Red Hot_November-2005 Red Hot 3 10/14/13 7:50 AM Page 184
RED HOT
Products
Twin-Wire Arc Spray System
DELTA-MIG Heavy duty,

American Style Versatility.
Spray a full range of pure metals, alloys,

cored wires, and carbides with the Bay
State Model 400 twin-wire arc spray
machine. With its lightweight gun head
and robust design, this unit is operator
friendly and extremely reliable for a
variety of field and shop applications. Any
electrically conductive wire can be sprayed
with the Model 400, opening up a world of
applications including build-up, corrosion
protection, and wear resistance.
Ideal for medium to heavy-duty

industrial gauge work in automotive,
agriculture, aircraft, shipbuilding,
railroad, construction and off-road
industries, DELTA-MIG has a
unique interchangeable power pin
and swanneck design with a gullwing hinged handle for tool-less
entry. Available up to 480 amperes.
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N854
Abicor Binzel Corp.

650 Medimmune Court,
Suite 110
Frederick, MD 21703
(301) 846-4196
FAX: (301) 846-4497
www.abicorusa.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N511
Bay State Surface Technologies, Inc.

201 Washington St.
Auburn, MA 01501 USA
(508) 832-5035
jkapur@aimtek.com
www.baystatesurfacetech.com
Aerospace Grade Welding Alloys
ChannelFlux for Aluminum Brazing
Aimteks Aerospace-grade welding alloys are

approved for use in all major aviation and
defense applications. Typical approvals include
DFARS, Pratt & Whitney, GE, Rolls Royce, and
Honeywell. All weld wire is individually Acromag
tested and ultrasonically cleaned. Custom flag
tagging, color coding, packaging, and labeling
is available. Many exotic alloys in stock.
ISO9001/AS9100 quality system.
Bellman-Melcors patented ChannelFlux

brazing alloys make brazing aluminum to
aluminum and aluminum to copper easy.
Available in various alloy compositions and
flux formulations, the open channel design
allows flux to come into direct contact with
base metals, providing superior wetting
and a voidless finished product.
7575 183rd St
Tinley Park, IL 60477-6208
(708) 532-5000
sales@bellmanmelcor.com
www.bellmanmelcor.com
201 Washington St.

Auburn, MA 01501 USA
(508) 832-5035
jkapur@aimtek.com
www.aimtek.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2121
Your Partner In Learning

Printreading for Welders is an established
text/workbook that presents an introduction to
printreading fundamentals, American Welding
Society (AWS) welding symbols, and related printreading applications found in the welding and
fabrication industry. This new edition includes
expanded printreading activities and the latest
AWS A2.4 standard symbols for welding,
brazing, and nondestructive examination.
Pertinent topics are covered with color-enhanced
illustrations, detailed prints, and descriptive
photos. Printreading for Welders includes all the printreading and related
math content necessary to implement an AWS SENSE-based curriculum.
American Technical Publishers
10100 Orland Parkway, Suite 200
Orland Park, IL 60467-5756
(708) 957-1100
www.atplearning.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2834
Manual Rollover
Positioners for Welding
Bluco Corporation will display
its new line of manual roll-over
positioners at FABTECH 2013.
These positioners can be
used as stand-alone fixturing
solutions, or complement
your existing Bluco fixturing
system. There are several
styles and lengths of positioners available to suit your application. Stop by
Booth N2411 and speak to a Bluco sales engineer.
Bluco Corporation
3500 Thayer Ct.
Aurora, IL 60504
(800) 535-0135
www.bluco.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2411
Arcos Industries, LLC offers a 56-page

brochure which details the complete line
of premium bare wire, covered and
tubular electrode products for welding
stainless steel alloys. Electrode classifications, approvals, applications, diameters, typical mechanical properties and
chemical compositions are included.
Arcos Industries, LLC
394 Arcos Drive
Mt. Carmel, PA 17851
(800) 233-8460
Fax: (570) 339-5206
www.arcos.us
184
PO Box 1194 Yorba Linda,CA 92885

International phone 714.695.0899
International fax 714.695.0840
sales@derustit.com www.derustit.com
See Us at FABTECH Booth N2004
Stainless Steel Alloy Electrodes
RED HOT
Products
Wall Tracking Fillet Welder
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N1815
Bug-O Systems New K-BUG 4000;

digital, portable (17 lb) and
compact magnetic trackless travel
carriage for welding continuous or
intermittent stitch fillet welds
while traveling on a vertical wall
with 25 lb carrying capacity. The
constant travel speed produces
high quality, uniform welds in a
fraction of the time versus manual
welding.
Bug-O Systems
161 Hillpointe Drive
Canonsburg, PA 15317
(800) 245-3186
(412) 331-1776
Fax: (412) 331-0383
www.bugo.com
New Welder and Feeder

Combination Minimizes Investment
and Maintenance Costs While
Maximizing Productivity Options
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N429
Dengensha Americas new NDZ projection

welding system combines the NDZ pedestal
welder with the Dengensha Feeder. The combination is for manual or robotic projection
welding systems and initiated by foot switch,
dual palm stand, or robotic interface.
Installation, set-up, and operation are easy
and trouble-free.
Dengensha America Corp.
7647 First Place Drive
Bedford, OH 44146
(440) 439-8081
Fax: (440) 439-8217
sandrassy@dengensha.com
www.dengensha.com
Tri-Mix is Superior Tungsten
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2439
Pre-Ground Welding Electrodes
Safety. Budget. Accuracy.
Increase weld quality and productivity with

electrodes precision ground or polished to
your specification. Benefits include reduced
arc wander, consistency of arc shape, superior arc starting, longer electrode life and
elimination of tungsten inclusions through
reduction of electrode spitting/shedding.
Free samples of preground electrodes and
Tungsten Guidebook available upon request.
We know that welder and procedure

qualification is costly, and mistakes in
documentation can translate into delays
in productivity. Our team draws from
manufacturing, consulting, and codes
and standards experience. We know
that we have to stay on top of our game
so you can stay on yours. Our customers subscribe to our software
because they know with CEI, they get
the entire package. Smart software. Serious service. Its what we do.
www.thinkCEI.com
CEI
509 NW 5th Street
Blue Springs, MO 64014
(800) 473-1976
sales@thinkcei.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2328
Tri-Mix tungsten WS2 is nonradioactive

and offers superior performance in TIG and
plasma welding applications. It is blended
with three rare earth elements that
scientifically balance the migration and evaporation rates to extend service life with
increased number of arc starts and fewer
misfires. Its lower work function requires
less energy to start and also runs cooler.
FREE Tungsten Guidebook and FREE
samples available.
Diamond Ground Products, Inc.
2651 Lavery Court
Newbury Park, CA 91320
(805) 498-3837
Fax: (805) 498-9347
sales@diamondground.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2439

2651 Lavery Court
(805) 498-3837
Fax: (805) 498-9347
Be sure to follow us on Facebook
& Twitter!
185
Products
Fischer SUPER COUPON
Qualifies all Thicknesses
The best value in tungsten grinders just got

better! Not only can you properly grind tungsten
longitudinally on high-quality diamond wheels, but
you can now grind tungsten as small as 3 4 in.
This dedicated tungsten grinder provides a 20Ra
surface finish that improves most aspects of
welding applications, including tungsten life, arc
starting, arc stability and weld penetration. The
enclosed grinding area captures Tungsten dust for easy disposal and you
can correctly and consistently diamond grind tungsten up to 3 32 in. in less
than 30 seconds. You can learn more and see streaming video at
DiamondGround.com
2651 Lavery Court
(805) 498-3837 Fax: (805) 498-9347
sales@diamondground.com www.diamondground.com
Be sure to follow us on Facebook and Twitter!
You're Paying Too Much For

Tungsten Grinding Wheels
DGP offers a complete line of high-quality,
low-cost replacement diamond grinding
wheels for nearly any tungsten electrode
grinder on the market. DGP grinding
wheels are in-stock, and ready to ship
immediately. Compare and save today!
2651 Lavery Court
(805) 498-3837
Fax: (805) 498-9347
Be sure to follow us on Facebook
and Twitter!
New LDSF Large Diameter

Split Frame for Cutting
and Beveling
186
E. H. Wachs introduces its new large

diameter split frame (LDSF) for cold
cutting, beveling, facing, and counterboring on large diameter pipes
and vessels. Four standard LDSF
sizes cover a range from 60 in. to
120 in. O.D. The LDSF is stronger,
faster to set-up and operate, and
more versatile than our earlier
HDSF models.
The Fischer SUPER COUPON saves

money and time by replacing testing
of both 2 in. and 6 in. pipe coupons
per ASME Section IX,. It will qualify a
welder for ALL thicknesses and
ALL diameters down to 1 in. OD.
It is suitable for bend testing or
radiography. Various end preparations and lengths are available. For these and other coupons, please visit
our website.
8220 Expansion Way
Dayton, OH 45424
(937) 754-1750
Fax: (937) 754-1754
www.fischerengr.com
FISCHER DataCenter with FERITSCOPE FMP30

The Fischer FERITSCOPE FMP30 confirms
that your weld isnt going to crack under heat
or lose its strength and corrosion resistance.
This handheld ferrite content measurement
device quickly and easily determines if the ferrite content in a weld can withstand mechanical stresses at high temperatures. It identifies
if the weld is susceptible to cracking under
tension or vibration by taking a quick measurement of the ferrite content.
Ferrite content too low, the weld could crack under heat; ferrite content too
high, the weld could lose its strength and corrosion resistance. The included DataCenter software comprises all functions for the convenient transfer,
evaluation and printing of the measurement data from your FERITSCOPE
FMP30.
Fischer Technology, Inc.
750 Marshall Phelps Road
Windsor, CT 06095
(800)243-8417 (860)688-8496
info@fischer-technology.com www.fischer-technology.com
Flexovits NEW Thin Combination

Wheels-Flex Fusion!
From the company that brought you the
Razorblade thin cutoff wheel, Flexovit
introduces our newest product, the Flex
Fusion family of thin combination wheels!
For your applications that would normally
demand multiple abrasive products, the
Flex Fusion thin combination wheels allow
you to easily CUT, DEBUR, NOTCH, and
LIGHT GRIND all with only 1 wheel!
Thats a savings of both time and money! Contact us TODAY for a FREE
demonstration. Flexovit your EXPERTS IN SERVICE!
1305 Eden-Evans Center Road
Angola, NY 14006
(716) 549-5100
flexovitabrasives.com
(847) 537-8800
sales@ehwachs.com
www.ehwachs.com
Ergotem USA provides the American Market with

Hardfacing Solutions through
Its ABRAPLATE Line of Products
ABRALATE patent chromium carbide overlay
plate is a unique carbide cladding on a mild
steel base with excellent wear characteristics
and a long service life. The company offers
both hardfaced plates as well as customized
fabrications which ensure optimum protection
against wear and abrasion. Increase the service
life of your equipment and reduce down time by
using our tested solutions.
230 Ferry St., Easton, PA 18042 USA
(610) 829-1414 Cell: (610) 504-9000
Fax: (610) 829-1416
moutselos@ergotem-usa.com
www.ergotem-usa.com
See Us at FABTECH Booth S5527
Why Use the NEW Piranha II Tungsten Grinder?
Blaze Burner Torch Kit

The Goss torch kits can be used for weed burning, drying,
heating, melting, and other applications requiring large
volumes of outdoor heat.
Instant Ignition feature available

500,000 BTU output
Adjustable flame
On/Off brass needle valve
Durable construction
10 ft. hose with propane tank adapter attached
Goss Incorporated
1511 Route 8
Glenshaw, PA 15116
(800) 367-4677
Fax: (412) 486-6844
office@gossonline.com
www.gossonline.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2049
RED HOT
RED HOT
Products
The Gullco Pipe KAT
What is Thermal Spray

FREE 28-page resource for understanding thermal spraying and how
it may assist with your wear and
corrosion needs. Each thermal spray
process is defined, illustrated and listed by markets served. For a free
copy, send an email request or visit
the Thermal Spray Pavilion Booth
N407.
The Gullco Pipe KAT is an automated

orbital welding carriage designed for pipe
welding applications. Ideal for field pipeline
manufacturing and power plant construction, the Pipe KAT is a fully integrated
welding system. A remote pendant is
included and allows adjustment of the critical application parameters
during the welding process including, oscillation width, speed, dwells,
wire feed speed and voltage adjustment. The carriage operates on a
track band made of durable aluminum extrusion by
engaging the track with self-aligning wheels and a rack-and-pinion drive.
This wheel assembly uses a lever to engage that track, making it very
quick and simple to install the carriage. The simple control design has
made the Pipe KAT one of the easiest pipe welding carriages to
operate on the market.
Now also available in Spanish!

International
Thermal Spray Association
itsa@thermalspray.org
www.thermalspray.org
Contact us at ussales@gullco.com
Welding Classes and Certification

This course catalog, available online at
www.welding.org, explains in detail the
wide range of welding classes and certifications offered by Hobart Institute of
Welding Technology. More than 25 separate welding courses are described by
course objective, content, and testing
requirements. Also inside the catalog are
course schedules, training rates, and
enrollment forms. Training and certification
may be done at our facility or yours.
Band-Type Pipe Cutting and

Beveling Machine
The H & M Band-Type Pipe Cutting and Beveling Machine is fast, accurate and
versatile. A single operator can position the band and beveling machine head
on 48 -diameter pipe in about five minutes.The H&M motorized beveling
machinehead incorporates a rugged, lightweight, cast aluminumchassis that
is highly portable (weighs only 18 pounds) anddesigned to work on all H&M
stainless steel bands.
H&M Pipe Beveling Machine Co.
311 East Third Street, Tulsa, OK 74120
(918) 582-9984 Fax: (918) 582-9989
info@hmpipe.com http://hmpipe.com/machines
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N627
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology

400 Trade Square East
Troy, OH 45373
(800) 332-9448
FAX: (937) 332-5200
www.welding.org
Welding Training Curriculum Available
Saddle-Type Beveling Machine
H & Ms unique split horseshoe design permits easy placement over pipe
sections. A quick-operating boomer assembly securely locks the machine
to the pipe for an entire 360-degree rotation. No repositioning is ever
needed! H & Ms Cuboid Spacer System keeps the spacers on the machine
to minimize downtime.
H&M Pipe Beveling Machine Co.
311 East Third Street, Tulsa, OK 74120
(918) 582-9984 Fax: (918) 582-9989
info@hmpipe.com http://hmpipe.com/machines
HIWT curriculum materials are perfect for

open entry and open exit environments
because theyre modular. Since video
modules are designed to present core
information and model proper technique,
students entering your program can work
through the videos and practice sessions
independently, with the aid of their workbooks and coaching from you. Designed with input from welding instructors across the country. We consult with welding instructors across the
country during the development phase to make sure that our curriculum
materials do the job you need them to do. Put 80 years of welding
training experience to work for you.
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology
400 Trade Square East
See Us at FABTECH
Troy, OH 45373
(800) 332-9448 FAX: (937) 332-5200
Booth N627
www.welding.org
Model DFC 8/12 Dust and

Fume Collector
Welder Shaver
Heck Industries has added a
new hand held weld shaver to
their line of fabricating equipment. The new weld shaver
uses standard carbide inserts
in a milling cutter to shave
weld beads flush to a work
piece. Used for cleaning butt
welds and corner welds. The
weld shaver will remove only the weld and not damage surrounding
materials such as conventional grinding of joints. The 2 horsepower
Model WS-625 will quickly remove welds at 6-8 feet per minute. For more
information and a catalog please contact Heck Industries.
Industrial Maid introduces the new compact

and efficient DFC Series dust collector product line. A small footprint with powerful
direct drive BI fan (800 to 1500 CFM) makes
this a good choice for the collection of welding smoke and fumes, grinding dust, plasma
smoke and other nuisance dusts. The unique
Filter Hammer cleaning system maximizes
the performance and provides for longer filter life. A simple pneumatic
push button cleaning (requires compressed air) and a sealed dust tray
make filter cleaning a snap.
Heck Industries
(800) 886-5418
Fax: (810) 632-6640
www.heckind.net
Industrial Maid
351 South 12th Road
Cortland, NE 68331
(877) 624-3247
www.industrial-maid.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth S2209
See Us at FABTECH
Booth S3193
187
RED HOT
Products
iShot Weld-i
1000 Weld Monitoring
Color Camera System
The iShot Weld-i 1000 camera system

saves resources and time by verifying the
quality of automated welds in real time.
This inspection system combines a
specially housed, high-resolution color
CCD camera with air or water cooling capabilities, allowing it to withstand
the punishing environments of automated welding. The camera head is
compact, 1-inch OD and 3-inches long. Control of focus and iris for the
ever-changing weld process conditions.
InterTest, Inc.
303 State Route 94
Columbia, NJ 07832
(908) 496-8008
weld@intertest.com
www.intertest.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N470
iShot Weld-i Zoom Weld Monitoring Camera System

The Weld-i Zoom System produces real-time
detailed color video images of your welding
process. In addition to live monitoring, this
zoom version of the Weld-i can provide magnified views of the weld after completion. Post
weld inspections are performed quickly and
keep the operator at a safe standoff distance.
The 10X optical with 4X digital (40X total)
zoom allows placement of the camera head
far back from the harsh conditions near the
torch head. On-board LEDs illuminate an
otherwise dark environment producing vivid color images.
InterTest, Inc.
303 State Route 94
Columbia, NJ 07832
(908) 496-8008
weld@intertest.com www.intertest.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N470
Think Zinc
New from J.P. Nissen, this
zinc-rich touch-up pen for
galvanized metal provides
long lasting galvanic protection, allowing for field
repair of hot-dip or spray
galvanizing at any point
during the fabrication or
instillation process without
costly and messy overspray. The high-solid content resists chipping
fading or peeling.
J.P. Nissen Co.
P.O. Box 339
See Us at FABTECH
Glenside, PA 19038
Booth N718
(215) 886-2025
Fax: (215) 886-0707
iShot Weld-i 625 Weld Monitoring Color

Camera System
Save resources and time by
verifying the quality of automated
welds in real time with the Weld-i 625
by iShot Imaging. This system combines a specially housed, high-resolution color CCD camera with air or
water cooling capabilities to allow it
to withstand the punishing environments of automated welding. The camera head is extremely compact at just 5/8-inches in diameter and 3-inches long. The drop in filter allows for viewing during weld and nonwelding
modes. Illumination is delivered to the target during nonweld modes via
an included fiber optic light guide.
InterTest, Inc.
303 State Route 94
Columbia, NJ 07832
See Us at FABTECH
(908) 496-8008
Booth N470
weld@intertest.com www.intertest.com
Guidelines Low Odor

Layout Marker
New from J.P. Nissen, the
Guidelines Layout Marker.
This quick-drying, lowodor formula, has been
specifically designed to
get the same coverage
as a 12 oz can of spray layout fluid without the odor or mess. The marker provides a clean low reflection surface for easy scribing and layout
marking.
J.P. Nissen Co.
P.O. Box 339
Glenside, PA 19038
(215) 886-2025
Fax: (215) 886-0707
iShot Visible Welding V2012-UDR-C Digital

Weld Monitoring Color
Camera System
See through high glare for inspection
or machine vision! View and record
video or stills of welds in the blinding
light of arc-welding for analysis and
archiving. Monitor the electrode, arc,
puddle and joint before and during
the weld. With a dynamic-range of
over 10,000,000:1, the camera can
capture both arc light and metal. A
welding arc can be ten-million times brighter than the metal, far exceeding
high-end industrial cameras. Available in USB or GigE format.
InterTest, Inc.
303 State Route 94
See Us at FABTECH
Columbia, NJ 07832
Booth N470
(908) 496-8008
188 weld@intertest.com www.intertest.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N718
Orbital Tube Welding System

Uses Standard
Power Sources
The innovative design of Magnatech's
EZ orbital system integrates a controller and orbital head with standard
GTAW power supplies. An intuitive
symbol-based interface requires minimal operating training. Multiple head
models allow tubes 0.5 4.0 in. OD
to be welded to all code standards.
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2200
Magnatech LLC
(860) 653-2573
Fax: (860) 653-0486
Email: info@MagnatechLLC.com
www.MagnatechLLC.com
RED HOT
Products
Strong magnet attracts to any ferrous metal
object and leaves both hands free to safely
work on the project. Ideal for fast setup and
accurate holding for all welding jobs.
Welding Angle Magnets
The arrow model covers 45, 90

and 135 degree welding angles
The protractor model covers 30,
45, 60, 75 and 90 degree welding angles
747 S. Gilbert St.

Castle Rock, CO 80104
(888) 293-9399
www.magnetsource.com
The NEX HD fume extraction arm

is designed for working environments with heavy smoke, vapors,
or nonexplosive dust. The NEX HD
model is ideal for heavy-duty welding and where high airflows are
demanded. The arm is available in
four lengths 7, 10, 14 and 16.5 ft.
Nederman LLC
102 Transit Ave.
Thomasville, NC 27360
(800) 533-5286
infoUSA@nederman.com
www.nederman.com
Cleaner, Smoother, Faster Plasma Cutting

brought to you by Motor Guard
Mobile Welding Fume

Extractor
The Nederman Filtercart is a
self-contained portable air filtration
unit for use in repair and maintenance facilities that require fume
extraction in multiple locations. The
Filtercart is delivered completely
assembled with 7ft. fume extractor
arm, filter, and fan.
Improved Plasma Cutting
Contaminants in your compressed air

system dust, scale, condensed moisture and oil mist seriously affect the
quality of your plasma cuts. Installation of
a MotorGuard sub-micronic air filter on
your plasma machine will effectively
remove these contaminants; eliminating
arc-sputter and producing cleaner, faster,
smoother cuts. Motor Guard filters
virtually pay for themselves by reducing
wear and prolonging the life of expensive
tips and electrodes. Ask your welding
equipment supplier for a Motor Guard
Filter today.
Motor Guard Corporation

(800) 227-2822
Fax: (800) 237-7581
info@motorguard.com
www.motorguardplasma.com
NEX HD Heavy-Duty
Fume Extraction Arm
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2469
Nederman LLC
102 Transit Ave.
(800) 533-5286
www.nederman.com
FilterBox Generation 3
Fume and Dust
Extraction Unit
This modular fume and dust extractor is a proven solution for removing
welding fumes and dust from the
workplace environment. The unit can
serve as a mobile or fixed mounted
unit and has a cleanable filter.
Compressed air cleaning is available
for extra filter cleaning efficiency.
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2469
Nederman LLC
102 Transit Ave.
(800) 533 -5286
www.nederman.com
189
Products
Quick-Fit clamp
together ducting
Industrial Ducting
Nordfab Quick-Fit clamp together

duct allows for quick efficient
installations of industrial ducting
systems. There is no need for
costly and time-consuming bolted
flanges, screws or rivets. The clamp-together modular design is easily
removed for cleaning or reconfiguring and then put back together without
tools, special skills or equipment. Our ducting is adaptable and will fit with
any existing duct system.
Nordfab Ducting
150 Transit Ave.
(800) 532-0830
www.nordfab.com
See Us at Fabtech/AWS
Booth # N2853
RED HOT
Hardface Technologies
manufactures a wide
range of wear resistant
solutions, which find
application in a variety
of industries. The companys advanced hardfacing products, which
have been engineered specifically for high-wear environments,
are available through its worldwide distribution network.
Postle Industries Inc.

Cleveland, OH 44142, USA
(216) 265-9000
Fax: (216) 265-9030
www.hardfacetechnologies.com
Advanced
Hardfacing Products
190
Select-Arc offers an expanded catalog that describes the company's

complete line of premium flux cored
and metal cored carbon steel, lowalloy, stainless steel, nickel alloy and
hardsurfacing welding electrodes.
This 100-page catalog includes
comparability charts, welding
parameters, deposition rates,
agency approvals and Select-Arc
packaging options.
Select-Arc, Inc.
600 Enterprise Drive
P.O. Box 259
Fort Loramie, OH 45845-0259
(800) 341-5215
Fax: (888) 511-5217
www.select-arc.com
Welding Electrodes Catalog
RED HOT
Products
SinplexPro Universal Plasma Spray Guns
Efficient, Low Cost
Cascading Arc Solutions
Two new System Mounting Brackets (SMB
2-350 & SMB 2-700) allow Versa-Tig
Systems to be mounted directly over
Miller's Dynasty and Maxstar 350 and
700 power sources on the Tig runner
carts to create a compact versatile package. Welders can "dial in" the proper TIG
torch for each task or setup in "1 sec."!
Use with any TIG torch & power source.
Perfect when a variety of materials,
thicknesses, joint geometries, and
combinations of welds or setups require
multiple torch options. Made in the USA.
The SinplexPro provides the high

throughput benefit of cascaded arc
technology at a minimal investment
cost. The single cathode design
streamlines the process enabling operation with most existing plasma spray
systems. SinplexPro plasma spray
guns are designed to universally apply
pure metals, metallic alloys, oxide
ceramics, carbides, and cermets.
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N404
Sulzer Metco
(800) 638-2699
Fax: (516) 338-2414
www.sulzer.com
info@sulzermetco.com
Weld Test Stand
The Weld Test Stand allows for quick,

secure clamping and positioning of pipe
or plate test assemblies. All position pipe
fixtures will hold up to 1-1/2 in. thickness
without backing and can be placed in any
position. Pipe and plate fixtures are also
sold separately without the stand and
may be held securely in a bench vise or
adapted to existing stands. Shipped
unassembled, the Weld Test Stand
weighs approximately 85 lb. Visit our new
online store!
Triangle Engineering Inc.
6 Industrial Way
Hanover, MA 02339
(781) 878-1500
Fax: (781) 878-2547
Website: www.trieng.comTriangle
IRONCAT Welding Gloves and Apparel

IRONCAT gloves and apparel from West

Chester Protective Gear is designed for the
unique heat shielding, dexterity, and protection
demands of Stick, MIG, and TIG welding
applications. Developed by welders for welders,
IRONCAT is the result of countless hours of
research and development with welding protection manufacturers and real world insight from
the countrys largest welding operations. IRONCAT products are available through a nationwide
network of safety distributors, welding supply
houses, and other specialty retailers.
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2458
West Chester Protective Gear

100 Corridor Park Drive
Monroe, OH 45050
(800) 647-1900
www.westchestergear.com
191
RED HOT
Products
Bend and Make Your
Pipe Like the Pros!
We Offer Solutions for Metal Joining Challenges
Woodward Fab manual tube and pipe benders

are made from heavy-duty, CNC-machined
steel and allow you to fabricate your own
one-of-a-kind pieces. They can bend up to 2 in.
diameter pipe with ease and have a 36 in.
handle and an engraved degree wheel for
precision bends every time. Simply clamp them
into your vise, mount them to your bench top,
or attach them to the heavy-duty bender stand.
Woodward Fab
P.O. Box 425
Hartland, MI 48353
(800) 391-5419
Fax: (810) 632-6640
www.WoodwardFab.com
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N1972
HI TecMetal Group Research and Development

Engineering Center is where tech startups, manufacturers and big corporations can solve
problems in energy, transportation, advanced
manufacturing, food production, medical and
stationary power industries. HTG's focus is
helping solve problems in the area of metal
joining. HTG's future is aimed at attracting
researchers, engineers and others that need
solutions for metal joining challenges, or need
new product development. We are geared
toward design of experiments for processes and
assembly fabrication. 1943-2013 Celebrating
70 years.
HI TecMetal Group, Inc.
1101 East 55th Street
Cleveland, OH 44103
(216) 881-8100
quoteteam@htg.cc www.htg.cc
GTFM V
Gas Flow Rates Measured The next
generation of Gas Turbine Flow Monitor
from Computer Weld Technology, Inc.
The convenience and accuracy of the
GTFM V enables this welding tool to pay
for itself many times over. With two
configurations offered, make this a part
of your weld control process.
Computer Weld Technology, Inc.
10702 Old Bammel N Houston Rd.
Houston, TX 77086
(713) 462-2118
FAX: (713) 462-2503
www.cweldtech.com Website
Lightning Fast Cuts with Black Lightning

Mercer Abrasives Black Lightning cutoff wheels are reformulated for lightning
fast cuts and longer life.
Each wheel contains heat-treated aluminum
oxide grain in its extra thin design so blades
cut fast with less power. The wheels are
double external reinforced with high tensile
strength fiberglass to minimize vibrations
and burrs. Available in Type 1 and Type 27
depressed center versions, a wide variety
of sizes are offered to fit a large selection
of machines.
Mercer Abrasives
(800) 221-5202
www.mercerabrasives.com
Computer Weld Technology, Inc.s SmartSensor

The sensor will record and store
Arc Time
Weld Counter
Duty Cycle
Average Current and Arc-On Time
Average Volt, Wire Speed, Gas Flow,
Temperature and Travel Speed
(Requires additional sensors)
The sensor can store 1040 weld summaries in internal NVRAM. The Date/Time
stamped summaries may be downloaded
via the Modbus Port.
Computer Weld Technology, Inc.
10702 Old Bammel N Houston Road
Houston, TX 77086 USA
(713) 462-2118 Fax: (713) 462-2503
www.cweldtech.com
Precision In-Line Pipe Cutting and

End Preparation
AMI-GUARD Introduces Xtreme Barrier and

Fabric Compsite
Tri Tools portable 600 Series split-frame SB

and RBL Clamshell lathes provide precision
in-line cutting on 14" to 60" diameter pipe.
These lathes can be configured to provide
simultaneous sever/bevel, single-point
machining and counterboring. Pneumatic,
hydraulic and electric drives can be used,
and mounting systems are available for thin
to heavy wall pipe.
Xtreme Barrier textiles are

constructed using a specially
formulated coating that delivers increased performance
over typical silicone-coated
glass fabrics. These flexible
barriers come in single layer
form or a multi-layer blanket
for extreme hot work environments. Both fabric and
composite are FM approved.
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N2107
192
Auburn Manufacturing, Inc.

www.auburnmfg.com
(800) 264-6689
See Us at FABTECH
Booth N611
TRI TOOL Inc.

3041 Sunrise
Rancho Cordova, CA 95742
(888) TRITOOL (916) 288-6100
FAX: (916) 288-6160
www.tritool.com
LogoPages2013_Layout 1 10/15/13 11:08 AM Page 193
Thanks For Giving Us the

Opportunity to Serve You!
On behalf of the American Welding Society,
Welding Journal would like to thank all of
our advertisers for supporting your Society
and the welding industry.
Nov 2013 WJ CLASSIFIED_Classified Template 10/15/13 1:09 PM Page 197
CLASSIFIEDS
CERTIFICATION
& TRAINING
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE OR RENT

MITROWSKI RENTS
Made in U.S.A.
Welding Positioners
1-Ton thru 60-Ton
Tank Turning Rolls
2013
CWI PREPARATORY
Guarantee Pass or Repeat FREE!
80+ HOUR COURSE

MORE HANDSON/PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Houma, LA Nov. 1122

Ellijay, GA Dec. 213
Pascagoula, MS Oct. 21Nov. 1
56+ HOUR COURSE

EXTRA INSTRUCTION TO GET A HEAD START
Houma, LA Nov. 1422

Used Equipment for Sale

www.mitrowskiwelding.com
40 HOUR COURSE
GET READY FAST PACED COURSE!
Houma, LA Nov. 1822

Test follows on Saturday at same facility &
includes additional self study for weekend
FOR DETAILS CALL OR E-MAIL:

(800) 489-2890
info@realeducational.com
Also offering: 9Year CWI Recertification,
RT Film Interpretation, MT/PT/UT Thickness,
Welding Procedure Fundamentals,
CWS, SCWI, Advanced Inspection Courses
Hawkeye
H
awkeye Borescopes
Borescopes
sales@mitrowskiwelding.com
(800) 218-9620
(713) 943-8032
80
keye
d, Flexible
Video
scopes
ock!
SERVICES
gradientlens.com/welding
Place Your
Classified Ad Here!
Call the AWS sales team at:
(800) 443-9353
800.536.0790
JOE FULLER LLC
We manufacture tank turning rolls

3-ton through 120-ton rolls
www.joefuller.com
Rob Saltzstein at ext. 243

salty@aws.org
Lea Paneca at ext. 220
lea@aws.org
Sandra Jorgensen at ext. 254
sjorgensen@aws.org
email: joe@joefuller.com
Phone: (979) 277-8343
Fax: (281) 290-6184
Our products are made in the USA
WELDING JOURNAL 197
ADVERTISER
INDEX
3M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
www.3M.com/9100MP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 328-1667
Carell Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102, 185

www.carellcorp.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(251) 937-0948
Abicor Binzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 184, 192

www.binzel-abicor.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 542-4867
Carestream NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

ndt.carestream.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 328-2910
Above Material Technology Co., Beijing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

www.amt-alloys.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86-186-0125-9786
CEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131, 185

www.thinkcei.com/pw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 473-1976
Aimtek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114, 184

www.aimtek.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 772-0104
Cerbaco Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

www.cerbaco.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(908) 996-1333
ALM Materials Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9

www.almmh.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 544-5438
C. H. Symington & Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

www.chsymington.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(614) 766-2602
America Fortune Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

www.americafortune.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(713) 779-8882
Champion Welding Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

www.ChampionWelding.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 321-9353
American Technical Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 184

www.atplearning.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 323-3471
CM Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
www.cmindustries.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 550-0033
American Torch Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

www.americantorchtip.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 342-8477
Coleman Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

www.colemancable.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 323-9355
Arc One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

www.arc1weldsafe.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 223-4685
Commercial Diving Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

www.commercialdivingacademy.com . . . . . . . . .(888) 974-2232
Arcos Industries, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121, 184, IBC

www.arcos.us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 233-8460
Computer Weld Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

www.cweldtech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(713) 462-2118
Astaras Welding Accessories, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-23

www.e3tungsten.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .web contact only
Cor-Met . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45, 110, 113

www.cor-met.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(810) 227-3251
Atlas Welding Accessories, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

www.atlaswelding.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 962-9353
Dengensha America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147, 185

www.dengensha.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(440) 439-8081
Auburn Mfg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

www.auburnmfg.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 264-6689
DF Machine Specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108, 185

www.dfmachinespecialties.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(507) 625-6200
AWS Education Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138, 146, 152

www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353
Diamond Ground Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129, 185, 186

www.diamondground.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(805) 498-3837
AWS Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160-163

www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353
Divers Academy International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

www.diversacademy.edu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 238-3483
AWS Member Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134, 142

www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353
Donaldson Torit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

www2.donaldson.com/nanofiber . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 365-1331
AWS Publication Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

www.aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353
Durum USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

www.durumusa.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 267-0387
Baystate Surface Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157, 184

www.baystatesurfacetech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 772-0104
E.H. Wachs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137, 186

www.ehwachs.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 537-8800
Bellman-Melcor, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 184

www.bellmanmelcor.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 367-6024
Electron Beam Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101, 127

www.electronbeam.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(815) 935-2211
Bluco Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135, 184

www.Bluco.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 535-0135
Ergotem USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

www.ergotem-usa.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(610) 829-1416
Bradford Derustit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153, 184

www.derustit.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(714) 695-0899
ESAB Welding and Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 95

www.esabna.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 372-2123
Bruker AXS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

www.bruker.com/s1titan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(978) 439-9899
Et Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
www.etal.us.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(630) 880-0160
Bug-O Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109, 185

www.bugo.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 245-3186
Fischer Engineering Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

www.fischerengr.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(937) 754-1754
Camfil Air Polution Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

www.camfilapc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 479-6801
Fischer Technology, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148, 186

www.fischer-technology.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 243-8417
198 NOVEMBER 2013
Flexovit USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153, 186

www.flexovitabrasives.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 689-3539
Kimberly Clark Professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

www.kcprofessional.com/BalderPromo . . . . . . .(800) 241-3146
Fronius USA, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

www.fronius-usa.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(877) 376-6487
K.I.W.O.T.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
www.rodguard.net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 944-1552
G.A.L. Gage Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

www.galgage.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 465-5750
KMT Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

www.kmtsaw.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 321-8860
Gedik Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

www.gedikwelding.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+90 216 378 50 00
Kobelco Welding of America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

www.kobelcowelding.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 961-3158
Genstar Technologies Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

www.genstartech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(909) 606-2726
Koike Aronson, Inc./Ransome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

www.koike.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 252-5232
Goss, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149, 186

www.gossonline.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 367-4677
LA-CO Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

www.markal.com/www.tempil.com . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 956-7600
Greiner Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

www.greinerindustries.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 782-2110
Lincoln Electric Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OBC

www.lincolnelectric.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(216) 481-8100
Gullco International, Inc. - U.S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101, 187

www.gullco.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(440) 439-8333
Magnatech LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136, 188

www.magnatechllc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(860) 653-2573
Harberts Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

www.recycleflux.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 377-3103
Magswitch Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

www.magswitch.com.au . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(303) 468-0662
Harris Products Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

www.harrisproductsgroup.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 733-4043
Master Magnetics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94, 189

www.magnetsource.com/wj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 293-9399
Hascor International Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

www.hascor.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(832) 237-7800
Masterweld Products USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

www.masterweld.net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 433-3454
Heck Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128, 187

www.heckind.net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 886-5418
Mathey Dearman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
www.matheycnc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(918) 477-1288
Hi Tecmetal Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125, 192

www.htg.cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(216) 426-6612
Meltric Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

www.meltric.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 433-7642
H&M Pipe Beveling Machine Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 187

www.hmpipe.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(918) 582-9984
Mercer Abrasives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181, 192

www.mercerabrasives.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(631) 243-3900
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . .112, 187

www.welding.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 332-9448
Micro Air Clean Air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

www.microaironline.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(866) 566-4276
Hodgson Custom Rolling, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

www.hcrsteel.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 263-2547
Midalloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
www.midalloy.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 776-3300
Hypertherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
www.hypertherm.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 643-0030
Miller Electric Mfg. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

www.MillerWelds.com/webuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(920) 734-9821
Ideal Welding Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

www.go2iws.com/fabtech1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(855) 599-9064
Miyachi America Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

www.miyachiamerica.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(626) 303-5676
IMPACT (Ironworkers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

www.ironworkers.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 545-4921
MK Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
www.mkproducts.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 787-9707
Industrial Maid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

www.industrial-maid.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(877) 624-3247
Monster Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

www.monstertool.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 227-2433
Intercon Enterprises, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

www.intercononline.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 665-6655
Motor Guard Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102, 189

www.motorguardplasma.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 227-2822
International Thermal Spray Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

www.thermalspray.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(440) 357-5400
MTI Instruments, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135, 189

www.mtiinstruments.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(518) 218-2550
InterTest, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155, 188

www.intertest.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(908) 496-8008
National Bronze & Metals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 189

www.nbmmetals.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(713) 869-9600
Johnson Mfg. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90, 188

www.johnsonmfg.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 747-0030
Nederman LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

www.nederman.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 533-5286
J.P. Nissen Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123, 188

www.nissenmarkers.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(215) 886-2025
Nordfab Ducting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

www.nordfab.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 532-0830
WELDING JOURNAL 199
OTC Daihen, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

www.daihen-usa.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 682-7626
Tokin Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

www.tokinarc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+81-53-485-5252
Pearl Abrasive Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

www.pearlabrasive.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 969-5561
Tri Tool, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 192

www.tritool.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 874-8665
Phoenix International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

www.dryrod.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(414) 973-3400
Triangle Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126, 164, 191

www.trieng.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 878-1500
Postle Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165, 190

www.postle.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 321-2978
TRUMPF, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

www.us.trumpf.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .web contact only
Red-D-Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
www.reddarc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(866) 733-3272
Uniweld Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

www.uniweld.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 323-2111
Revco Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

www.bsxgear.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 527-3826
voestalpine Bhler Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36-38

www.voestalpine.com/welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 527-0791
Rolled Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

www.rolledalloys.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 521-0332
Walhonde Tools, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

www.walhonde.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(304) 756-3796
RWMA/Resistance Welding Mfg. Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

www.aws.org/rwma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 444
Walter Surface Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

www.walter.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 522-0321
Sakura of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

www.sakuraofamerica.com/industrial .(800) 776-6257, ext. 113
Watts Specialties, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

www.watts-specialties.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(253) 848-9288
Sandvik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
www.smt.sandvik.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 852-9442
Weartech International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

www.lincolnelectric.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(714) 683-2430
Schaefer Ventilation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

www.schaeferfan.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 779-3267
Weiler Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

www.weilercorp.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 835-9999
Select Arc, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IFC, 118, 190

www.select-arc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(937) 295-5215
Weld-Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
www.weldaid.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 935-3243
Sellstrom Manufacturing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117, 190

www.sellstrom.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 323-7402
Weld Engineering Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39, 191

www.weldengineering.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(508) 842-2224
Stainless Design/Versa-Tig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

www.versa-tig.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(614) 855-1095
Welder Training & Testing Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

www.wtti.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 223-9884
Steelmax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116, 191

www.steelmax.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(877) 833-5629
WEMCO/An Association of Welding Manufacturers . . . . .158

www.aws.org/wemco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 444
Sulzer Metco (US), Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 191

www.sulzer.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(516) 334-1300
West Chester Protective Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141, 191

www.westchestergear.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 647-1900
Sumner Manufacturing Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

www.sumner.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 999-6910
Woodward Fab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

www.WoodwardFab.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 391-5419
Superflash Compressed Gas Equipment/Ibeda, Inc. . . . . . .119

www.oxyfuelsafety.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(888) 327-7306
RED HOTS SECTION ...........................184192
TEC Welding Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

www.tectorch.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(760) 747-3700
TEKA North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
www.teka-direct.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(816) 842-1773
Thermal Dynamics/Victor Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
www.VictorThermalDynamicsAutomation.com (866) 279-2628
Thermatool Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
www.thermatool.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(203) 468-4100
Thermo-Calc Software AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
www.thermocalc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(724) 731-0074
Tianjin Leigong Welding Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
www.hardfacing.en.alibaba.com . . . . . . . . . .+86-13752201959
Tip-Tig USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
www.tiptigusa.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(856) 312-8164
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SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 2013

Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council
Estimation of Weld Joint Penetration

under Varying GTA Pools
A neuro-fuzzy model is shown to estimate joint penetration with sufficient accuracy
using measurements from a frontside vision sensing system
ABSTRACT
A real-time vision system was previously developed to measure three-dimensional
(3D) weld pool surface in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The measured surface was
characterized/parameterized by its width, length, and convexity. These characteristic
parameters were found capable of predicting the weld joint penetration as measured
by the backside bead width. However, to control the weld joint penetration, the welding current should be adjusted. It is unclear if these characteristic parameters may still
be used to predict the weld joint penetration in an acceptable accuracy when the weld
pool varies substantially. To answer this question and estimate the penetration under
varying weld pools, various dynamic experiments under different welding conditions
were conducted using varying welding currents to acquire (frontside weld pool surface) characteristic parameters and corresponding backside bead width as data pairs.
Data analysis revealed a nonlinear correlation of the backside bead width with the
characteristic parameters. Further, the backside bead width at a particular location requires characteristic parameters from its neighboring weld pools to estimate if the pool
varies. Hence, a dynamic adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model was
developed to correlate the backside bead width nonlinearly to characteristic parameters in neighboring weld pools and used to online predict the backside bead width in
real-time. It was found that the weld joint penetration as measured by the backside
bead width was able to be predicted in real-time from the characteristic parameters in
neighboring weld pools with an acceptable accuracy despite variations in weld pools by
the nonlinear ANFIS model developed.
Introduction
Sensing and control of the weld joint
penetration are fundamental issues of concern in automated welding. For a fully
penetrated weld pool, the joint penetration specified by its backside bead width
could be sensed by a backside sensor.
However, a frontside sensor is preferred
because of the limitations of the backside
sensor in sensor access and motion match
between the welding torch and the sensor.
Extensive research has been performed to
monitor the welding process using various
frontside sensing techniques (Refs. 18).
Different types of information have been
extracted and interpreted to describe the
state of the welding process. Among the
many proposed frontside sensing methods,
Y. K. LIU, W. J. ZHANG, and Y. M. ZHANG
(ymzhang@engr.uky. edu) are with Institute for
Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Ky.
the weld pool geometry is believed to provide valuable insights into the state of the
welding process. Important information,
such as weld defects and joint penetration,
are contained in the surface deformation
of the weld pool in the gas tungsten arc
welding (GTAW) process (Refs. 911). A
skilled welder can extract information
about the weld joint penetration by directly viewing the frontside weld pool. This
KEYWORDS
Weld Joint Penetration
Nonlinear
Dynamic
Penetration
Neuro-fuzzy
ANFIS
Machine Vision
Weld Pool
GTAW
implies that an advanced control system

could be developed to precisely control
the joint penetration by emulating the estimation and decision-making process of
the human welder. However, the correlation between the frontside weld pool characteristic parameters and joint penetration
should be examined to facilitate online
penetration monitoring and accurate penetration control of the the GTAW process.
Recently, an innovative vision-based
sensing system for the GTAW process was
developed in the University of Kentucky
Welding Research Laboratory (Ref. 12).
Three-dimensional (3D) weld pool surface
geometry could thus be reconstructed in
real-time. It was further found that the 3D
weld pool surface could be characterized
by its width, length, and convexity instead
of a large set of 3D surface coordinates
(Refs. 12, 13). The joint penetration could
thus be estimated using the proposed optimal model and weld pool characteristic
parameters with an acceptable accuracy.
However, to control the weld joint penetration, the welding current should be adjusted. It is unclear if these characteristic
parameters may still be capable of predicting the weld joint penetration in an acceptable accuracy when the weld pool
varies substantially. The answer to this
question and development of this capability are fundamental issues that must be answered/resolved in order to use the weld
pool as feedback information to control
the joint penetration. Hence, this paper
studies the correlation of the joint penetration with the characteristic parameters
under varying full penetration conditions
and develops the capability to predict the
weld joint penetration despite large variations in weld pool geometry.
Experimentation
Vision-Based Sensing System Overview
In this section, an innovative visionbased sensing system for the GTAW

process developed in the welding lab at the
WELDING JOURNAL 313-s
WELDING RESEARCH
BY Y. K. LIU, W. J. ZHANG, AND Y. M. ZHANG
Fig. 1 Experimental setup with the proposed sensing system. In this system,
an illumination laser generator projects a 19 19 dot matrix structured light
pattern on the weld pool region. An imaging plane is installed with a distance
about 100 mm from the torch. A camera is located behind the imaging plane.
WELDING RESEARCH
University of Kentucky is briefly reviewed

(Ref. 12). The experimental setup with the
proposed sensing system is illustrated in
Fig. 1. In this system, a 20-mW illumination laser generator at a wavelength of 685
nm with variable focus is used to project a
19 19 dot matrix structured light pattern
on the weld pool region. Part of the dot
matrix projected inside the weld pool is reflected by the specular weld pool surface,
which is depressed and distorted because
of the plasma impact in GTAW. The distortion of the reflected dot matrix is determined by the shape of the 3D weld pool
surface and thus contains the 3D geometry
information about the weld pool.
An imaging plane is installed with a distance about 100 mm from the torch. A
camera is located behind the imaging
plane directly aiming at it. By using the
image processing and 3D reconstruction
scheme provided by Ref. 8, the 3D weld
pool surface can be reconstructed in realtime. The weld pool characteristic parameters are illustrated in Fig. 2A and B. An
example of the reconstructed 3D weld
pool surface is shown in Fig. 2C.
In this experimental system, the pipe
weld application was made using direct
current electrode negative (DCEN) gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The mate-
rial of the pipe was

304 stainless steel .
The outer diameter (OD) and wall
thickness of the
pipe were 113.5 Fig. 2 Illustration of weld pool characteristics: A Weld pool convexity; B
and 2.03 mm, re- weld pool length and width; C example of 3D construction of GTA weld pool.
spectively.
The
pipe rotated duras shown in Fig. 4 off-line after welding.
ing the experiment while the positions of
The characteristic parameters are measthe torch, the imaging plane, the laser
ured at 30 Hz by the vision system. They are
structure light generator, and the camera
noisy and their measurements in the data
were stationary. The rotation speed and
presented as shown in Fig. 3 have been filmotion of the torch were controlled by a
tered using a low-pass filter
computer to achieve the required welding
speed and arc length.
yf(k) = ayf(k1)+(1a)y(k)
Data and Data Processing
Before the experiments were conducted to produce the data pairs for analysis and modeling, a welding experiment
was used to demonstrate the data and data
preparation involved. As shown by this illustrative experiment, the data of interest
from experiments include inputted welding current, inputted welding speed, and
measured frontside weld pool surface
characteristic parameters as given in Fig.
3. The backside weld bead width in Fig. 3
is measured from the backside weld bead
(1)
where y(k) is the measured parameters

(vector) at instant k, yf(k) is the filtered parameters (vector), and a is the coefficient
of the filter. A greater a gives a stronger
filtering producing smoother data, but the
response speed is reduced. There should
be a trade-off between smoothness and response speed. It is found that when a =
0.8, the measurement noise is sufficiently
suppressed while the dynamic response is
adequately preserved. The presented
measurements of the characteristic pa-
Table 1 Experimental and Imaging Parameters

Welding Parameters
Current/A
5076
Laser Projection
angle/ (deg)
35.5
Welding Speed/(mm/s)
12
Arc Length/mm
4
Argon Flow Rate/(L/min)

11.8
Illumination and Imaging Parameters

Laser to Weld
Imaging Plane to Weld Pool Distance/(mm)
Pool Distance/ (mm)
24.7
101
Camera Parameters
Shutter Speeds/ (ms)

4
Frame Rate/(fps)
30
314-s NOVEMBER 2013, VOL. 92
Camera to Imaging Plane Distance/(mm)

57.8
Fig. 4 Image of backside weld bead in the demonstrative welding experiment. The backside bead width can be measured offline and the results are
shown in Fig. 3.
rameters in Fig. 3 and all of the following

experiments are filtered using this filter
with a = 0.8.
Experimental Efforts
Various welding experiments were performed as bead-on-plate to produce data

pairs for establishing the correlation between the frontside weld pool characteristic parameters and backside bead width.
These data of measurements are prepared
as aforementioned. Ranges of welding parameters used to conduct welding experiments are shown in Table 1. Monitoring
and camera parameters are also listed. It is
noted that the welding current and speed
were systematically varied to achieve varying degrees of complete joint penetration.
The sampling time in this study was chosen to be 0.5 s, or 2Hz.
Seven experiments were conducted to
produce the data pairs for analysis and
modeling. Their input parameters are
plotted in Fig. 5A, which produced completely penetrated weld pools. The measured parameters of the weld pools in these
experiments are plotted in Fig. 5B.
Neuro-Fuzzy Modeling
As demonstrated, the backside bead
width correlates with the characteristic parameters nonlinearly and dynamically
when the weld pool varies. The neurofuzzy models are suitable for modeling this
type of correlation. This is because fuzzy
systems can be used to model human intelligence, which is typically nonlinear.
However, the extraction of human intelligence, e.g., extracting how the human
welders estimate the weld joint penetration from their observation of weld pools,
is difficult and tedious. The neuro-fuzzy
approach (i.e., the fusion of the neural networks and fuzzy logic)
provides an effective
method to determine
the parameters in
fuzzy models (extract- Fig. 5 Measured data in seven welding experiments. A Inputted welding the fuzzy rules that ing parameters (welding current and speed); B measured frontside weld
represent the human pool characteristic parameters and backside bead width.
intelligence) using automated learning techniques developed in
this study is a generalized bell membership
neural networks and has found success in
function (MF), which is specified by three
various areas (Refs. 1417). In particular,
parameters (Ref. 18):
the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) developed by Jang (Refs. 18, 19)
A p ; a ,b ,c
using a hybrid learning procedure posji
j
ji ji ji
sesses the advantages of adaptive rule
1
changing capability, fast convergence rate,
=
and does not require extensive experience
2b
ji
about the process to construct the fuzzy
p c
j
ji
rules. Recently, ANFIS has been em1+
ployed to model nonlinear functions, idena
ji
tify nonlinear components in control
(3)
systems, and predict chaotic time series
(Refs. 2022). Hence, ANFIS will be used
where pj (j = 1,..., M) is the fuzzy variables
to model the backside bead width to the
with M being the number of fuzzy varicharacteristic parameters. As preparation,
ables, and aji, bji, cji are the input fuzzy
neuro-fuzzy modeling and ANFIS modelmembership function parameters. In this
ing are briefly reviewed below.
study, the fuzzy variables will be the charA typical fuzzy rule in a Sugeno-type
acteristic parameters that are the input
model (Ref. 18) has the form
variables of the model.
If x is A and y is B, Then z = f(x, y) (2)

where A and B are fuzzy sets, and z = f(x,
y) is a linear function.
ANFIS can construct an input-output
mapping in the form of Sugeno-type If-Then
rules by using a hybrid learning procedure
(Ref. 19). A fuzzy logic control/decision network is constructed automatically by learning from the training data.
The membership function adopted in
For a given set of input variables (for

example, p1, p2, and p3), the following rule
is implemented (Ref. 18):
Rule (i1,i2,i3): If p1 is A1i1, p2 is A2i2 ,

and p3 is A3i Then y(i1 ,i2,i3)
3
= d1 (i1,i2,i3) p1 + d2 (i1,i2,i3) p2
+ d3 (i1,i2,i3) p3 + d0 (i1,i2,i3)
(4)
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 3 Input signal (welding current and speed), measured frontside weld
pool characteristic parameters (the weld pool width, length, and convexity) and
backside bead width in a demonstrative welding experiment. Note that the current and weld pool convexity have been rescaled for better illustration.
Fig. 6 Static model-based estimation results. A Linear modeling of the joint penetration; B nonlinear ANFIS modeling of the joint penetration.
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 7 Nonlinear static ANFIS model surface for different weld pool convexities. A Convexity = 0.07 mm; B convexity = 0.27 mm. Nonlinearity is substantial for both small and large convexities. Here Widthb is the model calculated backside bead width using the given convexity with the frontside weld pool surface length and width as parameters.
where d
js are the so-called consequence
parameters. The final output of the fuzzy
model is (Ref. 18)
y=
W ( i1 ,i 2 ,i 3 ) y ( i1 ,i 2 ,i 3 )
i1 = 1 i 2 = 1 i 3 = 1
(5)
where W (i1,i2,i3) is the weight representing

the truth degree for the premise: p1 is A1i ,
p2 is A2i , and p3 is A3i and is expressed by
the following
equation3(Ref. 18):
2
1
W (i 1 ,i 2 ,i 3 ) = A ji
j =1
(p j )
(6)
The output Equation 5 together with the
weighting Equation 6, membership function
Equation 3, and the fuzzy rule Equation 4
form an ANFIS model. Its model parameters aji, bji, cji, and djs can be identified using
the Matlab ANFIS toolbox from experimental data pairs.
Once a model is identified, its quality/performance can be evaluated using
the model average error and maximum
error defined by
E ave
1
=
N
k =1
where N is the number of samples, y(k) is

the measured backside bead width, and
y(k) is the model estimated backside bead
width at instant k. The root mean square
error (RMSE) of the model can also be
used
RMSE =
( y ( k ) y ( k ))
k =1
E max = max y ( k ) y ( k ) ,( k = 1, N )
(7)
(8)
(9)
Static Estimation of the Weld Joint

Penetration
Modeling the backside bead width can
begin with a static model, which relies on
no previous or future state information.
Denote the measured data as
{Wb(k), p1(k), p2(k), p3(k)}
(k = 1,2,...,N)
(10)
where Wb(k), p1(k), p2(k), p3(k) are the

backside bead width, weld pool width,
length, and convexity at the kth sample instant, respectively. In general, the static
model can be written as
Wb(k) = f(p1(k), p2(k), p3(k))
y ( k ) y ( k )
/N
(11)
The simplest form of Equation 11 can be

expressed by the following linear model
Wb(k) = a0 + a1p1(k)
+ a2p2(k)+ a3p3(k)
(12)
Using the standard least squares

method, the linear model can be fitted
from the raw data. The identified model is
Wb(k) = 1.70 + 0.90 W(k)
0.45 L(k) + 1.27 C(k) (12A)
The estimation results are shown in
Fig. 6A. It can be observed that the measured backside bead width can be estimated by the characteristic parameters of
the weld pool. The average model error is
0.50 mm, the maximum model error is 1.93
mm, and the RMSE is 0.64 mm. Although
this implies that the characteristic parameters contain information about the weld
joint penetration, substantial fitting errors
are observed frequently.
In order to further improve the modeling accuracy, static model Equation 11 is
realized using an ANFIS nonlinear model
introduced previously. The estimation result is plotted in Fig. 6B. The fuzzy input
variables are partitioned by 2, as can be
seen in Table 2. The ANFIS adopted in
this study thus has 3 inputs, with 2 membership functions assigned to each input.
Each generalized bell-shaped membership
function contains 3 parameters (see Equation 3). Hence, the total number of the
premise parameters is 18. Further, there
are 8 fuzzy rules (see Equation 4), resulting in 32 consequent parameters. The total
number of fitting parameters is thus 50
and all of them are automated determined
B
Fig. 8 Arc effect. The joint penetration at instant k is determined by neigh-
RSS 1 RSS 2
F =
p2 p1
RSS 2
N p
2
(13)
where RSSi is the residual sum of squares

of model i. pi is the number of parameters
in each model.
The critical value of F distribution is
1.3318 for P = 5%. This means if the calculated F is greater than this critical value,
the hypothesis that Model 2 (nonlinear
ANFIS model) does not provide a significantly better fit than Model 1 (linear
model) is rejected. The calculated F-test
value is 8.3544, which indicates that the
nonlinear ANFIS model does provide a
better estimation statistically.
Figure 7 depicts the nonlinear static
ANFIS model surface for two different weld
pool convexity partitions (Fig. 7A for small
convexity, i.e., convexity = 0.07 mm, and
Fig. 7B for large convexity, i.e., convexity =
0.27 mm). As can be seen nonlinearity is
substantial for both small and large convexities. Based on the linear model, the aver-
age correlation between the (frontside)

width and Wb (back- Fig. 9 Dynamic model-based estimation results. A Linear modeling of
side bead width) is 0.9, the joint penetration; B ANFIS modeling of the joint penetration.
indicating a positive
correlation. However,
Fig. 7 indicates when
though the estimation accuracy is certhe convexity is small and the length is short,
tainly improved, significant errors are still
the increase of the width does not cause an
observable. The authors believe that the
increase in Wb.
dynamic weld pools are responsible. This
When the convexity is large, the effect
is because the weld joint penetration at
of width on Wb is nonlinear for long length
any instant may not be determined only
and negative for short length. As can be
by the weld pool at the same instant, but
observed, the nonlinearity is substantial
also by the neighboring weld pools due to
for the effect of width on the backside
the substantial inertia of the welding
bead width. The average effect of length
process.
on Wb is 0.45. Figure 7 indicates for both
In order to model the dynamic correlasmall and large convexities, the effect of
tion between the frontside weld pool charlength on Wb is highly nonlinear. For small
acteristic parameters and the joint
convexity and narrow width, Wb tends to
penetration, a dynamic correlation should
increase as the length increases from 4 to
be considered
5.5 mm, yet decreases as the length continues to grow. When the width is large,
=
g(pT(k
+
na),
Wb(k)
however, Wb tends to decrease for short
T
length but increase as the length grows.
p (k + na1),...,pT(k),...,pT(knb))
Similar nonlinearity effect of length on Wb
(14)
can be observed for a large convexity case.
It is clear that the proposed nonlinear
where pT = (p1, p2, p3) is the characteristic
ANFIS model can derive a more detailed
parameter vector of the weld pool, na is
correlation between the weld pool geomethe order (number) of the ahead weld
try and penetration states than the static
pools (with the given sampling frequency)
linear model.
that can still influence the current joint
penetration, and nb is the order (number)
Dynamic Estimation of the Weld
of the behind weld pool Fig. 8.
WELDING RESEARCH
through the neural network learning algorithm/process the data pairs from Fig. 5B.
The total number of the data pairs from
Fig. 5B is N = 945, which is enough for an
ANFIS model with 50 parameters.
It can be seen from Fig. 6B that the
modeling accuracy is improved using the
proposed ANFIS model. In Fig. 6A severe
model errors are primarily observed in
data ranging from 270 to 290, 390 to 500,
and 580 to 650. These errors have been
substantially reduced in Fig. 6B. Thus, the
nonlinearity does improve the capability of
the model in approximating the correlation between the frontside weld pool characteristic parameters and the backside
bead width. The obtained nonlinear model
has an average model error 0.40 mm, the
maximum model error 1.87 mm, and
RMSE 0.52 mm, all of which are smaller
than the static linear model.
To statistically justify the usage of nonlinear ANFIS model, F test is adopted to
compare linear model (Model 1) and nonlinear ANFIS model (Model 2).The definition of F test is given by
Joint Penetration
Dynamic Linear Estimation
The above static ANFIS model is a sophisticated nonlinear realization of Equation 11, which correlates the backside
bead width and the weld pool characteristic parameters at the same instant. Al-
The dynamic linear model can be expressed as the following moving average
(MA) model as a special simple case of
Equation 14
Table 2 Partition of Fuzzy Input Variables

Fuzzy Variables
Number of Fuzzy Sets
Partition
Width
Length
Convexity
2
2
2
wide, narrow
long, short
large, small
Fig. 10 Nonlinear dynamic ANFIS model surface for different weld pool convexities: A Convexity=0.07 mm; B convexity=0.27 mm.
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 11 Contribution of the weld pool convexity to the backside bead width. A Confidence input subspace; B contribution of the convexity to the bead width.
(k ) =
j = n
model estimation in Fig. 6, the dynamic

linear MA model accuracy has been significantly improved. The average model
error for the dynamic linear model is 0.42
mm, the maximum model error 1.79 mm,
and RMSE 0.54 mm.
(k + j )
(k + j )
(k + j )
j = n
Nonlinear Dynamic ANFIS Estimation
Again, the nonlinear ANFIS model is

used to approximate the general function
g of Equation 14. The nonlinear dynamic
ANFIS model can be expressed as
j = n
(15)
The dynamic linear model is obtained

by using the standard least squares
method, and the linear model order na
and nb are selected to obtain a tradeoff
between the modeling errors and the
model complexity. By extensive modeling
trails the best na and nb are 7 and 3, respectively. If the model order na or nb is
increased to 8 or 4, RMSE of the MA
model is decreased less than 0.01 mm.
The identified linear model parameters
are listed in Table 4. The linear model estimation result is plotted in Fig. 9A. It can
be seen that compared with static linear
(k ) = C
j = n
(k + j )
(k + j )
(k + j )
j = n
j = n
(16)
where Cn is the nonlinear operating point,
which should be a function of the current

weld pool characteristic parameters. The
dynamic linear MA model parameters in
Equation 16 are identified using the standard least squares method, and the residuals are considered as the output of the
ANFIS model whose parameters can be
identified using the Matlab ANFIS toolbox. Hence, the nonlinear operating point
Cn can be directly calculated from the
identified ANFIS model using the characteristic parameters of the weld pool surface at the present instant k.
The estimation accuracy of nonlinear dynamic ANFIS model can be seen in Fig. 9B.
The average model error is 0.34 mm, the
maximum model error 1.74 mm, and
RMSE 0.43 mm. It is observed that the dynamic ANFIS model can achieve best estimation results and is superior to other three
models in all three criteria. Thus, the correlation between the weld pool characteristic
parameters and the joint penetration is substantially dynamic and nonlinear.
To justify that the nonlinear dynamic
ANFIS was better than linear dynamic
model statistically, F-test was performed.
The calculated F value is 9.3336, which is
larger than the critical value 1.3318 for P
= 5%. This implies that the proposed non-
Fig. 12 Nonlinear dynamic ANFIS model surface for different weld pool
lengths. A Length = 4.5 mm; B length = 5.5 mm; C length = 6.5 mm.
Analysis of Model and

Nonlinearity
The identified nonlinear dynamic
ANFIS model can provide more accurate
prediction on the experimental data than
linear models. However, it is much more
complicated. For its intended use in penetration estimation and control, this complexity is not a concern because of the
strong computation power of todays industrial computers and embedded systems. However, the understanding of its
implication is less straightforward than
that of linear models. Further, the model
was identified statistically from experimental data such that its reasonableness
needs to be checked against our observations and knowledge of the weld pool and
welding process. To understand the implication of and gain confidence on the identified nonlinear dynamic ANFIS model, it
is analyzed in this section before it is further validated through an online experiment in the next section.
First, this nonlinear dynamic model is
composed of a linear dynamic part and nonlinear operating point as can be seen in
Equation 16. The linear dynamic MA
model parameters are listed in Table 4. The
static gains are 1.48 for the width, 0.74 for
the length, and 0.46 for the convexity, respectively. Previously, the following steadystate model has been identified (Ref. 12)
Wb = 1.9228W 0.6178L
12.3188C 1.2070
(17)
using data from steady-state
experiments where the welding parameters are kept constant in each particular
experiment. Its gains for the
width and length, 1.9228
and 0.6178, are comparable
with 1.48 and 0.74. The positive effect of the width and
negative effect of the length on the backside weld bead width remain unchanged.
However, because of the thermal inertia
of the welding process, the proposed dynamic model can provide more accurate
information about the welding process
using neighboring weld pools when the
process is dynamic.
While the dynamic correlation between
the weld pool and penetration is easily understood, the nonlinear correlation needs
elaboration. The nonlinear model surface
shown in Fig. 11 suggests substantial nonlinearity when the weld pool convexity is
either small or large. Interestingly, the
negative effect of the convexity in steady
state (12.3188 in Equation 17) is much
more significant than that from the linear
MA part in the nonlinear dynamic ANFIS
model (0.46). It seems to suggest that the
effect of the convexity is much less significant in this study when the weld pool
varies. Given the range of the convexity in
this study is 0.07 to 0.27 mm, if the correlation between the weld pool convexity
and the penetration is linear, the contribution of the convexity on the weld penetration would be just 0.09 mm = 0.46* 0.2
mm that is negligible. This is apparently
contradictory to experimental observations that the convexity/concavity of the
weld pool surface plays a significant role
in determining the weld penetration and
the results from modeling data from
steady-state weld pools as in Ref. 12.
Hence, ANFIS cannot be correctly understood without its nonlinear part.
The effect from the nonlinearity requires an appropriate analysis method to
understand correctly. The key is not to use
the nonlinear model to extrapolate. To explain, consider a weld pool as a point in
the three-dimensional input space defined
with the three characteristic parameters of
the weld pool as orthogonal coordinates.
All the weld pools used to form the data
Table 3 Model Comparison between Neuro-Fuzzy Model and Linear Model

RMSE (mm)
Static Linear Model
Static ANFIS Model
Dynamic Linear Model
Dynamic ANFIS Model
0.64
0.52
0.54
0.43
Average Model
Error (mm)
0.50
0.40
0.42
0.34
Maximum Model
Error/mm
1.93
1.87
1.79
1.74
WELDING RESEARCH
linear dynamic ANFIS model can best estimate the joint penetration using the
characteristic parameters of neighboring
weld pools.
Figure 10 plots the nonlinear dynamic
ANFIS model surface for when both the
weld pool convexitties are small and large.
As can be seen, the nonlinearity is substantial for both cases. Table 3 lists the
RMSE, average model error, and maximum model error for four models,
respectively.
Fig. 13 Online penetration monitoring system schematic. A 3D vision-based

sensing system is used to reconstruct the weld pool surface during the GTAW
process. Weld pool characterization is followed to extract the characteristic parameters, including the width, length, and convexity. Proposed nonlinear dynamic ANFIS model is utilized to accurately monitor the backside bead width
Wb in real-time.
WELDING RESEARCH
pairs to identify the model construct a subspace in the input space. A dense subspace, within which the density of the
points is sufficient, is considered a confidence input subspace from which sufficient data has been used to identify the
nonlinear model and can be used as the
domain for the nonlinear models inputs.
With the above analysis in mind, Fig. 11
was obtained from the nonlinear model to
analyze the contribution of the convexity
to the penetration. In Fig. 11A, the width
and length of the weld pools used to form
the experimental data pairs for identification are plotted and six subregions with
dense points are identified. For each such
subregion, the minimum and maximum
convexity can be found from the experimental data used. The width and length
range and corresponding convexity range
from each subregion defines one of the six
subspaces that form the confidence input
subspace. In Fig. 11B, for each set of width
and length, the convexity varies from the
corresponding minimum to the maximum.
The resultant characteristic parameters
are inputted into the nonlinear ANFIS
model to calculate the backside bead
width. The range of the calculated backside bead width as plotted in Fig. 11B thus
represents the contribution from the

convexity to the
backside bead width.
As can be seen, its
contribution varies
greatly and the maximum contribution is
as large as 3 mm.
Careful observa- Fig. 14 Online model verification experiment. A Inputs and measured
tion of Fig. 11B frontside weld pool parameters; B online estimated backside bead width
shows that, when and offline measurements. The welding current varies in a sinusoidal wavethe weld pool is form from 50 to 65A and the speed is 1 mm/s.
small (narrow and
short), the effect of
convexity on the
The above analysis indicates the conpenetration is about 1 mm (for the exvexity does have a great contribution on
perimental conditions used in this study
the weld penetration and nonlinearity
including the pipe thickness and matedoes exist for the correlation between the
rial). The effect of the convexity becomes
weld pool and weld penetration. To furlarger as the weld pool length grows. This
ther examine the nonlinearity in the corindicates that the influence of the conrelation between the convexity and the
vexity on the weld penetration becomes
penetration, the nonlinear ANFIS model
more significant as the weld pool grows
surface for different weld pool lengths are
larger. This effect reaches its maximum
plotted in Fig.12. As can be observed for
when (the weld pool length and width)
all three cases when the weld pool lengths
are approximately (6.5 and 4.5 mm). As
are 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 mm, the effect of conthe weld pool length and width further invexity on the penetration is roughly linear
crease, the effect of the convexity bewhen the convexity is smaller than 0.2 mm
comes less than 0.5 mm.
Table 4 Linear MA Model Parameters

Static
Dynamic
1
0.90
2
0.45
3
1.27
0
1.70
b1(j), J=3,..., 7
Static Gain
1.48
b2(j), J=3,..., 7
Static Gain
-0.47
b3(j), J=3,..., 7
Static Gain
0.46
b0
[0.14, 0.09, 0.11, 0.06,

0.08, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13,
0.15, 0.18, 0.32]
[0.05, 0.04, 0.04,

0.09, 0.04, 0.03,
0.05, 0.04, 0.07,
0.09, 0.20]
[2.38, 0.82, 0.43, 0.05

0.18, 0.15, 0.23,
0.41, 1.15, 0.92
0.23]
0.85
and the correlation is negative. This makes

sense because when the convexity is small
and the weld pool is relatively flat, the arc
pressure should play the dominant effect
on the weld pool formation and the convexity may be linearly correlated to the
penetration. This implies that when the
convexity is small, the convexity can provide approximate estimation about the
weld penetration and small convexity generally indicates large penetration. However, as the convexity becomes larger than
0.2 mm, a severe nonlinear effect is observed. This indicates that the weld pool
becomes more convex and the linear correlation between the convexity and the
penetration does not hold. In this case,
the convexity itself cannot provide enough
information about the penetration and
the weld pools width and length play
more dominant roles in determining weld
penetration.
It is apparent that the identified
ANFIS model does help understand weld
pool and weld penetration formation. The
linear models that average the effects may
not be adequate to gain detailed in-depth
knowledge about the correlation between
the weld joint penetration as specified by
the backside bead width and the characteristic parameters of the three-dimensional weld pool surface.
Online Model Validation

To further validate the identified dynamic nonlinear ANFIS model, the developed image processing/3D reconstruction
algorithm and nonlinear dynamic ANFIS
model have been used to form a real-time
penetration monitoring system for online
estimation of the backside bead width
Fig. 13. The calculation of the proposed dynamic ANFIS model of the backside weld
bead width can be done in less than 2 ms on
a 2.8-GHz Intel i7 processor with 4G RAM.
Hence, the monitoring of the penetration
state can be realized in real-time.
Figure 14 shows the online estimation
experiment result. The welding current in
the online experiment varies in a sinusoidal waveform from 50 to 65A and the
welding speed is 1 mm/s. Complete joint
penetration is made by the designed welding conditions, with the resultant backside
bead width ranging from 3 to 6 mm. From
Fig. 14B, it is observed that accurate online estimation is achieved by using the
proposed model. This shows the developed dynamic ANFIS model can estimate
the joint penetration with sufficient accuracy. The largest estimation errors in this
experiment is about 1 mm, which can be
considered acceptable in the penetration

monitoring and accurate penetration control application of the GTAW process.
Conclusions
Dynamic experiments have been performed on 2.03-mm, 304 stainless steel pipe
using the DCEN GTAW process. The welding current and traveling speed vary
randomly to provide complete-joint-penetration welds with different weld pool surfaces. The resultant weld joint penetration
specified by the backside bead width varies
from 2 to 6 mm. Based on the obtained experimental data, the following conclusions
are drawn:
1) The complete joint penetration can
be estimated with demonstrated accuracy
by the three characteristic parameters of
the weld pool surface. All three parameters are important in determining the weld
penetration.
2) The correlation between the
frontside weld pool surface characteristic
parameters and joint penetration is dynamic and nonlinear.
3) The weld joint penetration during
complete joint penetration welding can
be monitored in real-time using the developed nonlinear dynamic ANFIS model
with sufficient accuracy.
Acknowledgment
This work was funded by the National
Science Foundation under grant CMMI0927707.
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WELDING RESEARCH
Saida et al Supp Nov 2013_Layout 1 10/15/13 4:23 PM Page 322
Contribution of Phosphorus and Sulfur on

Hot Cracking Susceptibility for Extra-HighPurity 25Cr-35Ni Stainless Steels
In this research, the hot cracking behavior of extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel
was investigated, and quantitative influences of minor and impurity elements
on the hot cracking susceptibility were clarified
BY K. SAIDA, Y. NISHIJIMA, K. NISHIMOTO, K. KIUCHI, AND J. NAKAYAMA
ABSTRACT
WELDING RESEARCH
The hot cracking susceptibility of extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni stainless steel was

evaluated by the transverse-Varestraint test while varying the contents of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). The solidification and ductility-dip cracking susceptibilities increased with an increase in the P and S contents in steels. There was a good linear
relationship between the compositional parameter (P + 1.22 S) and ductility-dip
temperature range as well as between (P + 1.19 S) and the solidification brittle temperature range in extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel welds. The amount of P + 1.22
S in steels should be limited to approximately 90 ppm to obtain a sufficiently low ductility-dip cracking susceptibility in such welds. Numerical simulation of segregation
behaviors for P and S revealed that they were segregated at grain boundaries in the
ductility-dip temperature range during welding. A molecular orbital analysis suggested that ductility-dip cracking could be attributed to grain boundary embrittlement due to grain boundary segregation of P and S. The solidification and ductilitydip cracking susceptibilities could be improved by adding 2070 ppm lanthanum (La)
to extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel containing 68 ppm P and S. The ductility-dip
cracking susceptibility decreased as a result of the desegregation of P and S to grain
boundaries due to the scavenging effect of La.
Introduction
Spent nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities need to be constructed from materials
offering high performance and reliability,
ones that in particular have a high corrosion resistance to nitric acid. Therefore,
nitric acid-resistant stainless steel grades
having ultralow-carbon (ULC) contents,
such as Types 304ULC and 316ULC, are
currently used for the main components of
reprocessing plants (Ref. 1). However, it
has been found that intergranular corroK. SAIDA (saida@mapse.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp),
Dr. Eng., is a professor in the Division of Materials & Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of
Engineering, Osaka University. Y. NISHIJIMA is
a graduate student in the Division of Materials &
Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University. K. NISHIMOTO,
Dr. Eng., is a professor in the Department of the
Application of Nuclear Technology, Fukui University of Technology. K. KIUCHI is with the Nuclear Science and Energy Directorate, Japan
Atomic Energy Agency. J. NAKAYAMA is with
the Natural Resources & Engineering Business,
Kobe Steel, Ltd.
sion occurred in devices in the reprocessing line after a short period of test operation. To improve intergranular corrosion
resistance, there is an urgent demand that
these materials be replaced with ones with
improved intergranular corrosion resistance, making them more resistant to such
an environment.
Recently, highly pure corrosion-resistant stainless steels containing a large
amount of nickel (Ni) have been developed as nitric acid-proof alloys to replace
existing Types 304ULC and 316ULC
stainless steels (Ref. 2). For example,
KEYWORDS
Extra-High Purity
25Cr-35Ni Stainless Steel
Hot Cracking Susceptibility
Hot Ductility
Grain Boundary Segregation
Molecular Orbital Analysis
Lanthanum Addition
Scavenging Effect
extra-high-purity 25 mass-% Cr 20 mass% Ni (Type 310 stainless steel) and 25

mass-% Cr 35 mass-% Ni steels, which
are manufactured by the cold crucible induction melting (CCIM) with electron
beam cold hearth refining (EB-CHR)
methods (Ref. 3), have been proposed as
candidates for corrosion-resistant alloys in
the next generation of reprocessing facilities. In these extra-high-purity stainless
steels, the total sum content of minor and
impurity elements, such as carbon (C),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), P, and S, can be
reduced to less than 100 ppm. To practically apply such extra-high-purity stainless
steels, these steels should also possess a
superior and reliable weldability for fusion
welding.
It is well known that austenitic stainless
steels, especially fully austenitic stainless
steels such as Type 310, are potentially susceptible to weld cracking (hot cracking). According to a previous study (Ref. 4), extrahigh-purity stainless steel (Type 310EHP)
has a negligible susceptibility to solidification cracking despite being a fully austenitic
stainless steel (i.e., not containing any ferrite). Consequently, refining to an extrahigh-purity grade (purification) would be
one of the most innovative countermeasures for solving the hot cracking issue of
fully austenitic alloys such as those that are
stainless steel and Ni based.
On the other hand, more corrosionresistant (anti-intergranular corrosion) alloys are being developed for application in
more severe corrosive environments
found in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing
facilities. A high-chromium (Cr) and highNi austenitic stainless steel is one of the
most promising of these highly corrosionresistant alloys. For instance, extra-highpurity 25 mass-% Cr 35 mass-% Ni stainless steel, whose alloying composition is
comparable to Alloy 800 (Incoloy 800)
as well as a Ni-based alloy with 30 mass-%
Cr 8 mass-% W 2 mass-% Si grade have
been recently developed as anti-intergran-
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the transverse-Varestraint test procedure.
ular corrosion alloys (Ref. 3). Among

those alloys, extra-high-purity 25 mass-%
Cr 35 mass-% Ni stainless steel, which is
also manufactured by a combination of
CCIM with EB-CHR methods as described previously, possesses a fully
austenitic microstructure as well as higher
Cr and Ni contents compared with conventional stainless steels. Therefore, there
is fear that such steel is potentially susceptible to hot cracking, even if refined to
extra-high-purity grade.
A great number of studies have been
performed concerning the hot cracking behavior of fully austenitic stainless steels. According to these studies, controversial hot
cracking in such steels would be dominantly
regarded as solidification cracking (fusion
zone cracking) and liquation cracking
(HAZ cracking and/or weld metal HAZ
cracking). As for the solidification cracking
susceptibility in fully austenitic stainless
steels, impurity elements such as P and S
greatly influenced solidification cracking
susceptibility (Refs. 59), and the (P + S)
content should be reduced to less than 0.01

mass-% to obtain excellent crack resistance
in the practical use of Type 310 stainless
steel (Ref. 5). Furthermore, several researchers reported that the quantitative influence of P on solidification cracking was
comparable to or larger than (1.12.1 times)
that of S in Types 304 and 310S stainless
steels (Refs. 58), while other researchers
conversely suggested that S was more harmful in solidification cracking compared with
P in austenitic stainless steels (Type 308)
(Ref. 9).
As for the liquation cracking in fully
austenitic stainless steels, P and S also
greatly influenced liquation cracking susceptibility (Refs. 6, 912). However, the
effects of P and S on liquation cracking
would be slightly different from that on solidification cracking. For instance, S was
more potent in exacerbating liquation
cracking than P (P + S level of 0.032%)
(Ref. 12). Meanwhile, it has been also reported that the minor and impurity elements such as P, S, C, and boron (B), also
affected the hot cracking susceptibility of
high-Cr and high-Ni stainless steels such
as Alloy 800 (Refs. 1315). However,
these previous investigations covered the
hot cracking susceptibility of commercial
purity stainless steels containing some
amounts of C, P, and S as well as manganese (Mn) and silicon (Si). Therefore,
the characteristic influence and quantitative contribution of minor and impurity elements to the hot cracking behavior in
austenitic stainless steels are still unclear.
On the other hand, the authors have already reported that the solidification crack-
ing susceptibility of Type 310 stainless steels

drastically decreased as the amounts of
minor and impurity elements were reduced
(purification), while the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility slightly increased in extrahigh-purity steel (Ref. 4). In addition, the
ductility-dip cracking susceptibility generally tends to heighten in the high-Cr and
high-Ni alloys. Accordingly, there is a possibility that 25 mass-% Cr 35 mass-% Ni
extra-high-purity stainless steel would be
more susceptible to ductility-dip cracking
than solidification cracking.
The objective of this study is to evaluate
the weldability of extra-high-purity corrosion-resistant stainless steels. In the present
report, the cracking behavior of an antiintergranular corrosion extra-high-purity
25 mass-% Cr 35 mass-% Ni stainless steel
is investigated, and the quantitative influences of minor and impurity elements on
hot cracking susceptibility are clarified. The
mechanism of action for steel refinement to
change the hot cracking susceptibility is discussed based on a numerical analysis of
grain boundary segregation and grain
boundary embrittlement in the weld metal.
Furthermore, the effect of the rare earth
metal (REM), La, as an addition to the steel
is investigated to further improve the hot
cracking susceptibility of extra-high-purity
stainless steels.
Materials and Experimental

Procedures
Materials
Eight types of extra-high-purity 25
Table 1 Chemical Compositions of Materials Used (mass-%)

Steel
Si
Mn
Ni
Cr
Ti
La
U21
U22
U23
U24
U25
U26
U27
U28
0.0059
0.0038
0.0042
0.0008
0.0014
0.0038
0.0180
0.0036
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0036
0.0110
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0001
0.0032
0.0092
0.0009
0.0008
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
34.76
35.81
34.36
35.05
35.85
35.82
35.39
35.12
26.14
26.22
25.98
22.89
22.73
25.78
25.92
25.71
0.15
0.11
0.12
0.20
0.21
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.0008
0.0038
0.0044
0.0011
0.0007
0.0052
0.0045
0.0036
0.0013
0.0033
0.0036
0.0009
0.0009
0.0041
0.0049
0.0043
0.003
0.008
0.021
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 2 Dimensions of the specimen for evaluating hot ductility by the Gleeble test.
Fig. 4 SEM microstructure of crack and crack surface in weld metal U22 after
transverse-Varestraint testing.
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 3 Appearance of hot cracks after the transverse-Varestraint test.
mass-% Cr 35 mass-% Ni stainless steels

(hereinafter referred to as 25Cr-35Ni
steel) with various amounts of minor and
impurity elements, such as P, S, and La,
were used for the base metal. Table 1
shows the chemical compositions of the
base metals used in this study. The contents of C, Si, and Mn in the extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steels are greatly reduced
compared to those of other conventional
stainless steels (to refine the impurity elements, a very small amount of titanium
[Ti] is present).
Experimental Procedures
The hot cracking susceptibility of the

steels was evaluated by the transverseVarestraint test as shown in Fig. 1. The
augmented strain was varied between
0.075 and 0.83% (the maximum augmented strain was determined based on
the condition of the crack length being saturated (Ref. 16)). The transverse-welding
(GTAW) condition was as follows: arc current, 150 A; arc voltage, 14 V; and welding
speed, 1.67 mm/s. The specimens varied
from 3 to 5 mm thick. The temperature
distribution behind the molten pool in the
weld bead was measured with a thermocouple during welding to obtain the crack324-s NOVEMBER 2013, VOL. 92
ing temperature
range. The crack
surface occur- Fig. 5 Location and temperature range of hot cracking in the weld metal U22.
ring in the Varestraint test was
observed using a
the weld metal could be classified into two
scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
types cracks occurring distant from the
hot ductility (reduction of area) of the
weld interface and those occurring adjaweld metal was evaluated via the Gleeble
cent to the weld interface. The mitest at 8731573 K applying a crosshead
crostructure of the crack surface occurring
speed of 6 mm/s.
adjacent to the weld interface is shown in
The dimensions of the specimen for the
Fig. 4. Two characteristic morphologies
Gleeble test are shown in Fig. 2.
were observed in the crack surface,
namely, the crack surface on the highHot Cracking Susceptibility
temperature side (adjacent to the weld inEvaluated by Transverseterface) had a dendritic structure with a
Varestraint Test
trace of melting, while that on the low temperature side (distant from the weld interThe characteristic contribution of P
face) was an intergranular fracture (withand S on the hot cracking susceptibility
out melting) together with slip lines. The
was investigated using extra-high-purity
morphological features of the crack sur25Cr-35Ni steels (fully austenitic stainless
face suggest that the former crack could be
steels) in the present study.
regarded as solidification cracking, while
the latter was due to ductility-dip cracking.
Hot Cracking Behavior
In addition, some regions, which have
both morphological features, existed on
An example of hot cracks occurring in
one crack surface (called the transient
a transverse-Varestraint test of a particuzone (Ref. 4)).
lar extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel is
The hot cracking behavior of an extrashown in Fig. 3 (specimen U22, aughigh-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel (specimen
mented strain 0.83%). Cracks occurring in
U22) occurring in the transverse-Vare-
Fig. 6 Strain-temperature curves for hot cracking in weld metal

U22.
Fig. 7 Effects of P and S contents in steel on solidification and ductility-dip cracking susceptibilities.
Fig. 8 Regression analyses of solidification and ductility-dip cracking susceptibilities as functions of P and S contents.
Fig. 9 Average hot ductility of weld metals at the ductility-dip temperature range.
straint test is shown in Fig. 5. The location

(distance from the weld interface) and
length of each hot crack as well as the
cracking temperature range are indicated
in the figure. The distance from the weld
interface was converted into temperature
based on the temperature distribution behind the molten pool measured during the
transverse-Varestraint testing. In addition,
the total number of cracks and classification of hot cracking are also shown in the
figure. Both solidification and ductilitydip cracks occurred in every augmented
strain, and the total numbers of cracks and
cracking temperature range increased
with an increase in the augmented stain.
Figure 6 shows the strain-temperature
curves for hot crack generation obtained
from Fig. 5 (specimen U22). In this figure,
the transient zone was approximately divided half into solidification and half into
ductility-dip cracks. The solidification and
ductility-dip cracking temperature ranges
were expanded with an increase in the
augmented strain at the lower strain; how-
ever, they saturated at an augmented

strain of around 0.8%. Accordingly, the
solidification brittle temperature range
(BTR) and ductility-dip temperature
range (DTR) were obtained as the saturated cracking temperature ranges shown
in the figure.
Effects of P and S Contents on
Hot Cracking Susceptibility
The solidification and ductility-dip

cracking susceptibilities of the steels used
were evaluated from the BTR and DTR,
respectively. Figure 7 shows the effects of
P and S contents in steels on the BTR and
DTR. Not only the BTR but also the DTR
increased with an increase in P and S contents. The BTRs of the steels remained at
a sufficiently low level under the present
experimental conditions (the BTRs of
extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steels were
much lower than that of Type 304 stainless
steel, which is negligibly susceptible to solidification cracking). However, their
DTRs exceeded that of Type 310EHP

stainless steel (Ref. 4) when the P and S
contents exceeded approximately 75 ppm.
It should be noted that there would
likely not be a serious problem of ductility-dip cracking during practical welding
(Ref. 4), just because the DTR level had
slightly exceeded that of Type 310EHP.
Figure 8 shows a regression analysis of the
hot cracking susceptibility (BTR and
DTR) against the P and S contents in the
steel. The DTR of extra-high-purity 25Cr35Ni steel could be expressed using the
compositional parameter of P + 1.22S;
namely, S essentially enhanced the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility approximately 1.2 times as effectively as P. Furthermore, the amount of P + 1.22S in the
steels should be limited to approximately
90 ppm to obtain a sufficiently low ductility-dip cracking susceptibility in 25Cr35Ni stainless steel welds. Meanwhile, the
BTR of extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel
could be expressed using the compositional parameter of P + 1.19 S; namely, S
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 10 Schematic illustration of analysis mode of microsegregation during welding. A Segregation during solidification; B segregation and desegregation during cooling.
WELDING RESEARCH
also enhanced the solidification cracking

susceptibility approximately 1.2 times as
effectively as P.
Although the results obtained here are
qualitatively consistent with previous ones
(Refs. 9, 10, 14), they might provide an important insight into the characteristic and
quantitative contribution of P and S to the
solidification and ductility-dip cracking
susceptibilities by employing extra-highpurity steels, where the effects of coexisting elements were negligible.
Mechanism of Ductility-Dip
Crack Generation in Extra-HighPurity Steels
As described previously, the solidifica-
tion cracking susceptibility of extra-highpurity 25Cr-35Ni steel was at a quite low

level, and accordingly, the authors expect
that the controversial hot cracking in it
would, in fact, involve ductility-dip cracks.
Hereinafter, the authors focus on the ductility-dip cracking, and discuss the mechanism of ductility-dip crack generation in
extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steels.
Evaluation of Hot Ductility in Weld Metal
Table 2 Material Constants Used for Numerical Simulation of Grain Boundary Segregation
Part A Material Constants and Initial Conditions
Solute Element
Initial concentration (ppm)
4, 36, 110
0.76, 32, 92
1705
1.35 102
1705
1.69 102
Diffusion coefficient in liquid

(m2/s), D = D0exp(Q/RT)
D0 = 4.70 10-9
Q = 33.6 (kJ/mol)
D0 = 4.50 109
Q = 36 (kJ/mol)
Diffusion coefficient in solid

(m2/s), D =D0exp(Q/RT)
D0 = 8.70 10-4
Q = 273 (kJ/mol)
D0 = 7.50 104
Q = 236 (kJ/mol)
Diffusion coefficient of vacancy

in solid (m2/s), D= D0exp(Q/kT)
D0 = 1.00 10-4
Q = 2.49(eV)
D0 = 1.00 104
Q = 250 (eV)
D0 = 1.70 10-5
Q = 1.71 (eV)
D0 = 1.40 105
Q = 2.70 (eV)
Kv0 = 4.5
EvF = 1.47 (eV)
Kv0 = 4.5
EvF = 1.47 (eV)
Liquidus temp. (K)

Nonequilibrium distribution
coefficient
Diffusion coefficient of
complexes in solid (m2/s),
D = D0exp(-Q/kT)
Equilibrium concentration of
vacancy, Cv = Kv0exp(EvF/kT)
Eqilibrium concentration of
complexes at solute
concentration Cc,
Cc = KcCVCsexp(EvcF/kT)
Segregation energy (J/mol)
Interaction parameter (J/mol)
Kc = 12.0
EvcF = 0.41 (eV)
Kc = 12.0
EvcF = 0.90 (eV)
G 0 = 50500
G 0 = 75000
It has been recognized that the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility was closely
related to the deformability of materials
at an elevated temperature, and therefore, the hot ductility (reduction of area)
of the weld metals was evaluated by the
Gleeble test. Average values of the reduction of area for the weld metals within
the ductility-dip cracking temperature
range (from 30 K below the BTR to just
below the BTR itself) are summarized in
Fig. 9. The hot ductility decreased in the
order of U21 > U22 > U23 or U21 U24
> U25; namely, it decreased with an increase in P and S contents in the steel (in
addition, it has been confirmed that any
fracture surfaces formed an intergranular fracture). It follows that the ductilitydip cracking susceptibility would
heighten with a deterioration in the hot
ductility.
Table 2 Material Constants Used for

Numerical Simulation of Grain Boundary
Segregation. Part B Analysis Conditions
Analysis Conditions
78300
Dendrite radius (m)

Grain boundary width (nm)
Number of mesh division
10.0
1.0
100
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 12 Relationship between initial contents and grain boundary concentrations at 1643 K of P and S.
Fig. 11 Calculated P and S concentrations at grain boundaries during cooling in welding.
Numerical Analysis of Grain Boundary

Segregation in Weld Metal
Analysis Model
To elucidate the deterioration mechanism of the hot ductility of extra-highpurity 25Cr-35Ni steels, grain boundary
segregation of P and S in the weld metal
was numerically analyzed. The present
analysis model of microsegregation involves segregation during the solidification stage (Stage I) and segregation/desegregation during the cooling stage
(Stage II) following solidification under
the initial condition of an inhomogeneous
distribution formed by solidification segregation (Ref. 16). To simplify the computation procedure, the solidification segregation behaviors of P and S to the cell
boundary were calculated for pseudo-binary systems of (Fe 25 mass-% Cr 35
mass-% Ni) P and (Fe 25 mass-% Cr
35 mass-% Ni) S using the finite differential method (FDM) scheme. Furthermore, the cosegregation effect of P with S
was considered in the nonequilibrium
grain boundary segregation following solidification segregation using pseudoternary systems of (Fe 25 mass-% Cr 35
mass-% Ni) P S. The outline of the numerical models used in the present study
is as follows:
1. Solidification Segregation (Stage I)
The distribution of solutes in the solid
phase during the solidification process was
calculated by the nonequilibrium solidification segregation theory (Ref. 16). This
Fig. 13 Schematic illustration of the cluster model used for molecular orbital analysis by the DV-X
method.
employed a one-dimensional diffusion

model in a regular triangle assuming that
the morphology of a dendrite is basically a
hexagonal prism, as shown in Fig. 10A.
Symmetrical boundary conditions were
applied to both end segments. The final
segment of the liquid phase was defined as
the final solidification boundary, the cell
boundary (C.B.). The convection and diffusion in the liquid were ignored, while the
diffusion in solid phase was allowed for
analysis. The cosegregation effect of P
with S was not considered in the solidification segregation process.
The diffusive flux Ji from a segment i to
a segment i + 1 is given by Ficks first law
J =D
i
i +1
where D is the diffusion coefficient of

solute, Ci and Ci + 1 are concentrations in
segments i and i + 1, and x is a segment
width. The change in solute concentration
Ci during a infinitesimal time interval t
at a segment i is expressed by
C
t
S +S
i
(1)
x = J S J
i
i i
i 1 i 1
(2)
where Si and Si1 are sectional areas of

segments i and i 1. In the regular triangle
model as shown in Fig. 10A, Si is expressed
by
S =
i
i 1
x
k
3 k =1
(3)
where xk is the segment width of segment

k. From Equations 2 and 3, Ci is given by
Fig. 14 Calculated bond order between Fe atoms at the different grain

boundary segregations of P and S.
WELDING RESEARCH
C =
i
2D t
x (S + S
i
i 1
B
B
C B C B
C Ci
i 1
i
S i +1
S
i 1
x
x
i
i 1
i
(4)
where Ci +1, Ci , and Ci 1 are solute concentrations in segments i + 1, i and i 1 at

the previous t (t is a time step), respectively. Assuming the mass conservation
law of solute in a dendrite holds, then
Equation 5 becomes
N
2
i 1
N i
x C = x + x
0
k
k
k
k =1
k =1
i =1 k =1
N
i
i
x C S + x + x
i
i
k
k
i = j +1 k =1
k =1
(5)
x C L
i
i
where N is the total number of segments,

C0 is the initial solute concentration, CiS is
the solute concentration in solid phase
segment i, CiL is the solute concentration
in liquid phase (assuming solute concentration in liquid phase being uniform), and
j is a segment number of solid phase at the
solid/liquid interface.
The solute concentration at the
solid/liquid interface is given by the local
equilibrium concept
CS =K
j
nes
CL
j +1
(6)
where Knes is the nonequilibrium distribution coefficient between solid and liquid
Fig. 15 Effect of the amount of La addition on solidification and ductility-dip cracking susceptibilities.
phases, and CjS and CLj + 1 are solute concentrations of solid and liquid phases at
the solid/liquid interface, respectively. The
nonequilibrium distribution coefficient
can be represented by
nes
K +
es
1+
, =R
2D L
(7)
where Kes is the equilibrium distribution

coefficient, is the Peclet number, Rv is
the growth velocity of the dendrite (solidification rate), is the interatomic spacing, and DL is the diffusion coefficient of
the solute in a liquid. The solid/liquid interface migrates according to the solidification velocity determined by the cooling
rate during solidification; in other words,
the neighbor segment changes from the
liquid to the solid phase.
2. Grain Boundary Cosegregation/Desegregation after Solidification (Stage II)
The distribution of solutes in the solid
phase during the cooling process was calculated by the nonequilibrium cosegregation theory proposed by T. Xu (Ref. 17).
According to the nonequilibrium grain
boundary segregation theory, solute elements, atomic vacancies, and their complexes play roles in segregation, plus the
segregated concentration at a grain
boundary is determined by the diffusion of
solute elements and complexes to a grain
boundary during the segregation process.
Meanwhile, during the desegregation
process, by diffusion of solute elements
into a grain as well as that of atomic vacancies to a grain boundary. The solute
distribution present in grain boundary
segregation was calculated based on a
one-dimensional segregation model as
shown in Fig. 10B. The final segment CN
was defined as the grain boundary (G.B.).
The saturated solute concentration at the
grain boundary (equilibrium concentration) CGB(t) of P and S during cosegregation at a temperature T and time t are
given by
C
GB ,P
C P exp(G P / RT )
B
P
1+C exp(G P / RT ) + C S exp(G S
B
B
C S exp(G S / RT )
B
=
1+C P exp(G P / RT ) + C S exp(G S
B
B
(t ) =
C (t )
GB ,S
/ RT )
(8)
/ RT )
G P = G P + C S (t t )
G
0
=G S +
0
N
P
C (t t )
N
(9)
where CBP and CBS are the bulk concentrations of P and S, G0P and G0S are the
segregation energies of P and S, respectively, is the interaction parameter, and
R is the gas constant. The solute concentrations of P and S at grain boundaries at
time t, CN(t) are expressed by
4D t
= 1 exp P
P d
(0)
C P (t ) C P (0)
N
N
C (t ) C P
GB ,P
N
2 D t
P
erfc
P d
4D t
= 1 exp S
S d
(0)
C S (t ) C S (0)
N
N
C
(t ) C S
GB ,S
N
2 D t
S
S
d
erfc
(10)
Fig. 16 X-ray diffraction patterns of extracted residues from La-containing

weld metals.
P = C
(t )/C P
S = C
(t )/C S
GB , P
GB , S
(11)
where CN(0) is the initial concentration of

solute, DP and DS are the diffusion coefficients of P and S in solid, respectively, and d
is the grain boundary width. Consequently,
the FDM scheme gives the change in solute
concentrations of P and S at the grain
boundary CN(t)
2D t
P
N
N 1
x x + x
N
k
k
k =1
k =1
N 1
B ,P
C
C (t t )
GB , P
N
x k
x
k =1
2
D
t
S
C S (t )=
N
N
N 1
x x + x
N
k
k
k =1
k =1
N 1
B ,S
C (t t )
C
GB , S
N
x k
k =1
N
C P (t )=
N
(12)
where CNB (t t) is the solute

concentration at the grain boundary at the
previous t.
The grain boundary segregation proceeds until the solute concentration at the
grain boundary CN attains the equilibrium
concentration at the grain boundary
CGB(t). However, desegregation occurs
when CGB(t) < CN(t t). Desegregation
Fig. 17 TEM microstructure and electron diffraction pattern of products in

weld metal U28.
during the cooling stage was also calculated based on a one-dimensional diffusion model (see Fig. 10B). During the desegregation processes, it was assumed that
solute diffusion also occurred in excess of
the solubility limit of a solute element (i.e.,
supersaturation was permitted).
Analysis Conditions
The cosegregation behavior to the grain

boundary was computed for P and S during
the welding process. The material constants used for the numerical simulation
are summarized in Table 2. The interaction
parameter between P and S (78.3 kJ/mol)
meant that the interaction was repulsive
(competitive) during segregation. In the
present simulation, the cooling rates during
and after solidification were estimated as
300 and 150 K/s, respectively, based on the
thermal cycle measured during actual welding. Nominal liquidus and solidus temperatures (solid-liquid coexistence temperature range) of the alloy were calculated
using the phase computation software,
Thermo-Calc (database: SSOL-4). The
growth velocity of a dendrite was assumed
to be 1.67 mm/s (identical to the welding
speed). A dendritic cell (10 m in diameter) was divided into 100 segments. The
FDM calculation of segregation and desegregation was conducted from the liquidus
temperature to the room temperature
through the solidus temperature.
Microsegregation to Grain Boundary during
the Welding Process
A computer simulation of grain

boundary segregation in P and S during
the weld cooling process was carried out

for the weld metals U21U25. Figure 11
shows the relation between the elapsed
time in the welding thermal cycle and calculated P and S concentrations at grain
boundaries for various initial P and S
contents. During solidification, the P and
S concentrations in the liquid phase increased with the progress of solidification, and very high amounts of P and S
were segregated to grain boundaries at
the solidification completion. The P and
S concentrations were rapidly reduced to
their equilibrium concentrations (desegregation) when the weld metal was
cooled down; however, they increased
gradually again at lower temperatures.
The grain boundary concentration of S
during welding was relatively higher than
that of P even when their initial contents
were comparable. This fact suggests that
grain boundary segregation of S would
become more pronounced compared
with P during welding (probably related
to the competition between P and S).
The effect of the initial contents of P
and S in the weld metal on grain boundary
segregation during welding was also investigated. The P and S concentrations in
grain boundaries at 1643 K, which is the
lower limit of the ductility-dip cracking
temperature range, were computed for
different initial P and S contents. Figure
12 shows the relationships between calculated P and S concentrations at grain
boundaries and initial P and S contents in
the weld metal. The P and S concentrations at grain boundaries linearly increased with an increase in their initial
contents, and attained values approximately 40 and 240 times as high as their
WELDING RESEARCH
initial contents, respectively. It follows

that P and S are cosegregated to a grain
boundary in the weld metal during welding, and that their segregated concentrations at grain boundaries are approximately proportional to their initial
contents.
Grain Boundary Embrittlement Due to
P and S Analyzed by the Molecular
Orbital Method
WELDING RESEARCH
The binding strength of the grain boundary was numerically analyzed by a molecular orbital analysis (DV-X method (Ref.
18)). Figure 13 schematically illustrates the
cluster model used in the present computation, the 15 coincidence boundary (simulating a high-angle grain boundary) of -Fe
consisting of 67 atoms. One or two Fe atoms
on a grain boundary were replaced by P or
S atoms to simulate grain boundary segregation. The binding strength of a grain
boundary was evaluated from the bond
order between intergranular and intragranular Fe atoms in the near neighborhood of
P and S atoms (it is known that the bond
order is linearly correlated with the interatomic bond strength).
The calculated bond orders of the Fe
atom at a grain boundary for different segregation situations are shown in Fig. 14. In
this figure, Fe67 indicates the nonsegregated situation, Fe66X1 and Fe65X2,
Fe65X1Y1 (X, Y = P, S) indicate the segregated situations where one and two intergranular Fe atoms were replaced by an
X and/or Y atom, respectively. Thus,
Fe65X2 as well as Fe65X1Y1 means
that grain boundary segregation has proceeded further compared to Fe66X1,
and furthermore Fe65X1Y1 indicates
the situation of P and S cosegregation.
When P and S were segregated at grain
boundaries, the bond orders of the Fe atoms
were reduced compared to the nonsegregated situation, and the bond orders decreased with an increase in the number of
segregated P and S atoms. The bond orders
of the Fe atoms when S was segregated to a
grain boundary were lower than those for P
segregation. However, the fact that the calculated bond order of an Fe atom in
Fe65P1S1 ranked between those in Fe65P2
and Fe65S2 prevented the confirmation of
any discernible effect of cosegregation with
P with S in the present analysis.
Mechanism of Ductility-Dip
Crack Generation
Here the authors discuss the mechanism

of ductility-dip crack generation in extrahigh-purity 25Cr-35Ni steels. A grain
boundary segregation analysis revealed that
P and S (especially S) were segregated to
grain boundaries in the weld metal during
welding. A molecular orbital analysis suggested that there was a possibility that grain
boundary segregation of P and S led to grain

boundary embrittlement at the hot cracking
temperature. A currently acceptable mechanism of ductility-dip cracking is attributed
to an imbalance between intergranular
strength and intragranular strength at a
high temperature. Extra-high-purity 25Cr35Ni steel maintains a superior intragranular strength, especially at an elevated temperature, a feature that originates in its high
Cr and Ni content. On the other hand, grain
boundary segregation of P and S leads to the
deterioration of intergranular strength at
higher temperatures during the welding
process. Consequently, grain boundary segregation of P and S brings about the situation that intergranular strength falls below
intragranular strength, and would accordingly promote grain boundary sliding at
higher temperatures where the cracks are
initiated. Such grain boundary sliding
initiates a ductility-dip crack at a grain
boundary.
On the other hand, the influence of S
in increasing the ductility-dip cracking
susceptibility was approximately 1.2 times
as large as that of P Fig. 8. The authors
feel that the numerical analysis results,
which indicate that the influence of S in
promoting grain boundary segregation
and embrittlement is larger than that of P
Figs. 12 and 14, are supported by this
experimental fact. It follows that the ductility-dip cracking should be greatly inhibited by limiting the presence of S, as well
as P, to very low amounts.
Improvement in Hot Cracking

Susceptibility by La Addition
With the aim of applying this steel to
more severe environments, the authors
tried to further improve the hot cracking
(ductility-dip cracking) susceptibility of
extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel. From the
fact that a principal cause of ductility-dip
crack generation is probably grain boundary
embrittlement attributed to grain boundary
segregation of impurity elements such as P
and S, the authors investigated the effect of
La addition to the steel. According to a
number of previous studies (Refs. 5, 1923),
REM such as La and cerium (Ce) possesses
a high affinity for the impurity elements
such as P and S, and has improved the hot
cracking susceptibility of various steels and
alloys. However, severe restrictions were
additionally imposed on the proper additive
amount of the REM. In the present study,
the effect of La addition on the hot cracking susceptibility and optimal amount of La
are investigated for extra-high-purity steels.
Evaluation of Hot Cracking Susceptibility
by Transverse-Varestraint Test
The hot cracking susceptibility of

extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steels with
different amounts of La (U26-U28) added

was evaluated by the transverse-Varestraint test. Figure 15 shows the effect of
the amount of La added on the BTR and
DTR of the steels. The DTR was reduced
with an increase in the amount of La and
was nearly saturated with over the approximately 50 ppm addition of La. In
contrast, the BTR increased monotonically with an increase in the amount of La
up to levels of more than approximately 80
ppm. Both the BTR and DTR remained at
a low level for La additions between approximately 2070 ppm in the present
extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steels containing 68 ppm P and S. These results
suggest that the hot cracking susceptibility
could be further improved by adding the
optimal amount of La, even when P and S
were refined to an extremely low level
(extra-high-purity grade) in 25Cr-35Ni
steel.
Microstructural Analysis of La-Containing
Weld Metal
To clarify the mechanism of the improvement for the hot cracking susceptibility by La addition, microstructures of
the La-containing weld metals were analyzed. Microscopic observation revealed
that fine products were formed in the Lacontaining weld metals. These fine products were then identified by the extraction
residue method. Figure 16 shows the Xray diffraction patterns of extraction
residues from weld metals U26U28. La
phosphide (LaP2) and La sulfide (LaS2)
were identified in every weld metal. Furthermore, the Ni-La intermetallic compound (Ni5La) was additionally identified
in the weld metal U28 (veryhigh La
added to the steel) as shown in Fig. 17.
Mechanism of Improvement in
Hot Cracking by the Addition of La
To further investigate the mechanism

by which the hot cracking susceptibility of
extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni steel was improved by the addition of La, the hot ductility of the La-containing weld metals was
evaluated by the Gleeble test. Average
values of the reduction of area of the weld
metals (U26U28) within the ductility-dip
temperature range are compared in Fig. 9.
The hot ductility of the La-free weld metals was approximately 70%, while that of
the La-containing weld metals attained
values as high as approximately 100%. It
follows that the hot ductility was obviously
improved by the addition of La.
From the fact that La phosphide and
sulfide were formed in the La-containing
weld metals, the microsegregation of P
and S to grain boundaries would be depressed, considering that La is known to
scavenge P and S in the weld metal (Refs.
17, 20). Consequently, it can be deduced
that the ductility-dip cracking susceptibility would be improved by the amelioration

of the hot ductility of the weld metal (promoting recovery from grain boundary
weakening). On the other hand, excessive
La addition to the steel leads to the opposite effect of solidification cracking in the
weld metal. Such excessive La addition
also leads to the formation of a Ni-La intermetallic compound in the weld metal,
which has a low melting point (about 1543
K for Ni5La/Ni eutectic (Ref. 19)). Therefore, solidification cracks would occur in
the weld metal at a very high La content as
a result of the enlargement of the BTR
(brittle temperature range between
solidus and liquidus).
Conclusions
In the present report, the hot cracking
behavior of extra-high-purity 25Cr-35Ni
steel was investigated, and quantitative influences of minor and impurity elements
on the hot cracking susceptibility were
clarified. Furthermore, the effect of La addition to the steel was investigated to further improve the hot cracking susceptibility of extra-high-purity stainless steels.
The results obtained may be summarized as follows:
1) Cracks occurring in the transverseVarestraint test of extra-high-purity 25Cr35Ni steels could be classified into solidification and ductility-dip cracks. The
solidification cracking susceptibility remained at a usefully low level, while the
ductility-dip cracking susceptibility exceeded that of Type 310EHP stainless
steel when the P and S contents were high.
2) The DTR and BTR of extra-highpurity 25Cr-35Ni steel could be expressed
by the compositional parameter of P + 1.22
S and P + 1.19 S, respectively. Namely, S essentially enhanced the ductility-dip and solidification cracking susceptibilities approximately 1.2 times as effectively as P.
Furthermore, the amount of P + 1.22 S in
steels should be limited to approximately 90
ppm to obtain a sufficiently low hot cracking susceptibility in 25Cr-35Ni steel welds.
3) A grain boundary segregation analysis revealed that P and S (especially S)
were segregated to grain boundaries in the
weld metal during welding. A molecular
orbital analysis suggested that there was a
possibility that grain boundary segregation of P and S led to grain boundary embrittlement at the hot cracking temperature. It was deduced that ductility-dip
cracking could be attributed to grain
boundary embrittlement due to grain
boundary segregation of P and S.
4) To further improve the hot cracking

susceptibility of extra-high-purity 25Cr35Ni steel, the effect of La addition on the
hot cracking susceptibility was investigated. The solidification and ductility-dip
cracking susceptibilities could be improved by adding 2070 ppm La to the
steel.
5) The ductility-dip cracking susceptibility decreased as a result of the desegregation of P and S to grain boundaries due
to the scavenging effect of La. On the
other hand, the solidification cracking susceptibility increased at higher La contents,
a change attributed to the enlargement of
the brittle temperature range between
solidus and liquidus.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank K.

Hata (Osaka University) for his cooperation in this research. The present study includes the result of Research and Development of Nitric Acid Resistant Material
Technology Applicable to the Next Generation of Reprocessing Equipment
awarded to Kobe Steel, Ltd., by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT).
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Ikeda, N. 1988. Influence of boron content on
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WELDING RESEARCH
Zaharinie 11-13_Layout 1 10/14/13 1:54 PM Page 332
Microstructure Analysis of Brazed Sapphire

to Inconel 600 Using Porous Interlayer
The diffusion of Ti and Ni into a Cu/Ni porous composite and its
influence on the braze/sapphire interface was investigated
BY T. ZAHARINIE, F. YUSOF, M. HAMDI, T. ARIGA, AND M. FADZIL
ABSTRACT
WELDING RESEARCH
A Cu/Ni porous composite interlayer was used to enhance the brazing performance of sapphire to Inconel 600. The porous interlayer was placed in between thin
sheets of active brazing filler metal, BAg-8 with 2 wt-% titanium. It was expected that
the porous interlayer would reduce the thermal coefficient mismatch, which can create unwanted residual stresses during cooling that may lead to weakened or failed
joints. In this research, the effect of titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) diffusion into the Cu/Ni porous interlayer was evaluated. The brazing process was conducted at 830C for 30 min in a high-vacuum environment at a pressure of 1 104 Pa.
The brazed interface was observed by SEM, and an elemental analysis was conducted
using SEM-EDS. Microscopic observation has indicated the formation of a thin, black
reaction layer on the sapphire side, which is believed a TiOx compound. Elemental
mapping was also conducted using EPMA to highlight the distribution of the elements.
It was found that the Ti distribution on the sapphire interface was discontinuous and
resulted in interdiffusion between Ti, Ni, and Cu, which subsequently reduced the
thermodynamic activity between metal-ceramic interfaces. In the present study, a
compound of Ni3Ti was revealed to influence the formation of the thin reaction layer.
Introduction
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the joining processes for ceramics due to their excellent mechanical
properties and unique applications, especially in the electronics industry. Typically,
ceramics are characterized by low density,
high strength, corrosion resistance, and
ability to withstand high operating temperatures. However, ceramics are brittle and
difficult to form or machine, which limits
their direct use in product fabrications. To
overcome this limitation, various the techniques for joining ceramics to metal have
been proposed since the metal component
is easily fabricated and both the properties
of the material could be utilized in a single
product (Refs. 1, 2). Furthermore, for most
commercial applications, a metallic part is
required to be joined to the ceramic component (Refs. 3, 4).
T.
ZAHARINIE
(rinie34@gmail.com),
F. YUSOF (farazila@um.edu.my), M. HAMDI
(hamdi@um.edu.my), and M. FADZIL (ibnjamaludin@um.edu.my) are with Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing,
Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. T. ARIGA
(ttariga@keyaki.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp) is with Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
There are two main factors influencing

the reliability of ceramic-to-metal mechanical joints: 1) coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between metal and
ceramic (Refs. 58), and 2) the difference
in the nature of interatomic bond (Refs. 3,
911). During the cooling process in a brazing cycle, residual stress can build up at the
joint interface due to the mismatch of CTE
and the difference in the mechanical response of ceramic and metal. For example,
Valette (Ref. 12) brazed a system of alumina to CuNi using active filler metal made
of Cusil-ABA with 3.1 %Ti content.
However, due to the discrepancy of thermal expansion between the materials, adhesion failure ensued during alumina/CuNi
alloy assemble. Past studies have explored
numerous techniques in order to reduce
the CTE disparity during ceramic-metal
brazing.
KEYWORDS
Brazing
Composites
Interlayer
Ceramics
Nickel
Titanium
Sapphire
Alumina
The use of interlayer for brazing has

been proposed recently to reduce the CTE
mismatch (Ref. 13). It was reported that
the inclusion of a soft, low expansivity interlayer in the brazing could minimize the
magnitude of residual stresses between ceramic and metal (Refs. 1416). In reducing
the residual stresses in the joint, Kim and
Park (2000) (Ref. 17) reported an optimum
copper interlayer thickness of 200 m for
use in the brazing of silicon nitride to stainless steel. In general, thin interlayers would
have less plastic deformation, which results
in high residual stresses in the ceramic and
overall reduction in joint strength. Thicker
interlayers showed a slight reduction in mechanical strength, but the joint is stronger
than those of thinner interlayers. Finite element method (FEM) analysis of interlayer
usage by Zhang et al. (Ref. 18) proves that
a compliant metal layer between ceramic
and metal can reduce residual stress and
enhance bond integrity. A metallic interlayer in brazing is also thermally stable and
may prevent the formation of brittle intermetallics that could result in joint failure
during joining or servicing (Ref. 19).
This present work investigates the influence of a Cu/Ni porous composite interlayer in the brazing of sapphire to Inconel
600. The evaluation focuses on the effect of
diffusion by titanium (Ti) and nickel (Ni)
into the Cu/Ni porous composite during
joining, and the influences these elements
have on the braze area/sapphire interface.
Experimental Procedure
A Cu/Ni porous composite was used as
an interlayer in brazing sapphire to Inconel 600. The sapphire (single-crystal,
99.999% purity) and Inconel 600 were obtained from Yamatake Corp., Japan. The
sapphire was prepared in a disc form measuring 0.7 mm thick with a diameter of 20
mm, while the Inconel 600 sample size
was 23 23 mm2 with a thickness of 1 mm
for the SEM analysis and 4 mm thickness
for EPMA. The Cu/Ni porous composite
interlayer is prepared from pure porous
copper (Cu) and pure porous nickel (Ni)
sheets. The porous Cu and Ni sheets were
Fig. 1 Diagram of sample preparation.
stacked together and rolled to form a single

composite layer of 0.4 mm thickness. Four
sheets of a eutectic alloy 70Ag-28Cu-2Ti,
each in the form of 0.1-mm-thick foil, was
used as the filler metal. The brazing sample
was prepared in a sandwich configuration,
as shown in Fig. 1, and clamped using a suitable jig to hold them in place. The composite Cu/Ni interlayer was placed so that the
Cu side faced the sapphire while Ni side
faced the Inconel 600. This configuration
is significant to ensure Cu intimation with
the sapphire during brazing. Two layers of
the alloy were stacked on each side of the
composite interlayer to ensure homogenous
infiltration of the brazing filler metal into
the Cu/Ni porous composite.
The brazing process was conducted
under vacuum at 1 104 Pa pressure using
a Tokyo vacuum furnace. Figure 2 shows
the brazing cycle temperature profile used.
The sample was directly heated to a brazing temperature of 830C with a heating
rate of 5C/min. The brazing temperature
was then kept constant for 30 min before
cooling at a controlled rate of 5C/min until
it reached 300C. Finally it was left to cool
down to room temperature.
The cross section of the brazed specimen was analyzed using optical microscopy
and SEM/EDS (using a Philips SEM-EDS
XL40 for 500 magnification and JSM
5410LV for 2000 magnification). Evaluation using an electron probe microanalyzer
(EPMA) was conducted using a Shimadzu
EPMA-1600 on gold-coated specimens.
Results and Discussion

The effect of Ti/Ni diffusion into the
Cu/Ni porous composites on the interface
of brazed sapphire with Inconel 600 was

evaluated. Shirzadi (Ref. 20) recommends
that the porous interlayer should be between 0.2 to 0.4 mm thick in order to control the strength of metallic bonding.
Increasing porous interlayer thickness
would lead to a reduction in shear strength.
Thus, for this research, the 0.4 mm thickness of the Cu/Ni porous composite was obtained through a rolling process. The
observation confirms that the porosity in
the material was maintained even after the
compressed rolling process. Figure 3 presents the optical micrograph of porous
Cu/Ni composite (nickel side) showing the
presence of open pores in the range of
100200 m.
Previous research has recognized the
ability of a copper interlayer to absorb
residual stresses in the brazing of ceramics
to metal (Ref. 21). However, it was found
that the diffusion of Cu is high, which may
lead to the formation of microvoids in the
brazed joint. Microvoids may reduce joint
strength due to void propagation in the
joining interface (Ref. 22). In this research,
a Ni/Cu porous composite interlayer was
used to enhance the joining process due to
the presence of Ni and to generally improve
the ability of residual stress absorption. A
Ni interlayer is also preferable for hightemperature applications such as in the
production of ceramic-to-metal seals for ultrahigh-vacuum equipment and pressure
gas sensors (Ref. 22).
Physical examination of the brazed sample shows that an adequate strength joint
was successfully obtained. However, during
cross sectioning of the joint using a lowspeed diamond saw, some of the sapphire
tended to detach from the joint. This is
Table 1 EDS Analysis of SEM Micrograph of Brazed Joint/Sapphire Interface at 500 (at.-%)
Region
Ti
Al
Ag
Cr
Fe
Ni
Cu
A
B
C
D
E
F
2.22
2.09
46.63
0
2.32
0
58.71
75.3
31.66
95.6
44.58
73.82
9.45
5.09
0.3
1.99
3.17
0
3.99
1.49
5.01
0
13.69
1.8
0.4
0
0.34
2.41
0
0.76
3.47
0.73
0.79
0
0
1.52
3.59
4.54
4.05
0
9.34
6.97
18.17
10.77
11.21
0
26.89
15.13
Fig. 3 Micrograph of Cu/Ni porous composites

(nickel side).
Fig. 4 SEM micrograph showing a cross section

of a brazed joint of sapphire/Cu/Ni porous composites/Inconel 600.
probably due to the large impact force of

the diamond on the cutting blade and the
material being machined. Examinations of
a detached portion of sapphire showed a
very thin, black layer, which was subsequently identified as a reaction layer under
microscopic observation. However, this
layer is not observable using SEM, which
agrees with past findings of the formation
of an extremely thin reaction layer, not visible under SEM magnification (Ref. 21).
This thin black layer is recognized in the literature as TiOx, a compound resulting from
possible reaction between Ti found in the
active brazing filler metal and the oxide of
the sapphire (Ref. 12).
The SEM micrographs of the joint cross
section is shown in Fig. 4, while the micrographs of the braze area/sapphire interface
at various magnifications are shown in Fig.
5. The microstructure within the brazing
area is shown in Fig. 5A, indicating a significant presence of copper (dark gray
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 2 Temperature setup program for the brazing process.
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 6 EPMA micrograph showing a cross section of a braze area/

sapphire.
Table 1. Very high concentrations of Cu, Ni,

and Ti were detected in
the interface with the
sapphire, as shown in
Fig. 5B and Table 2.
Clustering of the copper
region in close vicinity
to the sapphire interFig 5 SEM micrograph of brazed joint/sapphire interface at different
face would be indicative
magnifications. A 500 magnification; B 2000 magnification.
of the adhesion process
taking place although
the regions of copper
area) and silver elements (light gray) from
near the sapphire interface is smaller as
the Ni/Cu porous composite interlayer and
compared to the middle of the brazed area.
the brazing filler metal. The EDS analysis
However, the presence of Ni mostly in the
was conducted within the vicinity of the
clustering of Cu may be attributed to the
braze area/sapphire interface, with the
strong Ti-Ni affinity at the interface of the
measurement taken at the points marked A
sapphire, which reduced the possibility for
to F as in Fig. 5A and G to K as in Fig. 5B.
Ti to form a wettable compound with sapThe complete EDS analysis is summarized
phire (Ref. 23). This strong affinity of Ti
in Tables 1 and 2.
with Ni usually leads to the formation of a
It was observed that Ti tends to diffuse
brittle intermetallic compound of Ni3Ti as
into the copper area. Since the Cu side of
observed in the EDS point analysis of HK
the porous interlayer faces the sapphire, the
(Table 2) (Ref. 24). This observation is in
porous structure of the interlayer may have
agreement with recent literature (Ref. 12).
altered the adhesion behavior of active
The strong Ti-Ni interaction subsequently
brazing filler metal by entrapping the tireduces Ti reaction layer thickness and
tanium element (as an active element)
tends to alter layer of Ti compound type
within the Cu areas, as shown in Fig. 5A and
composition (Ref. 12). This phenomenon
Table 2 EDS Analysis of Brazed Joint/Sapphire Interface at 2000 (at.-%)
Region
Al
Ag
G
H
I
J
K
2.42
0.53
1.06
1.05
89.52
11.9
2.28
1.99
1.16
Ti
12.5
21.5
12.83
23.04
Ni
Cu
38.71
60.2
38.31
69.67
8.06
25.86
14.97
46.08
6.15
leads to the formation of a very thin reaction layer that weakens the joining interface,
which may result in failure of the brazed
sapphire interface.
There is also a reduction phenomenon of oxygen by Ti at the surface near the
sapphire resulting in the formation of an intermetallic TixOy compound (Ref. 25).
However, it appears that the oxygen content is very high compared to titanium in
this zone. This may also suggest that high
oxygen content could lead to the formation
of a brittle intermetallic that would not accommodate the thermal expansion mismatch between joining sapphire with
Inconel 600 (Ref. 25).
An EPMA was conducted to map the
constituent elements, especially the distribution of Ti at the brazed joint. Figure 6
shows the distribution maps with colored
legends indicating the concentration of the
elements. High concentration of Ag, Cu,
and Ni were significantly observed in the
middle of the brazed area. The rich Ag was
isolated in the center of the braze layer, and
it is believed that the Ag from the filler
metal diffused into the porous layer (Cu
and Ni) and formed wavelike structures.
There was no trace of Ti element in the
middle of the brazed area. However, a rich
Ti element was significantly observed near
the brazing interface. The wavelike struture
of Ti (as indicated in the figure) formed on
both sides of the brazing interface. This
structure was almost identical with lacework phase revealed by Vianco et al.
(Refs. 8, 26). In addition to the Ti element,
the Cu and Ni elements were also traced in
the wavelike structures, distributed in similar fashion to the rich Ti element. The
EPMA analyses confirmed that the Ti dif-
fused toward the brazing interface, and it

also had a strong affinity toward Cu and Ni
elements. This observation is in agreement
with the SEM-EDS analysis in the previous
section. Similar observations also were reported by S. Mandal and Santella et al.
(Refs. 2729).
A high concentration of Ti was detected
near the sapphire interface although it was
inhomogeneously formed as that on the Inconel 600 interface. Nevertheless, it was
speculated that a very thin reaction layer
formed along the brazing interface. In this
work, the reaction layer was very thin (less
than 1 m) as compared to the reaction
layer found by other researchers (Refs. 30,
31). The formation of a very thin reaction
layer may be the result of strong interdiffusion between Cu, Ni, and Ti, which subsequently reduces the thermodynamic activity
between metal-ceramic interfaces. It is also
suggested that the reaction layer may contain several phases such as Ti-O, Ti-Cu-O,
and Ti-Ni. According to the report by Santella et al. (Ref. 29), two main reaction layer
phases could exist when brazing Al2O3
using Ag-Cu-Ti brazing filler metal, namely
TiO and Ti3Cu3O. Both phases are very important to the bonding strength of the joint.
The TiO itself would not be exerting thermal mismatch strains between the ceramicmetal joint due to a low CTE (9.2 106
C1). The Ti3Cu3O may offer favorable
transition in CTE and subsequently reduced the local strains with brazing alloys.
The CTE of Ag, Cu, and Ti3Cu3O, Ni3Ti
are 19.2 106 C1, 22 106 C1, 15.1
106 C1, and 9 106 C1, respectively.
Conclusions
The effects of Ti, Ni, and Cu diffusion
into a Cu/Ni porous composite as well as
the influences on metallic bonding at the
sapphire interface in sapphire brazed to Inconel 600 were investigated. From the results, it appears that titanium (Ti) is an
active element, well known for wetting the
ceramic surface even in very small percentages. However, a strong Ti and Ni interaction rather than Ti and Cu during brazing
have obstructed the thermodynamic activity
of Ti. In this research, a Ni3Ti compound
was thought to be altering the thermodynamic activity in the brazing filler metal
near the sapphire side and limiting the diffusion of Ti reacting with the oxide from
the sapphire to form a reaction layer. As a
result, only a very thin reaction layer was
formed on the sapphire. The high-oxygen
percentage at the sapphire interface contributed to the formation of a brittle intermetallic TiOx layer.
The research has shown that the elements of the porous interlayer may alter the
thermodynamic activity of the active filler
metal. It is proposed that the composition
of the porous interlayer should be carefully
chosen to enhance, rather than weaken the

brazed joint.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge
the University of Malaya for providing the
necessary facilities and resources for this research. This study was funded by the HIR
Grant (HIR-MOHE-D000001-16001) from
the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fotouh FINAL_Layout 1 10/11/13 8:08 AM Page 336
Simplified Mathematical Modeling of Implant

Limit Stress and Maximum HAZ Hardness
Models were developed to form a simple, accessible tool for use in assessing
susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking in steel weldments
BY A. FOTOUH, M. EL-SHENNAWY, AND R. EL-HEBEARY
ABSTRACT
WELDING RESEARCH
Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility in the heat-affected zone

(HAZ) was investigated and modeled using implant static tensile limit stress (imp)
and maximum hardness of the HAZ (HV10MAX). C-Mn and high-strength low-alloy
(HSLA) steels were used as base metals with a carbon equivalent (CE) ranging from
0.38 to 0.48% and 0.52 to 0.69%, respectively. The shielded metal arc welding
(SMAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes with CO2 shielding gas were
used. The diffusible hydrogen (H) content was varied taking the values between 2
and 40 mL/100 g. imp and HV10MAX were the two measures used to evaluate the
weldment susceptibility to HIC. Using Pearsons product-moment coefficient (Ppm)
and the developed analysis of HIC susceptibility, two simplified models were developed using simple mechanistic models, linear and logarithmic, to simulate imp and
HV10MAX. imp was modeled as a function of HV10MAX and H, while HV10MAX was
modeled as a function of CE and t800/500. The two new simplified models were capable of accurately simulating both imp and HV10MAX. The newly developed
models form a simplified tool that can be used to assess HIC susceptibility in steel
weldments.
Introduction
Three main factors affect hydrogeninduced cracking (HIC) susceptibility in
weldments. They are as follows (Refs.
13):
Presence of hydrogen
Residual stresses
Susceptible microstructure.
The diffusible hydrogen (H) content is
generally considered the effective fraction
of hydrogen in weldments HIC (Refs. 2,
48). At relatively low temperature (i.e.,
between 100 and 200C), the diffusible
atomic hydrogen accumulated forms the
molecule hydrogen, which has very high
pressure at room temperature (Refs. 6, 9,
10). Therefore, HIC, which is sometimes
known as cold cracking or delayed cracking (Refs. 6, 9), is formed after solidification of fusion welding. On the other hand,
residual stresses developed during cooling
take place at a comparatively low temperA. FOTOUH (fotouh@ualberta.ca) is a research
assistant, Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. M.
El-SHENNAWY is an associate professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. R. ELHEBEARY is professor emeritus, Mechanical
Design and Production Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
ature, which increases the risk of HIC

(Ref. 4), as HIC initiates when the stress
and the strain induced at a point reaching
critical values (Ref. 11). Hydrogeninduced cracking in the HAZ can be overcome, if the implant static tensile limit
stress (imp) determined at certain welding parameters or factors (i.e., H, carbon
equivalent (CE), and t800/500) exceeds the
value of the residual stresses arising in the
welded structure (Ref. 11).
Another factor affecting the presence
of HIC is the susceptible microstructure
(Refs. 13). In the case of HIC in the
KEYWORDS
Modeling
Hydrogen-Induced Cracking
(HIC)
Implant Test
Implant Static Tensile Limit
Stress
Maximum Heat-Affected Zone
(HAZ) Hardness
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW)
Gas Metal Arc Welding
(GMAW)
HAZ, typically it is sufficient to know the

maximum HAZ hardness (HV10MAX) to
assess the HIC susceptibility of the developed HAZ microstructure, which is determined by (Refs. 4, 1216): 1) the steel
chemical composition (mainly CE and
carbon content), and 2) the weld cooling
time between 800 and 500C (t800/500) at
which the austenitic transformations take
place. Hydrogen-induced cracking susceptibility is increased by increasing HAZ
hardness (Refs. 14, 9, 1216).
Therefore, this present study was concerned with analyzing and modeling imp
and HV10MAX, as they both form the main
factors that can be used to assess susceptibility to HIC in steel weldments (Refs.
14, 1116). Simplified models were developed to estimate the values of imp and
HV10MAX as functions of welding factors
(i.e., CE, t800/500, and H).
Testing Materials and

Procedures
The designations of the tested steels
and their mechanical properties are
shown in Table 1. The Dearden and
ONeill equation, represented in Equation 1, was applied to calculate the CE for
each one of the tested steels (Refs. 1719).
This equation is used for steels with carbon contents greater than 0.12%, and if
the calculated CE is greater than 0.35%,
special precautions should be considered
to prevent HIC (Ref. 17). The Dearden
and ONeill equation is the formula used
by the International Institute of Welding
(IIW) to evaluate carbon equivalent
(Ref. 20).
CE = C + (Mn)/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/
5 + (Cu + Ni)/15
(1)
The calculated CE values are shown in
Table 2. The tested base metals are divided
into two main categories of steels:
1. C-Mn steels, which have CE values
in the range of 0.38 to 0.48% and yield
strength values in the range of 350 to 623
MPa.
2. High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA)
steels, which have CE values in the range
of 0.52 to 0.69% and yield strength range
between 295 and 710

MPa.
Implant static fatigue limit stress curve
Different welding
electrodes were used in
Fracture
800
No fracture
this research using two
Implant limit stress (imp)
500
welding
processes:
100
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas
t800/500
24 hour (1440 min.)
Time to fracture
t150/100
metal arc welding
(GMAW) with CO2 as a
(I)
shielding gas. Table 3
shows the designation of
Backing plate
(II)
the electrodes used
Implant specimen
HAZ
along with their chemi(III)
cal composition and the
mechanical properties
(IV)
of the deposited weld
Applied implant load
(V)
metal.
Using the glycerin disFracture
No fracture
placement method, the
diffusible hydrogen content was measured for
Fig. 1 Schematic representing the applied implant test procedures.
each electrode type (Ref.
19). The procedures followed in the glycerin method were accordA
ing to the designations of JIS Z 3113, JIS Z
Weld metal
3116, JIS Z 3117, and DIN 8572 Part I (Ref.
19). Table 4 shows the values of the measCoarsened
ured diffusible hydrogen content for each
grain
HAZ
region
type of deposited weld metal. The electrodes were used under the conditions in
Implant
Table 4, which were the conditions the manspecimen
Backing
base metal
ufacturer recommended.
plate
pin
For each implant test, a 6.00.02-mm
implant specimen was fitted into a
6.00.02-mm-diameter hole in a backing
B
steel plate (Ref. 19). The backing plate
was manufactured in two thicknesses of 10
Weld metal
and 30 mm simulating 2-D and 3-D weldments. The backing plate steel designation
and mechanical properties are listed in
Fracture
occurring
Table 1, while its chemical composition is
Backing
within the
Implant
plate
coarsened
specimen
listed in Table 2.
grain region
base metal
Figure 1 shows the applied implant test
pin
procedures with a 150-mm weld bead on
the backing plate. The applied implant
test procedures are as follows:
Fig. 2 Sections of implant test specimen pins: A
1. The implant test is inserted into the
Nonfractured; B fractured.
backing plate hole.
Temperature
Applied implant stress
150
2. When the electrode reaches the tip

of the implant test specimen, cooling time
is started to be counted.
3. The implant load is started to be applied when the temperature is 150C,
while the full applied implant load is
reached when the temperature is 100C.
4. The implant specimen is fractured
within 24 h depending on the amount of
the applied implant load.
5. If the implant specimen is not fractured after 24 h under a certain implant
load, the corresponding stress to this load
will be the implant static tensile limit stress
(imp). To ensure that the stress value
reached was the value of imp, five more
specimens were tested at this stress value.
The stress is considered to be imp, if the
five tested specimens are not fractured
after 24 h.
The cooling time from 800 to 500C
(t800/500) was measured using a thermocouple that was implanted into the backing plate in the same way the implant test
specimen pins were implanted. The measured values of t800/500 are shown in Table
5. In order to incorporate t800/500 into the
developed mathematical models and to
consistently control the loading time of
implant tests, a heat transfer thermal
model was used to simulate the measured
values of t800/500 based on the applied
welding conditions. Additionally, the use
of the heat transfer model ensures that the
developed mathematical models are a
fully mathematical engineering tool that
can be used directly to estimate the values
of imp and the values of HV10MAX without the need to take any further measures.
Rosenthals heat transfer models are
usually used to estimate the weldments
cooling cycle (Refs. 3, 21, 22). For a radial
distance near the weld, Adams heat transfer models can be developed from Rosenthals models (Ref. 19); therefore, Adams
models can be used to estimate the cooling
time of the HAZ coarsened grain region
near the weld (Refs. 9, 19, 21, 23). In this
study, the Adams heat transfer models
Table 1 Mechanical Properties for Base Metals

Steel
Type
Base Metal
Sample
Steel Designation
Yield Strength, MPa
Mechanical Properties
Ultimate Tensile
Strength, MPa
Elongation,
%
C-Mn
DIN: 17Mn4
350
580
37
DIN: St 52-3N
420
595
30
MSZ: E420C
623
775
21
MSZ:KL3
295
535
23
ASTM:387-G11
310
585
19
DIN:20CrMo5
710
1150
DIN: St 37-2
260
320
54
HSLA
Implant backing
plate (heat sink)
WELDING RESEARCH
Fotouh FINAL_Layout 1 10/16/13 1:41 PM Page 337
Fig. 3 Effect of H on the implant test results for steel B: 0.42 (CE) and
at t800/500 of 4.5 s.
WELDING RESEARCH
were used to calculate the cooling time from

800 to 500C (t800/500), which is a very critical cooling time at which the austenitic microstructure transformations are characterized (Ref. 24). Adams heat transfer model
for a 3-D heat flow (i.e., for a thick plate)
can be represented as in Equation 2, while
Equation 3 can be used to calculate the
cooling time for a 2-D heat flow (i.e., for a
thin plate) (Refs. 21, 23, 25). The critical
thickness, identifying which equation is to
be used, can be calculated using Equation 4
(Refs. 21, 23). If the implant test heat sink
(i.e., backing plate) is thinner than the critical thickness, it is a 2-D heat flow; on the
other hand, if the heat sink is thicker than
the critical thickness, it is a 3-D heat flow
(Refs. 21, 23).
(E .I / v )fm
t T1 /T2 =
2k
T1 T2
(T2 To ) (T1 To )
SMAW and GMAW processes (Ref. 23)),

m is a constant related to the weld joint (1
for bead on plate, 23 for T-joint (Ref. 23)),
and k is the thermal conductivity of the
metal (k = 0.028 J.mm1.S1.C1 for DIN:
St 37-2 (Ref. 23)).
the measured values of t800/500 at different

applied welding conditions used during the
implant tests. The Adams model results for
2-D heat flow were slightly higher than the
measured values of t800/500; this can be attributed to diminishment of the effect of the
surface heat transfer in the 2-D flow of the
Adams model. However, there is still a
close similarity between the measured and
the calculated values of t800/500. Additionally, by applying the coefficient of determination (R2), the goodness of fit for the linear relationship between the measured and
the calculated values of t800/500 for the 3-D
(i.e., thick plate) heat flow was 0.97, and it
was 0.99 for 2-D (i.e., thin plate) heat flow.
Therefore, it can be concluded that Adams
model is highly suited for evaluating the
cooling time between 800 and 500C
(t800/500) for implant test procedures.
For steels with estimated yield strength
between 350 and 600 MPa, HIC in HAZ
forms the majority of the cracks developed
by hydrogen embrittlement, especially with
electrodes having low carbon contents
(Refs. 4, 6, 12, 13). Additionally, weldments
with undermatched weld metal strength are
most likely to have HIC in the HAZ (Refs.
4, 26). The base metals and consumables
were selected to ensure that HIC is more
likely to occur in the base metal; the HAZ
coarsened grain region was the area at
which hardness was measured because the
1 (E .I v )fm 2
t T1 /T2 =
S
4k S
1
1
(T T )2 (T T )2
2 0
1
0
(3)
where S is the volumetric specific heat of

the heat sink (S = 0.0044 J.mm3.C1 for
DIN: St 37-2 (Ref.23)), and S is the thickness of the heat sink in mm.
(E .I / v )fm
2 s
Sc =
1
1
T T + T T
( 2 0 ) ( 1 0 )
(2)
where tT1/T2 is the cooling time (s) from

T1 to T2 at initial plate temperature To
(for t800/500: T1 = 800C, T1 = 500C, and
To = 25C), E is the arc voltage (V), v is
the welding speed (mm/s), I is the arc current (A), f is the arc efficiency (f= 80% for
Fig. 4 Effect of H on the implant test results for steel E: 0.58 (CE) at
t800/500 of 4.5 s.
(4)
where Sc is the critical thickness.

Table 5 shows both the calculated and
Table 2 Chemical Composition and Carbon Equivalent for Base Metals

Steel
Type
C-Mn
Base Metal
Sample
A
B
C
HSLA
D
E
F
Implant backing
plate (heat sink)
Chemical Composition, %
CE,
%
Si
Mn
Cr
Mo
Ni
Cu
Al
0.130
0.148
0.210
0.220
0.118
0.198
0.063
0.241
0.266
0.450
0.210
0.505
0.188
0.181
1.400
1.380
1.250
1.260
0.528
1.060
0.517
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.020
0.011
0.017
0.028
0.012
0.012
0.020
0.012
0.003
0.016
0.012
0.034
0.029
0.120
1.320
1.250
0.016
0.010
0.009
0.060
0.536
0.215
0.014
0.015
0.130
0.050
0.700
0.047
0.115
0.018
0.001
0.005
0.070
0.130
0.010
0.010
0.001
0.018
0.324
0.120
0.150
0.020
0.185
0.017
0.038
0.049
0.018
0.008
0.021
0.020
0.38
0.42
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.69
susceptible HAZ microstructure is expected to be developed in this region (Ref.

27). Figure 2A shows a section through a
nonfractured implant pin, while Fig. 2B depicts how the fracture occurred in the implant test specimen within the HAZ coarsened grain region near the weld.
Hardness tests were carried out using a
Vickers hardness tester with a 10-kg load
(Ref. 19). The hardness was measured in
the coarsened grain region of the HAZ on
a line tangent to the weld fusion zone. The
hardness measurement procedures were
applied according to IIW procedures with
a 1-mm interval distance between indentations (Refs. 19, 28).
Results Discussion and

Modeling
The three major welding factors affecting imp and HV10MAX are as follows (Refs.
14, 19): 1) the cooling time between 800
Fig. 6 Effect of H on imp for HSLA steels at different values of CE

and t800/500.
and 500C (t800/500); 2) the base metal carbon equivalent (CE); and 3) the diffusible
hydrogen content (H). There are some
other minor factors that also affect the values of imp and HV10MAX (i.e., the susceptibility to HIC), such as the carbon content
and the yield strength (Refs. 4, 6, 12, 13, 29);
however, the present study focuses on the
three major effective factors (i.e., t800/500,
CE, and H) and their effect on imp and
HV10MAX. In this study, these three major
effective factors were considered the essential variables that were used to develop the
mathematical models for both imp and
HV10MAX.
The following part is divided into two
main sections: the first section, assessment
of HIC susceptibility, is to demonstrate
the observed effects of t800/500, CE, and H
on imp and HV10MAX; the second section,
modeling of HIC susceptibility, is to illustrate how these three welding factors (i.e.,
t800/500, CE, and H) are interactively inte-
Electrode Type
Classifications
(AWS Designation)
Electrode
Diameter (mm)
Type of Flux
Table 3 Electrodes Designations, Chemical Composition, and the Mechanical Properties of

Deposited Weld Metal for Welding Electrodes
Si
A5.05-81
E7010-G
3.25
4.00
5.00
0.14
0.14
0.60
A5.01-81
E6013
3.25
4.00
5.00
0.06
0.40
A5.01-81
E7018
3.25
4.00
5.00
0.05
0.08
Cellulose
Rutile
Basic
Solid wire A5.18-79

ER7S-6
CO2shielding
gas
1.0
1.2
Chemical Composition, %
Mn
Mo
Mechanical Properties
Yield
Point
MPa.
Tensile
Strength
MPa.
0.20
420
480590
0.50
390
470590
0.06
0.90
400
510630
0.90
1.5
460
560
grated to affect imp and HV10MAX; additionally, the second section discusses how
to incorporate the interactively integrated
effect of the three major welding factors
into simplified mathematical models developed to simulate imp and HV10MAX.
Assessment of HIC Susceptibility
Figures 3 and 4 show implant stresstime curves that indicate the effect of different values of the diffusible hydrogen
content (H) on the implant test results for
both C-Mn steel with CE of 0.42 and
HSLA steel with CE of 0.58, respectively,
at t800/500 of 4.5 s. The first part of these
implant stress-time curves was developed
as a result of the different stresses that
were applied until the implant limit stress
(imp) was reached, which is represented
by the horizontal lines in the curves. The
logarithmic regression was used to plot the
linear relationship in the first part of the
implant stress-time curves. These developed linear relationships were plotted not
to represent any physical property except
the general trend of the first part of the implant stress-time curves (i.e., to demonstrate that the time to fracture increased
by decreasing the applied static stress). R2
values in Figs. 3 and 4 represent the goodness of fit of the logarithmic regression
used to plot the first part of the curves.
The horizontal lines in Figs. 3 and 4
demonstrate that the value of imp decreases by increasing H, and this increases
the risk of HIC at a constant value of
t800/500. Using the logarithmic regression,
Figs. 5 and 6 show the relationship between imp and H for both C-Mn and
HSLA steels, respectively, at different values of CE and t800/500. Generally, Figs. 5
and 6 illustrate that at certain t800/500 and
CE when the value of H decreases, the
value of imp increases, and this reduces
the susceptibility to HIC.
The implant test results for both C-Mn
steel with CE of 0.42 and HSLA steel with
CE of 0.58 were plotted at H of 30 mL/100
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 5 Effect of H on imp for C-Mn steels at different values of CE

and t800/500.
Fig. 7 Effect of t800/500 on the implant test results for steel B: 0.42 (CE)
at H of 30 mL/100 g.
WELDING RESEARCH
g and different values of t800/500, as shown

in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. As depicted
in Figs. 7 and 8, when the cooling time between 800 and 500C (t800/500) increased,
the implant static tensile limit stress (imp)
increased, lessening the susceptibility to
HIC. The same result can be concluded
from Figs. 9 and 10, which show the impt800/500 relationship conducted by the logarithmic regression for both C-Mn and
HSLA steels, respectively, at different values of CE and H. Figure 11AC shows
how t800/500 affects the development of the
susceptible HAZ microstructure. Figure
11A shows a ferrite pearlite hot-rolled microstructure of the base metal A: 0.38%
CE (Ref. 19). This microstructure was
transformed into a Widmansttten ferrite
microstructure in the HAZ of the implant
test specimen at t800/500 value of 4.5 s (Ref.
19), as shown in Fig. 11B. In Fig. 11C, as
t800/500 increased to 16.5 s, the ferrite
pearlite base metal structure was transformed into a refined acicular ferrite with
a cleavage shape structure (Ref. 19). This
change in the HAZ microstructure from
the Widmansttten ferrite to the acicular
ferrite reduced HV10MAX from 385 to 330,
Fig. 8 Effect of t800/500 on the implant test results for steel E: 0.58 (CE)
at H of 30 mL/100 g.
and increased the implant static tensile

limit stress (imp) from 450 to 565 MPa, respectively, at H of 2 mL/100 g (Ref. 19).
Figures 12 and 13 indicate the effect of
carbon equivalent (CE) on the results of
the implant test at t800/500 of 9.3 s for C-Mn
steels and at t800/500 of 6.3 s for HSLA
steels, respectively, at H of 40 mL/100 g.
Decreasing CE values caused an increase
in the measured values of the implant
static tensile limit stress (imp), as shown
by the horizontal lines in Figs. 12 and 13.
The same behavior is confirmed through
Figs. 14 and 15, as the linear regression
was used to show the relationship between
imp and carbon equivalent (CE) for both
C-Mn and HSLA steels, respectively, at
different values of t800/500 and H. Therefore, as concluded from Figs. 1215, imp
decreases by increasing CE, which promotes the susceptibility to HIC.
Using the logarithmic regression, Figs.
16 and 17 represent the relationship between HV10MAX and t800/500 for C-Mn and
HSLA steels, respectively, at different values of CE. The maximum HAZ hardness
(HV10MAX) was increased by decreasing
the cooling time between 800 and 500C
(t800/500). On the other hand, decreasing

CE caused HV10MAX to decrease at a certain t800/500, as depicted in Figs. 18 and 19,
using the linear regression, for C-Mn and
HSLA steels, respectively.
Modeling of HIC Susceptibility
Cooling time between 800 and 500C

(t800/500) and carbon equivalent (CE) influence the microstructure ability to produce a
certain maximum HAZ hardness
(HV10MAX), which consequently can be
used to assess the developed microstructure
in HAZ (Refs. 4, 1216). Therefore,
HV10MAX can be assumed to be the reason
by which t800/500 and CE affect imp. Hence,
it can be concluded that the main welding
factors affecting imp are the maximum
HAZ hardness (HV10MAX), and the diffusible hydrogen content (H). On the other
hand, the welding factors affecting
HV10MAX are the cooling time between
800 and 500C (t800/500), and the carbon
equivalent (CE).
To develop the models that predict the
values of imp and HV10MAX, the effect of
each welding factor on imp and HV10MAX
Table 4 Diffusible Hydrogen Content for Deposited Weld Metal

Consumable Electrode Type
Process
Coating
Electrode Type
Classifications
(AWS Designation)
Electrode Conditions
Heat Input Used

in the Evaluation,
kJ/mm
Diffusible Hydrogen
Content H (IIW),
mL/100 g
SMAW
Cellulose
A5.05-81
E7010-G
Not
Recommended
1.7
40
SMAW
Rutile
A5.01-81
E6013
1 h at temperature
150C
1.7
30
SMAW
Basic
A5.01-81
E7018
2 h at temperature
260C
1.7
GMAW
Solid Wire
CO2 Shielding
Gases
A5.18-79
ER70S-6
Not
Recommended
1.7
Fig. 9 Effect of t800/500 on imp for C-Mn steel at different values of CE

and H.
Ppm ( x , y ) =
n
(x i x ) ( y i y )
i =1
n
(5)
n
(x i x ) ( y i y )
i =1
i =1
where Ppm (x,y) is Pearsons product-
moment coefficient for two numerical parameters (i.e., x and y), n is the number of
readings for parameters x and y, x is the average of parameter x readings, y is the average of parameter y readings, and i is the
counter of the readings number n.
Ppm can take values from 1.00 to 1.00.
At Ppm = 1.00, there is a perfect direct correlation between the two numerical parameters. At Ppm = 0.00, there is no correlation at all between the numerical
parameters. For Ppm = 1.00, there is a
perfect inverse correlation between the
two numerical parameters.
As illustrated previously, the main welding factors controlling imp can be considered to be the maximum HAZ hardness
(HV10MAX) and the diffusible hydrogen
content (H). Table 6 shows the values of Ppm
between imp and its controlling welding
factors (i.e., HV10MAX and H) for the tested
C-Mn steels and HSLA steels. For C-Mn
steels (i.e., CE: 0.38 to CE: 0.48), the values
of Ppm for the imp-HV10MAX relationship
are relatively high, which means that
HV10MAX is the dominating welding factor

affecting imp, and the negative sign is a result of the inverse correlation between
HV10MAX and imp. However, the dominating effect of HV10MAX over imp was reduced for HSLA steels (i.e., CE: 0.52 to
0.69), and H became the dominating welding factor that affected imp; therefore, it
can be concluded that the HIC susceptibility for the HSLA steel category is mainly
dominated by the diffusible hydrogen content (H). This could be attributed to the relatively heavy existence of some alloying elements in the composition of HSLA steels.
These alloying elements increase the effect
of the diffusible hydrogen content (H) on
the susceptibility to HIC. To illustrate, the
vanadium (V) percentage in steel D (CE:
0.52) was relatively high (V: 0.13%) compared to the vanadium percentage in other
steels. The increase in the vanadium percentage promoted the amount of the absorbed hydrogen for a given value of the diffusible hydrogen content (H) (Ref. 34);
therefore, the effect of the diffusible hydro-
Table 5 Implant Test Welding Conditions and Cooling Times from the Thermocouple and from the Adams Model
Electrode Type
Welding Conditions
Electrode Diameter (mm)

Current (A)
Voltage (V)
Welding Speed (mm/s)
Heat Input (kJ/mm)
T800/500
(s)
Solid Wire CO2 Shielding

Gases
ER70S-6
Cellulose (E7010-G)
Rutile (E6013)
Basic (E7018)
3.25
125
24
2.5
1.2
4.0
170
25
2.5
1.7
5.0
225
28
2.5
2.5
1.0
200
27
4.5
1.2
1.2
250
30
4.5
1.7
1.2
250
30
3
2.5
Thick, 30 mm,
using the thermocouple
4.7
5.8
10.1
4.9
6.5
9.8
Thick, 30 mm,
using Adams model
4.5
6.3
9.3
4.5
6.3
9.3
Thin, 10 mm, using the thermocouple
15.7
29.7
67.3
14.8
30.9
65.1
Thin, 10 mm, using Adams model
16.5
33.1
71.5
16.5
33.1
71.5
WELDING RESEARCH
have to be evaluated. Pearsons productmoment coefficient (Ppm) can provide an

indication of the dependency or independency of two numerical values with regard to
each other (Refs. 3032). Therefore, Pearsons product-moment coefficient (Ppm)
can be used as a tool to identify the dominating welding factor affecting either imp
or HV10MAX by evaluating the dependency
of imp and HV10MAX on each welding factor that affects each one of them. Equation
5 represents the statistical function used to
calculate Ppm (Ref. 33).
Fig. 10 Effect of t800/500 on imp for HSLA steel at different values of

CE and H.
Fig. 11 Microstructure images of (Ref.19): A The C-Mn steel A: 0.38 CE base metal; B a Widmansttten ferrite in the coarsened grain HAZ region at
t800/500 of 4.5 s; and C an acicular ferrite in the HAZ coarsened grain region at t800/500 of 16.5 s.
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 12 Effect of base metal CE on the results of the implant test for
A: 0.38 (CE), B: 0.42 (CE), and C: 0.48 (CE) at H of 40 mL/100 g and
t800/500 of 9.3 s.
gen content (H) on the susceptibility to HIC

was increased; additionally, the percentage
of other alloying elements such as nickel
(Ni) in the same D (CE: 0.52) steel was relatively a high percentage (Ni: 0.7%), and
this increased the amount of the absorbed
hydrogen (Refs. 35, 36). For other HSLA
steels, the relatively high percentage of
chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) in
both steel E (CE: 0.58) and steel F (CE:
0.69) acted interactively to increase the susceptibility to HIC as a result of increasing
the diffused hydrogen (Ref. 20). However,
from Table 6, as the CE range was increased
to include both C-Mn steels and HSLA
steels (i.e., for the overall CE range from
0.38 to 0.69), HV10MAX can be considered
as the overall dominating welding factor
that affects imp in steel weldments. The
overall values of Ppm for HV10MAX are relatively high (Ppm = 0.71); therefore, a linear mechanistic model can be proposed to
simulate the relationship between imp and
HV10MAX as follows:
imp = + HV10MAX
(6)
where and are parameters assumed to

be functions of the diffusible hydrogen
content (H).
Figures 5 and 6 show the relationship be342-s NOVEMBER 2013, VOL. 92
Fig. 13 Effect of base metal CE on the results of the implant test for
steels D: 0.52 (CE), E: 0.58 (CE), and F: 0.69 (CE) at H of 40 mL/100
g and t800/500 of 6.3 s.
tween imp and H could be represented

using a logarithmic model. Therefore, the
parameters and in Equation 6 could be
represented as a function of H using the logarithmic model shown in Equations 7 and 8,
respectively.
(7)
= a + bln(H)
where a and b are base metal
parameters.
(8)
= a + bln(H)
where a and b are base metal parameters.
From Equations 68, the developed
model of imp can be represented as
follows:
imp = a + aHV10MAX + ln(H)
(9)
(b + bHV10MAX)
where imp is the implant static tensile limit

stress, HV10MAX is the maximum HAZ
hardness, H is the diffusible hydrogen content, a and b are the base metal parameters in Equation 7, and a and b are the
base metal parameters in Equation 8.
Using Levenberg-Marquardt, a modified version of the Gauss-Newton method
(Ref. 37), the optimized solutions for the
developed model parameters in Equation
9 were calculated. Table 7 shows the optimized solutions of the parameters a, b,
a, and b in Equation 9 for the categories
of tested steels.
Using the parameter values in Table 7,
Figs. 2022 were plotted showing that the
values of imp calculated by the developed
model (impC), in Equation 9, closely match
Table 6 Pearsons Product-Moment Coefficients between imp and Its Controlling

Welding Factors
Steel
C-Mn
(CE: 0.38 to CE: 0.48)
HSLA
(CE: 0.52 to CE: 0.69)
C-Mn and HSLA
(CE: 0.38 to CE: 0.69)
Ppm for imp-HV10MAX
Ppm for imp-H
0.77
0.65
0.47
0.76
0.71
0.64
Fig. 14 Effect of CE on imp for C-Mn steels at different values of H

and t800/500.
Fig. 15 Effect of CE on imp for HSLA steels at different values of H

and t800/500.
Fig. 16 Effect of t800/500 on maximum HAZ hardness (HV10MAX) for

C-Mn steels.
Fig. 17 Effect of t800/500 on HV10MAX for HSLA steels.
the values of imp measured from the implant tests (impM) for CE ranges of
0.380.48 (i.e., C-Mn steels), 0.520.69 (i.e.,
HSLA steels), and 0.380.69 (i.e., both CMn and HSLA steels), respectively.
The second parameter that can be used
to assess HAZ susceptibility to HIC is the
maximum HAZ hardness (HV10MAX),
which is affected by t800/500 and CE (Refs.
14, 19). Table 8 shows the values of Ppm
for HV10MAX-t800/500 and HV10MAX-H relationships. For both the C-Mn steels category (with CE ranging between 0.38 and
0.48) and HSLA steels category (with CE
ranging between 0.52 and 0.69), the dominating welding factor affecting HV10MAX
is t800/500, as shown in Table 8. By increasing the CE domain to cover the range between 0.38 and 0.69, the Ppm for the
HV10MAX-t800/500 relationship was low-
ered to 0.45. This can be attributed to the

lack of linearity in the HV10MAX-t800/500
relationship, as shown in Figs. 16 and 17.
On the other hand, the Ppm for HV10MAXCE increased to 0.70, which can be attributed to the linearity in the relationship
between HV10MAX and CE, as shown in
Figs. 18 and 19. Therefore, t800/500 can still
be assumed to be the dominating welding
factor affecting HV10MAX for both C-Mn
and HSLA steels. For C-Mn and HSLA
steels, the relationship between t800/500
and HV10MAX is a logarithmic relationship, as shown in Figs. 16 and 17, respectively; therefore, the relationship between
t800/500 and HV10MAX can be represented
using a logarithmic mechanistic model as
follows:
HV10MAX = + ln(t800/500)
Table 7 The Optimized Values for Parameters a, b, a, and b in Equation 9

Parameter
Value for
C-Mn
Value for
HSLA
Value for
C-Mn and HSLA
a
b
a
b
1060.38
42.72
1.42
0.23
1509.98
44.81
2.40
0.26
1011.04
102.87
1.26
0.39
(10)
where and are parameters that can be

considered as functions of carbon equivalent (CE).
Figures 18 and 19 show a linear relationship between CE and HV10MAX;
therefore, and , assumed to be a function of CE in Equation 10, can be represented in linear relationships with CE as in
Equations 11 and 12, respectively.
= a + bCE
(11)

= a + bCE
(12)

From Equations 1012, the developed
model for HV10MAX in Equation 10 can be
rewritten as follows:
HV10MAX = a + aln(t800/500)
(13)
+ CE(b + bln(t800/500))
where HV10MAX is the maximum HAZ
hardness, t800/500 is the cooling time between 800 and 500C, a and b are the
base metal parameters in Equation 11,
WELDING RESEARCH
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 18 Effect of CE on HV10MAX for C-Mn steels.
Fig. 19 Effect of CE on HV10MAX for HSLA steels.
Fig. 20 The relation between the measured imp (impM) and the calculated imp (impC) for C-Mn steels.
Fig. 21 The relation between the measured imp (impM) and the calculated imp (impC) for HSLA steels.
and a and b are the base metal parameters in Equation 12.

Using the Levenberg-Marquardt
method, the optimized solutions for parameters a, b, a, and b in Equation 13
are shown in Table 9 for the tested categories of steels.
Figures 2325 demonstrate a good
match between the measured HV10MAX
and the values of HV10MAX calculated
using the model developed in Equation 13
for the CE ranges of 0.380.48, 0.520.69,
and 0.380.69, respectively.
Conclusion
The effect of each welding factor (i.e.,
diffusible hydrogen content (H), cooling
time between 800 and 500C (t800/500) and
carbon equivalent (CE)) on HIC susceptibility was investigated. The susceptibility
of HAZ to HIC was assessed using implant static tensile limit stress (imp) and
maximum HAZ hardness (HV10MAX).
The experimental results showed that imp
increased, decreasing the susceptibility to
HIC, by increasing t800/500; on the other
hand, imp decreased, increasing the susceptibility to HIC, by increasing CE and
H. Additionally, it was shown through experimental results that HV10MAX increases by increasing CE or reducing
t800/500, and this increases the susceptibility to HIC.
Based on the calculated values of Ppm,
the dominating factor affecting imp for
the C-Mn steel category (i.e., for CE:
0.380.48) was found to be HV10MAX,
while the dominating factor affecting imp
was H for the HSLA steels category (i.e.,
for CE: 0.380.48); this can be attributed
to relatively high percentages of the alloying elements that exist in HSLA steels,
such as V, Ni, Cr, and Mo. The dominating welding factor affecting HV10MAX was
found to be t800/500 for both C-Mn steels

and HSLA steels.
Mechanistic models, linear and logarithmic, were used to develop simplified
models that successfully simulated both
imp and HV10MAX. The imp model was
developed as a function of HV10MAX and
diffusible hydrogen content (H), while the
HV10MAX model was developed as a function of the cooling time between 800 and
500C (t800/500) and the base metal carbon
equivalent (CE). For C-Mn (CE:
0.380.48) or HSLA (CE: 0.520.69), the
results from the developed models have a
good match with the experimental results
for both imp and HV10MAX; furthermore,
Table 8 Pearsons Product-Moment Coefficients between HV10MAX and Its Controlling Welding
Factors
Steel
C-Mn
(CE: 0.38 to CE: 0.48)
HSLA
(CE: 0.52 to CE:0.69)
C-Mn and HSLA
(CE: 0.38 to CE: 0.69)
Ppm for HV10MAX-t800/500
Ppm for HV10MAX-CE
0.68
0.44
0.68
0.44
0.45
0.70
Fig. 22 The relation between the measured imp (impM) and the calculated imp (impC) for C-Mn and HSLA steels.
Fig. 23 The relation between the measured HV10MAX (HV10MAXM)

and the calculated HV10MAX (HV10MAXC) for C-Mn steels.

and the calculated HV10MAX (HV10MAXC) for HSLA steels.

and the calculated HV10MAX (HV10MAXC) for C-Mn and HSLA steels.
the same developed models successfully

simulated imp and HV10MAX for the
whole range of CE, including the two steel
categories together (i.e., with CE range
between 0.38 and 0.69). The developed
models provide the designer with a reliable simplified engineering tool by which
the designer can evaluate the maximum
HAZ hardness (HV10MAX) and the implant static tensile limit stress (imp) in
steel weldments.
References
1. Uncic, R. R. 2000. The effect of arc welding parameters on diffusible hydrogen content
in steel weldments, in Welding Engineering 600
Literature Review. Dept. of Material Science &
Engineering, The Ohio State University. Report. Columbus, Ohio.
2. Coe, F. R., and Bailey, N. 1973. Welding
Steels without Hydrogen Cracking. 2nd ed. p. 150.
Abington, Cambridge: Abington Publishing.
3. Kou, S. 2003. Welding Metallurgy. 2nd ed.
p. 461. Hoboken, N. J.: Wiley-Interscience.
4. Nevasmaa, P. 2003. Predictive model for
the prevention of weld metal hydrogen cracking
in high-strength multipass welds. PhD thesis.
Oulu, Acta, Finland.
5. Savage, W. F., Nippes, E. F., and Homma,
H. 1976. Hydrogen induced cracking in HY-80
steel weldments. Welding Journal 55(11): 368-s

to 376-s.
6. Henry, O. H., and Linnert, G. E. 1965.
Welding Metallurgy; Carbon and Alloy Steels. 3d
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American Welding Society.
7. Coe, F. R., and Chano, Z. 1975. Hydrogen
distribution and removal for a single bead weld
during cooling. Welding Research International
5(1): 3390.
8. Schwarz, W., Zitter, H., and Wirm, H.
1971. Determination of diffusible hydrogen in
the weld deposit from coated wire electrodes.
Schweissen und Schneiden/Welding and Cutting
23(4): 133137.
9. Khalil, M. 2000. Evaluation and prediction of heat affected zone cracks in high
strength steel weldments. Design and Manufacturing Engineering. PhD thesis, Cairo,
Egypt: Cairo University.

10. Gedeon, S. A., and Eagar, T. W. 1990.
Assessing hydrogen-assisted cracking fracture
modes in high-strength steel weldments. Welding Journal 69(6): 213.
11. El-Hebeary, M. R. 1981. Prediction of
safe welding condition to avoid cold cracking of
welds, in International Symposium on Ship Technology. Wilhelm-Pieck-Universitat Rostock.
12. Karppi, R. A. J., Ruusila, J., Toyoda, M.,
Satoh, K., and Vartiainen, K. 1984. Predicting
safe welding conditions with hydrogen cracking
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13(2): 6674.
13. Karppi, R. A. J. 1982. Stress Field Parameter for Weld Hydrogen Cracking. Espoo,
Technical Centre of Finland.
14. Hart, P. H. M., and Harrison, P. L. 1987.
Compositional parameters for HAZ cracking
Table 9 The Optimized Values for Parameters a, b, a, and b in Equation 13

Parameter
Value for
C-Mn
Value for
HSLA
Value for
C-Mn and HSLA
a
b
a
b
170.16
743.30
3.33
114.42
359.74
207.93
24.23
5.20
437.33
94.26
68.54
62.74
WELDING RESEARCH
Fotouh FINAL_Layout 1 10/16/13 1:57 PM Page 346
WELDING RESEARCH
and hardening in C-Mn steels. Welding Journal

66(10): 310-s to 322-s.
15. Hart, P. H. M., Matharu, I. S., and Jones,
A. R. 1988. The influence of reduced carbon
equivalent on HAZ cracking in structural
steels. OMAE 1988 Houston, Proceedings of the
Seventh International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. Volume V:
Pipelines, pp. 111120. Houston, Tex.: ASME.
16. Okuda, N., et al. 1987. Hydrogen-induced cracking susceptibility in high-strength
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17. TI-809-26. 2000. Welding design procedures and inspection. Engineering and Construction Division, Directorate of Military Programs. Report. Washington, DC.
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Wang, S. C. 1993. Roles of microalloying elements in hydrogen induced cracking resistant
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389398.
21. Poorhaydari, K., Patchett, B. M., and
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the Physical Metallurgy of Welding. 2nd ed. p.
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W. R., editors. 1987. Welding Handbook. 8th ed.
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25. Chan, B., Bibby, M. J., and Goldak, J. A.
1992. A software system for computing the
HAZ hardness after postweld heat treatment
II. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 31(3):
203209.
26. Yatake, T., and Yurioka, N. 1981. Studies of delayed cracking in steel weldments (Report 3). Journal of the Japan Welding Society
(JWS) 50(3): 291296.
27. Rollason, E. C. 1973. Metallurgy for Engineers. 4th ed. p. 448. London, UK: Edward
Arnold.
28. Anon. 1987. Hardness testing in the
heat-affected zone of steel welds. Welding in the
World, Le Soudage Dans Le Monde 25(1-2):
211.
29. Yurioka, N., Okumura, M., Kasuya, T.,
and Cotton, H. J. U. 1987. Prediction of HAZ
hardness of transformable steels. Metal Construction 19(4): 217r223r.

30. Stamatis, D. H. 2001. Six Sigma and Beyond. Boca Raton, Fla: St. Lucie Press.
31. Pestman, W. R., and Alberink, I. B.
1998. Mathematical Statistics: Problems and Detailed Solutions. p. 325. De Gruyter textbook,
Berlin; New York, N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter.
32. Lomax, R. G. 2001. An Introduction to
Statistical Concepts for Education and Behavioral Sciences. p. 520. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
33. Spiegel, M. R. 1992. Schaums Outline of
Theory and Problems of Probability and Statistics. p. 372. Schaums outline series, New York,
N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
34. Song, X., Pei, P., Zhang, P., and Chen, G.
2006. Effect of vanadium content on hydrogen
storage property in Ti-V-Cr alloys. Rare Metals
25(6 SUPPL. 1): 374377.
35. Herms, E., Olive, J. M., and Puiggali, M.
1999. Hydrogen embrittlement of 316L type
stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 272(2): 279283.
36. Evans, J. M. 1992. The effect of nickel
plating on hydrogen embrittlement of high
strength steel. School of Industrial and Manufacturing Science. PhD thesis, London, UK:
Cranfield Institute of Technology.
37. Seber, G. A. F., and Wild, C. J. 1989.
Nonlinear Regression. p. 768. New York, N.Y.:
Wiley.
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ARCOS 1_FP_TEMP 10/11/13 9:15 AM Page C3
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